UNSW City Planning 2020 - Student Research

CITY PLANNING 2020: NEW CHALLENGES FOR PLANNING

STUDENT RESEARCH Bachelor of City Planning

be.unsw.edu.au

Master of City Planning

INDUSTRY PARTNERS

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C ty Ci City t P Planning la ann n ing g Progra Program ram m

CONTENTS 10

Message from the Dean

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Message from the Discipline Director

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Message from the Course Convenor Bachelor of City Planning

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Bachelor of City Planning Final Year Theses

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Message from the Course Convenor Master of City Planning

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Master of City Planning Final Year Theses

116

City Planning Academic Staff

117

Acknowledgements

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OF CITY PLANNING

BACHELOR

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GRADUATING CLASS OF 2020 (from left to right) 1. Lilyan Abosh 2. Thomas Atkinson 3. Kimberley Bautista 4. Jack Beale 5. Douglas Bennett 6. Chloe Boyd 7. Grace Butcher 8.

Carrick Bach Ba Bachelor hel elor o off City t Nadine P Planning lann la nnin ing g 9. Bond Chan

10. Joseph Chan 11. Kwan Ho Cheung 12. Eliza Cook 13. James Corry 14. Lachlan Cromie 15. Sophie Currenti 16. Costa Dantos 17. Lewis Demertzi 18. Sesilia Devine

19. Costa Dimitriadis 20. Lauren Donohoe 21. John Doubleday 22. Albert Dzang 23. Belinda Elogious 24. Caleb Ferry 25. Callum Firth 26. Courtney Fung 27. Lucas Gallis

28. Damian Gilyana 29. Rita Hatem 30. Grace Haydon 31. Jessica Head 32. Louis Heath 33. Lachlan Hedge 34. Veronique Hoffman 35. Zhiqing Huang 36. Toby Jacques 37. Mercedes Janecek 38. Belinda Kevereski 39. Jeyda Kokden

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40. Andrew Lee 41. Yousheng Li 42. Dr Christine Steinmetz (Course Convenor) 43. Elaine Luu 44. Matthew Massih 45. Erin Matarazzo 46. Connor Mayoh 47. Jamie McNamara 48. Samuel Meyerratken 49. Wai Ng 50. Eilish Pankhurst

51. Olivia Payne 52. Shivangli Prasad 53. McKenzie Quigg 54. Gabriella Rebecchi 55. Alexander Richard 56. Kate Riley 57. Matthieu Santoso 58. Emily Shum 59. Zoe Spurway 60. Dragana Strbac 61. Charbel Touma 62. Linda Tran

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63. Jerad Tungcab 64. Zachary van den Dolder 65. Emilly Wickham 66. Bailey Williams 67. Julliet Wittenoom Louw 68. William Wolter 69. Hamish Wood 70. Natalie Yasmine 71. Olivia Yee 72. Luke Zajac 73. Chi Zhang 74. Xingnan Zhang

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MASTER OF CITY PLANNING

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GRADUATING CLASS OF 2020 (from left to right)

Master Mast Ma stterr o off Ci City P Planning lann la nnin ing g

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1. Yuchao Chen 2. Luca Chudleigh 3. Liam Clark 4. Shreya Dubey 5. Prof. Robert Freestone (Course Convenor) 6. Wanqin He

7. Hannah Lloyd Hensley 8. Samuel Johns 9. Fang Li 10. Guilin Lin 11. Ruiyi Liu 12. Zhengyang Liu 13. Jessie Meyers

14. Stephen Stenberg 15. Brianna van Zyl 16. Jiahao Wang 17. Tegan Ward 18. Rachel Zeng 19. Yihan Zhu 20. Ziyan Zhu

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MESSAGE FROM THE DEAN

UNSW BUILT ENVIRONMENT, HELEN LOCHHEAD

City Planning Program

Our vision is to inspire and develop the next generation of city makers and prepare them for global careers in a changing world. We are proudly achieving this through initiatives designed to empower our students, to shape their learning and to establish global research and learning opportunities for knowledge exchange and thought leadership. %X 927; &YMPX )RZMVSRQIRX WXYHIRXW HIƼRI XLIMV S[R educational journeys. Through personalised education XLEX MW FSXL FVSEH ERH HIIT WXYHIRXW GER REZMKEXI ƽI\MFPI pathways within our programs connecting world-class knowledge with leading practice to prepare them for meaningful careers. Our students have been learning from highly regarded academic city-planning experts and experienced planning practitioners – all of whom combine theory, knowledge and practical skill sets in their teaching. Additionally, project-based learning experiences developed from real briefs relevant to, and provided by, industry as well as the one-year Bachelor of City Planning work-experience program, offer students a university opportunity unique to our faculty.

Our research agenda is vital to cities, their built environment and their inhabitants. Research is ingrained in the Faculty’s culture through the interplay of research with education and practice. The capstone projects featured in XLMW GEXEPSKYI VIƽIGX XLI XIEGLMRK ERH VIWIEVGL RI\YW XLEX the Faculty boasts as a strength in both undergraduate and postgraduate planning programs.

Since 1966, the Planning Program at UNSW Built Environment has educated many of the key planners and urbanists who have shaped Australia’s cities. A top ERA ranking of 5 for Urban and Regional Planning in 2012, 2015, 2017 and 2019 recognises the contribution of excellence in research, as well as quality education, to the success of the Planning Program and the academics who have been pivotal in contributing to an informed discourse on the development of our cities.

As we work toward UNSW 2025+, our planning programs will continue to be an integral part of UNSW Built Environment. We will continue to build on our strong pedagogical foundation in evidence-based analysis, logical and lateral urban thinking, creative processes and technical rigour.

UNSW Built Environment provides the platform to generate innovative solutions for today’s world that also anticipate and mitigate tomorrow’s urban problems. Our imperative is to make the world a better place through a better built environment, and our graduates are well equipped to meet this imperative and to tackle the continuing urban challenges in the world we live in.

I congratulate all students on their accomplishments at UNSW and wish them all the best in their future careers.

Professor Helen Lochhead Dea n, U NSW Built E nviro nm ent

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MESSAGE FROM THE PROGRAM DIRECTOR, HOON HAN

City Planning Program

A warm congratulations to this year’s graduating planning students. I hope you enjoy this special celebration that marks the successful completion of your graduation thesis. Twenty-twenty is truly a remarkable year for all WXYHIRXW ERH WXEJJ EX 927; 9RTVIGIHIRXIH FYWLƼVIW the Black Summer, hit the southeast of the county this summer, which burnt over 18 million hectares; sadly, approximately 480 million mammals, birds, and reptiles were lost. Next was COVID-19 and a nationwide lockdown, which shifted all city-planning courses to a fully online teaching platform. Indeed, this year was tremendously challenging for all of us, and I believe this thesis catalogue is proof that we are overcoming the challenge. I really appreciate the ruthless reading, interviewing, and writing effort in your theses.

This year’s thesis catalogue includes over 90 thesis TVSNIGXW FSXL YRHIVKVEHYEXI ERH TSWXKVEHYEXI ƼREP ]IEV WXYHIRXW 8STMGW VIƽIGX XLI KVIEX %YWXVEPMER GMXMIW and suburbs in which we live and the tremendous changes some are undergoing in terms of urban form, economy, society and culture. Topics also covered international cities, touching on many of the challenges and opportunities in city planning. Each project draws on a critical mass for future city planning, evaluation, and strategies.

I would like to extend my appreciation to the teaching and administration staff from the Program and City Futures Research Centre. Special thanks go to Lilly and Christina, our fabulous administrative team, for your efforts throughout the year. As supervisors and students, we have met via Teams or Zoom when needed, sent many GLETXIV ƼPIW FEGO ERH JSVXL ERH LEH E WIVMIW SJ QIIXMRKW sometimes with tears, to deliberate ideas, concepts and theoretically challenging questions. I am sure that you all are inspired by this collection of tremendous work, the

result of unpacking Pandora’s box of the 2020 theses projects, ‘2020: New Challenges for Planning’.

Finally, I would like to express my sincere thanks to our industry partners, especially the NSW Department of Planning, Infrastructure Environment. No doubt the on-the-job practical industry experience that students gained during their one-year hiatus from university has been thoughtfully woven into their thesis discussions and recommendations or even posed further questions for research.

We are very proud of the work produced by our 2020 students, as it collectively shows a great deal of knowledge, inspiration and creativity. Your efforts will not only allow you to have successful and worthy careers in city planning practice but will enable you to tackle the many challenges facing our modern urban environments as we strive for liveable, sustainable, and transparent cities.

Once again, congratulations on your remarkable achievement at UNSW over the past years. Remember that planning is a small world. No matter where you travel within the state, inter-states or overseas throughout your career, you will meet many UNSW planning alumni. Our TPERRMRK TVSKVEQ LEW I\MWXIH JSV ƼJX] ƼZI ]IEVW [MXL thousands of graduates—be sure to remain connected.

1] ƼREP VIQEVO MW XEOIR JVSQ Q] UYERXMXEXMZI QIXLSHW course: ‘Meeting each one of you at UNSW is winning a “Gold Lotto” probability in my stats.’

Bon voyage, Associate Professor Hoon Han Directo r, City P la nning P ro gra m

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BACHELOR OF CITY PLANNING

FINAL YEAR THESES

MESSAGE FROM THE COURSE CONVENOR, CHRISTINE STEINMETZ

Bachelor of City Planning

March 17 saw me delivering my last face-to-face lecture in 2020 to a class with only two students physically seated in the classroom – the other seventy-three opting for the online recording due to the uncertainty of COVID-19 transmission. In less than a week, our collegial classroom environment was reinvented through various online platforms, through instant messaging applications, through chat links, and through, what seems somewhat antiquated, phone calls. A heartfelt ‘thank ]SYƅ KSIW SYX XS XLMW GPEWW 8LIMV TEXMIRGI ƽI\MFMPMX] adaptability, perseverance and sense of humour are more than commendable. The learning curve was steep since Term 1, but everyone rose to the challenge and painfully listened to me say more times than I care to count, ‘Can you hear me now?’

It is especially exciting this year to see another exhibition catalogue come to fruition and to acknowledge its place in archival material produced by the Bachelor of City 4PERRMRK 4VSKVEQ -R XLI ƼREP ]IEV SJ XLI &EGLIPSV SJ City Planning degree, students design and then execute independent research on a topic of their choice. Their research culminates in an undergraduate thesis of up XS ƼJXIIR XLSYWERH [SVHW XLI GETWXSRI TVSNIGX SJ XLIMV degree – a snapshot of hundreds of hours of class time, thousands of hours of research, carefully planned MRHMZMHYEP ƼIPH[SVO ERH GSYRXPIWW HE]W SJ [VMXMRK Groundwork for a thesis project begins in Term 1 with a preparatory course that revisits the practicalities of research design, research ethics and methodology.

Students develop a research proposal that sets out exactly what they plan to do in their independent research project, how they will do it, and why it is worth HSMRK 8LI VERKI SJ XSTMGW MW ZEWX VIƽIGXMRK FSXL XLI breadth of planning as a discipline and the interests and backgrounds of the students themselves. This year,

students have been involved with archival research, builtenvironment audits, in-depth interviewing, participant observation, policy reviews, creating and administering online surveys via social media platforms, and ABS analysis. They have covered issues such as the urban bee, cultural infrastructure for the Greek community in Newcastle, pop-up cycleways, the changing role SJ PMFVEVMIW TPERRMRK JSV EYXMWQ FYWLƼVI TPERRMRK boarding houses, co-creating public space, privacy and surveillance in a smart city and a range of other topical planning challenges that face our cities and regional areas today.

-R XLIMV ƼREP WIQIWXIV IEGL WXYHIRX MW EWWMKRIH E supervisor from the City Planning program or City Futures Research Centre staff. Successful completion and examination of so many independent research projects within a relatively short span of time would not be possible without guidance and input from those in supervisory and examination roles – their contribution MW ETTVIGMEXIH -X MW EPWS ƼXXMRK XS XEOI XLMW STTSVXYRMX] XS thank the many other people who have assisted students in their research. Hundreds of people have contributed directly through participation in interviews, surveys and other advisory capacities.

Throughout their undergraduate journey, students have intensively studied the forces that have shaped planning outcomes for better or worse in many different contexts and at different scales. Having worked closely with them, I can see that they are ready to take on new challenges and make their marks on the planning profession. No doubt, each year sets the benchmark higher for the next.

Dr C hri st i ne St e i nm e t z Cou rse Con ven or, B a ch el or of Ci ty Pl a n n i n g (PLAN4003)

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LILYAN ABOSH THE FACES IN PUBLIC SPACES ‘Understanding how public spaces are shaped by emerging technologies is fundamental to the preservation of their functionality.’

Although it may seem like a distant reality, the use of facial-recognition technology JSV WYVZIMPPERGI LEW EPVIEH] MRƼPXVEXIH SYV public spaces. To date, the prevalence of ‘risk societies’ in Australia has enabled the discreet trialling of the technology at several airports and stadiums and in streets. As a surveillance mechanism, the pervasiveness SJ JEGMEP VIGSKRMXMSR EQTPMƼIW XLI EHZERXEKIW and disadvantages associated with more traditional systems like closed-circuit television cameras. As a result, there is considerable uncertainty regarding how the technology will impact on the environment it permeates. Within public spaces it is questioned if facial recognition will enable

Bachelor of City Planning

or constrain the social and political practices that are embedded in these settings. This thesis adopts qualitative research methods, including a series of in-depth interviews, to address this uncertainty. Analysis of the results attests to the nuances of the subject, whereby the impact is informed by several variables. This is valuable given that our impressions of a city are formed mainly by the quality of public spaces. Understanding how public spaces are shaped by emerging technologies is fundamental to the preservation of their functionality.

THOMAS ATKINSON INDUSTRIAL LAND IN POST INDUSTRIAL CITY: PLANNING FOR INDUSTRIAL LAND IN SYDNEY’S INNER WEST ‘Planning’s approach to managing industrial land has evolved over time, shifting from actively promoting mixed-use redevelopment of industrial land, towards retaining and managing.’

In Sydney, rapid population growth has led to strong demand for housing, and new technology has driven the transition towards a modern knowledge-based economy GIRXVIH EVSYRH ƼRERGI IHYGEXMSR LIEPXL and IT. Planners, therefore, face a dilemma when dealing with remnant industrial land in Sydney: should they preserve this land for existing uses or rezone it to meet demand for housing? Focusing on the Inner West of Sydney, this thesis explores the role that planning has played, particularly at the local level, in the management of industrial land over the last decade. It is informed by a detailed review of rezoning proposals and land-use planning policy, as well as in-depth

interviews with key stakeholders involved with industrial land in the Inner West. It ƼRHW XLEX TPERRMRKƅW ETTVSEGL XS QEREKMRK industrial land has evolved over time, shifting from actively promoting mixed-use redevelopment of industrial land, towards retaining and managing the employmentgenerating imperatives of industrial land.

Despite this, pressure to turn industrial land over to its ‘highest and best’ use – which in Sydney invariably translates to housing – remains high. If planners wish to continue to strategically protect industrial land from conversion, clear objectives underpinned by evidence will be needed.

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KIMBERLEY BAUTISTA FAMILY-FRIENDLY APARTMENTS ‘The delivery of family-friendly apartments is critical in delivering an inclusive city for all members of the community.’

Across Australian cities, an increasing number of children are growing up in high-density apartments instead of the traditional suburban family home. However, the needs of children have not been considered in the design of apartments. Apartment living, viewed as the domain for singles and childless couples, has prevailed amongst planning thought, with the needs of children in high-density environments neglected in the NSW planning framework. Yet, rising housing unaffordability and future development geared towards the compact city is likely to result in vertical living amongst families with children. This thesis draws upon the need for planning reform to accommodate family-friendly

Bachelor of City Planning

design in the future delivery of high-density apartments. Using a mixed-method approach, research was conducted to understand the I\MWXMRK FEVVMIVW ERH WTEXMEP MRƽYIRGIW SJ affordability, shaping where families with children live in apartments across Greater Sydney. Accordingly, a series of in-depth interviews has informed how the Apartment Design Guidelines can be improved as a tool to ensure the needs of children living in high-density environments are considered.

The delivery of family-friendly apartments is critical in delivering an inclusive city for all members of the community.

JACK BEALE URBAN PLANNING FOR CLIMATE CHANGE IN COASTAL COMMUNITIES ‘Climate change will negatively impact the built and natural environment unless appropriate mitigation and adaption strategies are implemented.’

With a forecasted increase of sea level, intense coastal events and an exponential increase in populations residing along the coast, it is expected that the impacts of coastal climate change will negatively impact the built and natural environment unless appropriate mitigation and adaption strategies are implemented through land-use planning and coastal management. Existing literature explores the impacts of climate change on a global and country-wide scale, particularly the inundation of coastal land as a result of intense storms and sea-level rises. However, there are gaps in recent literature, particularly [MXLMR XLI PEWX ƼZI ]IEVW [LIVI MQTEGXW have had a dramatic impact on the coastline.

Additionally, an analysis on legislation and policy in force has found that stronger landuse planning controls as well as mitigation strategies are being increasingly implemented into policies and legislation in an attempt to build coastal resilience and prevent maladaptation. Perceptions from stakeholders along the coastline within the Greater Sydney Region, including the general public and coastal workers, have found that extreme coastal events are increasing in frequency and continue to impact LGAs. Recommendations have been made which include stronger landuse planning controls and innovative coastalmanagement engineering strategies to further mitigate coastal climate issues.

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DOUGLAS BENNETT ‘ISN’T THAT JUST A BUS?’: UNDERSTANDING TRACKLESS TRAM TECHNOLOGY AND ITS FUTURE ROLE IN SYDNEY’S TRANSPORT PLANNING ‘This study investigates the feasibility of trackless tram technology as a viable cross-regional public-transport alternative in Sydney.’

Rapid population growth in Sydney during XLI PEXI X[IRXMIXL ERH IEVP] X[IRX] ƼVWX centuries has put increased pressure on the existing provision of transport infrastructure.

(YI XS ƼRERGMEP GSRWXVEMRXW ERH XLI 27; Government’s existing expenditure on transport projects, delivery of additional MRJVEWXVYGXYVI LEW TVSZIR HMƾGYPX 0EVKI scale transport projects such as Sydney Metro have received priority over crossregional transit projects such as Parramatta Light Rail Stage 2. In this context, it could be argued that there is a need to consider alternative, cost-effective cross-regional transport infrastructure in Sydney. This study investigates the feasibility of trackless tram

Bachelor of City Planning

technology as a viable cross-regional publictransport alternative in Sydney. The study is informed by academic literature on trackless trams and light rail and examines the viability of trackless trams from a statutory and strategic perspective through a policy review and a comparative analysis. Finally, the study reviews the political feasibility of trackless trams through in-depth interviews with local KSZIVRQIRX SƾGMEPW 8LI XLIWMW EVKYIW XLEX although legislative barriers and a restricted market may hinder the technologies viability in the short term, trackless trams can be a viable alternative to light rail in the near future.

CHLOE BOYD THE ROLE OF URBAN PLANNERS IN DISASTER RECOVERY: FLOOD RECOVERY IN LISMORE Ƅ9VFER TPERRIVW LEZI WMKRMƼGERX MRƽYIRGI ERH I\TIVMIRGI MR WXEXYXSV] ERH strategic planning and can provide valuable insights regarding resilience, built form and settlement.’

Natural disasters are part of Australian life but are increasing in severity and frequency due to climate change. More urban and regional areas are at risk of natural disasters than ever before. Recovery from disasters such as ƽSSHW ERH FYWLƼVIW LEZI ER MQTEGX SR XLI resilience of the community and its ability to respond to, and recover from, future disasters.

Inclusivity of stakeholders in the recovery process is crucial to improving resilience.

9VFER TPERRIVW LEZI WMKRMƼGERX MRƽYIRGI ERH experience in statutory and strategic planning and can provide valuable insights regarding resilience, built form and settlement. This thesis utilises a literature review, interviews, and a case study of the town of Lismore,

New South Wales, to investigate the role of planners in disaster recovery in New South ;EPIW 8LI PMXIVEXYVI VIZMI[ MHIRXMƼIH XLI existing role of planners in disaster recovery globally, while the interviews and case study focused on Lismore demonstrate the actual recovery roles undertaken by planners during recent disasters. Findings from this research suggest that while planners are involved in disaster recovery, they are not utilised to their fullest potential, a limitation which perpetuates disaster risk in the community.

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GRACE BUTCHER PLANNING FOR NEURODIVERSITY: MAKING SYDNEY’S CBD MORE INCLUSIVE AND ACCESSIBLE FOR ADULTS WITH AUTISM ‘As urban populations grow, diversify and age, planning for urban growth that is inclusive of a diverse population is crucial.’

As urban populations grow, diversify and age, planning for urban growth that is inclusive of a diverse population is crucial. Disability planning predominantly focuses on planning for physical disabilities, with an evident gap in considering neurodiversity or hidden disabilities, such as autism, in both research and planning practice. Concurrently, autism research has generally focused primarily on children with autism, with the needs of adults with autism remaining underexplored. This thesis explores the gap in urban planning for neurodiversity, focusing on the needs of adults with autism. It draws on existing literature, policy, legislation and international planning examples, combined with interviews

Bachelor of City Planning

and site visits to explore how the Sydney CBD limits access and inclusion of neurodiverse individuals and if targeted planning interventions can assist in mitigating these barriers, making the CBD and interconnecting elements a more inclusive and accessible place. This thesis concludes with recommendations to assist in creating more neurodiverse inclusive and accessible CBDs. The study area for this research is the suburb Sydney, however many recommendations are transferable for built environments nationally and internationally.

NADINE CARRICK DREAMING DIFFERENTLY: DO GOOD THINGS COME IN SMALL (TINY) PACKAGES? Ƅ6IƽIGXMRK SR XLI LSYWMRK EJJSVHEFMPMX] GVMWMW MR %YWXVEPME ERH [SVPH[MHI MRRSZEXMSR in housing policy and regulation is overdue.’

6IƽIGXMRK SR XLI LSYWMRK EJJSVHEFMPMX] GVMWMW in Australia and worldwide, innovation in housing policy and regulation is overdue.

Supercharged housing affordability issues have made ‘a place to call home’ increasingly out of reach for many Australians and prevented many from even approaching the housing ladder, never mind taking a step on it. Meanwhile, political responses remain dominated by discussions centring on supply and demand, with issues of the ever-rising generational and wealth divide and the mismatch between housing stock and needs very much in the background. Tiny Houses on Wheels (THOW) have emerged recently as a grassroots response: an alternative form of

housing marketed as providing a more secure and affordable life, with freedom from debt and a tiny footprint. As an innovation, THOW LEW RS WXERHEVHMWIH HIƼRMXMSR MR %YWXVEPMER legislation and, in New South Wales, are categorised as moveable dwellings akin to mobile homes or caravans. This thesis provides a review of the NSW regulatory framework governing THOW and evaluates [LIXLIV 8,3; WLSYPH FI VIHIƼRIH EW E WTIGMƼG LSYWMRK X]TSPSK] ETTVSTVMEXI JSV long-term living. In addition, expert interviews and a review of American city-planning policies provide a framework to explore alternative regulatory responses for the Australian context.

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BOND CHAN SHOULD GOLF COURSES IN SYDNEY BE CONVERTED TO PUBLIC PARKS AND RESIDENTIAL? ‘Golf courses have become a prime target for developers and councils to initiate plans in converting this space.’

In the early 1900s, golf was a booming industry. To meet the demand, numerous golf courses were developed across Sydney.

Nowadays, the popularity of golf has slowly died down. As Sydney’s population is set to grow to over eight million by 2040, land acquisition and rezoning for the needs of the increasing population are becoming an YTLMPP FEXXPI 9WMRK YT E WMKRMƼGERX EQSYRX of space, golf courses have become a prime target for developers and councils to initiate plans converting this space into publics parks or residential. As only a minute proportion of people participate in the sport, golf courses are often perceived as little value to the wider community. This thesis examines the

Bachelor of City Planning

relationships between the different types of golf courses and their land-use impact across New South Wales. This research employs in-depth analyses of reports and two domestic case studies to identify the potentials and setbacks that could arise from golf courses, as well as observing the busyness of these golf courses. This thesis concludes by exploring recommendations in which existing or new golf courses should FI TPERRIH XS TVSZMHI KVIEXIV FIRIƼXW XS XLI wider community.

JOSEPH CHAN CAPSULE LIVING IN HYPER-DENSE CITIES: FUTURISTIC OR UNREALISTIC? ‘Capsule living proposes a hypothetical accommodation type that people sleep in capsules and share all amenity facilities with others.’

The compact-city ideology has shown its MRƽYIRGI MR XLI GMX] WLETMRK TVSGIWWIW 8LI adoption of urban-consolidation policies by introducing new legislation plays a WMKRMƼGERX VSPI MR VIJSVQMRK SYV GMXMIW More high-density developments have been approved to accommodate the growing housing needs. Yet, housing affordability remains problematic. The situation is especially evident in the high cost of the rental-property market. To provide a higher quantity of affordable rental housing, this thesis explores the idea of capsule living, a conceptual accommodation type similar to the traditional boarding house. Capsule living proposes a hypothetical accommodation type

where people sleep in capsules and share all amenity facilities with others. Review of existing literature and policies and in-depth interviews were carried out to understand the opportunism and challenges of capsule living.

The thesis considered capsule living from two perspectives: how will it increase urban density and whether the proposed amenity is acceptable from the planning perspective.

The research concluded that capsule living is not acceptable due to its extreme highdensity, low demand, and noncompliance with the amenity controls in New South Wales. Recommendations have been made to improve capsule living as a feasible accommodation type.

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KWAN HO CHEUNG ENRICHING PERIPHERAL PEDESTRIAN THOROUGHFARES IN SYDNEY’S CBD Ƅ%YHMX ƼRHMRKW VIZIEPIH XLEX XLI FIWX [E] JSV[EVH MW XS VIZMXEPMWI 7]HRI]ƅW 448W F] emphasising aesthetic quality.’

A pleasant and experiential walking journey is often enhanced by the immediate surrounds that pedestrians encounter. A well-facilitated peripheral pedestrian thoroughfare (PPT), a form of public place, is often an overlooked space that carries great potential to enrich the pedestrian experience and public-life amenity. The City of Sydney local government started to revitalise the PPTs in the city centre following Melbourne’s successful laneway refurbishment in the late 1990s.

However, as the PPTs are typically used for IWWIRXMEP [EPOMRK SV GSQQYXMRK JSSX XVEƾG functionality versus aesthetic appeal took precedence in the design of the thoroughfare’s pedestrian experience. This research explored

Bachelor of City Planning

the potential for improvements in the overall enjoyment of Sydney’s city centre PPTs. A literature review employed three of Jan Gehl’s twelve quality criteria to assess enjoyment qualities of forty-three PPTs in Sydney’s city GIRXVI %YHMX ƼRHMRKW VIZIEPIH XLEX XLI FIWX way forward is to revitalise Sydney’s PPTs by emphasising aesthetic quality. The thesis concludes that local government collaboration with private industry is key to improve the scale, exposure to climate, and cultural context of PPTs.

ELIZA COOK APPLYING A GENDER PERSPECTIVE TO PLANNING POLICY AND PRACTICE ‘Public spaces in New South Wales have not been designed with a ‘gender lens’, resulting in inequalities in the built environment.’

Cities around the globe have been applying a gender perspective to their planning frameworks since the 1980s. In New South Wales, the story is different – gender in planning policy and practice is largely unacknowledged. Consequently, public spaces in New South Wales have not been designed with a ‘gender lens’, resulting in inequalities in the built environment and, thus, a lack of representation of people with diverse needs in the public domain. This thesis is informed by urban planning policy and literature coupled with in-depth interviews with builtenvironment professionals to understand the role and importance of gender in the New South Wales planning system. An observation

audit of the World Bank’s ‘Public Spaces Checklist’ was undertaken in a public space in Greater Sydney to determine the extent to which the space was gender inclusive and universally designed. The audit found that the checklist could be an effective tool for practitioners, facilitating critical thinking decision-making about a public space through a ‘gender lens’. The recommendations in this thesis suggest that a greater integration of a gender perspective in the New South Wales planning system through policy, practice and guidelines is needed to ensure inclusiveness and equality are achieved.

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JAMES CORRY MANAGING COASTAL EROSION WITHIN A HEAVILY URBANISED SETTING ‘Coastal erosion has been impacting on Sydney beaches for centuries, and our climate future looks set to increase these pressures.’

Coastlines are dynamic land–sea interfaces that are critical socio-economic and ecological locations in urbanised areas.

Coastal areas are continually impacted by natural pressures such as coastal erosion, accretion, climate change and recession.

These are matched by man-made pressures, such as new development, infrastructure, and environmental damage. Such pressures have elevated coastal planning and its management into a ‘wicked problem’ in which simple solutions can lead to greater problems in the future. Coastal erosion has been impacting on Sydney beaches for centuries, and our climate future looks set to increase these pressures.

Therefore, it is essential to critique and

Bachelor of City Planning

properly evaluate whether our management WXVEXIKMIW EVI EFPI XS WXERH ƼVQ ERH properly manage the challenges. This thesis explores the issues involved through a mixed methodology which includes a literature review, audit, mapping, case studies and in-depth interviews. These methods provide E TPEXJSVQ JSV ƼRHMRKW XS TVSZMHI KYMHERGI on how a heavily urbanised setting such as Greater Sydney can manage the future of coastal erosion into an uncertain time.

LACHLAN CROMIE CYCLING FOR SYDNEY: PUBLIC RESPONSES TO EUROPEAN CYCLING-PROMOTION MEASURES ‘Cycling-promotion measures are typically supported by the public if those QIEWYVIW HS RSX ETTIEV XS WYFWXERXMEPP] PMQMX GEV IƾGMIRG] ƅ Cycling for transport has numerous physical ERH QIRXEP LIEPXL FIRIƼXW 8LIVI EVI also wider economic and environmental advantages which have the potential to mitigate many of the planning problems plaguing Sydney today. In European countries such as Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands, a host of cycling promotion strategies has been successful in encouraging high rates of cycling for transport. In nonEuropean countries, however, cyclingpromotion strategies have often been met with strong opposition from the public. Such backlash threatens implementation of cycling infrastructure. This thesis investigates the extent to which the City of Sydney residents

support cycling-promotion strategies.

Research encompassed an analysis of academic and stakeholder literature, together with in-depth interviews and a survey, to identify popular cycling-promotion measures.

The study found that policies to reduce speed limits, create priority bicycle streets, and reduce parking spaces to accommodate separated bike lanes were generally not favoured. These results indicate that cyclingpromotion measures are typically supported by the public if those measures do not appear XS WYFWXERXMEPP] PMQMX GEV IƾGMIRG]

31

SOPHIE CURRENTI ATTRACTING AND RETAINING THE YOUNGER GENERATION IN REGIONAL TOWNS – KEY INSIGHTS FROM CITY LEADERS: A CASE STUDY ON ORANGE, NEW SOUTH WALES ‘With the concurrent power of local leadership and continued regional promotion, regions have the power to attract and retain a vital population group.’

Attracting and retaining young people in Australia’s regional towns and cities has been a longstanding policy concern. In recent years, a number of centres in regional New South Wales, including Orange, have emerged as clear ‘winners’, offering good amenity, quality of life, choice and opportunity for younger KIRIVEXMSRW EW QYGL EW JYPƼPPMRK ƄXVII GLERKIƅ demand amongst older households. While the drivers and factors that shape success in regional centres have attracted much academic debate and policy interest, critical analysis of the crucial role of place leadership – and in particular the distinct characteristics of leadership in a regional economy – has been limited. This thesis addresses this

Bachelor of City Planning

gap, drawing upon the insight from in-depth interviews with a range of local and regional leaders to understand the implications leadership has on the attraction and retention rates of young people in Orange. The research ƼRHMRKW MHIRXMJ] OI] EXXVMFYXIW STTSVXYRMXMIW and constraints which frame the effectiveness of regional leadership and outcomes achieved. It highlights how leaders work to promote and advocate the opportunities, both career and lifestyle based, available for millennials. With the concurrent power of local leadership and continued regional promotion, regions have the power to attract and retain this vital population group.

CONSTATINOS DANTOS THE ROLE OF INFRASTRUCTURE IN SUPPORTING ‘GREEKNESS’ IN NEWCASTLE ‘The community’s unique identities can be credited to longestablished Greek cultural infrastructure, such as the churches and community halls that Newcastle offers.’

In the Australian city of Newcastle, New South Wales, amongst a predominantly Anglo-Celtic population lives a relatively close-knit ‘village’ of four thousand Greeks.

Local Greek community members maintain that the community’s unique identities can be credited to long-established Greek cultural infrastructure, such as the churches and community halls that Newcastle offers.

Explored through a comprehensive literature review and complemented by in-depth semistructured interviews with six active members from the Greek community in Newcastle, the importance of Greek cultural infrastructure in Newcastle in helping to maintain the unique Greek cultural elements was investigated.

Interviewees shared their perspective of this vital infrastructure through personal accounts of Greek cultural, spiritual and customary community events that occur in Newcastle and their level of attachment to these buildings and places and activities. Findings LMKLPMKLX XLI WMKRMƼGERX VSPI XLEX FYMPHMRKW ERH places play in maintaining a Greek identity in Newcastle, strengthening cultural traditions within the enclave and conserving a builtform presence in the city. For interviewees, preserving a Greek identity was viewed as vital for future generations of Greek families who would continue to live in Newcastle or those who may wish to relocate.

33

LEWIS DEMERTZI THE CAPTURED CITY: SMART-CITY TECHNOLOGIES AND PERSPECTIVES OF PRIVACY ‘Planners must acknowledge and identify citizen needs and expectations of privacy if they wish to safeguard privacy in the smart city.’

Smart-city technologies are being implemented by governments across Australia [MXL XLI EMQ SJ MQTVSZMRK XLI IƾGMIRG] sustainability, and quality of life in our cities.

However, these technologies have raised concerns for privacy among academics and citizens alike – concerns acknowledged by governments. Nevertheless, privacy is often overlooked within government frameworks which lack nuance in their approach to identifying and safeguarding citizen privacy.

A policy review of local and state government documents reveals shortcomings in methods for safeguarding privacy, while a review of MRXIVREXMSREP JVEQI[SVOW ƼPPW MR WSQI SJ these gaps, providing detailed strategies for safeguarding privacy, with a focus on participatory planning. In-depth interviews

Bachelor of City Planning

FYMPH SR XLIWI ƼRHMRKW XS MHIRXMJ] MRHMZMHYEP drivers of concern within Australian smart cities and to plan interventions to address XLIWI GSRGIVRW 8LMW XLIWMW ƼRHW XLEX citizen expectations for privacy depend on the level of engagement, the type of data being collected, and the purpose for its collection. There is a desire among citizens to understand and be engaged with smart cities, and they are acutely aware of the ‘unknown knowns’ of data collection. Planners must acknowledge and identify citizen needs and expectations of privacy if they wish to safeguard privacy in the smart city.

SESILIA DEVINE EXERCISING DEMOCRACY THROUGH THE PUBLIC EXHIBITION PROCESS: INCREASING VISIBILITY AND UNDERSTANDING OF THE PUBLIC EXHIBITION PROCESS IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS ‘The public exhibition process, a statutory requirement of most local government proposals, plans, policies, is rarely framed as a tool of democracy.’

With decreasing trust in political systems and a steadily increasing interest in direct public participation in local government planning and decision making, legislated public participation holds the potential to increase community engagement and, accordingly, to enable democratic participation beyond four-year political elections. The public exhibition process, a statutory requirement of most local government proposals, plans, and policies, is rarely framed as a tool of democracy. The process gives stakeholders and the community a voice to support, oppose and provide more nuanced feedback on much of the work of Council. Feedback can either be incorporated into proposals before being considered by elected councillors or is provided to councillors alongside the proposal

for consideration. This research reframes the statutory process within the literature of participatory democracy, investigates the visibility given to the process in the online space by a selection councils across 2I[ 7SYXL ;EPIW ERH MHIRXMƼIW W]WXIQMG challenges which must be addressed for the full realisation of participatory democratic tools such as public exhibition. This thesis MHIRXMƼIW XLI PS[ ZMWMFMPMX] SJ XLI TVSGIWW ERH little community education and at the same time, points to the complex system that is local government and the shifts required at multiple levels to properly integrate an increased visibility and understanding of public exhibitions.

35

COSTA DIMITRIADIS LOCAL STRATEGIC PLANNING STATEMENTS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON ENFORCING STRATEGIC PLANNING VISIONS Ƅ8LMW XLIWMW I\EQMRIW XLI MRƽYIRGI [LMGL 0747W EVI PMOIP] XS LEZI SR GVIEXMRK E stronger nexus between strategic and statutory planning.’

Greater Sydney’s metropolitan planning framework has suffered a longstanding disconnection between strategic and statutory planning, impacting on the ability of strategic plans to be implemented. Recent policy reforms have demonstrated an increased emphasis on strategic planning through statutory recognition in the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979. This establishes a strategic-planning hierarchy and ‘line of sight’ from higher level regional planning down through the district to the local strategic-planning level. This recent introduction of a local strategic-planning level, and the associated requirement for local councils to prepare local strategic-

Bachelor of City Planning

planning statements (LSPSs) giving effect to the higher-level planning visions and, in turn, informing local planning controls in Local Environmental Plans and non-statutory development control plans, is an important manifestation of the line of sight. Through an analysis of Greater Sydney LSPSs, WYTTPIQIRXIH F] MR HITXL MRXIVZMI[ ƼRHMRKW XLMW XLIWMW I\EQMRIW XLI MRƽYIRGI [LMGL LSPSs are likely to have on creating a stronger nexus between strategic and statutory planning and, in particular, whether this statutory recognition of strategic planning will allow for greater enforcement of both broader and local strategic-planning visions.

LAUREN DONOHOE CAR PARKS FOR THE HOMELESS ‘In 2016, it was estimated that almost 38,000 people in New South Wales were homeless.’

In 2016, it was estimated that almost 38,000 people in New South Wales were homeless.

The City of Sydney reported more than 5,000, or about 13 per cent, residing in the LGA, which included people sleeping rough and people in temporary accommodation, in crisis shelters or living in severe overcrowding.

8SHE] XLIWI ƼKYVIW GSRXMRYI XS WSEV especially within Sydney, placing a continuous strain on the existing shelter system, and leaving those who experience homelessness very few options for temporary refuge.

Shelters are found to be an invaluable and vital resource for homeless people. They provide a safe, temporary residence for homeless individuals and families. This

thesis seeks to understand the magnitude of homelessness and the aims of the current shelter system in Sydney to determine if transforming car parks into additional space for homeless shelters is viable. The research involved included a literature review and in-depth interviews with two experts on homelessness in Sydney and temporary shelter accommodation. Findings from this thesis suggest alternate methods of accommodation which can be planned and implemented to better facilitate those who are experiencing homelessness and, therefore, lessen the number of those experiencing homelessness within the City of Sydney.

37

JOHN DOUBLEDAY AN INVESTIGATION OF FACTORS INFLUENCING CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL-HOUSING LOCATION DECISIONS IN SYDNEY ‘Displacement of low-income populations to locations excluded from employment and services is a major concern in the urban-studies literature.’

The 2014 decision to privatise social housing properties at Millers Point, Sydney, was highly controversial, partly because the replacement homes to be built with the proceeds would be in ‘less favourable locations’. Displacement of low-income and disadvantaged populations to locations excluded from employment and services is a major concern in the urban-studies literature. Even if Sydney [IVI FYMPHMRK E WYƾGMIRX UYERXMX] SJ WSGMEP LSYWMRK XLI FIRIƼXW XS VIWMHIRXW GSYPH be badly degraded by poor siting. This thesis therefore seeks to investigate the JEGXSVW MRƽYIRGMRK WSGMEP LSYWMRK PSGEXMSR decisions in Sydney. The research is focused on contemporary development decision-

Bachelor of City Planning

making – while acknowledging the historic factors and selective privatisation that contributed to the location of the existing social-housing portfolio in New South Wales.

Through robust interviews with industry I\TIVXW WXVYGXYVIH EGGSVHMRK XS ƼRHMRKW SJ a policy and literature review, this thesis will investigate the considerations that affect decisions determining the spatial distribution of new social housing. The thesis concludes by exploring recommendations that may facilitate better outcomes for the siting and future resilience of contemporary socialhousing development in Sydney.

ALBERT DZANG SAVE YARRA BAY: IMPACT OF A CRUISE-SHIP TERMINAL ‘Cruise lines have been one of the fastest growing sectors in XLI XSYVMWQ MRHYWXV] JSV XLI TEWX ƼZI ]IEVW ƅ Cruise lines have been one of the fastest growing sectors in the tourism industry for the TEWX ƼZI ]IEVW 9RXMP VIGIRXP] HYI XS MXW JEWX growing nature, New South Wales ports have been operating near capacity during peak seasons with an ever-increasing demand for larger cruise ships. To meet the demand, the 4SVX %YXLSVMX] 2I[ 7SYXL ;EPIW GSRƼVQIH the proposed construction of a $500 million cruise-ship terminal in Yarra Bay. Historically, the use of cruise-ship terminals has not provided due consideration of their impact on the environment and local communities.

The aim of this thesis is to explore the impact associated with the proposed cruise-ship terminal by utilising a triangulation method

of data collection through the process of interviews supported by observations and SRPMRI WYVZI]W 8LI XLIQEXMG ƼRHMRKW SJ XLI primary data research will then be correlated [MXL WMQMPEV ƼRHMRKW JVSQ FSXL WIGSRHEV] HEXE ERH PMXIVEXYVI VIZMI[ 8LIWI ƼRHMRKW are then categorised and assessed under the selected impacts: land use, transport, community, environment, social/sociocultural, and economic. The thesis concludes by addressing how the terminal-development proposal would connect with Greater Sydney and identifying ways to mitigate the potential impacts of the Yarra Bay Cruise Ship Terminal.

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BELINDA ELOGIOUS A CENTRAL STUDY OF INDUSTRIAL LANDS ‘This research examines the planning of industrial and urban-services land in the Central City District, noting its value to the functioning of Greater Sydney.’

The industrial and urban-services land supply in the Central City District faces pressure to be converted to higher-order uses due to rapid population growth, increased employment opportunities and investment into urban infrastructure. Despite the Central City District having the highest proportion of Greater Sydney’s total stock of industrial and urbanservices land, there has been a shift towards a more mixed distribution of industries being the biggest structural change in this region.

Increased competition for land has seen the conversion of vital industrial lands into residential, commercial, and retail land uses, making integrated and detailed planning imperative. Once converted, industrial land is rarely converted back to industrial uses, meaning the industrial use of the land is

Bachelor of City Planning

permanently lost. This research examines the planning of industrial and urban-services land in the Central City District, noting its value to the functioning of Greater Sydney.

7TIGMƼGEPP] XLI WXYH] EMQW XS I\EQMRI the trends of international cities, explore the current threats to Sydney, examine the strategic planning for the Central City District and critique the current industrial landscape of the Blacktown City. Ultimately, the thesis will evaluate strategies and policies at a state and local government level to preserve industrial and urban-services land.

CALEB FERRY BRIDGING THE GAP: STRATEGIC PLANNING AND GOVERNANCE FOR THE HAWKESBURY-NEPEAN RIVER ‘The Hawkesbury-Nepean River’s peri-urban context presents a complex governance challenge in balancing strategic natural resources with urban demands.’

The Hawkesbury-Nepean River’s peri-urban context presents a complex governance challenge in balancing strategic natural resources with urban demands. In bridging the metropolitan–rural divide, the catchment encompasses bushland and agricultural and urban landscapes, providing Greater Sydney with ecosystem services including drinking water, agricultural produce, greenspace, and recreational opportunities.

It is an interdependent socio-ecological and riverine system, with diverse stakeholders dependent on a common resource. However, XLI VMZIVƅW KSZIVRERGI HSIW RSX VIƽIGX XLMW It is subject to an amalgam of state and local planning policies creating inconsistent objectives neglecting the river’s broader geography. This research investigates

the need for coordinated governance to achieve a collective catchment-wide vision to tackle future planning challenges. This study is informed by literature on the need for integrated catchment management to mediate competing land and water demands. In-depth interviews and a policy analysis of the catchment’s historical and contemporary management frameworks are utilised to investigate whether the lack of a river management authority has contributed to administrative fragmentation. With the Western Parkland City’s planned development, the river’s management is at a critical juncture. This thesis argues that for the river's health to be protected and its uses managed, a regional governance approach is required.

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CALLUM FIRTH CONSULTATION IN THE STATE SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS Ƅ8LIWI ƼRHMRKW WYKKIWX WSQI WMQTPI [E]W XLEX XLI UYEPMX] SJ 7XEXI WMKRMƼGERX development consultation can be improved for those involved.’

Proposed developments in New South Wales that are over a certain size or capital-investment value are assessed and determined by a delegate of the Minister for Planning and Public Spaces through XLI 7XEXI WMKRMƼGERX HIZIPSTQIRX TVSGIWW rather than by local councils. This is due to the fact that certain developments have the potential to have an effect beyond the local government area they exist in, hence their 7XEXI WMKRMƼGERGI 6IGIRX QIHME EXXIRXMSR WYVVSYRHMRK GSRXVSZIVWMEP 7XEXI WMKRMƼGERX development determinations has focussed on the community’s access to consultation in this process and whether there is a meaningful link between community engagement and XLI ƼREP HIZIPSTQIRX SYXGSQI 8LMW XLIWMW explores consultation at two key points in

Bachelor of City Planning

XLI 7XEXI WMKRMƼGERX HIZIPSTQIRX TVSGIWW Through content analyses of determination reports published by the Independent Planning Commission and a survey analysis of local council employees across New South Wales, the strengths and weaknesses of these respective consultation processes are investigated. The results of this research indicate that although processes are established to achieve accessible consultation at the two key points investigated, these are limited by one or more procedural barriers.

8LIWI ƼRHMRKW WYKKIWX WSQI WMQTPI [E]W XLEX XLI UYEPMX] SJ 7XEXI WMKRMƼGERX development consultation can be improved for those involved.

COURTNEY FUNG WATER THE BENEFITS: COASTAL BLUE SPACE AND WELLBEING ‘While many Australians gravitated towards green spaces and national parks, many found freedom and solace on the coast.’

The impact of urban planning on public health is well established, with a positive shift in government focus to promoting healthy built environments. Urbanisation and increased density have gradually reduced dwelling sizes.

With increased time indoors as the result of more sedentary lifestyles, further exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, a renewed appreciation for nature and the outdoors has become evident. While many Australians gravitated towards green spaces and national parks, many found freedom and solace on the coast. There are comprehensive studies showing the positive physical, mental, social ERH WTMVMXYEP LIEPXL FIRIƼXW SJ TEVOPERHW ERH green space, but only limited studies on the FIRIƼXW SJ ƄFPYI WTEGIƅ 8LMW XLIWMW WIIOW XS demonstrate the importance of coastal blue

WTEGI WTIGMƼGEPP] WERH] SGIER FIEGLIW and acknowledge the associated wellbeing FIRIƼXW 8LVSYKL EREP]WMW SJ TSPMG] ERH literature, a series of in-depth interviews, and a focus on the Sydney’s iconic Bondi Beach, the importance of blue space for not only individual but also planetary health is considered. The thesis explores a future of integrated coastal-management frameworks to ensure beaches continue to provide positive ERH IUYMXEFPI TYFPMG LIEPXL FIRIƼXW

43

LUCAS GALLIS IDENTIFYING DEAD GREEN SPACES ‘There needs to be a way to identify dead spaces which often go unnoticed due to their unkempt nature.’

Sydney is a rapidly growing city and the need for more public places is crucial; there may be a way to provide these spaces through the revitalisation of dead spaces and, more importantly, dead green spaces. To do so, there needs to be a way to identify dead spaces, which often go unnoticed due to their unkempt nature. This thesis explores the different ways in which we can identify these dead green spaces to begin the process of their revitalisation. Through extensive VIWIEVGL SJ I\MWXMRK PMXIVEXYVI JSPPS[IH F] ƼIPH studies, including observations of a green space hypothesised as a dead green space and interviews with surrounding residents, XLMW XLIWMW HIƼRIW E WIX SJ GLEVEGXIVMWXMGW for these spaces. Broader implications of

Bachelor of City Planning

XLI ƼRHMRKW [MXLMR XLMW XLIWMW GER LIPT XS update existing policies and maps regarding activation precincts, bushland in urban areas, urban renewal and vegetation in non-rural areas (each which have a dedicated State Environmental Planning Policy) as well as Council Local Environmental Planning instruments.

DAMIAN GILYANA NO COFFEE CULTURE WITHOUT THE COFFEE BEANS: PLANNING FOR LAST-MILE DELIVERY IN A GROWING SYDNEY Ƅ% GSQTEGX QSHIP SJ PMZMRK LEW QEHI MX HMƾGYPX JSV XLI KVS[MRK JVIMKLX ERH PSKMWXMGW WIGXSV XS STIVEXI IƾGMIRXP] ERH TVSHYGXMZIP] MR XLI YVFER ƄPEWX QMPIƅ The transformation of CBD and inner-city areas towards a compact model of living has QEHI MX HMƾGYPX JSV XLI KVS[MRK JVIMKLX ERH PSKMWXMGW WIGXSV XS STIVEXI IƾGMIRXP] ERH productively in the urban ‘last mile’. Without targeted consideration for the needs of urban freight vehicles, the transportation delays, loss of productive time, and discharge of more carbon emissions and pollution into the atmosphere become a greater risk.

This thesis explores what policy positions, actions and priorities urban planners could GSRWMHIV XS[EVHW XLI IƾGMIRX ERH TVSHYGXMZI distribution of goods in the Sydney-urban last mile. It involves a review of literature and policy, consultation with relevant policy and business professionals, and an applied

demonstration of how modelling could be used by planners to spatially identify areas in need of intervention (using the City of Sydney LGA as an example). Recommendations include support for consolidation hubs in the inner-city and well-connected parking and loading/unloading facilities and encouraging industry to use off-peak delivery windows.

These recommendations can improve the cooperation between freight and planning in serving increasingly metropolitan communities. Modelling results found the most impeding areas of the City of Sydney to be in the Rocks-Sydney-Haymarket area, particularly along Kent Street and Liverpool Street.

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RITA HATEM THE EDUCATION SEPP, CONTEMPORARY SCHOOL DESIGNS AND THE RIGHT TO THE CITY: HOW ARE JOINT-USE AGREEMENTS IMPACTING COMMUNITY USE OF OPEN SPACE? ‘Changing [school] designs have both positive and negative impacts in the way the community perceives and uses green open spaces.’

In recent years, planning activity and design for educational establishments within New 7SYXL ;EPIW LEZI WMKRMƼGERXP] EPXIVIH MR both scale and scope their ability to address the rapid rise in enrolment demand and to support schools that have reached capacity.

This step-change in student numbers acted as a key impetus for the ‘State Environmental Planning Policy (Educational Establishments and Childcare Facilities) 2017’, which seeks XS TVSZMHI E ƽI\MFPI JEWX XVEGOIH TPERRMRK pathway for new schools within New South Wales. Since its establishment, change in design and outcomes and the way that open WTEGI MW MRGSVTSVEXIH GER FI MHIRXMƼIH An important trend has been a greater

Bachelor of City Planning

dependence on joint-use agreements between schools and councils for the use of local open space. Through a series of stakeholder interviews and site observations, this thesis aims to explore these design changes and whether the use of joint-use agreements impacts on community enjoyment of open green space. Findings show that these changing designs have both positive and negative impacts in the way the community perceives and uses green open spaces, leading to a series of recommendations tied to designing and managing the interface between school and community open space in the growing, densifying city.

GRACE HAYDON SAVING OUR PAST TO PROTECT OUR FUTURE: THE ROLE OF LOCAL COMMUNITY GROUPS IN PROTECTING BUILT HERITAGE ‘As cities continue to evolve and develop, heritage places are becoming progressively under threat of permanent and irreversible destruction.’

Providing an insight into the past, history provides communities with an increased understanding of the present and future.

Creating a shared sense of identity, belonging and connection, historic places provide communities with a foundation to establish social values. However, as cities continue to evolve and develop, heritage places are becoming progressively under threat of permanent and irreversible destruction.

As a result, community-based heritage conservation is becoming an increasingly popular method for communities to advocate JSV LIVMXEKI TVSXIGXMSR ERH MRƽYIRGI XLI planning decision-making process to ensure outcomes meet community needs.

This thesis is informed by an analysis of theoretical discussions pertaining to the social values of heritage and the role of community participation in planning. Drawing upon qualitative and quantitative primary research and data collection, including case studies and in-depth interviews, this thesis examines the successes and challenges of local community groups in protecting local heritage. Ultimately, this thesis illuminates the critical role of community groups in protecting valuable local heritage and advocates the necessity for planning systems to provide greater recognition and support to local community groups.

47

JESSICA HEAD CO-CREATION AND COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN THE PROVISION OF PUBLIC SPACE ‘In recent years, increased emphasis placed upon the importance of community engagement has created a spotlight on “co-creation”.’

Public spaces play a fundamental role in shaping the communities and environment in which we live. Consequently, it is important that communities feel a sense of connection and ownership towards public spaces as they form an integral part of the community identity. In recent years, increased emphasis placed upon the importance of community engagement has created a spotlight on ‘cocreation’ as a means whereby community members can take a more inclusive and proactive role in the public-space provision.

Using a case study approach focused on the Julia Reserve Youth Precinct in the new community of Oran Park in Sydney’s southwest, this thesis explores the policy

Bachelor of City Planning

and governance frameworks required to facilitate the co-creation process and the ensuing outcomes for the community. The research provides a literature review, analysis of community-participation planning controls in New South Wales and analysis of in-depth interviews with industry professionals relating to the case study to determine the extent of co-creation processes being utilised by local councils and state government authorities in relation to public spaces. The research reveals the parameters and prospects for cocreation approaches for the future of publicspace planning, especially in the context of KVIIRƼIPH HIZIPSTQIRX

LOUIS HEATH THE HISTORY, VALUE AND FUTURE OF BOWLING CLUBS IN SYDNEY ‘In 1980, there were 210 bowling clubs located across Sydney, now there are just 124. Half of the closed clubs have shut in the past decade.’

Bowling clubs, or ‘bowlos’ as they are more affectionately known, have served as local institutions in Australia for over 150 years.

Once a booming pastime, the popularity of lawn bowls has waned in recent decades and, subsequently, so has the number of clubs. In 1980, there were 210 bowling clubs located across Sydney, now there are just 124. Half of the closed clubs have shut in the past decade.

Through extensive primary research, this thesis has uncovered and collated information on every existing and closed bowling club in Sydney. Analysis of this data reveals what happens to a bowling club once it shuts down and the reasons why. Additionally, MX EPWS MHIRXMƼIW E VIGIRX XVIRH SJ GPYFW

undergoing redevelopment to secure their PSRK XIVQ JYXYVI 8LI ƼRHMRKW SJ XLMW VIWIEVGL highlight how the closure and redevelopment of clubs are impacting the social capital of GSQQYRMXMIW 8LMW XLIWMW MHIRXMƼIW [LMGL SJ the remaining 128 clubs provide the greatest levels of social value and argues that key stakeholders should focus on retaining these clubs. Without intervention, we not only risk losing valued community infrastructure but a centrepiece of the Australian cultural landscape.

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LACHLAN HEDGE MIXED TENURE AND THE NEW SOUTH WALES PLANNING SYSTEM ‘This thesis explores the impact that the New South Wales planning system has on mixed-tenure affordable and social housing development.’

Housing plays an intrinsic role within Western society and culture, providing not only shelter but a means of creating communities, displaying social status and acting as a commodity for trade. As such, those who EVI ƼRERGMEPP] HMWEHZERXEKIH QE] ƼRH themselves located on the urban periphery, away from key services and opportunities, in condensed pockets of disadvantage.

As a result, the New South Wales State Government’s approach to providing housing for those most at risk has shifted to the provision of mixed-tenure social and affordable housing in an attempt to counteract the negative neighbourhood effects that a high density of disadvantaged people create.

Bachelor of City Planning

This thesis explores the impact that the New South Wales planning system has on mixed-tenure affordable and social housing development and the limitations the system imposes on mixed-tenure providers. This research discusses existing literature, policy, ERH MR HITXL MRXIVZMI[W XS KEMR ƼVWXLERH experience from those who work within in the NSW planning sphere. The results of this thesis will suggest policy amendments for multiple levels of government to improve the planning experience for community-housing providers and other agencies that produce QM\IH XIRYVI HIZIPSTQIRXW XS XLI FIRIƼX SJ those most in need.

VERONIQUE HOFFMAN PLANNING FOR BLUE SPACE IN THE PARRAMATTA CBD: BRINGING ‘SOFT’ BACK TO THE CITY ‘This thesis focuses on blue space as being a facet of the “soft” city.’

Planning for blue space in the Parramatta CBD is examined through the Soft City framework, a set of guidelines proposed by David Sim and Jan Gehl for creating city solutions that are simple, small-scale, low-tech, low-cost and human-centered, with a focus on being gentle in our natural and built environments.

This thesis focuses on blue space as a facet of the 'soft’ city. The Parramatta River is the dominant blue space in the Parramatta LGA, and the Soft City lens is cast onto the urban riverscape to explore the way the river can be redeveloped for improved liveability. The Soft City framework conceptualises nine criteria for liveability planning in dense urban cities.

8LI ƼRHMRKW SJ XLMW XLIWMW I\XIRH 7MQ ERH Gehl’s framework by identifying a theoretical matrix of characteristics to further populate the Soft City framework in modern Australian urban blue space through the case study of the Parramatta River.

51

ZHIQING HUANG GRAFFITI AND STREET ART: THE ART OF DEFINING AND POLICY WRITING Ƅ6IWIEVGL WLS[W XLI TSWMXMZI IJJIGXW SJ KVEƾXM ERH WXVIIX EVX SR YVFER GLEVEGXIV ƅ

+VEƾXM ERH WXVIIX EVX EVI XLI X[S KIRVIW SJ controversial urban art practices, which, particularly the former, have historically been recognised as the uncivilities and have been repressed by the authorities due to their unauthorised nature. However, as the increasing amount of existing research shows XLI TSWMXMZI IJJIGXW SJ KVEƾXM ERH WXVIIX EVX SR urban character, both scholars and authorities are having more diverse perceptions of these TVEGXMGIW 8LMW XLIWMW MRZIWXMKEXIW LS[ KVEƾXM and street art should be recognised and managed in Australia’s planning framework.

The theoretical and policy context of the VIWIEVGL UYIWXMSR MW ƼVWX IWXEFPMWLIH XLVSYKL a literature review and an analysis of relevant

Bachelor of City Planning

policies adopted by local governments across Australia. A case study of the City of Sydney with policy review, in-depth interviews and audit is also conducted to develop insight MRXS XLI HIZIPSTQIRX SJ KVEƾXM ERH WXVIIX EVX policies and practical outcomes. This thesis provides the overview of the perception and VIWTSRWI SJ PSGEP KSZIVRQIRXW XS KVEƾXM ERH street art on the national scope and concludes by exploring the potential parameter for local governments to inclusively recognise and QEREKI PSGEP KSZIVRQIRXW XS KVEƾXM ERH street art, including the uncommissioned practices.

TOBY JACQUES COMPLETING SYDNEY’S INNER WEST GREENWAY Ƅ8LI ƼRHMRKW SJ XLMW VIWIEVGL QE] LEZI MQTPMGEXMSRW MJ WIIOMRK XS GSQTPIXI XLI greenway, as well as for the implementation of the wider Sydney Green Grid.’

A greenway is a corridor of linear open space that aims to increase an area’s biodiversity but often includes recreational uses and active transport links. The Cooks River to Iron Cove greenway is a partially completed 5.8-kilometre corridor located in the Inner West of the Sydney metropolitan area. Given the importance of quality green space and recreational trails in increasingly dense urban areas, this research explores some of the challenges in greenway implementation.

Site visits to the greenway and in-depth interviews with experts in greenway planning and implementation inform this research.

Findings revealed a number of barriers in greenway implementation, such as multi-

jurisdictional control, a lack of inter-agency and intra-agency cooperation, the vagaries of the New South Wales political cycle, lack of true coordination with a dedicated implementation body, and uncertain streams of funding. Common solutions to these problems were also discovered, such as the effectiveness of a coordination agency when seeking to deliver such a project and the importance of establishing a greenway project as a high priority across all relevant EKIRGMIW 8LI ƼRHMRKW SJ XLMW VIWIEVGL QE] have implications if seeking to complete the greenway, as well as for the implementation of the wider Sydney Green Grid.

53

MERCEDES JANECEK REGULATING THE FLEXIBILITY OF CLAUSE 4.6: HAS CASE LAW GONE TOO FAR? Ƅ4PERRMRK W]WXIQW EVI MR E GSRWXERX WXEXI SJ ƽY\ FIX[IIR VIKYPEXSV] GIVXEMRX] ERH ƽI\MFMPMX] ƅ Planning systems are in a constant state SJ ƽY\ FIX[IIR VIKYPEXSV] GIVXEMRX] ERH ƽI\MFMPMX] 6IKYPEXMSR TVSZMHIW GIVXEMRX] MR land use and built-form outcomes through HIZIPSTQIRX WXERHEVHW [LMPI ƽI\MFMPMX] is the ability to vary those development standards. However, to maintain integrity of the planning system, it is crucial to provide PMQMXW XS ƽI\MFMPMX] -R XLI 2I[ 7SYXL ;EPIW (NSW) land-use planning system, clause 4.6 in the Standard Instrument (SI) Local Environmental Plan (LEP) is a statutory tool XS EPPS[ ƽI\MFMPMX] -R TVEGXMGI GPEYWI LEW GEYWIH GSRJYWMSR EFSYX XLI HIƼRMXMSR ERH PMQMXW SJ ƽI\MFMPMX] 'PEVMX] LEW FIIR WSYKLX from the Land and Environment Court (LEC),

Bachelor of City Planning

which has led to a large body of case law comprising various interpretations of clause 4.6 and its applicability in the NSW planning system. Such case law has led to the use of clause 4.6 becoming a highly technical process which requires the satisfaction of several judicial tests. This thesis maps the progression of case law to understand how clause 4.6 has been regulated by the Court’s interpretations. This thesis aims to understand the implications of regulating the ƽI\MFMPMX] TVSZMHIH F] GPEYWI ERH [LEX this means for the balance of certainty and ƽI\MFMPMX] MR XLI 27; TPERRMRK W]WXIQ

BELINDA KEVERESKI CAN CO-HOUSING MODELS HELP TO ADDRESS HOUSING NEEDS AND AFFORDABILITY IN THE GREATER SYDNEY HOUSING MARKET? ‘The Danish housing model – co-housing – is a potential solution for Greater Sydney’s housing-affordability crisis.’

Greater Sydney’s fast-growing population LEW VIGIRXP] WYVTEWWIH ƼZI QMPPMSR TISTPI all requiring a place to live. Together with the ageing population and other demographic changes and environmental sustainability imperatives, the provision of adequate, socially supportive and affordable housing MW WMKRMƼGERXP] YRHIV TVIWWYVI 8LI (ERMWL housing model – co-housing – is a potential solution for the greater Sydney housingaffordability crisis. This thesis investigates how co-housing could address affordable residential supply in Greater Sydney within the context of the NSW Planning System. An analysis of academic literature and planning policies provides an understanding of the

nature of co-housing and its suitability for %YWXVEPMER GSRHMXMSRW 8LI ƼRHMRKW MRHMGEXI that co-housing models have been slow to come about and to be adapted in Greater Sydney, compared to examples overseas.

6IGSQQIRHEXMSRW EVI MHIRXMƼIH XS IREFPI the implementation of co-housing in Greater Sydney supported by the NSW Planning System.

55

JEYDA KOKDEN MIGRANT COMMUNITIES AND PUBLIC SPACE: THE USE OF PUBLIC SPACE FOR CULTURAL FESTIVALS ‘Multicultural festivals are part of the home-making process.’

-R .YP] *EMVƼIPH 'MX] 'SYRGMP ERH XLI RSX JSV TVSƼX SVKERMWEXMSR 'EVI 3TTSVXYRMX] Respect and Empowerment Community Services, sought to introduce an action TPER XS FIRIƼX ERH [IPGSQI QMKVERXW ERH VIJYKIIW XS *EMVƼIPH 'MX] 'SYRGMP -R VIWTSRWI the collaboration between non-government and government agencies resulted in the IWXEFPMWLQIRX SJ XLI *EMVƼIPH 'MX] 7IXXPIQIRX Action Plan (FCSAP). The FCSAP provides a place-based framework to ensure a successful settlement process for refugee and migrant communities. Multicultural festivals are part of the home-making process, assisting migrants and refugees to settle in their new country. Festivals provide

Bachelor of City Planning

WSGMEP ERH TW]GLSPSKMGEP FIRIƼXW JSV RI[P] arriving communities, allowing them to develop a sense of belonging within public space. This thesis is set within the context of Australia’s multicultural policies. The research provides insight into multicultural JIWXMZEPW LIPH [MXLMR *EMVƼIPH 'MX] ERH XLI VSPI of public space in supporting these cultural events. Challenges for local councils and their communities are investigated. The thesis GSRGPYHIW F] WLS[MRK LS[ JIWXMZEPW FIRIƼX culturally diverse communities that make up *EMVƼIPH 'MX]

ANDREW LEE TOWN CENTRE DESIGN: CULTURAL DISTINCTION VERSUS GLOBAL UNIFORMITY ‘While many town centre developments focus on global uniformity, planning should FIXXIV ETTVIGMEXI ERH MRXIKVEXI XLI FIRIƼXW SJ GYPXYVEP HMWXMRGXMSR ƅ Culture represented in the built environment WLSYPH VIƽIGX XLI EXXMXYHIW ERH ZEPYIW SJ XLI local community. With a modern emphasis on polycentric development and a growing diversity in Greater Sydney’s population, the development of culture in town centres is both an important and nuanced affair.

Currently, there is a lack of holistic planning analysis regarding culture and the modern challenges of globalisation, increasing density and COVID-19. Facilitating and guiding the right form of culture within town centres is essential for the livelihood of their local economies, the connectedness and satisfaction of their communities, and the resilience and effectiveness of their cultural

infrastructure. There is also the ever-present importance of protecting existing cultures and heritage, and there is always the risk of creating placelessness. In response to these challenges, there are currently two cultural pathways within Sydney’s planning landscape.

There are town centres that are planned to be culturally distinct and town centres that are planned to be globally uniform. As such, we need to understand how these pathways respond to the listed challenges and what new issues are raised by these pathways.

While many town centre developments focus on global uniformity, planning should better ETTVIGMEXI ERH MRXIKVEXI XLI FIRIƼXW SJ cultural distinction.

57

YOUSHENG LI A SYDNEY MEGAREGION: STRATEGIC PLANNING FOR SYDNEY’S SATELLITE CITIES ‘Should we plan for a large, integrated “megaregion”, or should Sydney’s satellite cities continue to pursue their own independent strategies?’

Although founded initially as separate urban areas, Sydney’s satellite cities – Wollongong to the south, the Central Coast, and Newcastle to the north – are becoming increasingly connected to Sydney geographically, socioculturally, and economically. With Greater Sydney’s continued expansion constrained by the Sydney basin, these regions are now seen by some as presenting strong opportunities for shared growth. Currently, strategic planning for these regional centres is at a crossroads. Should we plan for a large, integrated ‘megaregion’, or should Sydney’s satellite cities continue to pursue their own independent strategies? Building upon a review of megaregions and satellite cities

in academic literature, historical analysis of Sydney’s metropolitan strategies has found that current frameworks are largely fragmented, in contrast to the more holistic schemes in the latter decades of the twentieth century. Interviews with industry professionals highlighted general support for closer linkages within the megaregion, although opinions differed on objectives and extent.

8LIWI ƼRHMRKW PIEH XS VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW JSV a two-tier approach to strategic planning, the embracement of a ‘several cities, one region’ philosophy, the establishment of an integrated approach to housing and transport, and fully acknowledging the potential of Sydney’s satellite regions.

ELAINE LUU THE DEATH AND LIFE OF NEWCASTLE: A CASE STUDY OF LIGHT RAIL IN CITIES ‘The Newcastle light rail was a key aspect of Revitalising Newcastle, an urban renewal opportunity.’

A city centre is an ideal place for workers, students, visitors and residents to enjoy, appreciate and spend their time. For Newcastle, its once declining city centre featuring a rail line which divided the city, is now becoming a place with uninterrupted access to the waterfront, high-quality public spaces and frequent transport links. The Newcastle light rail was a key aspect of Revitalising Newcastle, an urban renewal opportunity leveraging the strengths and opportunities in the city centre to encourage development, employment and social opportunities while bridging the divide that the railway had created. This thesis explores and evaluates how the city centre

has changed in the eighteen months since completion of the new light rail line. It utilises interviews with key stakeholders involved in XLI TVSNIGX ERH ƼVWX LERH MRZIWXMKEXMSR ERH examines key strategies for the city to better YRHIVWXERH XLI TPEGI UYEPMX] FIRIƼXW XLEX the light rail has brought to both destination precincts and the wider city centre. At the start of a suite of actions to encourage a revitalised and thriving Newcastle, the true FIRIƼXW SJ XLI PMKLX VEMP ERH MXW IJJIGX SR TPEGI quality will only be realised on completion of the entire program.

59

MATTHEW MASSIH VOLUNTARY PLANNING AGREEMENTS: EFFECTIVE NEGOTIATIONS, OR THE GATEWAY TO BYPASSING CONTROLS? Ƅ8LIWI ƼRHMRKW LEZI WLS[R XLEX MQTVSZIQIRXW GER FI QEHI XS XVERWTEVIRG] ERH TYFPMG IRKEKIQIRX [MXLSYX GSQTVSQMWI SR IƾGMIRG] SV IJJIGXMZIRIWW ƅ Each year, numerous planning agreements are entered into by developers with both state and local planning authorities. Due to the complex nature of planning agreements and the negotiations that occur between both parties, there are few agreements that are praised for their creative problem solving in providing an appropriate built-form outcome whilst also delivering on crucial and necessary infrastructure. The contributions space is ever-changing; however, with recent ERRSYRGIQIRXW QEHI F] TVSQMRIRX ƼKYVIW within NSW planning, now is the time to revisit voluntary planning agreements and review the I\XIRX XS [LMGL XLI] JYPƼPP XLIMV RMGLI VSPI RSX only as a mechanism for collecting developer

Bachelor of City Planning

contributions but within the wider planning system as a whole. An analysis of all existing state voluntary planning agreements has been conducted, which is supplemented with qualitative results from in-depth interviews with subject-matter experts. The results of the analysis and interviews have demonstrated WMKRMƼGERX ƼRERGMEP ZEPYI MR XLI IJJIGXMZIRIWW ERH IƾGMIRG] SJ TPERRMRK EKVIIQIRXW in a number of regions within New South Wales but have also illustrated the need for VIJSVQW 8LIWI ƼRHMRKW LEZI WLS[R XLEX improvements can be made to transparency and public engagement without compromise SR IƾGMIRG] SV IJJIGXMZIRIWW

ERIN MATARAZZO MORE THAN BOOKS: THE CHANGING ROLE OF THE PUBLIC LIBRARY IN COMMUNITIES ‘This new era of libraries has seen their role develop as a "third place" which fosters social interaction in communities.’

In a digital age where information can be easily accessed online, it may be tempting to believe that the role of public libraries as a physical place is at risk. Yet public libraries are undergoing a renaissance. This new era of libraries has seen their role develop as a ‘third place’ which fosters connections and social interaction in communities. This thesis seeks to analyse how the contemporary library environment, location and design creates a third place for communities and to understand the implications for urban planners. The research was informed by a literature review and involved interviews with a range of library, planning and design professionals with experience in delivering best-practice libraries

in Sydney. Three public libraries – Woollahra Library at Double Bay, Marrickville Library and Darling Square Library – were analysed as case studies successful in providing a living and meeting space for their respective communities. This thesis argues that public libraries are increasingly relevant as third places which are free, safe and accessible for the community and that planners have a role in advocating for them.

61

CONNOR MAYOH BIODIVERSITY OFFSETTING IN NEW SOUTH WALES: ANALYSING THE ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT ‘As land-clearing rates continue to rise year on year, councils are left voiceless in the wake of assured destruction.’

The global decline in biodiversity as a result of human-induced impacts such as land clearing has long been a recognised cause for concern. Nowhere is this more prevalent than New South Wales where over 60 per cent of the native vegetation of the state has been cleared or substantially disturbed since permanent European settlement.

The mechanisms to regulate such clearing have historically fallen in the hands of state government authorities who have attempted to act upon the issue with no proven success.

As land-clearing rates continue to rise year on year, councils are left voiceless in the wake of assured destruction. This thesis explores the role of councils within the I\MWXMRK TSPMG] JVEQI[SVO WTIGMƼGEPP] PSSOMRK at the constraints that are faced through the

Bachelor of City Planning

regulation of land-clearing activities and, ultimately, whether there is a greater need for the jurisdictional protection of biodiversity at a local level. The study is informed by existing literature, interviews with local government professionals and an in-depth analysis of state-level schemes and independent council policy responses. It is deduced that the contribution to the protection of biodiversity at a local government level is currently undervalued and that changes in governance are required to achieve greater outcomes.

JAIME McNAMARA CONTESTED RENEWAL: A COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE CITY OF SYDNEY AND LAND AND HOUSING CORPORATION’S PLANS FOR THE REDEVELOPMENT OF THE WATERLOO ESTATE Ƅ8LVSYKL E WMKRMƼGERX YTPMJX MR HIRWMX] RIMKLFSYVLSSHW EVI VIGEWX EW QM\IH XIRYVI communities, with public housing stock replaced – and hopefully increased.’

Sydney’s large public-housing estates have been the focus of multiple renewal strategies in recent years. Regeneration of these welllocated sites holds the prospect of meeting multiple objectives in a fast-growing city.

8LVSYKL E WMKRMƼGERX YTPMJX MR HIRWMX] neighbourhoods are recast as mixed-tenure communities, with public-housing stock replaced – and hopefully increased – through cross-subsidy provided by private residential development, which in turn helps meet wider housing supply targets. Building on a trajectory of contested regeneration plans for the area, the Waterloo Estate in south Sydney GEQI YRHIV XLI YQFVIPPE SJ XLI ƽEKWLMT Communities Plus program in 2017. Following the release of the NSW Land and Housing Corporation’s (LAHC) preferred masterplan in

January 2019, the City of Sydney (CoS) put forth a counter masterplan shortly thereafter.

This thesis undertakes a comparative analysis of LAHC and CoS ‘competing’ plans and critically evaluates differing approaches to funding models, tenure mix, density and public open-space provision. The research draws upon interviews with a range of WXEOILSPHIVW VIƽIGXMRK XLI TSPMG] TS[IV ERH TSPMXMGEP H]REQMGW XLEX HIƼRI IWXEXI redevelopment decisions. Findings from this research will contribute to wider debate and offer considerations for negotiating the complexities of urban-renewal governance in New South Wales.

63

SAMUEL MEYERRATKEN POWER LINES DOWN UNDER: A REVIEW OF UNDERGROUNDING IN SYDNEY ‘Sydney has done little to address the contentious issue of its outdated overhead power and telecommunications infrastructure.’

Falling drastically short of their European counterparts, Sydney has done little to address the contentious issue of its outdated overhead power and telecommunications infrastructure, commonly known as ‘powerlines’. From a strategic perspective, technology developments are forcing an imminent evolution of power, communications and lighting networks. It is an anomaly that even the wealthiest suburbs have their high-value views and streetscapes blighted by this outdated infrastructure.

8LI UYERXMXEXMZI FIRIƼXW SJ YRHIVKVSYRHMRK existing power and communication lines (UG) have been proven to outweigh the costs, and qualitative evidence suggests that this is supported by strong community sentiment. Yet despite these factors, there

Bachelor of City Planning

is no apparent progress by NSW Planning to champion the issue. This thesis emphasizes the timeliness for an update on the status of planning and highlights the considerable utility infrastructure synergies that can be harnessed at a moment of technological change to a visionary, urban design-led UG strategy that engages the disparate stakeholders in a collaborative planning process. The project addresses the need to examine the current attitudes of stakeholders and communities about undergrounding as a solution for improved amenity and, MQTSVXERXP] XS MPPYWXVEXI XLI FIRIƼXW SJ 9+ from an urban-design perspective.

WAI NG POKÉMON GO AND CITIES ‘Urban games can improve physical and social activity, change travel behaviour, and increase interactions people have with their cities.’

The physical spaces within our cities play a fundamental part in regulating a person’s LIEPXL ERH [IPPFIMRK 8LI] GER MRƽYIRGI SRIƅW commute to and from school, university or work; a person’s decision about how to spend their leisure time; and decisions about how they interact with the world. Pokémon GO is a location-based game or ‘urban game’ which uses a player’s location to collect, train and battle virtual creatures. As players move around their environment, they virtually interact with local landmarks to progress the game and participate in communal activities.

This thesis explores the role that Pokémon GO plays in improving the health of participants.

The study is informed by literature on the MQTEGX SJ KEQMƼGEXMSR SR IZIV]HE] XEWOW the existence of urban dead spaces, and the

phenomenon of urban games. This research also employs the use of interviews to capture individual motivations, emotions and FILEZMSYVW SJ TPE]IVW 8LI XLIQEXMG ƼRHMRKW of the interviews were then synthesised with the literature review at the conclusive stages of the thesis. Findings from this research suggest urban games can improve physical and social activity, change travel behaviour, and increase interactions people have with their cities.

65

EILISH PANKHURST THE VIADUCT AS ‘NEW SPACE’ ‘These spaces beneath viaducts, often under-utilised, present opportunities within cities to be reclaimed as a “new space”.’

Elevated, bridge-like structures known as viaducts often play a crucial role in providing for the movement of vehicles or trains and are necessary to keep people and freight moving in cities. However, what happens in the space created beneath these structures, and its contribution to the urban fabric, is rarely discussed. The percentage of people living in urban areas is rising, impacting on the availability and price of land. These spaces beneath viaducts, often underutilised, present opportunities within cities to be reclaimed as a ‘new space’. This thesis explores the opportunities for these new spaces by identifying lessons that can be learnt from expert interviews, best-practice

Bachelor of City Planning

examples and three case studies within Sydney. Findings from this thesis suggest that the use of spaces beneath viaducts can TVSZMHI FIRIƼXW XS GSQQYRMXMIW IWTIGMEPP] when designed into a new project. This research contributes to the understanding of how people use and perceive these spaces and how these new spaces can be effectively utilised within cities, not just within Sydney but globally. Ultimately, activating these forgotten spaces could contribute to making our cities more liveable and inviting.

OLIVIA PAYNE THE BURNING QUESTION: HOW IS BUSHFIRE PLANNING INTEGRATED IN THE NEW SOUTH WALES PLANNING SYSTEM? ‘Moving forward, there has never been a more important time to learn lessons from XLI FYWLƼVIW XS IRWYVI TPERRMRK MW IRLERGIH ƅ &YWLƼVIW EVI E REXYVEP ERH MRLIVIRX TEVX SJ the Australian landscape that recur regularly. %PXLSYKL FYWLƼVIW EVI E ZMXEP EWTIGX SJ the environment that generate variability, rejuvenation and a continuing life cycle for QYGL SJ XLI ƽSVE ERH JEYRE SJ %YWXVEPME XLI] GER GEYWI WMKRMƼGERX PSWW ERH HIZEWXEXMSR to people, property and the environment.

8LI FYWLƼVI WIEWSR [EW unprecedented in scale and was an absolute tragedy on all fronts. At the initial stages SJ XLMW XLIWMW ƼVIW [IVI WXMPP FYVRMRK ERH smoke hovered over the Sydney metropolitan EVIE EW E GSRXMRYMRK VIQMRHIV SJ XLI ƼVIW lasting impact. Moving forward, there has never been a more important time to learn

PIWWSRW JVSQ XLI FYWLƼVIW XS ensure planning is enhanced to combat the VMWOW MR GSQMRK FYWLƼVI WIEWSRW 8LMW XLIWMW pursues qualitative research methods through a literature and policy review, case study and in-depth interviews with several stakeholders, XS MHIRXMJ] XLI I\XIRX XS [LMGL FYWLƼVI planning is included in the NSW planning system. It takes as its major case study, the City of Blue Mountains, west of Sydney.

7IZIVEP KIRIVEP ERH &PYI 1SYRXEMRWƁWTIGMƼG recommendations are made. If implemented, they could enhance preparedness and reduce TSXIRXMEP PSWW MR XLI GSQMRK 27; FYWLƼVI seasons.

67

SHIVANGLI PRASAD HOW CAN WE RECONCILE MISALIGNMENTS BETWEEN ZONING AND LAND USE? ‘The standardisation of land use regulation is resulting in increasing numbers of sites with land uses inconsistent with zoning plans.’

The standardisation of land use regulation is resulting in increasing numbers of sites with land uses inconsistent with zoning plans.

The establishment of existing use rights enables the continuation of prohibited land uses in New South Wales. This is inherently incompatible with the desired character of an area as envisioned by local councils through their plans and policies. The planning implications of misalignments between land use and zoning on the built environment are seldom discussed in the literature. This thesis utilises a triangulation of qualitative research methods, incorporating in-depth interviews with planning-industry experts and case studies of developments which

Bachelor of City Planning

relied on existing use rights and proposed otherwise prohibited land uses. The primary VIWIEVGL ƼRHMRKW LEZI FIIR W]RXLIWMWIH with a detailed review of the literature and policy, to provide insights into the issue and to identify discrepancies in the current planning framework governing existing use rights. This research aims to contribute to the limited literature regarding land use and zoning mismatch. The thesis concludes with policy recommendations to guide future development and enhance built-form outcomes at the local government level in New South Wales.

McKENZIE QUIGG MAPPING AND AUDITING WAR MEMORIALS IN THE SYDNEY CBD ‘Since WWI, physical memories of war have been embedded in the urban landscape XS GSQQIQSVEXI XLSWI [LS WIVZIH ERH HMIH HYVMRK GSRƽMGX ƅ “Lest we forget” is a phrase that continues to reverberate in the hearts and minds of contemporary society. Since WWI, physical memories of war have been embedded in the urban landscape to commemorate XLSWI [LS WIVZIH ERH HMIH HYVMRK GSRƽMGX As war memorialisation continues to grow at an accelerated pace, and tends to be concentrated in central and highly demanded areas of cities, it gives rise to the question of how many is too many, and to what extent do they impact the use and experiences of urban space? This thesis utilises three research methods, a literature review that explores concepts of place and memory in relation XS [EV QIQSVMEPW QETTMRK ƼIPH[SVO XLEX

documented all memorials in Sydney’s postal code 2000, and an audit that recorded how individuals can interact and engage with these static objects in urban space. The mapping revealed that memorials agglomerate in certain parts of the city’s CBD, and the audit indicated how prominent locations and visual accessibility facilitate more public interaction.

The audit instrument from this study could be used by local governments to assess the relevance of existing war memorial sites and as a guide to prioritise and ensure good design for new memorial developments in urban space.

69

GABRIELLE REBECCHI PLANNING TO REGULATE THE UNREGULATED? AN INVESTIGATION OF INFORMAL AND UNREGULATED NIGHT LIFE IN SYDNEY ‘Unregulated and informal activities exist in many forms amongst the hidden to the visible, the public to the private, and the abandoned to the occupied.’

Unregulated and informal activities exist in many forms amongst the hidden to the visible, the public to the private, and the abandoned to the occupied. This analysis focuses on informal live music in Sydney, evaluating its historical evolution and contemporary make-up and drivers using concepts of the underground economy and urban informality.

Reviews of policy, case studies and interviews uncover the complexity of informality and XLI TVIWWYVIW XLEX EVI MRƽMGXIH SR PMZI QYWMG and culture industries. In Sydney, the DIY and informal live-music scene sheds light into barriers, exclusions and inequalities of the regulated mainstream and raises questions about how planners can deal with the seemingly unplannable. Drawing on key creative areas within the Inner West, such

Bachelor of City Planning

as Sydenham and Marrickville, works to further investigate these present barriers and the response from council. Findings from this research reveal that whilst there are challenges of balancing public rights and safety, it is clear that perceptions and management of culture and the use of space need to adapt to accommodate diversity. Investigation must also be made into opportunities to streamline and simplify approval processes to make these processes more accessible to those within music and cultural industries.

ALEXANDER RICHARD PLANNING THE BUZZ: TWENTY-FIRST-CENTURY THINKING FOR THE URBAN BEE IN GREATER SYDNEY ‘Regional and local planning should promote bees by outlining pollinator-suitable development and by prioritising public and professional education.’ &IIW EVI GSRWMHIVIH XLI QSWX TVSPMƼG KPSFEP pollinators because of their vital role in food production and ecological health. Due to a toxic combination of climate change, pesticide use and the viral varroa mite parasite that attacks and feeds on honeybees, bee populations have been in decline for decades.

This crisis has seen an uncoordinated professional and monetary response which has been decried by stakeholders globally. In researching this topic, literature and policy reviews have explored theoretical ecological concepts, practical initiatives and existing TSPMG] VIZIEPMRK WMKRMƼGERX KETW MR TSPMG] ERH planning frameworks. In-depth interviews [IVI GSRHYGXIH [MXL WM\ I\TIVXW MR XLI ƼIPHW of ecology, strategic planning, conservation planning, apiary management, education,

and a pollinator project. Subsequently, recommendations propose promoting bees within legislation and planning practice in Greater Sydney. Regional and local planning should promote bees by outlining pollinatorsuitable development and by prioritising public and professional education. This [SYPH FI VIƽIGXIH MR XLI VIKMSREP Ƅ+VIIR Grid’ and local policy and strategy, including Local Strategic Planning Statements and Development Control Plans. Furthermore, the competition of native bee populations and managed beehives necessitates coordination of Geographic Information Systems through government and non-government enterprise to avoid straining urban vegetation resources.

Ultimately, this research advances the pollinating urban bee as a critical priority.

71

KATE RILEY PLANNING FOR DEMENTIA-FRIENDLY PUBLIC SPACES IN NEW SOUTH WALES ‘Keeping active and going outdoors are important aspects wellbeing, however, the ability for people with dementia to access public spaces and amenities has been neglected.’

Dementia is a collective term used to describe the symptoms associated with a group of disorders which cause the progressive decline in a person’s cognitive functioning. Whilst dementia does not exclusively affect older people, the likelihood of developing dementia increases with age. The ageing ‘baby boomer’ population means that 131.5 million people globally are expected to have dementia by 2050. Keeping active and going outdoors are important aspects wellbeing, however, research suggests that the ability for people with dementia to access public spaces and amenities has been neglected, whereby planning and design considerations are largely focused on internal layout and building

Bachelor of City Planning

accessibility constraints rather than engaging with external ‘place’ imperatives. This thesis explores the relationship between the built environment and dementia and the ways in which NSW planning policy and practice can promote the delivery of dementia-friendly public spaces. This was done through a review of literature and a NSW policy audit followed by semi-structured interviews with a range of stakeholders. This thesis recommends the use of dementia-friendly design principles in NSW policy-guidance documents and collaboration with people with dementia in planning processes to ensure public spaces that consider the needs of those with dementia.

MATTHIEU SANTOSO PUBLIC WANTS AND PRIVATE NEEDS: A COMPARISON STUDY OF THE STRATEGIC VISION AND CREATION OF PRIVATELY LED PARKLAND DEVELOPMENT IN WENTWORTH POINT AND RHODES ‘The challenge of balancing public rights and private interests is rather complex and age-old.’ *VSQ XLI PEXI X[IRXMIXL MRXS XLI X[IRX] ƼVWX centuries the private market increasingly gained control from public authorities over strategic decisions affecting the quality of, and accessibility to, new urban development.

This thesis argues for planners to act more explicitly to promote greater inclusive and social value–driven approaches rather than QSVI SFNIGXMƼIH ERH GSRXVSPPIH I\GLERKI value methods to the public domain in privateled development. The thesis analyses two key intensive urban-development areas in the form of Rhodes and Wentworth Point’s residential precincts and interviews with the EVGLMXIGXW ERH EWWIWWQIRX SƾGIVW EFSYX XLI perceptions of and approaches to private-

led development. It compares the individual architects’ intentions of place-based planning TVEGXMGIW [MXL I\TPMGMX MRXIRXMSRW XS MRƽYIRGI better quality shared city space from the view of local council. While the challenge of balancing public rights and private interests is rather complex and age-old, the didactic REXYVI SJ XLMW TVSFPIQ VIƽIGXW TSWWMFPI changes in the relationship between public expectations and private interests, as well as the commercial requirements of providing and managing open space.

73

EMILY SHUM STUDENT HOUSING IN AUSTRALIA SINCE THE 1960s: TRANSFORMING SURROUNDING NEIGHBOURHOODS ‘The increasing number of international students in Sydney has put pressure on the student-housing market, resulting in a new type of student accommodation – purpose-built student accommodation (PBSA) developments.’

Continual growth of the international education market has headlined Australian news since the 1960s. The increasing number of international students in Sydney has put pressure on the student-housing market, resulting in a new type of student accommodation – purpose-built student accommodation (PBSA) developments.

Despite a rising international student population being recognised as positively contributing to the national economy, XLI TLIRSQIRSR SJ ƄWXYHIRXMƼGEXMSRƅ LEW negatively emphasised the effects of student housing on its urban surroundings. This research explores Ultimo, a densely populated student area in Sydney’s CBD, to understand how a PBSA development can complement the surrounding neighbourhood and add a

Bachelor of City Planning

layer of youthfulness and vitality to a typically deserted CBD on the weekend. This study is informed by planning literature pertaining to international and Australian student housing and its existing impact on neighbourhoods.

A mixed-method design of archival research and in-depth interviews has been utilised to understand built environment, socio-cultural, and economic transformations PBSA brought to Ultimo. Findings from this research could potentially inform communities who are PSGEXIH RIEV 4&7% EFSYX WSQI SJ XLI FIRIƼXW these types of student accommodation provide, and, for local councils and planning professionals, PBSA can offer another development opportunity to improve planning decisions and outcomes of the city for Australia’s international student cohort.

ZOE SPURWAY SYDNEY’S GREEN LUNGS: FUNCTION AND USE OF CENTENNIAL PARKLANDS IN RESPONSE TO COMMUNITY NEEDS ‘As more of the population adopt urban lifestyles and choose to live in apartments, XLI HIQERH JSV VIGVIEXMSREP TEVOPERH MW WMKRMƼGERXP] MRGVIEWMRK ƅ Sydney is a rapidly growing and densifying global city. As more of the population adopt urban lifestyles and choose to live in apartments, the demand for recreational TEVOPERH MW WMKRMƼGERXP] MRGVIEWMRK These changing residential patterns have been recognised in recent government commitments to improve public green spaces KMZIR XLI IGSRSQMG LIEPXL ERH WSGMEP FIRIƼXW they bring to communities. This thesis explores the role of Centennial Parklands, ‘The People’s Park’, in supporting the needs of its users, and the legislative planning documents that guide its function and operation. A mixed approach involving literature review, policy analysis and in-depth interviews with a variety of stakeholders underpins the research.

Findings reveal a discrepancy between the

assumed needs and desires of the community and what is actually provided for their use in the Centennial Parklands. The thesis concludes with recommendations to improve the responsiveness of the Parklands to the community. Collaboration of all stakeholders, E VIZEPYEXMSR SJ XLI WMKRMƼGERGI ERH QYPXMTPI GSQQYRMX] FIRIƼXW SJ XLIWI LMWXSVMG parklands, together with a new enlightened approach towards their economic value, are all needed.

75

DRAGANA STRBAC THE ‘PUBLICISATION’ OF PRIVATE SPACE ‘Shifting demands, expectations, and needs for green open space are leading to council-led initiatives to widen access to the metropolitan “Green Grid”.’

As Sydney continues to densify and grow, TVSZMWMSR SJ WYƾGMIRX UYEPMX] ERH EGGIWWMFPI green open space is becoming increasingly challenging, particularly in Sydney’s Eastern District where land is already in limited supply and competition for ‘higher and better uses’ is high. As a result, the way we plan for green open space is evolving, with less focus on land acquisition and greater emphasis on improving and maximising the use of existing space where possible. This shift in focus has ignited a particular interest in the large areas of green space taken up by Sydney’s eightyone golf courses, the majority of which are either publicly run or located on land which remains in government ownership. For many

Bachelor of City Planning

in surrounding local communities, access to these extensive green spaces is restricted and limited. Informed by academic literature, in-depth interviews and case studies, this study explores how shifting demands, expectations, and needs for access to green space are leading to council-led initiatives to widen access to the metropolitan ‘Green Grid’, including golf courses, within their jurisdictions. The research concludes by stressing the importance of renegotiating the interface between these green spaces and the changing recreational and wellbeing demands of a growing city population.

CHARBEL TOUMA THE PLANNING PROFESSION: YESTERDAY, TODAY AND TOMORROW ‘Findings also suggested that the city planners are not driven by monetary compensation but by altruistic characteristics.’

Cities are constantly changing and so are the roles and expectations of the workforce making up the planning profession. It is vital that the profession adapts as well as retains its members with their experience and expertise. This thesis is a local government study to develop a greater understanding of employee attitudes and recognition of skillsets involved in their daily practice of planning. The study includes a survey of city planners and two in-depth interviews with management – collecting a combination of both quantitative and qualitative data.

The results suggest that city planners feel supported by their employer. Findings also suggested that the city planners are not

driven by monetary compensation but by altruistic characteristics. However, upon closer inspection, an analysis of the data shows that a higher percentage of planners have considered leaving their current role.

'MX] TPERRIVW [MXL PIWW XLER ƼZI ]IEVWƅ I\TIVMIRGI [IVI QSVI PMOIP] XS JIIP GSRƼHIRX in opportunities available to them than those [MXL ƼZI SV QSVI ]IEVWƅ I\TIVMIRGI 6IWYPXW illustrate the nature of the planning profession and its workforce in 2020 and can assist stakeholders to support the ongoing resilience of the profession with this timely contribution to the existing literature.

77

LINDA TRAN PEOPLE, PLACES AND MOVEMENT: POP-UP CYCLEWAY CONNECTIVITY IN SYDNEY ‘These pop-up cycleways have been piloted as an alternative mode of cycle transport to connect different areas of Sydney.’

As a nation, and as worldwide collective of people, we will remember 2020 as the year of the COVID-19 pandemic. We have had to rethink the way we work, our mode of transport, how we learn, but most importantly, the way we exist as social beings. Because of COVID-19, new words have been added to our vocabulary; relevant to this research is social distancing. The NSW State Government responded quickly to the need for social distancing and delivered pop-up cycleways as one mechanism to keep people active and keep them safe. These pop-up cycleways have been piloted as an alternative mode of cycle transport to connect different areas of Sydney, allowing cyclists to explore new places

Bachelor of City Planning

and allowing small businesses to gain new customers who typically would not ride past.

The aim of this thesis is to investigate how pop-up cycleway connectivity can contribute to placemaking activities and facilitate engagement with new transport routes. An in-depth literature review complemented by a policy review provides a theoretical backdrop for a series of semi-structured interviews that were conducted. Findings from this research aim to highlight a greater understanding of how movement, people and places are inextricably linked to inform urban professionals on the value of connectivity in pop-up cycleways and their role in creating better places.

JERARD TUNGCAB THE NEW SOUTH WALES PERI-URBAN EXPERIENCE: AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES, RURAL LIVING, AND THE FRAMEWORKS FOR PLANNING ‘Explore how planning authorities can use innovative mechanisms to encourage agricultural practice to continue to thrive in evolving peri-urban areas.’

Plans for the Western Parkland City (WPC) as one of Greater Sydney’s Metropolis of Three Cities bring the future of one of the metropolitan area’s most important assets – its peri-urban lands and the food it produces – into sharp relief. Population growth and economic development tied to the Western Sydney Aerotropolis and southward reaching into the Greater Macarthur region, risk creating ongoing tensions between competing land uses. Those tensions will be present over the coming decades, and strategic planners, local authorities and landowners alike need to seek ways to ensure that agricultural lands remain productive rather than being reduced to fallow landholdings awaiting their ‘turn’

in the development cycle. Negotiating this tension can be addressed either through preservation or innovation. This thesis, drawing upon insights provided through interviews with a range of stakeholders, uses Wollondilly Shire as a case study to explore how planning authorities can use innovative mechanisms to encourage agricultural practice to continue to thrive in evolving periurban areas. Findings suggest that much of the challenge rests in the contested ‘identity’ of peri-urban areas within strategic plans at different scales which risks obscuring the importance of agricultural production and ‘rural’ character in Greater Sydney.

79

ZACHARY VAN DEN DOLDER BACK TO BASIXs? ANALYSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE NEW SOUTH WALES BUILDING SUSTAINABILITY INDEX SEPP ‘This thesis project seeks to analyse the effectiveness of the NSW Building Sustainability Index SEPP in maximising sustainable residential development.’

Climate change is possibly the most TVIWWMRK MWWYI MR XLI X[IRX] ƼVWX GIRXYV] due to centuries of industrialisation, urban development and population growth coming to a head and causing potentially irreversible impacts to the natural environment. In turn, these changes pose a threat to humanity in the form of extreme weather events, sea level rise and a loss of global biodiversity.

One of the main contributors to the changing climate is the built environment, with a large proportion of this coming from residential dwellings. In order reduce the environmental impact of residential dwellings, sustainabilityratings tools have been implemented all over the globe. These rating tools score

Bachelor of City Planning

developments based on their environmental performance related to water and energy usage and thermal comfort and can be either mandatory or voluntary. Examples include LEEDs, BREEAM, NABERS, Passivhaus and GreenStar. The rating tool in use in New South Wales is the Building Sustainability Index State Environmental Planning Policy (SEPP), a mandatory tool that has existed since 2004. This thesis project seeks to analyse the effectiveness of the NSW Building Sustainability Index SEPP in maximising sustainable residential development and compares the success of this policy to other sustainability-rating tools within both an Australian context and internationally.

EMILLY WICKHAM CREATIVE LIVE/WORK PRECINCT: A FUTURE FOR CARRINGTON ROAD, MARRICKVILLE? ‘To understand whether a creative live/work development could be a positive solution for [4-8 Carrington Road, Marrickville], this thesis provides a mixedmethods case study … to unpack the concept and its viability.’

The address, 4-38 Carrington Road, Marrickville, is an industrial precinct with an unclear future. Historically acknowledged as an urban manufacturing and creative cluster, the site was earmarked as prime real estate for residential uplift in 2017.

However, with the introduction of the Greater Sydney Commission’s ‘retain and manage’ industrial-lands policy, the site is currently at a crossroads. To understand whether a creative live/work development could be a positive solution for this precinct, this thesis provides a mixed-methods case study research design, using a policy review, best-practice investigation, and in-depth interviews to unpack the concept and its

viability. While a creative live/work concept has not been delivered before within Australia, there are multiple precedents worldwide, which prove this model to be a feasible development outcome. However, constraints within the NSW planning system and the GSC’s industrial-lands policy may make the delivery of this concept at 4-38 Carrington 6SEH HMƾGYPX -X MW MRXIRHIH XLEX XLI VIWIEVGL ƼRHMRKW [MPP FI YWIH EW E JVEQI[SVO XS assess creative live/work developments in the future and to encourage proposals for industrial lands to be evaluated on a meritsbased system within the Inner West local government area and beyond.

81

BAILEY WILLIAMS STRATEGIC PLANNING FIRST? EVALUATING STRATEGIC PLANNING REFORM IN GREATER SYDNEY ‘The success of this reform is paramount to accommodating the rapidly growing population and ensuring that the existing quality of life of Sydney residents is protected.’

The Greater Sydney Region is forecast to grow by approximately 1.6 million people in the next two decades, requiring the delivery of 500,000 new jobs and homes throughout the region. To meet the needs of the rapidly growing region, the state government created a new form of metropolitan governance through the establishment of the Greater Sydney Commission and a series of legislative changes that seek to provide a strategicled planning system. The Commission has produced the Greater Sydney Region Plan, which provides a forty-year vision that seeks to transform the sprawling region into a thriving polycentric metropolitan region focused on the ideal of a thirty-minute city.

Bachelor of City Planning

8LI 4PER MW WYTTSVXIH F] ƼZI HMWXVMGX TPERW which seek to supplement the vision of the overarching plan and the introduction of Local Strategic Planning Statements, to provide the missing nexus between state and local strategic planning. The success of this reform is paramount to accommodating the rapidly growing population and ensuring that the existing quality of life of Sydney residents is protected. This paper explores the reform through a case study examining its implementation in the North Sydney local government area and a series of in-depth interviews with professionals involved in its day-to-day implementation.

JULIET WITTENOOM LOUW COMMUNITY COWORKING ‘This thesis explores community coworking, a model of social infrastructure that reduces the pressure on libraries to be multi-functional spaces.’

There is growing demand for ‘third’ places that offer easy access to an environment to work and collaborate. Contemporary libraries provide a quiet space for individual focused work, but historically have not sought to connect users within the space. This thesis explores community coworking, a model of social infrastructure that reduces the pressure on libraries to be multi-functional spaces. It utilises a mixed-method research approach, GSQFMRMRK XLI ƼRHMRKW JVSQ JSYV GEWI WXYHMIW of formal and informal coworking spaces across the City of Sydney local government area, as well as interviews with professionals with backgrounds in social planning, community facility operations and commercial

GS[SVOMRK 8LIQEXMG ƼRHMRKW JVSQ XLI primary research are analysed against the supporting theoretical and policy context.

Findings identify the fundamental importance of social infrastructure in facilitating faceto-face interactions, and interviewees expect there will be a demand for such spaces postpandemic. A number of recommendations provide local government with ideas to consider in the future delivery of community coworking spaces to meet the changing needs of the growing community.

83

WILLIAM WOLTER STRENGTHENING THE RESILIENCE OF CANAL ESTATE DEVELOPMENTS: A CASE STUDY OF ST HUBERTS ISLAND Ƅ'EREP IWXEXI HIZIPSTQIRXW LEZI FIIR EVXMƼGMEPP] FYMPX XS TVSZMHI HIWMVEFPI [EXIVJVSRX PMZMRK ERH SJJIV VIGVIEXMSREP FIRIƼXW JSV VIWMHIRXW ƅ Often reclaimed from wetland or mangrove environments, canal estate developments LEZI FIIR EVXMƼGMEPP] FYMPX XS TVSZMHI HIWMVEFPI waterfront living and offer recreational FIRIƼXW JSV VIWMHIRXW 8LIWI GSQQYRMXMIW have evolved in precarious low-lying coastal locations around the world to take advantage of lifestyle amenity. However, these amenities are at risk in today’s engineered climate as the intensity and frequency of climatechange events increase. Although the NSW State Government banned the construction of canal estate developments in 1997, their proliferation throughout the twentieth century has led to ongoing management challenges in contemporary planning practice. New strategies are therefore required to help vulnerable coastal communities adapt,

Bachelor of City Planning

defend and/or retreat from the unpredictable nature of climate change. Through analysing academic literature, comparing New South Wales and Queensland coastal management policy frameworks and conducting indepth interviews with the community and government representatives, it was found that nature-based solutions would be a viable adaptation strategy for the thesis case study, St Huberts Island. However, questions were raised concerning the immediate protection of properties, posing potential barriers for integrating such strategies into contemporary practice. This thesis contributes to the discussion of canal estate developments and explores how public participation and adaptation strategies can strengthen the resilience of St Huberts Island.

HAMISH WOOD SKATEBOARDING AND SYDNEY’S PUBLIC OPEN SPACES ‘Skateboarders are routinely kicked out of public spaces, designed out of urban environments, and relegated to poor quality and few skateparks.’

Born in the 1950s in California, USA, skateboarding has grown from an alternative XS WYVƼRK [LIR XLI [EZIW [IVI ƽEX XS E KPSFEP action sport and industry with over eleven million active skateboarders and generating RIEVP] ƼZI FMPPMSR MR ERRYEP VIZIRYI -R 2009, reported participation rates among children were 55.9% and 42.4%. In 2018, Sydney hosted the X Games, and Australia is currently in the process of forming an Olympic Skateboarding Team for the 2021 Tokyo Olympics. Despite this extreme popularity, WOEXIFSEVHMRK LEW IRHYVIH E GSRƽMGXIH relationship with the public and regulatory ƼKYVIW %W WYGL WOEXIFSEVHIVW EVI VSYXMRIP] kicked out of public spaces, designed out of urban environments, relegated to poor quality and few skateparks, and subject to scrutinous

legislation preventing the practice of their art.

This thesis examines the extent of regulatory oversight of skateboarders’ usage of public open space (POS) on Sydney’s North Shore and parts of the CBD, which were chosen as a case study. The street skateboarding experience was examined through in-depth interviews with North Shore councillors, rangers, the Australian Skateboarding Federation chairman and local skateboarders and academics. This thesis concludes with a suite of recommendations aimed at improving the street skateboarding experience while upholding POS amenity.

85

NATALIE YASMINE WHAT, AND WHO, DEFINES LOCAL CHARACTER? CONTESTATIONS OF PLACE ON THE CBD FRINGE OF "GLOBAL" SYDNEY ‘Positioned as Australia’s global gateway, Sydney’s "global city" status has been integral to strategic planning and economic-development imperatives in recent decades.’

Positioned as Australia’s global gateway, Sydney’s ‘global city’ status has been integral to strategic planning and economicdevelopment imperatives in recent decades.

7]HRI] LEW WIIR WMKRMƼGERX KVS[XL MR international competitiveness, physically evident through major development that has taken place within the Sydney CBD. Where major new developments bring about transformative change, questions regarding ‘local character’, and the transition from existing to future character, come sharply into focus. This thesis explores the relationship between local character and globalisation, and the competing interest of state and local government and the public in shaping the future of a key site on Sydney’s CBD fringe, the Pyrmont Peninsula. A review of existing

Bachelor of City Planning

literature and policy related to local character and the global city provides contextual theory and understanding of systematic constraints in negotiating fundamental cityshaping decisions. Supported by interviews with key personnel, this thesis explores the contentious refusal of the Star Casino redevelopment in 2019 and subsequent Pyrmont Peninsula Place Strategy to uncover the tensions in negotiating the existing and future character of CBD-fringe suburbs.

Findings from the research lead to a set of forward policy considerations regarding the legislative management of local character in global Sydney.

OLIVIA YEE PEDESTRIANISATION, PEOPLE AND PLACE ‘Responding to the detached nature of roads within Sydney, recommendations will emphasise the link between pedestrianised streets, people and place.’

Pedestrianised streets are often overlooked within the development of transport networks and place. The term ‘transport’ is strongly associated with roads and motor vehicles and over the past decades, they have remained at the centre of transport development.

As a result, the majority of our roads have been designed predominately to cater for motor vehicles and have essentially become detached environments from local character.

A more diverse transport network and enriched experiences could be provided.

This thesis highlights the importance of rethinking the way we design roads and the FIRIƼXW SJ TVMSVMXMWMRK XLI HIZIPSTQIRX of pedestrian networks. To examine how pedestrianised streets contribute to local character and become ‘destinations’, George

Street Boulevarde has been chosen as a case study, and the effect of pedestrianisation was examined through an in-depth interview with council representatives from the City of Sydney. Complemented by a review of academic literature and strategic documents in relation to place and placemaking, XLMW VIZIEPIH XLI FIRIƼXW FVSYKLX F] pedestrianising streets, particularly when aiming to create better places for people.

Responding to the detached nature of roads within Sydney, recommendations will emphasise the link between pedestrianised streets, people and place.

87

LUKE ZAJAC GIVE THEM SOME SPACE: A BETTER APPROACH TO THE URBAN TREE CANOPY IN SYDNEY’S NORTH WEST GROWTH CENTRE ‘This thesis assesses the potential for current planning frameworks guiding the NWGC to create cool, sustainable, and ultimately liveable suburbs.’

In the face of a warming climate, Western Sydney’s heat vulnerability, and its rapidly growing population, it is critical that a systematic approach to tree provision in Sydney’s North West Growth Centre (NWGC) becomes a strategic priority of both state and local governments and is supported by a strong statutory framework. Trees, located on both public land and private property, form an urban tree canopy (UTC) that cools communities, enhances biodiversity, and reduces the impact of urban development on the natural environment. Despite a WLEVIH YRHIVWXERHMRK SJ XLI FIRIƼXW SJ UTC coverage, a successful translation of strategic intent faces several challenges. As

Bachelor of City Planning

cities move towards more compact, dense forms, planners are ever-more dependent on private-property owners in helping facilitate a wider ‘public good’ through the protection and planting of large canopy trees on shrinking lot sizes. Through undertaking a literature and policy review and a series of in-depth interviews with key stakeholders, this thesis assesses the potential for current planning frameworks guiding the NWGC to create cool, sustainable, and ultimately liveable suburbs that can help mitigate climate-change impacts already evident. Cultural, governmental, and resourcing challenges to urban greening EVI MHIRXMƼIH ERH GSRXI\X WTIGMƼG WSPYXMSRW proposed.

CHI ZHANG AGED CARE SERVICES: TO WHAT EXTENT IS SYDNEY PREPARED FOR AN AGEING CHINESE IMMIGRANT POPULATION? Ƅ8LVII MR XIR SPHIV %YWXVEPMERW EKIH WM\X] ƼZI ERH SZIV [IVI FSVR SZIVWIEW ERH SRI in three older people were born in a non-English speaking country.’

In 2019, the population of persons aged WM\X] ƼZI ]IEV ERH SPHIV KPSFEPP] [EW million. In Australia, this group accounts for a substantial proportion of the population.

Current statistics report that three in ten SPHIV %YWXVEPMERW EKIH WM\X] ƼZI ERH SZIV were born overseas, and one in three older people were born in a non-English speaking country. Studies have shown anyone from a culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) background can suffer mental and physical LIEPXL HMƾGYPXMIW ERH LEZI PIWW STTSVXYRMX] for social and economic activities. Elderly people from a CALD background may have special needs in terms of health care services; Chinese immigrants, especially the elderly,

have certain needs as their culture is heavily MRƽYIRGIH F] XVEHMXMSR 8LI TYVTSWI SJ this thesis is to study the accessibility and appropriateness of aged care policies and services for Australian Chinese immigrants.

Through literature review, policy analysis and interviews with relevant groups, this thesis highlights successes and failures of various aged care models in China and provides suggestions on the future of aged care for the ageing Chinese population in Australia.

89

XINGNAN ZHANG TACTICAL URBANISM: THE EMERGENCE OF SYDNEY’S PARKLETS ‘A parklet is an extension of a sidewalk which converts on-street parking space into a public seating platform.’

With an increasing number of the population paying attention to the quality of their urban life, planning institutions are under pressure to give quick and accurate responses to citizens’ demands. However, it is usually a long and bureaucratic procedure for an SƾGMEP YVFER MRXIVZIRXMSR XS FI MQTPIQIRXIH in practice. Tactical urbanism is a set of grassroots interventions through which nongovernment groups can express their ideas for the cities. This research focuses on the TEVOPIX WTIGMƼGEPP] EW SRI SJ XLI XEGXMGEP interventions. A parklet is an extension of a sidewalk which converts on-street parking space into a public seating platform. The research involves a literature review on

Bachelor of City Planning

tactical urbanism as the trigger for parklet and an audit assessing the publicness of Sydney’s parklets through a quantitative method. The results indicate that Sydney’s parklets have relatively high levels of publicness. Other concerns over the use of parklets, including safety, aesthetic consideration and noise, are highlighted for further improvement.

The thesis suggests a re-consideration on the concept and design of parklets to deliver street facilities which truly contribute to the vibrancy of communities.

91

MASTER OF CITY PLANNING

FINAL YEAR THESES

MESSAGE FROM COURSE CONVENOR,

ROBERT FREESTONE

Master of City Planning

The breadth and liveliness of contemporary planning concerns are well captured in the topics pursued by our masters students in 2020.

They range across diverse subjects: low-carbon living, active transportation, affordable housing, green space, town centres, public participation, community safety and more.

COVID-19 could scarcely be ignored, and its impact on the role and utilisation of urban spaces, on the reform of the planning system, and as an indirect instrument of economic stimulation were also studied.

The pandemic certainly disrupted thesis research this year. A number of students were forced to continue their studies offshore because they could not return to Sydney. Classes in Term 1 had already commenced when UNSW made the decision to switch all teaching into an online mode. The closure SJ PMFVEVMIW XLI HMƾGYPXMIW SJ GEVV]MRK SYX ƼIPH[SVO and the dependence on remote interviews were new problems faced.

Under these adversities unforeseen at the start of the academic year, students have done remarkably well in producing an impressive assemblage of mostly applied studies relating to New South Wales, Sydney, regional centres, and Chinese cities. This is especially so given that the Planning Thesis is already one of the most challenging courses that Master of City Planning students complete as an intensive and independent ten-week investigation.

In 2020, a total of twenty students successfully completed the course. Nearly half were from

overseas, a much higher proportion than in the undergraduate program.

On behalf of these students, I extend sincere thanks to the numerous people who contributed to the Planning Thesis course this year, notably, the individual supervisors and examiners drawn mainly from colleagues in the Planning Program and City Futures Research Centre. Particular thanks go to Dr Peter Williams who convened the class in Term 1 and had to cope with the rapid and enforced onset of digital learning.

I would also like to collectively thank the many people who participated in student interviews and surveys. This is invaluable input, and our interviewees not only gave their time generously but offered, as always, vital insights that help ground the work.

Some students begin the Planning Thesis course [MXL YRHIVWXERHEFPI XVITMHEXMSR &YX XLI] ƼRMWL it with a tremendous sense of achievement to match a highly sophisticated understanding of their chosen topic. The whole experience, from devising a project to carrying it out and writing it up, undoubtedly enhances their expertise for the successful professional careers that now await them. The year 2020 has instilled even more of the personal resilience that will be required along the way.

Professor Rober t Freestone Cou rse Con ven or, Ma ster of Ci ty Pl a n n i n g (PL A N7149)

95

YUCHAO CHEN IMPROVEMENT OF RECREATION AND LEISURE FACILITIES IN URBAN PARKS: A CASE STUDY OF MAOFENG MOUNTAIN PARK IN GUANGZHOU ‘This thesis establishes an evaluation model based on four key criteria of accessibility, beauty, safety and comfortability … to assess the usage of recreation and leisure facilities by visitors in urban parks.’

Master of City Planning

9VFER TEVOW TPE] E WMKRMƼGERX VSPI MR TVSZMHMRK a variety of outdoor activities for different types of visitors. Sports playgrounds, exercise facilities, and nearby countryside parks offer an opportunity for the public to experience a more natural setting. However, poor conditions and shortage of recreation and leisure facilities in some urban parks have meant low utilization rates. This is E WMKRMƼGERX TYFPMG TSPMG] MWWYI RIIHMRK to be addressed. This thesis establishes an evaluation model based on four key criteria of accessibility, beauty, safety and comfortability. It is employed to assess the usage of recreation and leisure facilities by visitors in urban parks by examining in detail the case of the Maofeng Mountain Park in Guangzhou, China. The results point to an optimization plan for recreation and leisure facilities in this park.

LUCA CHUDLEIGH AN IMAGINED PATHWAY: IMPLICATIONS OF THE HOUSING PATHWAYS FRAMEWORK ON THE PROVISION OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING IN NEW SOUTH WALES ‘This research starts from the premise that the “housing pathway” is a heuristic device used by policymakers, rather than an empirical fact, and observes the role of discourse in housing policy in NSW.’ In 2005, the New South Wales (NSW) Government announced that public housing would no longer be housing for life. Instead, public housing tenants would be subject to Ƽ\IH XIRERGMIW SJ X[S ƼZI SV XIR ]IEVW 7MRGI then, housing policy in New South Wales has been shaped by the notion of a ‘housing pathway’ which conceptualises residents moving between different housing tenures over their life course. This framework is now a taken-for-granted element of housing TSPMG] ERH LEW FIGSQI ƼVQP] IQFIHHIH MR policy discourses relating to crisis housing, social housing, affordable housing and lowincome private rental. This research starts from the premise that the housing pathway

is a heuristic device used by policymakers, rather than an empirical fact, and observes the role of discourse in housing policy in NSW. That is, there is little evidence that individuals move through housing types in an orderly way, towards, for example, home ownership. Instead, the framework is a policy ideal that shapes how housing providers and other stakeholders understand the purpose of different forms of housing. This project looks critically into the relationship between the housing-pathways framework and affordablehousing stakeholders in order to better understand its impact on housing markets in NSW.

97

LIAM CLARK ‘LINK AND PLACE’ IN STREET PLANNING AND DESIGN: DEMOCRATIC OR TECHNOCRATIC? ‘The democracy/technocracy debate is a longstanding one in planning, ERH XLMW XLIWMW IRHIEZSYVW XS YRHIVWXERH XLI ƈ0MRO ERH 4PEGIƉ JVEQI[SVO within that context.’

The democracy/technocracy debate is a longstanding one in planning, and this thesis endeavours to understand the ‘Link and Place’ framework within that context.

Since its inception in 2007, this framework has gained traction across the world as a popular approach to street planning and design. Recognising streets as both movement conduits and places in their own right, it has provided practitioners with the requisite complexity to understand the street environment in its entirety. However, embedded throughout the framework are two contrasting approaches to urban governance – technocratic and democratic. On the one hand, Link and Place aims to create a

Master of City Planning

system for practitioners to classify, design, prioritise and assess streets in a quasiWGMIRXMƼG [E] 3R XLI SXLIV LERH XLIVI MW ER appreciation of participatory and deliberative stakeholder engagement and a sense of public ownership of the outcomes of the process. As the framework has evolved and been implemented in various jurisdictions, the focus on either democratic or technocratic processes has varied. This thesis explores the recent application of Link and Place in New South Wales and Victoria and documents how these jurisdictions have navigated the decision-making processes in divergent ways on the democratic/technocratic spectrum.

SHREYA DUBEY MEASURING WOMEN’S PERCEPTION OF SAFETY IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT ‘How a woman perceives her safety is not a sole function of her gender; her safety is a function of perceived moralities, politics, past experiences, and physical and social factors that involve newer types of fear.’ ;SQIRƅW WEJIX] MR YVFER EVIEW MW E [MHI ƼIPH of research. How a woman perceives her safety is not a sole function of her gender; her safety is a function of perceived moralities, politics, past experiences, and physical and social factors that involve newer types of fear.

Measuring safety requires a conceptualisation of what affects safety and which factors should be considered. Lack of standardization of factors and lack of data hinder safety metrics. Moreover, despite the ubiquity of mobile phones and emerging technologies, there is still a digital divide in parts of the world, particularly for women. Finally, there are also inconsistencies in terms of how measurements of safety can be incorporated

into planning decision-making. The aim of this research is to systematically review factors that evoke feelings of security in public spaces by adopting an intersectionality framework. A comprehensive literature review unpacks understandings of environmental, social and personal factors affecting women’s TIVGIMZIH WEJIX] ERH MXW UYERXMƼGEXMSR Findings from the research provide insight for opportunities and challenges in formulation and modelling of data and methods of measurement to better inform the emerging modelling tools to support the measurement of women’s perceived safety.

99

WANQIN HE THE STUDY OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PUBLIC PARTICIPATION SYSTEM IN COMMUNITY RENEWAL: A CASE STUDY OF SHANGHAI ‘BEAUTIFUL HOMELAND’ COMMUNITY RENEWAL PROJECT PRACTICE' ‘City planning management needs to strengthen pluralistic social dialogue, establish better communication channels between government and diverse social groups, and improve the democratic nature of planning decisions.’

In recent years, with the continuous acceleration of urbanisation in China, the contradictions in various aspects in the process of urban construction are increasingly TVSQMRIRX ERH QYPXMTPI GSRƽMGXW SJ HMJJIVIRX stakeholders are frequently apparent. One manifestation in the planning-implementation process is that mass participation events caused by renewal of old communities persist. City planning management needs to strengthen pluralistic social dialogue, establish better communication channels between government and diverse social groups, and improve the democratic nature

Master of City Planning

of planning decisions. This thesis begins with an analysis of the theoretical and legal basis of the public participation system in Chinese city planning, providing a comparison with other developed countries. The thesis utilizes interviews with a number of stakeholders and a case study of ‘Beautiful Homeland’ in Shanghai to illustrate the current characteristics and issues in public participation in China from the aspects of planning formulation, management and implementation. The research points XS WTIGMƼG QIEWYVIW XS MQTVSZI TYFPMG participation processes in China.

HANNAH LLOYD HENSLEY THE PLANNING IMPLICATIONS OF COVID-19 FOR PUBLIC AND GREEN SPACE ‘In 2020, public and green spaces took on new roles as movement and interaction in cities have been restricted due to spread of the COVID-19 virus.’

Public and green spaces are a critical part of urban life. Parks, footpaths and squares make up the foundation of urban form and TVSZMHI E QYPXMXYHI SJ FIRIƼXW JSV TISTPI to travel, socialise, relax and exercise. In 2020, public and green spaces took on new roles as movement and interaction in cities have been restricted due to spread of the '3:-( ZMVYW 8LI WMKRMƼGERGI SJ XLIWI roles and the increased value placed on public and green spaces are tied to theories of urban resilience, green urbanism and the interconnections between public health, urban planning and design. Governments and communities have sought to use public and green space in different ways, including

employing temporary tactical urbanism tools, in response to the tension between keeping communities safe from a global pandemic while maintaining mental and physical health, social connections and economic activity.

This thesis documents the urban planning impacts and responses to COVID-19 globally.

This forms a backdrop to a case study, based on interviews and policy analysis, of the activation of public and green space in Sydney during lockdown and early recovery phases. The research captures the diversity of urban responses to COVID-19 and explores the potential longer-term implications for public and green space policy and planning in Sydney.

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SAMUEL JOHNS COMMUNITY LAND TRUSTS IN THE NSW PLANNING SYSTEM Ƅ8LI REVVS[ HIƼRMXMSR SJ EJJSVHEFPI LSYWMRK F] WXEXI EGXSVW MR 2I[ 7SYXL ;EPIW has constrained innovation and diversity by community housing providers and local governments.’

Developing truly affordable housing requires renewed focus upon diverse tenures. This thesis considers the role of planning policies in establishing Community Land Trusts (CLTs), a model of permanently affordable housing providing both rental and ownership products.

Successful CLTs in the United States and United Kingdom reveal a range of inclusionary planning policies may be considered to enable CLTs to assemble land in order to deliver urgent social justice to the housing market. CLTs are best integrated within local governments or existing housing providers to FIRIƼX JVSQ TPERRMRK MRMXMEXMZIW -R GSRXVEWX to best international practice, the narrow HIƼRMXMSR SJ EJJSVHEFPI LSYWMRK F] WXEXI actors in New South Wales has constrained innovation and diversity by community

Master of City Planning

housing providers and local governments.

Interviews with housing providers and councils reveal that more proactive planning policies should be developed, although delivering affordable housing of any kind also requires state subsidies and grants.

Key recommendations emerging from this study are that affordable ownership products should be included in affordable housing contributions schemes, combined with a broader understanding of affordable housing and the inclusion of CLTs in the Housing (MZIVWMX] 7)44 % FEPERGI SJ QSVI ƽI\MFPI ERH consistent planning regulations is required for housing providers and developers to deliver diverse, affordable housing products.

FANG LI SUBURBAN TOWN CENTRE PLANNING: A CASE STUDY OF CHATSWOOD ‘In the rapid re-urbanisation era, town centres are facing demands from population growth, a growing knowledge-intensive workforce, shifting residential preferences, and new demands for mixed-use development.’

Town centres are important geographical and commercial city hubs. Done well, they are enduring, walkable, and multifunctional developments with recognizable and vibrant public spaces gathering residents and strengthening communities. In the rapid re-urbanisation era, town centres are facing demands from population growth, a growing knowledge-intensive workforce, shifting residential preferences, and new demands for mixed-use development. Planning for multiple suburban centres in metropolitan strategies has long been evident in Sydney. Town centre strategic planning guides future development to make or regenerate more vibrant, attractive and resilient places, overcoming the divide between the ‘compact city’ and ‘sprawl city’, promoting the knowledge economy,

walkability and better amenities. This study examines the planning of the Chatswood CBD in suburban Sydney, focusing on the current strategy from 2016 after an historical review of past planning strategies since the 1940s.

The research explores the importance of town centre planning, how strategic planning has evolved in Chatswood, and the current strategy’s effects and implementation. The XLIWMW GSRƼVQW XLI WXVEXIK]ƅW IJJIGXMZIRIWW SR XEVKIXIH TVSFPIQW MRGPYHMRK SƾGI growth, land use mix, transport improvement, open space, urban design quality, and environmental greening. It highlights WXEOILSPHIV EGGITXEFMPMX] ƼRERGMEP GSWX and technical feasibility but also some unintended effects. The thesis concludes with implications for future town centre planning.

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GUILIN LIN THE SHANGHAI HUANGPU RIVERSIDE SLOW-TRAFFIC SYSTEM Ƅ8LMW XLIWMW YWIW .ER +ILPƅW 4YFPMG 7TEGI ERH 4YFPMG 0MJI WYVZI] QIXLSH XS MRZIWXMKEXI WPS[ XVEƾG W]WXIQW SR XLI &YRH MR 7LERKLEM ƅ

In recent years with the implementation of China’s reform and opening up to the global economy, the level of urbanisation has continued to reach unprecedented heights. %GGSQTER]MRK XLI VETMH MRGVIEWI MR XVEƾG movements are not only problems of pollution and congestion but also higher accident rates and increasing community dissatisfaction.

Because planners and governments have RIKPIGXIH XLI XVEƾG HIQERH SJ TIHIWXVMERW and non-motorised vehicles, conventional XVEƾG W]WXIQW ERH HIZIPSTQIRX WXVEXIKMIW mean that motorised lanes occupy too much XVEƾG WTEGI 8LI MRGVIEWMRK XVEƾG EGGMHIRX VEXI LEW JYVXLIV EKKVEZEXIH GSRƽMGXW FIX[IIR motor vehicles, non-motor vehicles and

Master of City Planning

pedestrians. This research introduces the RIGIWWMX] ERH WMKRMƼGERGI SJ XLI HIZIPSTQIRX SJ WPS[ XVEƾG W]WXIQW -X YWIW .ER +ILPƅW Public Space and Public Life (PSPL) survey QIXLSH XS MRZIWXMKEXI WPS[ XVEƾG W]WXIQW on the Bund in Shanghai. The current situation and pedestrian preferences are described in terms of infrastructure and space management. This research draws on the successful experience of the PSPL method in developed countries to optimize satisfaction [MXL XLI GYVVIRX WPS[ XVEƾG W]WXIQW 8LI ƼRHMRKW WIVZI EW E VIJIVIRGI JSV XLI governance and optimization of other public spaces in China.

RUIYI LIU URBAN GREEN ECOLOGICAL CORRIDORS: A CASE STUDY OF CHENGDU ‘The thesis analyses the concepts surrounding green outdoor space in China and MRXIVREXMSREPP] HIƼRIW XLI MQTEGX SJ KVIIR SYXHSSV WTEGI SR YVFER IGSPSK] ERH discusses the current development of urban green ecology in China.’

In response to the global trend of promoting ecologically sustainable cities, Chengdu, as XLI ƼVWX ƄJSVIWX GMX]ƅ MR 'LMRE LEW IRKEKIH with sustainable development issues since the end of the twentieth century. Reasons for this focus include the prevention of rapid expansion of urban centres which destroys the natural environment and the provision of more outdoor green space for residents. The thesis analyses the concepts surrounding green outdoor space in China ERH MRXIVREXMSREPP] HIƼRIW XLI MQTEGX SJ green outdoor space on urban ecology, and discusses the current development of urban green ecology in China. Using hierarchical analysis and comparative evaluation, a case

study is conducted using two urban eco-parks in Chengdu. Interviews with relevant experts facilitated an objective understanding of the ecology, spatial layout, landscape creation and cultural attributes of Chengdu’s outdoor green parks. Further interviews with local residents determined their satisfaction with the ecoparks and offered an understanding of the practical value of green outdoor space. The thesis presents design ideas needed to build appropriate outdoor green activity spaces, summarises the experience of successful green outdoor space construction in Chengdu, and provides ideas for the development of the next ecological green space project.

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ZHENGYANG LIU HOW CYCLING IS IMPACTED BY COVID-19: A SYDNEY CASE STUDY ‘It is valuable to consider how both cycling behaviour and planning have been impacted during the pandemic.’

As Sydney experiences growing population, cycling infrastructure is increasingly considered in planning decisions to ensure a liveable and sustainable environment. In 2020, COVID-19 brought new challenges, not only to Sydney but cities throughout the world. Against this background, it is valuable to consider how both cycling behaviour and planning have been impacted during the pandemic. By using the City of Sydney as a case study, this thesis examines how cycling policy has responded to the pandemic challenge, particularly through new pop-up cycleways. It also investigates cycling behaviour changes with reference to public transport usage and cyclingrelated businesses involving food delivery and bicycle retailing. This thesis draws

Master of City Planning

on both quantitative and qualitative data YXMPMWMRK SRPMRI WYVZI]W MRXIVZMI[W ERH ƼIPH SFWIVZEXMSRW 8LI ƼRHMRKW MRHMGEXI XLEX cycling activity has experienced an increase during the COVID-19 period when compared with previous years, and this increase is supported by the promotion of cycling-related business. Cycle-way planners have found this unprecedented pandemic period to be an opportunity to trial new initiatives before being permanently implemented. However, more detailed surveys are required to clarify the relation between cycling and public transport and how residents select from different transport modes.

JESSIE MEYERS WHEELS OF CHANGE: WILL MOBILITY AS A SERVICE CHANGE ACTIVE TRANSPORT BEHAVIOURS? A STUDY OF STUDENTS’ PREFERENCE FOR E-BIKE SHARE AS PART OF AN INTEGRATED MOBILITY SERVICE IN SYDNEY ‘This thesis studies UNSW students’ preference for e-bike share within a MaaS scheme and whether MaaS could increase levels of active transport in Sydney.’

Dynamic changes in the provision of transport services require urban planners to have a greater understanding of mobility behaviour. Transport networks provide an important function in enabling economic and social opportunity. Challenges from increased urbanisation include inadequate TYFPMG XVERWTSVX TVSZMWMSR MRGVIEWIH XVEƾG congestion, negative emissions from motorised transport, and health issues and costs associated with sedentary lifestyles.

Increasing active (cycling and walking) and public transport could provide a solution to most of these issues and increase social capital as well. Historically, Australian cities have been characterised by vast urban sprawl with a dominant car culture. A leading approach to counter private auto dependence

is the concept of Mobility as a Service (MaaS).

MaaS refers to the packaging of public and private (such as bike share) transport modes integrated through a mobile app which provides location-based technology services and an integrated payment system. This thesis studies UNSW students’ preference for e-bike share within a MaaS scheme and whether MaaS could increase levels of active transport in Sydney. Choice behaviour is elicited through a conjoint study wherein students are asked to make choices on MaaS mobility packages incorporating e-bike share.

This thesis illustrates how urban planning can engage interdisciplinary and innovative methodologies with intricate understandings of urban policies such as transport.

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STEPHEN STENBERG THIRSTY CITY: RESILIENCE AND POTABLE WATER IN THE STRATEGIC PLANNING FOR GREATER SYDNEY Ƅ8LMW XLIWMW EMQW XS MRZIWXMKEXI LS[ VIWMPMIRGI [MXLMR TSXEFPI [EXIV W]WXIQW ƼXW within a succession of strategic planning frameworks.’

With a demonstrable change in climatic conditions, there is a drive by the New South Wales (NSW) Government to tackle environmental issues through appropriate instruments and infrastructure that support social, economic, and sustainability goals.

-R XLI PEXI X[IRXMIXL ERH IEVP] X[IRX] ƼVWX centuries, reliance on a precipitation water network has placed the viability of the Greater Sydney at risk due to long years of drought and an inexorable rise in population. This thesis discusses the interrelated concepts of resilience, potable water and strategic planning frameworks. The thesis aims to investigate how resilience within potable [EXIV W]WXIQW ƼXW [MXLMR E WYGGIWWMSR SJ

Master of City Planning

strategic planning frameworks, reinforced by Acts of Parliament and other polices. Each strategic plan is assessed in terms of how it has enforced or neglected resilience in the crucial management of scarce potable water supplies. With the exception of the 1948 scheme, all subsequent schemes have been a reaction to population growth and the accompanying issues of housing, jobs, transportation and sustainability. The latest scheme is an evolution from all previous eight schemes, rolled into one, with resilience fundamental to the narrative.

BRIANNA VAN ZYL THE IMPACTS OF AIRBNB ON LOCAL AMENITY AND HOUSING MARKETS IN REGIONAL TOURIST DESTINATIONS: A CASE STUDY OF BYRON BAY ‘The increased activity in Airbnb has fostered debate around the permissibility of short-term holiday rental and its compatibility with local housing markets and neighbourhood amenity, particularly in regional settings.’

Home sharing has occurred for generations, mostly in the form of holiday homes. However, advancements in technologies have resulted in a game changer, Airbnb. Global and national tourism is responding to constant market change. There are numerous complex HVMZIVW ERH MRƽYIRGIW MRZSPZIH XLSYKL JI[ are stronger at this time than technology and its impact on consumer purchasing patterns. Airbnb is a prime example. The increased activity in Airbnb has fostered debate around the permissibility of short-term holiday rental and its compatibility with local housing markets and neighbourhood amenity, particularly in regional settings. This growing phenomenon is a challenge for town planners,

and whilst there is much academic attention focusing on global cities, regional areas are often absent from the literature. This thesis explores the emergence of short-term letting platforms like Airbnb in a regional context. It investigates the role of the New South Wales planning system with a focus on Byron Bay. 8LI XLIWMW ƼRHW XLEX WLSVX XIVQ PIXXMRK HSIW have implications on the housing markets and local amenity in regional tourism destinations.

8LI ƼRHMRKW MHIRXMJ] E RIIH JSV E QSVI localised regulatory response.

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JIAHAO WANG URBAN WATERFRONT GREEN-SPACE PLANNING AND THE SPONGE-CITY CONCEPT: A CHINESE ANALYSIS ‘Urban waterfront green space is a transition area connecting green space and water through a wetland ‘sponge’.

Due to the continuous advancement of China’s urbanization process in recent decades, rapid urban development and industrialization have destroyed the balance of the original urban ecological system and natural hydrological cycle. Vegetated and green landscapes have been replaced by high-rise buildings and hard pavements, accompanied by urban water pollution caused by industrial emissions.

These human interventions have led to JVIUYIRX ƽSSHW MR QENSV GMXMIW EJXIV LIEZ] rains. They seriously endanger public safety, mobility and cause immeasurable social and economic losses. Under such circumstances, China put forward the concept of ‘sponge city’ in 2012 to improve urban infrastructure and protect natural ecology. In this formulation, urban waterfront green space is a transition

Master of City Planning

area connecting green space and water through a wetland ‘sponge’. This research uses the concept of sponge city as the guiding framework in a case study of the Wuhan East Lake Greenland Project. Through policy evaluation and interviews with government decision-makers, the study draws out planning principles for waterfront green space and the aspects that need attention when formulating policies.

TEGAN WARD THE MISSING STEP: FACILITATING ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION BY LOCAL COUNCILS IN DEVELOPMENT APPEALS IN NEW SOUTH WALES Ƅ8LMW WXYH] EHHVIWWIW XLI GYVVIRX GLEPPIRKIW SJ XLI 0)' EHZIVWEVMEP EHNYHMGEXMSR system for councils, which include increasing legal costs, widening complexities of material considerations, and adversarial bias in expert witness testimony.’ % WMKRMƼGERX TVSTSVXMSR SJ QIVMX ETTIEPW EVI resolved through conciliation conferences provided under s34 of the Land and Environment Court (LEC) Act 1979. The LEC has emphasised its role as a ‘one-stop shop’ for timely and cost-effective review of the merits of development application decisions.

For applicants, it has become the preferred avenue to appeal unfavourable determinations by councils rather than requesting councils to review their determinations, as provided by s8.2 of the Act. There has thus arisen a preference for conciliation and/or litigation in court rather than deliberating an outcome with councils. This study addresses the current challenges of the LEC adversarial adjudication system for councils, which include increasing

legal costs, widening complexities of material considerations, and adversarial bias in expert witness testimony. The study ascertains [LIXLIV XLIVI MW WYƾGMIRX HIQERH XS [EVVERX the adoption of an alternative approach whereby councils facilitate conciliation as an option for alternative dispute resolution. Using interviews and a case study of Woollahra Council, Class 1 appeals from 2010 to 2019 are examined to analyse the determination trends, costs, and review applications. The ƼRHMRKW MRHMGEXI XLEX XLI WYWXEMRIH MRGVIEWI in the costs and number of Class 1 appeals received by Woollahra Council and the LEC warrant the introduction of an alternative to s8.2 reviews.

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RACHEL ZENG PLACEMAKING THROUGH THE LENS OF LOCAL CHARACTER: A CASE STUDY OF SYDNEY’S TOWN CENTRE REGENERATION ‘The gap between top-down intervention and local reality exists, as well as the disparity between the placemaking strategy and the resulting place itself.’

Contemporary city planning is all about ‘making better places for people’. Increasingly referred to as placemaking, this school of thinking offers a multidisciplinary approach to enhance places for local communities.

Greater Metropolitan Sydney’s recent wave of urban regeneration has placemaking at its core. This concept is regularly found in councils’ master-planning frameworks.

However, a current and aspirational approach does not always guarantee positive results.

The gap between top-down intervention and local reality exists, as well as the disparity between the placemaking strategy and XLI VIWYPXMRK TPEGI MXWIPJ +IRXVMƼGEXMSR and social marginalisation are unwanted outcomes of placemaking which have motivated government’s growing emphasis

Master of City Planning

on ‘the essence of place’ in urban design and planning. The value of local character has been embedded in legislation and guidelines, most recently in New South Wales by the Department of Planning, Industry and Environment. This research explores the extent to which placemaking strategies work to deliver better places that successfully capture local character. Informed by interviews with planning professionals and audits of selected town centres in suburban Sydney, the research evaluates top-down placemaking initiatives in terms of their ultimate delivery of local character.

8LI VIWIEVGL ƼRHMRKW [MPP EWWMWX TPERRMRK professionals in producing effective placebased strategies.

YIHAN ZHU LOW-CARBON COMMUNITY PLANNING: A CASE STUDY OF CHANGXINDIAN IN BEIJING Ƅ8LI PS[ GEVFSR GMX] MW XLI ƼVWX GLSMGI XS QMXMKEXI KPSFEP GPMQEXI [EVQMRK Ə [LMPI the low-carbon community is an important medium for realisation of ecologically sustainable development.’

Climate change remains the biggest longterm challenge humans face around the world and carbon emissions are the main factor responsible for global climate warming.

Human behaviour has a close relationship with global climate warming and urgent action is needed to mitigate climate change. There is an important link between carbon emissions, urbanisation and economic development.

China has achieved rapid economic development in the last twenty years thereby promoting the process of urbanisation.

However, the development model of traditional industrial growth has come at the I\TIRWI SJ WMKRMƼGERX TVIWWYVI SR IRIVK] usage, resources, and the environment. A city is a concentrated place for high energy consumption and high carbon emissions. The

PS[ GEVFSR GMX] MW XLI ƼVWX GLSMGI XS QMXMKEXI global climate warming. As an integral element of the city, the low-carbon community is an important medium for realisation of ecologically sustainable development.

Changxindian community, the case study I\EQMRIH MR XLMW XLIWMW MW XLI ƼVWX WYWXEMREFPI community in Beijing. It aims to achieve sustainable development objectives across environmental, economic, social and natural resources goals. Against the backdrop of new urbanisation, the low-carbon community has KVIEX WMKRMƼGERGI JSV TVSQSXMRK WYWXEMREFPI development in China.

113

ZIYAN ZHU THE PLANNING OF VERTICAL GREENING SYSTEMS IN HIGHDENSITY CITIES: A CASE STUDY OF NANJING, CHINA ‘Utilising Nanjing as a case study, this thesis discusses how to improve VGS [Vertical Greening System] planning to promote the development of green landscapes in cities.’

In China and internationally, a growing number of cities have become concrete jungles due to rapid urbanization. As a particular manifestation of urbanisation, the reduction of green spaces risks negative impacts on the urban environment and social health.

The Vertical Greening System (VGS) is an innovative greening method which can be used as a sustainable remedial measure to increase urban green space and deliver ZEVMSYW GSQQYRMX] ERH IGSPSKMGEP FIRIƼXW However, in most of China’s high-density cities, the development of VGS is still in its infancy. Utilising Nanjing as a case study, this thesis discusses how to improve VGS planning to promote the development

Master of City Planning

of green landscapes in cities. Guided by international precedents, the research draws on document review, interviews with urban planners and VGS practitioners, and questionnaires to residents. It found that some key barriers hinder the wider application of VGS landscape in Nanjing. These mainly MRGPYHI MRWYƾGMIRX YWI SJ WYTTSVXMZI TSPMGMIW and uncertainty about residents’ attitudes. &EWIH SR XLIWI ƼRHMRKW XLMW XLIWMW TVSZMHIW recommendations for Nanjing’s future VGS planning. These include formulating a detailed plan, actively using various policy instruments, and establishing multiple channels of understanding to strengthen cooperation and contact with stakeholders.

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CITY PLANNING ACADEMIC STAFF

Associate Professor Dr Hoon Han

Discipline Director

Associate Professor Dr Simon Pinnegar

Senior Lecturer Dr Brian Lee

Professor

Dr Susan Thompson

Associate Professor

Senior Lecturer

Dr Nancy Marshall

Dr Christine Steinmetz

Senior Lecturer

Senior Lecturer

Dr Laura Crommelin

Senior Lecturer Dr Gethin Davison

City C Ci t P ty Planning la ann n ing g Progra Program ram m

Professor

Dr Robert Freestone

Dr Laurence Troy

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Other Built Environment staff and industry professionals contributing to the UNSW City Planning Program:

City Planning Program Director: Associate Professor Hoon Han Bachelor of City Planning thesis project coordinator, abstract, image and catalogue editor: Dr Christine Steinmetz Master of City Planning thesis project coordinator, abstract and image editor: Professor Robert Freestone Catalogue Editor: Annie Jo Smith Catalogue Designer: Frédérique N Sunstrüm

Jack Barton Michael Bishop Clare Brown Amit Choudhury Hazel Easthope Jeremy Gill (M +VMƾXLW Matt Hurst Matt Kelly Scott Perugini Kelly Gordon Kirkby Camille Lattouf Chris Martin Sarath Mataraarachchi Steve McMahon Graham Nelmes Hal Pawson Bill Randolph Michael Rowe Richard Shepherd Alistair Sisson Andrew Song Sharon Veale Danny Wiggins Peter Williams Sherry Xiong Alison Ziller

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STUDENT RESEARCH 2020 | CITY PLANNING

UNSW Built Environment UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW 2052 Australia T: +61 (2) 9385 4799 E: fbe@unsw.edu.au be.unsw.edu.au