Life, Space, Buildings How can phytoremediation processes at White Bay provide a framework for a mixed tenure neighbourhood? Process Log Hamzah Mulla
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Contents
Developing a structure plan for the Bays
3
Exploring socially equitable design processes
6
Shifting focus towards mixed tenure
neighbourhood design
How can minimal interventions create great Developing a phasing plan for the next 30
change?
years
18 31 43
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Term 1 Developing a structure plan for the Bays The first look at the Bays involved coming up with a structure plan for the entire precinct. This first step was largely focused on environmental sustainability
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Sustainability and the Bays The first step at looking at sustainability within the Bays was through the context of environmental sustainability. As part of a group, a structure plan was created that envisioned a circular economy within the Bays. Here Sydney’s waste would be collected and recycled or remade into products which would drive the economy on site. The structure plan also placed an emphasis on car-less neighbourhood design.
Objectives
1. Create a regional recycling hub for 2. Establish a circular economy within Inner West site
1. Prioritise slow movement of pedestrians and create convenient cycling routes
3. Combine industrial recycling use with an urban mixed-use neighbourhood
2. Develop a network of rooms across the Bays precinct to slow pedestrian traffic
4. Create a natural waterfront stormwater filter
3. Create car free neighborhoods
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Structure Plan
18 17
19
Key 16 11 10 12 14
3 1
13
2
15
4 9 4 5
6
8 7
1
Balmain recreational centre
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White Bay
2
Retention pond system
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White Bay cultural centre
3
The Bays metro station
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4
White Bay - Rozelle Bay tunnel
White Bay to Pyrmont pedestrian bridge
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Boatshed
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Oyster reef
7
Rozelle Bay marina
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Anzac bridge
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Glebe Island bridge
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Garden square development
11 Detention pond system 12
White Bay harbour bath
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School of Industrial Design
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Glebe Island Innovation Park
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Material recovery facility
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Glebe Island power plant 5
Term 1 Exploring socially equitable design processes Alongside developing a structure plan for the Bays, I was required to explore a research topic. For this I chose to explore the idea of social sustainability and social equity in design. My research specifically focused on how design processes can be socially equitable. This would form the beginning of my focus on social equity for the following work throughout the year.
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First forays into socially equitable design As part of a research essay I analysed two examples of socially equitable urban parks and the democratic design methods used by landscape architects
Parckfarm Location: Brussels, Belgium Designers: Taktyk, Alive Architecture Completed: 2014 Size: 3 ha Parckfarm is an interactive urban farming exhibition that was built as part of Brussel’s Tour and Taxis redevelopment. The exhibition was initially planned to be a temporary one as part of the Parckdesign festival. The community was involved in the project throughout most of its journey. Installations were designed by multi-disciplinary teams which involved a designer, local citizen and a regional farmer. Other citizens were given opportunities to provide feedback on design proposals. During the construction phase several installations were built with the help of the local community. These installations and their accompanying events were then run by locals with the help of organisers. The exhibition was so successful the local residents decided to continue running it after the festival’s end(Landezine 2017).
Timeline of community involvement
Planning
Design
Construction
Post-Completion Jette Average annual income: <15,500 Laeken Average annual income: 15,500 - 17,500
• The designers of Parckfarm leaned towards using a bottom up Top-down initiatives
Bottom-up initiatives
appraoch to design • This is shown through the extensive involvement of the community throughout all phases of the project
Molenbeek Average annual income: <15,500
• The strong desire by the local citizens to continue the upkeep of the installations after the exhibitions end is evidence of the success of this design approach 7
Park am Gleisdreieck Location: Berlin, Germany Designers: Atelier Loidl Completed: 2014 Size: 40 ha Park am Gleisdreieck was built on the site of a former railway line which was abandoned after WWII. The site has had a strong history with citizen initiatives, with citizens banding together to block development proposals in the 70s and early 90s. In 1999 several citizen initiatives banded together to form the group AG Gleisdreieck, with the goal of lobbying for the construction of a park. The Berlin government eventually launched a park design competition which was won by Atelier Loidl. The following year a thorough participatory planning procedure began which included: a citizen survey, an online forum and on site activities. The next stage of the planning process began in 2007 and continued to involve local citizens, who were encouraged to present different design visions for the park to the design team. In 2011 the eastern section of the park was completed and in 2014 the western section was completed (Müller 2020).
Timeline of community involvement
Planning
Design
Construction
Post-Completion
• A balance was struck by the designers between a top down Top-down initiatives
Bottom-up initiatives
and bottom up design approach • Citizens were able to have their say during the design phase through a variety of means such as: a citizen survey, an online forum, on site activities and design charettes • After the completion of the park an online citizen advisory board was set up to provide feedback and discuss new developments and events
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Intensive programming
Bringing people together
• The range of programming reflects the
• The designers created formal and informal
social diversity of the park’s users • The programming of the park was heavily informed by the different stages of community consultation • The participatory design approach meant
“stages” in order to create a feeling of togetherness throughout the park (Grosch and Petrow 2016) • The “stages” bring together people from all backgrounds and create an environment in
local citizens were able to ensure a
which they can take note of each other, this
number of programs were added to the
results in interaction and communication
plan of the park Formal sports Informal sports Community gardens Formal sports
Allotment gardens Informal sports Community gardes
Dog park
• Informal “stages” provide an informal space in which visitors can observe a range of activities • Formal “stages” are more formal spaces which are dynamic enough to play host to a number of activities. Informal “stages” Formal “stages”
Allotment gardens
Seniors Dog park fitness Seniors fitness
Playground Playground
Table tennis Table tennis Bocce
Bocce
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Term 2 Designing a socially equitable neighbourhood for the Bays The focus for the second term moved towards putting parts of my research into practice and adapting the design of one of the neighbourhoods from my structure plan. The goal was to design a neighbourhood with a focus on fostering a socially sustainable community
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Initial design for a socially equitable neighbourhood The first look at what a mixed tenure neighbourhood was on the current site of the passenger terminal.
Social Equity and Urban Renewal Globally a trend has started to emerge, where cities seek to revitalise neighbourhoods through the creation of mixed-income neighbourhoods1. This has brought issues around gentrification and social equity to the fore. Despite the idea that gentrification is largely driven by economic factors, research has shown that landscape can cause environmental gentrification. Both small and large scale interventions can result in environmental gentrification.2 In the context of this problem my topic seeks to explore how landscape architects can create socially equitable spaces as part of urban renewal projects.
The Bays Despite a high proportion of high income earners in the neighbouring suburb of Balmain, there still exists a minority population of low income residents3. This minority population could increase in the future as the Inner West Council is currently pushing to have at least 50% of all new dwellings in the Bays West redevelopment scheme to be listed as affordable housing4. This potential creation of a mixed income neighbourhood would be a reversal of the gentrification process but would still raise questions as to how a socially sustainable community could be built.
Study area Scale: 1:5000 1 Madanipour, A 2011, ‘Living together or apart’, in Banerjee, T & Loukaitou-Sideris, A, Companion to Urban Design, Routledge, London, pp. 484-494W 2 Rigolon, A & Németh, J 2018, ‘“We’re not in the business of housing:” Environmental gentrification and the nonprofitization of green infrastructure projects’, Cities, vol. 81, pp. 71–80. 3 Australian Bureau of Statistics 2026, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra, accessed 11 April 2007, <https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC10164> 4 Inner West Council 2021, accessed 10 June 2021, < https://www.innerwest.nsw.gov.au/develop/state-government-and-utility-works-and-projects/state-government-projects/bays-precinct> 11
Project principles Principle 1: Create an inclusive neighbourhood Cities that are inclusive of everyone tend to be more socially equitable than cities that fail to include everyone. In order to create an inclusive city or neighbourhood, public spaces need to provide a use for everyone from children to the elderly.1
Objective 1.1: Eliminate semi private/privatisation of public space Truly inclusive neighbourhoods should provide equitable access to public space and prevent segregation. Objective 1.2: Provide a range of programs that reflects the range of potential users of the site Inclusive neighbourhoods need to provide a use or activity for a wide range people. Objective 1.3: Use visual cues and clear sight lines to highlight public spaces Site entrances that clearly indicate that spaces within are publicly accessible encourage people to explore within. Principle 2: Build a socially sustainable community through the creation of CRE’s (Communication Rich Environments) In order to build a socially sustainable community, citizens need to build stronger connections with each other and thus accumulate social capital. Social capital is defined as networks of people who engage with each other in a symbiotic relationship. Communication rich environments (CRE) facilitate the building of social capital within neighbourhoods by facilitating diverse forms of interaction between a wide range of people2. Objective 2.1: Create a series of community gardens for local residents and businesses Community gardens provide a sense of shared purpose among a community which allows them to build connections. Objective 2.2: Create temporary use spaces that can be managed by locals (galleries, exhibitions, markets) Spaces that are flexible, informal and encourage temporary use create a relaxed atmosphere that allows interaction to occur. Objective 2.3: Create spaces for play Encouraging people to play helps engage them with their neighbourhood and has the potential to attracts a wide range of people.
1 2
Chase, K & Rivenburgh, N 2019, Envisioning Better Cities, A global tour of good ideas, ORO Editions Chase, K & Rivenburgh, N 2019, Envisioning Better Cities, A global tour of good ideas, ORO Editions
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Initial design process
1. Neighbourhood as designed in the structure plan
3. The idea of a playground felt better suited for elsewhere, instead the idea of a sports court was explored
2. Explored the idea of creating a playground in the plaza
4. Began to introduce the idea of a paving style as a way of moving users through the site 13
Initial design process
26m
24m 22m
5. Introduced the idea of parklets as a way of 20m introducing visitors to the site
6. Exploring forms and circulation
+ RL 19m + RL 19m + RL 16m + RL 19m
+ RL 19m + RL 13m + RL 16m
+ RL 13m
6m
+ RL 13m
+ RL 13m
7. Reintroducing the idea of a paving as a visual indicator + RL 16m
+ RL 5m
+ RL 16m
8. Final public domain design 14
First public domain plan 26m
Bridge access to rooftops 24m
Two way cycleway
22m
20m
+ RL 19m + RL 19m + RL 16m + RL 19m
+ RL 19m + RL 13m + RL 16m
+ RL 13m
6m
+ RL 13m
+ RL 13m
+ RL 16m
+ RL 5m
+ RL 16m
Outdoor eating spaces for 4 restaurants
Restaurants utilise the publicly accessible community gardens - with a few plots available to residents
Terrace seating A paving pattern is used throughout the site as a visual indicator of public space
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Sport as a social connector
B
B
Public through access to courtyards
5-a-side concrete football pitch
Paving style is similar to other parts of the site
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Section BB
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Term 2 Shifting focus towards mixed tenure neighbourhood design The second half of term two resulted in a change in site and the reinvention of a different neighbourhood in structure plan. The reason for the shift came from a desire to explore a central part of the site that required a range of spatial hierarchies. This half of the term also led to a sharper focus on mixed tenure neighbourhoods.
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Change in site location
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Abstract explorations of the research question Part of this term involved creating abstract artworks by combining some research questions with two additional topics. For this looked at combining football, modernism and socially equitable design
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Match day atmosphere
Constructivism Let’s Fulfill the Plan of Great Works - Gustav Klutsis - 1930
Can Landscape Architecture take inspiration from the methods used to create match day atmospheres?
Bleacher Report 2015, accessed 12 July, < https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2473989-borussia-dortmund-thank-outgoing-jurgen-klopp-with-incredible-display> MOMA 2021, accessed 2 July 2021, < https://www.moma.org/collection/works/6487?artist_id=12501&page=1&sov_referrer=artist>
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Atmospheres
Constructivist style 21
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Player heat map and touch analysis
De Stijl art Composition No. II - Piet Mondrian - 1920
Can we better analyse sites in a way that results in a more equitable outcome?
Tate 2021, accessed 12 July 2021, < https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/mondrian-no-vi-composition-no-ii-t00915> The Athletic 2021, accessed 1 July 2021, < https://theathletic.com/2670877/2021/06/25/the-tactical-trends-youve-not-noticed-at-euro-2020/>
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De Stijl 23
+
Player comparison chart
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Mies van de Rohe
Minimalist art high tide - Jerry Bosmans - 2021
Can we better analyse sites in a way that results in a more equitable outcome? Archeyes 2021, accessed 12 July 2021, < https://archeyes.com/architects/mies-van-der-rohe-biography-bibliography/> Instagram, accessed 12 July 2021, < https://www.instagram.com/p/CN7QO0IhLA4/?utm_medium=copy_link> The Athletic 2021, accessed 1 July 2021, < https://theathletic.com/2638630/2021/06/09/is-neves-a-xhaka-replacement-for-arsenal/>
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Minimalism 25
Life, Space, Buildings - in that order
The following principle championed by Jan Gehl became a key tenet of the following design and analytical work
“The widespread practice of planning from above and outside must be replaced with new planning procedures from below and inside, following the principle: first life, then space, then buildings.” - Jan Gehl The following analysis looked at the site and it’s context through the lens of this principle
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A site conflicted by the need to address both local and regional needs
Westmead Parramatta
Olympic Park
• Sydney Harbour’s first connected headland (outside cbd) • Site is located in a ‘transition’ zone • Needs to balance both local and regional scale activities
North Strathfield Burwood North
The Bays Five Dock
Hunter St Pyrmont
Key Metro West stops Site CBD Transition area Residential area
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An existing homogeneous community places greater importance on public space as an integrator Balmain
Rozelle
Waterloo
Population
10,453
8,725
14,616
Median age
40
38
32
Australian born
62 %
62 %
35 %
non - English language households
15 %
18 %
41 %
Home owners
55 %
58 %
24 %
Renters
42 %
39%
71 %
Lessons from Ijburg, Amsterdam • Neighbourhood facilities did not serve as places of encounter between residents of different tenure types • Neighbourhood facilities catered to more affluent residents • Minority residents missed the lack of group specific facilities in the neighbourhood • Playgrounds and other public spaces in the neighbourhood became unofficially segregated Tersteeg & Pinkster (2015)
Key Balmain Rozelle
https://theglobalgrid.org/the-challenges-of-a-dutch-inclusive-neighborhood/ https://www.abs.gov.au/census
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Lack of public space within the local catchment area places greater demands on future public space developments
Darli
ng St
r
Da
g lin
St 0.5km - 5 min s on foot
km
2 1.
-5
m
s in
by
• Lack of public open space within the immediate catchment zone • Great demand exists in Balmain for public open space • The connecting of the site to the rest of Sydney through metro will only increase demand for public space • A balance needs to be achieved by providing quality public space that is adequate for both locals and regional visitors
ke
bi
Key Public open space Site High street
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Case studies New Gorbals redevelopment
Skarpnack • Glasgow, Scotland • 1.4km from city • 46 ha site • Successful mixed tenure neighbourhood • Former housing estate
BO01
• Skarpnack, Stockholm • 8.1km from city • 36 ha site • Mostly residential development • Streets and public spaces designed before the buildings
Almere Centrum • Fullrigaren, Malmo • 1.8km from city • 16 ha site • Former waterfront industrial site • Streets and public spaces prioritised in design process
• Almere, Netherlands • Small scale city centre • 16 ha site • Waterfront site • Mixed use development • Streets and public spaces prioritised in design process, but has mixed success
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Term 3 How can minimal interventions create great change? The beginning of the third term looked at how minimal changes to the site could create a greater change in fostering a socially sustainable community
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The importance of spatial hierarchies
Local community can access all levels of public space On the other hand other hand the general public should have limited access to local scale public spaces
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Site character zones Analysis of the character zones on site. The aim was to identify where changes in atmosphere of public space occurred
Key Transition space City scale space Residential scale space
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Physical boundaries This piece of analysis looked at how physical barriers affected character zones
Key Fence Gate 34
Sightlines Finally an analysis of sightlines into the ‘city scale’ space was conducted
Key City scale public space Lookouts
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Pop up interventions The resulting idea was to create a series of temporary lookouts which would frame a temporary public space, seeking to draw residents into a space that was previously off limits.
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Gradual reclamation of White Bay as public space
After 6 months A ‘social hub’ is established to host community events and act as a centre for community discussion on the future of the public space
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Initial social hub Inspiration was taken from other container ‘parks’ which started off as temporary and eventually became permanent as a result of their popularity.
Boxpark Shoreditch, London
NDSM Wharf, Amsterdam
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Gradual reclamation of White Bay as public space
After 2 years The number of temporary structures on site may increase according to demand for more activity
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Present • Fences prevent access to White Bay and the adjacent road lacks activation
6 months • Fences are removed and White Bay is made partially accessible, amidst other development • Toxic sites remain fenced off during the phytoremediation process • On road parking is removed in favour of pedestrianisation
2 years • The scope of the public space is expanded • Fencing around formerly toxic sites is removed • Road capacity is further reduced 41
What happens next?
or
The site continues to develop in a similar vein
? The activity and program disappears to be replaced by something else
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Term 3 Developing a phasing plan for the next 30 years This stage of the year was dedicated to developing a series of phasing plans which would map out the next 30 years of development around the White Bay power station. A larger focus was put on designing a mixed tenure neighbourhood, while also balancing the need to clean a contaminated site.
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How can the design of public space contribute to creating successful mixed tenure neighbourhoods? What are mixed tenure neighbourhoods? Mixed neighbourhoods are a type of neighbourhood used by urban planners to combat a rise in segregated neighbourhoods within a city. Through the creation of neighbourhoods of varying tenure types (eg. home owners or social renters), mixed tenure neighbourhoods combat segregation by attempting to foster greater social cohesion (Roberts 2007). Mixed tenure neighbourhoods have begun to form the backbone of planning and housing policies for many European countries (Tersteeg & Pinkster 2015). Why is this important for the Bays? The NSW government’s latest proposal for the Bays states a desire to ‘…ensure a diversity of types and tenure, including affordable housing.” (Department of Planning, Industry and Environment 2021). The Bays will be the NSW government’s second attempt at creating a successful mixed tenure neighbourhood after the controversial Waterloo redevelopment. While the creation of a successful mixed tenure neighbourhood is a result of a number of factors, landscape architecture and the design of public space can play a large role. How can the design of public space make an impact? The design and use of public space plays a significant role in encouraging social cohesion within mixed tenure neighbourhoods. Public spaces provide areas in which different groups encounter each other and can determine the nature of the encounter. Sharing public facilities can have positive effects, however it can also have a negative effect if spaces become segregated (Tersteeg & Pinkster 2015). Gehl highlights the significance of the public realm stating that public spaces are crucial in facilitating the ‘bumping into strangers’ (Gehl 2011). How can we create public spaces which facilitate encounters between strangers? Jan Gehl promotes the idea that design should look at city life, then city spaces and finally buildings to ensure the best outcomes for people. By prioritising city life on a human scale, greater cohesion can be fostered within communities (Gehl 2010). Shaftoe also supports this idea, asserting that the creation of ‘convivial spaces’ is the answer. Creating public space in which people feel comfortable in provides the greatest chance of fostering social cohesion (Shaftoe 2008 ). Design of public space must also take into account the ethnic and cultural diversity of mixed tenure neighbourhood. Public spaces must crucially provide something for everyone (Tersteeg & Pinkster 2015). As a new urban development, White Bay provides the opportunity to reorder our priorities in urban design.
Department of Planning, Industry and Environment 2021, Bays West Place Strategy, Sydney Gehl, J 2010, Cities for People, Island Press, Washington DC Gehl, J 2011, Life between buildings, Island Press, Washington DC Roberts, M 2007, ‘Sharing Space: Urban Design and Social Mixing in Mixed Income New Communities’, Planning Theory & Practice, 8:2, 183-204 Shaftoe, H 2008, Convivial Urban Spaces : Creating Effective Public Places, Taylor & Francis Group, London Tersteeg, A. K. and Pinkster, F. M. 2016, ‘“Us Up Here and Them Down There”: How Design, Management, and Neighborhood Facilities Shape Social Distance in a MixedTenure Housing Development’, Urban Affairs Review, 52(5), pp. 751–779
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How can landscape architecture help facilitate encounters between residents?
1. Create clear spatial hierarchies
2. Plan for many smaller public spaces
3. Reduce sightlines into residential areas
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Privacy facilitates greater security and engagement within communities
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Local sightlines
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
48
Visitor sightlines
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
49
Viewpoint anchors
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Site contaminants
• Highly contaminated site • Opportunity for phytoremediation processes to shape public space • Planting can also be manipulated to block views
Key Petro-chemicals Lead
51
Establishment of spatial hierarchies Increase of public space Community involvement 2036
Annual vegetation management cycle begins
Rhizodegredation complete Phytostabilisation continues
2050
Full closure of Robert St
2030
2032
Metro opens Residential blocks complete
2028
Closure of Robert St on weekends Pop up Park scheme initiated
Demolition of sites
Phytoremediation begins
Plants established Public spaces opened up
2024
2022
Project timeline
Key Soil toxicity 52
First phasing plan iteration
53
Stage 1 2022 - 2024
Phytoremediation planting
Phytoremediation processes begin 54
Stage 2 2024 - 2028
Building lots demolished
Pilot public space programs begin 55
Stage 3 2028 - 2030
Residential developments completed
Roberts St closed to car traffic
Public spaces opened
Metro opens
Phase 2 of phytoremediation
Residential development complete and Metro opens 56
Stage 4 2030 - 2050 and beyond
Vegetation is managed according to events and time of year
All rhizodegradation complete and landscape begins to change according to time of year 57
Phytoremediation and public space
Phytoremediation planting
Indicative summer cuttings
Metro station
58
Evolution of the site
Present
59
2024 Building lots are demolished and phytoremediation planting begins to establish itself
2030 Residential development is completed. Sightlines are established, providing a degree of privacy for residents
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2050+ winter The removal of PAH’s from the soil is complete. During the winter months the grasses are allowed to grow wildly.
2050+ summer During the summer months paths and extra public spaces are cut into the vegetation
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Final phasing plan
62
Stage 1: 2022 - 2024
Buildings demolished
Phytoremediation begins
Pop up park scheme
1:2000 0
25
50m
63
Stage 2: 2024 - 2028
Phytoremediation planting matures
Public spaces opened up
1:2000 0
25
50m
64
Project staging: 2028 - 2032
Residential development complete Phase 2 of phytroremediation Metro opens Port no longer in use
1:2000 0
25
50m
65
Project staging: 2050 winter
1:2000 0
25
50m
66
Project staging: 2050 summer
Phytoremediation planting cut to open up public space
1:2000 0
25
50m
67
Evolution of the site East - West section
2021
1:1000
0
15
30m
Site contaminants lie below concrete cap
North - South section
2021
1:1000
0
15
30m
Site is completely fenced off from public 68
East - West section
2024
1:1000
0
15
30m
Concrete cap is broken in order to begin breaking down contaminants below
North - South section
2024
1:1000
0
15
30m
Building lots are demolished and phytoremediation planting begins to establish itself 69
East - West section
2028
1:1000
0
15
30m
Public space within White Bay is opened up
North - South section
2028
1:1000
0
15
30m
Building lots remain under construction, while planting begins to form a visual barrier between Balmain and White Bay 70
East - West section
2032
1:1000
0
15
30m
Edge condition with water is altered to allow visitors to interact with the water
North - South section
2032
1:1000
0
15
30m
Residential precincts are completed, alongside new access paths into White Bay 71
East - West section
2050 Winter
1:1000
0
15
30m
Phytoremediation is complete, but planting remains to frame public spaces
North - South section
2050 Winter
1:1000
0
15
30m
However lead toxins will most likely still remain in the soil 72
East - West section
2050 summer
1:1000
0
15
30m
Paths cut through phytoremediation planting allow public space to be opened up during the summer
North - South section
2050 summer
1:1000
0
15
30m
Smaller wandering paths allow visitors access to usually restricted areas 73
Spatial arrangement
Green network
Spatial hierarchy
Key
Key Establishment of spatial hierarchies
City scale
Building use
Courtyard spaces
Key
Key Residential
Commercial
Cultural
Courtyards
Neighbourhood scale
Residential scale
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Public space programming 2080
2060
YEAR Grass Regrowth
Summer Festival
Grass Cutting
2040 Winter Festival
Commuting
Public Site
J
Construction
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
MONTH
75
Life, Space, Buildings in that order
Main streets
Streets sketched out
Squares combined with streets begin to form building lot space
Final iteration
76
Secondary street exits
77
Life, Space, Buildings in that order
1. Circulation routes sketched out
2. Streets begin to form
3. Squares are added, then built form to frame the spaces
4. Final iteration
78
Hilltop residences
Commercial buildings Playground
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80
Section A
A
A
17m Second walkway
Phytoremediation planting
103m 1:250
0
25
81
m
82
Courtyard residences
Stormwater channel
Residents courtyard
83
Section B
B
B
175m
84
85
