A Legacy To Next Generation

A

Legacy To Next Generation + To offer a safe, healthy, and biodiversity land to our next generation

LAND2413 Graduate studio | Project 3 Regenerate Kuo Cui | z5125613

Australia Sea Level Rise As a largely coastal dwelling nation, most Australians are familiar with the coast and its daily and seasonal processes. This means that the dynamics of the shoreline are well known: high tides, storms, east coast lows, coastal erosion and accretion, flooding and inundation are all events observed by coastal residents.1

"The Sea Was 120 Metres Lower At The Time Of The Last Glacial Maximum"

Darwin

-Professor Patrick Nunn,University of the Sunshine Coast.2 Coastal observations show that sea level rise has been occurring around Australia during the last century. Extreme sea level events occurred three times as often in the second half of the 1900s compared with the first half3

Brisbane

Perth Sydney

Adelaide Australia‘s Coastal Line Nowadays Australia's Coastal Line During The Coldest Part Of The Last Ice Age 20000 Years Ago

Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

Melbourne N

Sydney Harbour Sea Level Rise As one of the important components of Sydney, Sydney Harbour has also affected and plagued the city due to the problems caused by rising sea levels. At the same time, the NSW and Sydney governments have also begun to pay attention to and pay attention to the impact of the problem of sea level rise on the city. As A result of the NSW Government Sea Level Rise Policy, And also the Australian Government's first pass assessment of Climate Change Risks to Australia's consecutive year in 2009". Local Councils in the Sydney coastal region have begun to consider sea level rise in addition to existing flooding and inundation risks covered by the NSW Government Flood Policy.1

Sydney harbour sea leve project in 2100:

+0.84m

The Bays Precinct Parramatta River

Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

N

Sydney's People And Government Position On Sea Level Rise

INUNDATION

Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

Policy + Planning Context The Site is one of the most significant parts of Sydney's waterfront. Under the framework of sustainable development goals, this masterplan acknowledges the planning priorities outlined in the current The Bays precinct transformation plan, The Greater Sydney Commission’s guideline: Considering Flooding in Land Use Planning ‘Metropolis of Three Cities’ plan, as well as The NSW Government Architect’s Sydney Green Grid spatial framework. Each of these documents has guided the design decisions made in this masterplan.

A. Sustainable development goals

Policy framework

E D C B

B. NSW

C. A Metropolis D. Sydney green grid E. The Bays

guideline: of Three Cities Considering Flooding in Land Use Planning

precinct transformation plan

Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

A

Site Context - Sydeny and local Site context

Bircrgrove

Balmain

Barangaroo

Rozelle Pyrmont

N

Sydney Context

1:60000@A3

Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

Glebe

Local Context

N

1:20000@A3

Site Selection

N

1:6000@A3 Area of Site: 67325 sqm Location of the Site: 33°51'41.9"S 151°10'58.9"E The north shoreline of The bays precinct is adjacent to White Bay and Balmain and is one of the most future promising waterfronts of The bays precinct. At the same time, because the potential risks of sea level rise were not considered at the beginning of the site construction, the site has a serious potential flood threat caused by sea level rise.

Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

Topography+Water Level Section of existing conditions Section aa

+8

+4.5

+6

Section bb

Section cc

Section dd

+6

+6

+6

+4.5

+4.5

+4.5

Legend Coastal line Standing Water Level

N

1:5000@A3 Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

Stormwater Catchment

North Shore Of White Bay Catchment Area* Wettest Month- March

Dryest Month- July

167.5mm x 168,312sqm

56.6mm x 168,312sqm

≈11.25

≈ 168,312sqm (North shore of White bay Catchment Area)

Olympic Pool

≈3.80

Due to the topography reson, the site will collect runoff from Balmain and eventually flow into White bay. During the rainy season, the runoff flowing through the site is equivalent to 11.25 Olympic Pools.

"Average rainfall (mm) x Catchment surface area (sqm) = Catchment Capacity in litres x 0.001 = Catchment Capacity in volume

Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

Olympic Pool

N

1:9000@A3

Contaminations - Potential Environment Concern There is low water quality within the Bays harbour areas, particularly the shallow zone of White Bay, due to the stormwater runoff flow through contamination and finally into the Bays.

Waterfront is the filter between The Bays Precinct and White Bay; the next step is fostering the marine ecology at the waterfront to contribute to natural remediation.

Soil Depth 0.4m 0.8m

2.45m Standing Water Level

Legend Disturbed Soil Road base / gravel Crushed sandstone Dark grey sand N

Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

1:5000@A3

The Bays Precinct Flood Analysis Legend Most serious flood risk area Catchment Area Canals Indicative 5yr Flood Extent Indicative 100yr ARI Flood Extent PMF Flood Extent Notes: AVERAGE RECURRENCE INTERVAL (ARI) The long-term average number of years between the occurrence of a flood as big as or larger than the selected event. ARI is another way of expressing the likelihood of occurrence of a flood event.

PROBABLE MAXIMUM FLOOD (PMF) The PMF is the largest flood that could conceivably occur at a particular location, usually estimated from probable maximum precipitation, with the worst flood producing catchment conditions. The PMF defines the extent of flood prone land, that is, the floodplain

N

Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

1:15000@A3

Future Sea Level Projection

Projected Sea Level Rise in 2050 = 39cm

N

Projected Sea Level Rise in 2100 = 84cm

Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

N

Current Three Main Challenges On White Bay‘s Waterfront

1.0 TOXIC TIDE Groundwater flows through the bays precinct and underground contaminants into the White bays to become the toxic tide.

2.0 STORM SURGE - Part of Site will be inundated temporary or permanent A storm surge is a rise in sea level that occurs during tropical cyclones, intense storms also known as typhoons or hurricanes. The storms produce strong winds that push the water into shore, which can lead to flooding.1

3.0 EROSION - Vertial Concrete&wooden water edge Coastal erosion is the loss of beach sand or sediment volume and can be a single event of long term over several decades.

The north shoreline of the White Bay

Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

Abiding Event

+ 84 cm

+ 39 cm Sea level rise(2022-2100)

Flood frequency due to sea level rise (2022-2100) Waterfront erosion level(2022-2100)

Next generation(2022-2050)

2022

2025

2030

2050

Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

2070

2100

Opptortunities & Constrains Constrains

2

Lack of green space and shadow on the Site

1

Opportunities 1

Consider the flood resilience strategy that suits the site characteristics.

Protect buildings, infrastructure and residents from flooding.

2

Reduce toxic substances in the soil and white bay of the site through biological intervention.

3

Re-establish the intertidal zone and restore the ecology of the intertidal zone. Increase the buffer area between the waterfront and the tide. and increase the biodiversity of the site.

1

3

Legend Proposed green space High flooding risk area existing erosion risk on water edge Proposed residentials Site Boundary

Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

N

Hybird Question

What if, Introducing biological intervention to solve the challenges and crises caused by the rising sea level of White bay and give educational meaning to the process of interventions.

Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

Design Phases

Phase 1

Phase 2

Phase 3

- Edge Design & Habitats Introduction

- Bioremediation

- The Legacy To Next Generation

Use both cut and fill method and intertidal habitat restoration to reduce the risk of flooding and erosion on the water edge, build biodiversity resilient waterfront and protect the future communities and infrastructure when flood events happen caused by sea level rise.

Use the phytoremediation and vermiremediation method to reduce the toxic level of waterfront soil and indirectly reduce the marine pollution and toxic tide of the white bay.

Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

Give an educational function to the process of intervention of the site’s sea level rise. Educational programs effectively foster the interconnectivity of the entire area and pass the knowledge of interventions and the site’s memories to the next generation.

Time Phase

Design Moves

Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

PHASE 1 EDGE DESIGN & HABITATS INTRODUCTION

Goal: Use both cut and fill method and intertidal habitat restoration to reduce the risk of flooding and erosion on the water edge, build biodiversity resilient waterfront and protect the future communities and infrastructure when flood events happen caused by sea level rise.

Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

Design Moves

Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

Design Moves

Waterfront edge design

Hard edge design

Habitat introduction

Soft and adaptable edge design

Between 2022-2025, we will use the cut and fill method to transform the original Hard-edge design of the Site into a Soft and adaptable edge design. The purpose is to extend the buffer zone between the waterfront and the tide， also increase the opportunities of restoring the intertidal zone habitat.

Intertidal habitat

Grey Mangrove habitat

Restore the habitat of the intertidal zone and recall the original species (grey mangroves) on the site. Help the waterfront avoid flooding and tide erosion through mangrove forests.

Meanwhile, the water quality of white bay will also be purified by intertidal species.

Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

Phase 1 Plan Phase 1 proposed works 1

Cutting the existing concrete water edge and creating the intertidal habitat area.

2

Using the cut and fill method to create the flood resilient promenade

3

Using the cut and fill method to create the water interaction zone fosters the interconnectivity between humans and water.

4

Constructed waterfronts above the intertidal habitat, to realize the coexistence of intertidal ecology and marine activities.

5

Cutting the existing concrete topping for preparing the parkland construction.

6

Set up the community car park nearby parkland

4 5

6

3

Main Programs

1 Flood resilient waterfront

Tidal sheleves

Constructed-waterfront for marine activities use

Intertidal habitat

2

N

Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

0

25m

50m

1:2500@A3

100m

Intertidal Habitat

VS

Sea Level Rise

Why is a healthy intertidal zone meaningful to the challenges of sea level rise on the site?

BUFFER

FILTRATION

White Bay Polluted water

Buffer zone

RESISTANCE

Community

Water edge erosion

Clean water

Some intertidal organisms (such as barnacles, oysters, etc.) can b i o r e m e d i a te contaminated seawater areas and ultimately improve the water quality of the site.

The intertidal zone is a buffer zone between the sea and the land during extreme weather. Indirectly protects the safety of the infrastructure and residents in the site.

Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

The gravel and plants in the intertidal zone can disperse the wave energy of the tide.

Reduce the erosion of tides by marine activities on the water edge.

The Role of Grey Mangrove In Intertidal Habitat Grey mangrove habitat

Client native specie

Other native specie

Benifits native species

Grey mangrove (Avicennia marina)

Juncus kraussii

Striated Heron (Avicennia marina)

Baumea juncea Sporobolus

Semaphore Crabs (Heloecius cordiformis)

Scale: 1:10@A3

The sand mullet White's (myxus seahorse elongatus) (Hippocampus whitei)

Port Jackson glassfish (Ambassis jacksoniensis)

Intertidal Habitat & Flood Resilient Promenade Avicennia marina

Legend 1

2

Mangrove forest Sporobolus

2

Intertidal habitat

3

Water body

4

Flood resilient promenade

5

Seawall

TOW + 7

1

BOW + 6.5 5

4

BOW + 5.5 +5 + 4.5

+6

Avicennia marina

+ 6.1

+ 6.3

2 3 4

TOW + 7

BOW + 5.5

Baumea juncea

BOW + 6.5 Avicennia marina

1

+5

N

+ 4.5

2 Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

0

1m

1:100@A3

2m

4m

a

Legend 1

Mangrove forest

2

Intertidal habitat a'

3

Water body

4

Flood resilient promenade

5

Seawall

Original Shoreline

New Shoreline

+ 6.1

4

+ 6.3

TOW + 7 BOW + 6.5

5

1 Sea level 2100 + 5.4

2

Sea level 2022 + 4.5

3 Species use

a

a'

Intertidal Habitat & Flood Resilient Promenade Grey mangrove (Avicennia marina)

Juncus kraussii

Baumea juncea Sporobolus

Estuary( Rockoyster)

Hyridella australis ( Mussels)

Barnacles

Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

Polychaete

0

2m

1:200@A3

4m

8m

Legend 1

Mangrove forest

2

Intertidal habitat

3

Water body

4

Water interaction area

5

Terrcaed steps

6

Platform

b

b'

Original Shoreline

New Shoreline

b

6

5

1

4

b'

2

High tide Low tide

3

Species use

Tidal Shelves Grey mangrove Baumea juncea Sporobolus (Avicennia marina)

Estuary( Rockoyster)

Hyridella australis ( Mussels)

Barnacles

Polychaete

Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

0

1m

1:100@A3

2m

4m

Tidal Shelves

Wow, I like playing with water here!

High tide Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

Low tide

Legend 1

Mangrove forest

2

Intertidal habitat

3

Water body

4

Marine activities

5

Constructed-waterfront

c

c'

Original Shoreline

New Shoreline

4

5

c

c'

1 2

Species use

3

Constructed-waterfront Grey mangrove Baumea juncea Sporobolus (Avicennia marina)

Estuary( Rockoyster)

Hyridella australis ( Mussels)

Barnacles

Polychaete

Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

0

2m

1:200@A3

4m

8m

PHASE 2 BIOREMEDIATION

Goal: Increase the green space and shadow on the site by using the phytoremediation and vermiremediation method to reduce the toxic level of waterfront soil and indirectly reduce the marine pollution and toxic tide of the white bay.

Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

Design Moves

Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

Design Moves

Phytoremediation

Phytoremediation begins

Phytoremediation finished

Phytoremediation technology can be characterised as environmentally friendly, effective, sustainable.From 2025, the site will set up a phytoremediation nursery to provide the plants needed in the future. The roots of plants filter and absorb heavy metal pollutants in the soil.

This method indirectly improves the water quality of White bay.

Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

Vermiremediation

Vermiremediation process Vermiremediation technology can be characterised as environmentally friendly, effective, sustainable.The site will use vermiremidiation method to purify contaminations in the soil.

From 2025 onwards, the site will recycle part of the organic waste from the surrounding communities to cultivate vermiremidiation of earthworm species. The mature earthworms will cooperate with phytoremediation plants to purify the pollutants in the soil of the site.

Phase 2 Plan 4 Phase 2 proposed works

3

1

Set up an amphitheater in open space parkland nearby the community car park

2

Set up a phytoremediation nursery in the parkland, all phytoremediation plantings on the Site will be provided by the phytoremediation nursery.

3

Set up a Vermiculture Garden in the parkland, cooperated with phytoremediation method to reduce the toxic level of the Site.

4

Constructed stormwater ponds for site runoff management

5

S t re et t re e s a n d o t h e r p l a nt i n g s o n t h e s i te a re p rov i d e d by phytoremediation nursery

6

Set up an educational center in parkland

2 6

1

5 Main Programs

Phytoremediation nursery

Vermiculture Garden

N

Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

0

25m

50m

1:2500@A3

100m

Vermiculture Garden

5 Banksia ericifolia

Legend

4

1

Vermiculture Container

2

Lawn

3

Concrete pavement

4

Shrubs

5

Trees

6

Tool room

7

Restroom

Eucalyptus polybractea

4 Eucalyptus polybractea

5 2

6

7

3

1

6

N 0

Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

1m

1:100@A3

2m

4m

d

Legend 1

Vermiculture container

2

Concrete pavement

3

Contamination soil

d'

d

2

1

2 3

1

2

1

d

3

Species use

Vermiculture Garden Epigeic

Endogeic

Anecic

Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

0

2m

1:200@A3

4m

8m

Vermiremidiation -Vermiculture Container

Theory background

Bird banning net

Vermiremediation technology can be characterised as environmentally friendly, effective, sustainable

Pipe tower Compost

1700mm

Community engagement

1500mm

The site will recycle part of the organic waste from the surrounding communities to cultivate vermiremidiation of earthworm species.

6000mm

Epigeic Anecic

+

Endogeic The mature earthworms will cooperate with phytoremediation plants to purify the pollutants in the soil of the site

Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

Phytoremediation Nursery Legend 1

Farming lot

2

Lawn

3

Concrete pavement

2 Beackea virgate

3

Helianthus annuus

2

1

Carpobrotus glaucescens

3 3 Grevillea robusta

Beackea virgate Cucurbita pepo

N 0

Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

1m

1:100@A3

2m

4m

e

Legend 1

Plantings

2

Concrete pavement

3

Earthworm for vermiremidiation

4

Contamination soil

e'

1

1 e

Main Programs

1

e'

2

2

3

3 Species use

Phytoremediation Nursery Helianthus annuus

Acacia mearnsii Carpobrotus glaucescens

Epigeic

Endogeic

Anecic

Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

0

2m

1:200@A3

4m

8m

Species Selection -Native Species for Site Specificity

Native trees species for phytoremediation

Eucalyptus polybractea

Eucalyptus tereticornis

Intertidal area native species for phytoremediation

Banksia ericifolia

Grevillea robusta

Acacia mearnsii

Brassica juncea

Sorghum bicolor

Beackea virgate

juncus kraussii

Avicennia marina

Baumea juncea

Phytoremediation meadow

Helianthus annuus

Poa labillardieri

Earthworm species for vermiremidiation

Epigeic

Endogeic

Foeniculum vulgare

Cucurbita pepo

Native species for intertidal bioremidiation

Anecic

Estuary( Rockoyster)

Hyridella australis ( Mussels)

Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

Barnacles

Polychaete

Carpobrotus glaucescens

Sporobolus

Native trees species for phytoremediation

Eucalyptus polybractea

Eucalyptus tereticornis

Banksia ericifolia

Grevillea robusta

Acacia mearnsii Scale: 1 :150 @A3

Meadow species for phytoremediation Contaminations

Helianthus annuus

Poa labillardieri

Brassica juncea

Sorghum bicolor

Beackea virgate

Foeniculum vulgare

Cucurbita pepo

Carpobrotus glaucescens

Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

Scale: 1 :50 @ A3

PHASE 3 A LEGACY TO NEXT GENERATION

Goal: Give an educational function to the process of intervention of the site’s sea level rise. Educational programs effectively foster the interconnectivity of the entire area and pass the knowledge of interventions and the site’s memories to the next generation.

Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

Abiding Events

Design Moves

Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

Design Moves

Education programs for next generation

Phytoremidiation&vermiremidiation study area Intertidal & flood resilience study area

The intertidal study boardwalk is a part of the educational programs on the Site. It directly connects to the main street of the parkland. Aim to foster the interconnectivity between the phytoremidiation&vermiremidiation study area and intertidal & flood resilience study area to form a complete educational journey

Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

New community in future white bay

New community in future white bay

According to the The Bays precinct transformation plan, Affordable housing and modern communities are the trend of White bay in the future. The new community will begin construction simultaneously as the opening of The bays precinct metro station in 2030.

Phase 3 Plan Phase 3 proposed works 1

Future community at The Bays precinct will be settled behind the flood resilient promenade

2

Set up an intertidal study boardwalk to foster the interconnectivity between the phytoremidiation&vermiremidiation study area and intertidal & flood resilience study area to form a complete educational journey

3

Set up green open space around the residentials

4

Set up the community car park nearby residentials

Staged plan 2 4

2 Main Programs

1 3 Intertidal study boardwalk

Future community at The Bays precinct

N

Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

0

25m

50m

1:2500@A3

100m

Section + key planBoardwalk + 3D(if its possible) 1:200 Intertidal Study Legend 1

Mangrove forest Avicennia marina

2

Intertidal habitat

3

Water body

4

Flood resilient promenade

5

Seawall

6

Boardwalk

7

Street trees

Sporobolus

4 5

1 +6.5

2

TOW + 7 +7

3

7

6 Avicennia marina

Acacia mearnsii

+6.5

+6

Baumea juncea

+6

+6.5 Avicennia marina

N

Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

0

1m

1:100@A3

2m

4m

f

Legend 1

Mangrove forest

2

Intertidal habitat

3

Water body

4

Flood resilient promenade

5

Seawall

6

Boardwalk

7

Street trees

8

Residentials

f'

8

7

+6.5

f

4

5

1

6

f'

+6

2

3

Species use

Intertidal Study Boardwalk Grey mangrove (Avicennia marina)

Acacia mearnsii Juncus kraussii

Baumea juncea Sporobolus

Estuary( Rockoyster)

Hyridella australis ( Mussels)

Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

Barnacles

Polychaete

0

2m

1:200@A3

4m

8m

Intertidal Study Boardwalk

Great Knot Silver Gull

Acacia mearnsii Grey mangrove (Avicennia marina)

Grey mangrove (Avicennia marina)

Mom, Look how cute is the seabird!

Sand crub

Beach stone Curlew

Silver Gull

Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

Hyridella australis ( Mussels)

Estuary( Rockoyster)

Phytoremediation Nursery

Ayeeeee!!!

Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

Do you two ladies want to join them to grow these plants?

Vermiculture Garden

Pipe tower

O h , I wa n n a fe e d t h e s e earthworm with my friends!

Bird banning net

Vermiculture Container

Theory Background | Fundamental Assets | Abiding Events | Hybird question | Design Content | Model

"We hope to live in a high quality, healthy and safe environment, at the same time as it ensures that our future generations share a sense of the area’s history and memories. " Jane Marceau, Bays Precinct Taskforce Community Representative

Reference Page 1: 1-Leitch, A. M., and Inman, M. (2012) Supporting Local Government to communicate coastal inundation. Resource kit prepared for the Sydney Coastal Councils Group Inc. CSIRO Climate Adaptation Flagship, Brisbane, Australia.

2-Phillips, N., 2015. Aboriginal stories of sea level rise preserved for thousands of years. [online] Smh.com.au. Available at: <https://www.smh.com.au/technology/aboriginal-stories-of-sea-level-rise-preserved-for-thousands-of-years-20150212-13d3rz.html>.

3-Church, JA, Hunter, JR, McInnes, KL and White, N. (2006) Sea level rise around the Australian coastline and the changing frequency of extreme events. Australian Meteorological Magazine 55: 253-260.

Page 2： 1-Leitch, A. M., and Inman, M. (2012) Supporting Local Government to communicate coastal inundation. Resource kit prepared for the Sydney Coastal Councils Group Inc. CSIRO Climate Adaptation Flagship, Brisbane, Australia.

Page 9; Data Procured from- UrbanGrowth NSW Site Wide Remedial Concept Plan The Bays Precinct Urban Transformation Area© UrbanGrowth NSW, p112 Page 10: Data produred from· https ://www. worldweatheronl ine. com/bal main-weather-averages/new-south-wales/au .aspx Analysis produced from: Wei seng Wong Page 11: 1-Urban Growth NSW, Water Quality Strategy The Bays, October 2016 2-City of Sydney Floodplain Management Plan, no date 3-Parramatta River Catchment Group, no date North Sydney Water Management Plan, 2010-20151435–1450 City of Sydney Council, Inner West Council, 4-Leichhardt Council, Leichhardt Floodplain Risk Management Study and Plan, 2017.

5-TERRIOR. 2021. BAYS WEST STRATEGIC PLACE FRAMEWORK. 1st ed. SYDNEY: NSW Government, pp.132- 133 Page 12: *sourced from <https://coastalrisk.com.au/viewer> Page 13: *Note. Information on this map is sourced from <https://www.ses.nsw.gov.au/resources-folder/tsunami-evacuation-map/>.

Page31: Powerplants is a design-led, multi-disciplinary phytoremediation research project at Sydney's White Bay Power Station. Photo: Jedidiah-Cranfield