Wastewater? Water Wealth! by UNSWBE

Wastewater? Water Wealth!!!

-Reusing the Rainwater in Rozelle Bay

How can Stormwater Management promote the users experience of promenade at Rozelle Bay? - Exploring new approach of water features to enhance the interaction between people and rainwater.

CONTENTS

1.0 Framework

3-8

2.0 The Site

9-11

3.0 Site Analysis

12-19

4.0 Design Process

20-30

5.0 Detail Design

31-53

6.0 Conculsion

54-56

1.0 Framework

1.1 DRAFT PROCESS LOG STRUCTURE

1.2 CLIMATE CHANGE

The effects of human-caused global warming are happening now, are irreversible on the timescale of people alive today, and will worsen in the decades to come. In Australia the consequences of sea level rise will include increased flooding of coastal areas and are likely to result in coastal erosion, loss of beaches, and higher storm surges that will affect coastal communities, infrastructure, industries and the environment (CSIRO, 2020).

Effects that scientists had predicted in the past would result from global climate change are now occurring: extreme weathers, accelerated sea level rise and longer, more intense heat waves (NASA, 2021). 5

1.3 What’s the effect in Rozelle Bay?

Days of torrential downpours have caused rivers and dams to overflow around Sydney - the state capital - and in south-east Queensland.

Urban Heat Island Effect

Sea Level Rising(4m)

The Bays percinct is one of the hottest area in tis region, Urban heat island effect seriously affect whole site.

In the visible future, sea level rise’s effect will result in the many area under the water.

The military is being deployed to help with search and rescue, in what has been called a "one-in-50-years NEWS, 2021)

event". (BBC

The latest round of wild weather has brought large hail and heavy rain as supercell thunderstorms formed over eastern Australia. Parts of Sydney have already felt the brunt (ABC NEWS, 2021)

1.4 RAINFALL

How we deal with Storm water? We flee the rain

We play with the rain

Storm runoff causing flooded sewers has been thought to be the major source of wastewater pollution to Sydney coastal waters ( Birch et al., 2015 ). Water-logging

From the thinking of WATER 4.0, finding the balance between storm water and the anthropocene.

1.5 SPONGE CITY STRATEGY

The term low impact development (LID) refers to systems and practices that use or mimic natural processes that result in the infiltration, evapotranspiration or use of stormwater in order to protect water quality (US EPA, 2021).

Sponge City Strategy bases on the LID, which is a modern storm water management approach to help solve drainage problems, fully utilise land resources and promote sustainable development (DAISY GILL, 2021).

To combat climate change, the “Sponge City” concept to be adopted in new developments for more effective drainage and rainwater reuse to enhance urban flood resilience by the principle of infiltration, retention, storage, purification, reuse and discharge (DSD, 2017).

2.0 The Site

2.1 SITE CONTEXT

Sydney Context - Located west of Sydney CBD area, A inner bay of Sydney

harbour, overlooking the city. The NSW major renew project.

Local context - Linearly connected

with Jubilee park. The other shore is fish market & Pyrmont.

2.2 SITE SELECTION

White bay power station

Sydney boathouse

Gleble Island Silo

Maritime service centre

Rozelle rail yards Option 1: Keep the original marine area, design a new green space for site, but it is different to suit in Rozelle bay surrounding environment.

Option 3: Whole Rozelle Bay as a system, specific design for Rozelle bay, based on the local history, culture and site conditions, considering the issues of the site then improve it, develop the site values.

Option 2: The shoreline is a opportunity for public, becuase exsiting waterfront is private space, trying to develop a public waterfront place. 11

3.0 Site Analysis

3.1 STORM WATER

Avg. Rainfall Site area Jan Rain water amount 101.4 Avg. Rainfall Site area Water collection effciency Rain water amount Water collection effciency Waterplay Days Waterplay Days 28

Jan 101.4

Feb 138.5

Mar 194.9

Apr 119

May 54.5

2820

Mar 194.9

Jun 171.6

Jul 57.2

Aug 73.8

26 7

Apr 119

May 54.5

Sep 49.5

Oct 66

Nov 81.1

20 29

Journey of Rainfall

Jun 171.6

Jul 57.2

Aug 73.8

Sep 49.5

Oct 66

Nov 81.1

1177.2 ≈110000㎡ ≈130000m³ 60%-95% 27 237

Dec 69.7

1177.2 ≈110000㎡ ≈130000m³ 60%-95% 27 237

65%

Waterplay Days

Avg. Rainfall 31

250

Waterplay Days

Avg. Rainfall 26

200

150

100

250

31 26

200 0

Dec 69.7

1 1

-4

150

100

11 6

1 0

Jun 171.6

Jul 57.2

-4

Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 130 000 000 Litres 73.8 49.5 66 81.1 69.7

1177.2 If the rain fall can be collected by 70% (Max ≈110000㎡ ≈130000m³ collection efficiency 95%), there are enough water 60%-95% for7 water 5features. 9 23 29 29 27 237

65%

Waterplay Days 31 26 21

1:5000@A3

16 11 6 1 -4

Water play time analysis based on the weather, temperature and public resting time.

A few drainage along roads.

Concerned area

A lot of stormwater free run into the bay with toxins.

Water-logging

Many water logging area after rainfall, rainwater run off from surrounding cliff, high way.

Existing drainage line Overflow direction

3.2 HYDROLOGY Sea Level Rise

1 meter sea level rise in 70 years; in 50 years, at least 43cm rise in sea level. High tide can rise 1.5m so that it should be considered about 2m sea level rising conditions. The whites creek outlet will be influenced which threat The Crescent road and western area of Rozelle Bay. There is requirement of landform transformation. Long term thinking of 4 meter sea level rise maybe 200 years in the future, major area will be submersed.

Whites Creek

Johnstons Creek

1:5000@A3

1m Rising

High tide

4m Rising

Low tide

Water-logging 14

3.3 TOPOGRAPHY Existing level Flat, gentle slope from eastern down to western side. There are different edge conditions. Height difference allowed storm water run off to the road. 9

Section A

C A 1

Section B 1:5000@A3

22% of the embayment shoreline currently comprised of reclaimed land in Sydney. Major of the Rozelle Bay foreshore is reclaimed and a piled wharf extends ( Mayer-Pinto et al., 2015 ). Section C 15

3.4 LAND USE

Private space

Marine activity

Semi-private space

1:5000@A3

The rare mangrove habitat in Sydney habour

Boat yard

Residential area

Private space

Superyacht Marina

Semi-private space

Pond

Green space

Car park

Native plants

Existing Building

3.5 ACCESSIBILITY

Low efficiency roads in Rozelle Bay. Can not walk to there from Jubilee park, opportunity for coastal walkway along the bays precinct. Abandoned shoreline, there is opportunity for promenade. Too much boats go into the bay.

Light rail & Station Metro station

Planning walkway

State road

Bicycle lane

Regional road

Walkway

Study area entry point

Local road

Boats 17

3.6 OPPORTUNITIES & CONSTRAINTS Constraint Lots of private space for marine activities along the shoreline, public can not close to the waterfront and enjoy it.

Reclaimed land toxic soil, major toxin including heavy metals, asbestos, organochlorine pesticides and Microplastics etc..., Three primary sources pollute the waters and sediments of the Harbour: stormwater, sewage overflows and leachate from contaminated reclaimed land.

Due to limited drainage infrastructure and impermeable hard surface, rainwater logging on the surface of road. Rainwater has opportunity to be treated and reused rather than flow into bay mixed with contamination.

Some existing buildings can not be relocated, consider their functions with new urban propose and spatial distribution.

Opportunity Explore the use of waterfront area, including maritime cultural experience and public activities along the shoreline.

Existing building

Opportunity to construct water features collecting rainfall and reusing the rainwater, not only enhancing freshwater interaction with people, but also chance to reduce the containments, water-logging.

Mixed use development: Maritime activities staged relocation; Residential & Commercial space, Public & Private space.

White creek outlet and geology condition suit for mangrove habitat. Opportunity to regeneration rare Sydney indigenous mangrove ecosystem. Increase the water purification and human experiences such as boardwalks, kayaking and fishing.

Potential harbour promenade connects Glebe Island and Jubilee park cross whole Rozelle shoreline.

The topography of Rozelle bay is eastern slightly higher than west which allow water flow down to the creek outlet for future mangrove habitat.

Existing drainage Reclaimed land Waterfront space

Marina Shoreline

1:3000@A3

3.7 PRECEDENTS & OBJECTIVES

‘Stranden’, Oslo, Norway LINK Landskap, 2014

The project’s aim was to transform a former shipyard into a lively urban neighbourhood and connect Oslo to it’s forgotten waterfront. It encouraging social interaction and diversity of form along the waterfront promenade.

Combining rainwater journey with promenade; give back the waterfront for public.

Potsdamer Plaza, Berlin, Germany Ramboll Studio, 1998

At Potsdamer Platz, a combination of green and non-green roofs harvest the annual rainfall. Excess water flows into the pools and canals of the outdoor waterscape creating an oasis for urban life. Providing multiple opportunities for people to cross and interact with the water.

Enhancing interaction with water; reusing rainwater and Improve urban climate and storm water resilience.

Sanya Mangrove Park, Sanya, China Turenscape, 2019

Making use of the drop from the urban road to the water level, terraces are integrated with bio-swales to catch and filtrate the storm water from the urban pavement and road, creating public spaces at different elevations.

Celebrating indigenous mangrove habitat; Reduce contamination polluting the bay.

4.0 Design Process

4.1 DESIGN IDEA

1 Heavy rainfall caused Rozelle Bay water logging already, because of regional limited drainage system and impermeable mode of construction.

4 Goal: Improve waterlogging, stormwater issue; Enhance regional rainwater resilience; Celebrate indigenous mangrove habitat; Reduce contamination polluting the bay; Increase public activity especially interact with water (rainwater and waterfront).

2 In the future, extreme weather and global climate change will stormwater issues.

3 Polluted water will bring contaminantion in soil flowing into bay, cause sea water pollution, then it’s an ecosystem vicious circle.

4.2 SITE THINKING

Site View

Ideal Diagram

Long View of The Site

Local Stormwater Catchment

Design expression

4.3 SPATIAL PLANNING

Circulation

Zones

Urban waterfront

Maritime service

Ecology area

Waterfront Activity

4.4 DRAFT STRUCTURE PLAN WSUD plant buffer for soundpoof

Community activity area Mixed residential & marine are

Mangrove habitat

Reserved marina

Tidal stair

Waterscape

Tidal sheleves

Maritime service centre

Increased wharfs

Promenade

4.5 DESIGN IDEA DEVELOPMENT

5.2 Urban waterfront (water features, shoreline): water features have two functions: 1. Waterplay for people, interactive with fresh water; 2. Treating water, filter facilities install in waterplay facility, let people know the water treatment techniques during interaction. Maritime activity – Boathouse, retain the marina at the front of Boathouse, developed maritime culture area (café, retails).

5 Developing stormwater management design based on sponge city strategy The design is divided into three parts.

5.1 Urban area (buildings, streets): collected rainwater by permeable pavements, green roof…etc.; store water, water tank under main street, water sediment for urban waterfront using (briefly introduced) Views from street to public domain.

5.3 Mangrove habitat: white creek and cleaner rainwater flow into habitat support certain salinity and mineral for mangrove, at the same time it can purify seawater and absorb pollutants, enhance intertidal ecosystem and water quality of rozelle bay.

4.6 WATERFRONT DESIGN

As the highlight area of storm water reusing, the urban waterfront design is the most important part so that it had many iterations, and imporved the deetail design after discussion with tutor.

4.7 DESIGN ZONES

Urban area

Urban waterfront

Ecological area

Largest area in Rozelle Bay, early phase of construction.

Main public activity space, playing an important role when residents come in.

The most significant place for Rozelle Bay sustainable development. Providing storm water resilience in the future.

4.8 STAGES

Stage 1: Construction

Stage 2: Development

Stage 3: Sustainability

6 Stage: 6.1 Infrastructure construction (pavement, permeable street, water tank underground, maritime area relocated).

6.2 water features and tidal stair Mangrove habitat set up (people play with fresh water).

6.3 Public activity space, healthy mangrove habitat intertidal zone, absorb contamination, clean sea water (people interacted with waterfront).

4.9 TESTING MODEL

Modeling street structure, green foor, water flowing and mangrove space. Conceptual the rainwater journey in Rozelle Bay. Showing the stage changing at mangrove habitats.

4.10 ABIDING EVENTS

2021 Temperature

10 years

50 years

+1.0°C

+43cm

Sea level ->95% Contamination

Flooding issue

Storm water reusing

Activities

Water interaction

Accessibility

Rainwater resilience

Ecosystem

5.0 Detail Design

5.1 DESIGN ZONES Urban area -let it be stored

Collection and storage stormwater by green roof, permeable surface, underground water storage system. 1:3000@A3

5.1 URBAN AREA

Section of 10m street

Street Tree

Banksia integrifolia

10m 1:150@A3

20m

Acacia binervia

Grasses + Groundcover

Section of 20m street Lomandra longilofia

Hydrocotyle peduncularis

Commelina cyanea

Correa reflexa

Scaevola albida

Accessibility consideration

More bicycle lanes provided, encourage low-carbon transportation. 1:150@A3

Rozelle Bay maximum speed 30km/h, Street give back to pedestrian. 33

5.1 ON THE STREET -let it be stored

10m street (Stormwater collection)

Stormwater capture

10m Rain garden bed 1:150@A3

Green roof

Permeable pavements Road

Walkway

Vegetation Soil Filter fabric Drain mat

Porous asphalt Choker coarse

Top permeable brick

Stone recharge bed

Sub-base(aggregate)

Sub-grade

Insulation Vapor Barrier Rooftop

Materials

Underdrain

5.1 ON THE STREET -let it be stored

Stormwater Reuse System(SRS)

Manly Beach, source: star water

Reactive filtermedia Sediment Pump up the rainwater treating surface runoff storage system. for water features for preliminary filtration. Street Tree

Stormwater storage

Swamp oaks

Shrub + Grasses + Groundcover

1:150@A3

Acacia myrtifolia

Centella asiatica

Lomandra longilofia

Hardenbergia violaceae

5.1 URBAN AREA Long View of Stormwater Reuse System

Permeable Road drainage paving

Green roof

Water play Promenade Road drainage

Rain garden

Water enough for playing 36

5.2 DESIGN ZONES Urban waterfront -let us play & go

Public space with a series of water features for further treatment and playing. Mainly water interaction area.

1:3000@A3

5.2 URBAN WATERFRONT -let us play & go

Music fountain as the beginning of water flow

5.2 URBAN WATERFRONT -let us play & go

Narrow slow flow with Eco-filtration system

Wider water flow for people

Open water play space for kids

Pump up 39

5.2 URBAN WATERFRONT -let us play & go

Source: boatsales

Sydney Boathouse as one of the most famous maritime centres, it let the Rozelle Bay Marine Culture as a regional cultural symbol.

Building front

1: 80@A3

5.2 URBAN WATERFRONT -let us play & go

Vegetation

Schoenoplectus mucronatus

Ficinia nodosa

Ecological filtration

Dry

Baumea juncea

Asplenium flabellifolium

Marsilea mutica

1:50@A3

Building front

Granite aggregates

Activated carbon

Cinder

1:150@A3

5.2 URBAN WATERFRONT -let us play & go

Activity with rainwater

Stomping water

Water walkway

Skating in water

Water fight

1:150@A3 42

5.2 URBAN WATERFRONT -let us play & go Street Tree

Shrub + Grasses + Groundcover

When it dry

Angophora hispida

Dianella caerulea

Casstuarina glauca.jpg

Echinopogon caespitosus

Geranium homeanum

Community plaza

1:150@A3

5.2 URBAN WATERFRONT -let us play & go

Tidal stair

Waterfront

Waterfront structures are the major space for interacting with the bay. 44

5.2 URBAN WATERFRONT -let us play & go

Waterplay Pump

Concrete surface for elder children

Wood structure for kids

Parents look after their children

Garden bed separate the space SRS

1:150@A3

5.0 DESIGN ZONES Ecological area - let it rise & grow

Water flow into mangrove habitat for ecosystem establishment, as well as purified rainwater by the Pneumatophores (roots).

5.3 MANGROVE HABITAT -let it rise & grow

Stage 1 Cultivation

Stage 2 Growth

Planting grey mangrove at intertidal zone, transforming the existing landform.

Public going in, increase the experience with mangrove. Building more layer to tackle sea level rise.

Stage 3 Maturity

More programs in this area, encouraging people enjoy with ecology.

5.3 MANGROVE HABITAT -let it rise & grow

Grey mangrove

Avicennia marina

Stage 1 Expanding the Jubilee park’s mangrove forest, celebrating the indigenous plants in Rozelle Bay, let people participate in the special intertidal ecosystem.

1:400@A3

5.3 MANGROVE HABITAT -let it rise & grow

Stage 2 Their Pneumatophores help maintain water quality by removing sediment, nutrients and contaminants from stormwater runoff before it reaches the Rozelle Bay.

1:150@A3

1:400@A3

Construction

Contaminated sub-soil

Residual, alluvium & man-made fills

Hawkesbury Sandstone

Sandstone fill

5.3 MANGROVE HABITAT -let it rise & grow

The end of Promenade, children are playing in water playground, people look after their kids, go for a strol... 50

5.3 MANGROVE HABITAT -let it rise & grow Stage 3 In 70 years long term, it provides a habitat for many animals, reaches the balance of Ecological System.

Sapling mangrove

Mature mangrove

Boardwalk

Kayak

1:400@A3

5.3 MANGROVE HABITAT -let it rise & grow

Mangrove Ecosystem food chain Detritus: the waste material.

Eel (Fourth degree consumer emnivore).

Mangrove

Sun provides energy for vegetations to be able to practice their autotrophic nature.

Zooplankton Algae

Mullet (Third consumer emnivore).

Algae and Mangrove are consumed by herbivores.

Crab (Second degree consumer emnivore).

Sacred Ibis

This area will be home to prawns, crabs, fishes(mullet, bream, flathead...) and many species of birds. Crimson Rosella

5.3 MANGROVE HABITAT -let it rise & grow Stage 3

Boardwalk

Harmony between human activities and naturla life.

Kayak

1:150@A3

6.0 Conculsion

6.1 STAGE 1-2

Stage 1: Construction Infrastructure construction (pavement, permeable street, Stormwater Reusing System, maritime area relocated).

Stage 2: Development Water features, public activity space and tidal stair Mangrove habitat set up (people play with fresh water).

6.2 STAGE 3 SUSTAINABILITY

It will focus on the advantages of creating urban and landscape infrastructure that treats, exposes and celebrates the storm water. It would enhance the residents understanding and appreciation of storm water, it would improve urban heat island impacts and would flow through a range of waterscapes to the mangroves then reach the bay.

1:3000@A3

BIBLIOGRAPHY

https://www.boatsales.com.au/editorial/details/rozelle-bay-boating-centre-under-construction-10775/ https://apps.nearmap.com/maps/#/@-33.8697255,151.1765985,18.00z,0d/V/20211004 https://www.google.com/maps/@-33.8708641,151.1743443,144m/data=!3m1!1e3 https://thepeopleseis.files.wordpress.com/2017/08/078-m4-m5-eis_vol-2f_app-l-urban-design_part-2.pdf https://thebayssydney.nsw.gov.au/assets/Learning/University-Projects/Aqueous-Living-UNSWweb.pdf https://www.nonscandinavia.com/originals https://littlethingsecologyblog.wordpress.com/2019/12/03/glebe-foreshore-walk/ https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-11-09/global-warming-to-impact-megacities-with-surging-sea-levels/6924328?nw=0&r=HtmlFragment https://www.csiro.au/en/research/environmental-impacts/climate-change/sea-level-rise-planning https://sdgs.un.org/goals https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/oct/30/tornadoes-hail-and-wild-winds-whats-behind-australias-extreme-weather https://www.carbonbrief.org/mapped-how-climate-change-affects-extreme-weather-around-the-world https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-10-14/bom-forecasts-latest-round-of-severe-storms-this-afternoon/100539270 https://earth.org/sponge-cities-could-be-the-answer-to-impending-water-crisis-in-china/ https://www.chapmantaylor.com/insights/what-are-sponge-cities-and-why-are-they-the-future-of-urban-design https://www.epa.gov/nps/urban-runoff-low-impact-development https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-temperature https://powerplantsphytoremediation.com/historical-analysis https://pyrmonthistory.net.au/waste https://richardcolearchitecture.com.au/portfolio/rozelle-bay-marine-center/ https://www.ovsla.com/portfolio-items/american-museum-in-britain/ https://worldlandscapearchitect.com/rhodes-peninsula-open-space-master-plan-plan-of-management-city-of-canada-bay-sydney-nsw-australia-corkeryconsulting/#.YY_CeGBByMo https://landezine.com/the-waterfront-promenade-at-aker-brygge-by-link-landskap/ https://badumangrovesecosystem.weebly.com/biotic-factors.html https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%BA%A2%E6%A0%91%E6%9E%97%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F/8771014 https://www.willyweather.com.au/climate/weather-stations/nsw/sydney/sydney-observatory-hill.html?superGraph=plots:rainfall,grain:monthly,startDa te:2020-11-01,endDate:2021-11-01&climateRecords=period:all-time&longTermGraph=plots:rainfall,period:5-year,month:all