SUTURE & MEND

P R O C E S S L O G

SUTURE & MEND Reconnecting Glebe Island and its neighbours

Z 5 0 8 3 8 7 8 T E O R Y U PROCESS LOG Z5083878 TEO, RYU

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CO NTE NTS

CONTENT

Group Structure Plan

P. 03 ~ 04

Initial Design Approach

P. 05 ~ 12

Theoratical Framework

P. 13 ~ 18

Site Response

P. 19 ~ 28

Design Development/Process

P. 29 ~ 41

Final Design

P. 41 ~ 68

Reference

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P. 02

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P. 69

Structure Plan

0Structure 1 . G r o uPlan p Structure Plan

TRIMER-CENTER Speed of Litchi

TRIMER-LEAN Branch of Litchi

TRIMER-COURT Litchi leaf

Legend WSUDDesign Area Open Lawn Area Proposed tree Buildings Proposed Primary Path Proposed Secondary Path Existing High Way Proposed Water Creek Proposed Entertainment built form

TRIMER-ACTIVE Seed of Litchi

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PROCESS LOG Z5083878 TEO, RYU LAM WING SHUM Sarah Shum

Land Use _ specific uses

L A N D

U S E

Public School Library Child Care Center Commercial Buildings Office Buildings Office Buildings above Cafe Train Station Museum Cafe Restraunt Office Buildings Fire Station Gallery Small Retail Shops Residential Area Constructed Mangroves Constructed Streams Climbing Wall Skate Park Aquatic/ Swim Center Department Store Kayak Center Car Park Building Activity Space/ Tennis Court Playground Roof Top Garden above Terminal Bird Habitat

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PROCESS LOG Z5083878 TEO, RYU Joy Wang

02. Initial Design Approach

“Advanced & energetic transport links will integrate this part of the site into the wider innovation corridor, and new public green spaces and access to the harbour and metro station will allow people to appreciate the natural and cultural heritage within in the site.”

- BAYS WEST STRATEGY

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02. Initial Design Approach

Follow the Rules

G L E B E

I S L A N D

THE

B AYS

Public Domain Thematic Design Selected Area

Project Objectives - ‘Follow the Rules’ The site chosen for this project is ‘The BAYS’, Glebe Island. The objective of this project was to focus on understanding and applying thematic design principles within an urban landscape structure plan. My Theory and Research topic, ‘Transit-Oriented Design’, will be developed into thematic design principles that will guide the design process.

The Structure Plan made with the group in Term 1 (Right) will be used as the base plan for this project. We have individually selected an area that will be further resolved based on thematic principles to demonstrate current design thinking for my topic, as well as standard public domain guidelines.

Description of my Project My proposal for this project was to design a plaza and boulevard near the new metro station planned at the Bays.

Group Structure Plan Term 1_1:5000@A3

This public domain is designed to reduce the number of cars in the first structure plan, and provide more space for pedestrians and cyclists to have a seamless experience.

The site contains the important history of Sydney with 2 significant heritage items that make the site unique. The new metro station and infrastructures that support the development around it, it will improve the connectivity throughout Sydney and foster the area.

Furthermore, this design will become the first link/puzzle to REconnect Glebe Island and its neighbours.

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02. Initial Design Approach

Follow the Rules

Thematic Scope: Transit-Oriented Development (T.O.D)

PRECEDENT IMAGES

Rouen Station Area

Place de la République

France / Paris

France / Paris

Nørreport Station

Israels Plads

Copenhagen / Denmark

Copenhagen / Denmark

Transit Oriented Development is concentrated nearby the transit stops to support the usage of public transportation, developing and designing walkable, dense, and diverse community.

Pedestrian access and walkability are the keys for TOD since they are the elements that will lead to augmenting the ridership of public transportation and reduce the use of a personal vehicle.

TOD creates the city into an infrastructure that connects and function efficiently for the community. Accessibility to a certain place or facilities are what we seek to achieve and prefer since we prioritise the efficiency of the space and time.

The Bays : Why is T.O.D important in the selected area?

Under the ‘Bays West Strategy’ it states the reasons why the use of public transport is needed and be pursued. Advanced & energetic transport links will integrate this part of the site into the wider innovation corridor, and new public green spaces and access to the harbour and metro station will allow people to appreciate the natural and cultural heritage within in the site (BAYS WEST STRATEGY).

The NSW Government’s commitment to a new Metro station at the Bays is a catalytic project for the precinct, offering significant development and connectivity opportunities for its future resident, worker, and visitor populations (BAYS WEST STRATEGY).

The Bays precinct acts as a bridge between Pyrmont, Rozelle, and Balmain. However, the site is empty with little infrastructure aside from the industrial areas. The site contains important history of Sydney with 2 significant heritage items that makes the site unique. With the new metro station and infrastructures that support the development around it, which will improve the connectivity throughout Sydney and foster the area.

Constitution Avenue Australia / Canberra

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02. Initial Design Approach

PRINCIPLES: CYCLING

PRINCIPLES: WALKING OBJECTIVES:

OBJECTIVES: 1. Provide a 3.4m~4m wide separated 2-way cycleway between Pyrmont and Balmain via the Bays (metro).

2. For safety purposes, the roads, and streets where pedestrian, cyclist, vehicles may encounter, needs to show clarity of hierarchy through different materials.

3. Provide bike parks (5%) of the transport users near the station.

According to Transport NSW Cycleway Design Toolbox 2020

5 %

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Principles & Objectives

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1. Extending & improving Street Front: Prioritised for walking Rather than having separated street/road structure, for seamless experience to and from metro station space for pedestrian need to be wider.

2. Planting Strategy – Assisting to shape street network and plaza A. Walking B. Shade/Shelter C. Aesthetic 3. Connected routes to the metro station separated (but transformable) from motor traffic and pedestrians (intersection & plaza).

02. Initial Design Approach

Process Drawings

Term 1 Structure Plan

W3 Design Approach & Concepts_V1

W3 Design Iteration_V2

W3 Design Iteration_V3

W4 Design Iteration_V4

W4 Design Iteration_V5

W4 Design Iteration_V6

W4 Design Iteration_V6

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OFFICE BUILDING ICE B OFF

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PO WH W ITE ER B HO AY US E

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Shared Boulevard

B

Shared Plaza

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2-Way Bike Lane (4m)

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2-Way Bike Lane (3.4m)

E

Buffer Planting

F

Bike Park/Rack

G

Shared Bike Lane (Pedestrian can walk pass)

H

Rust Metal Pole

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On-Road Car Park

J

Slow Road (40km)

K

Shared Path: Equal Level with Boulevard

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Public Seating

M

Lawn

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Slight Slope (Up)

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Slight Slope (Down)

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Shared Path (Not leveled with Boulevard)

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THEMATIC PUBLIC DOMAIN PLAN 1:500@A1

STREET SECTION 1:100 @ A1 LEGEND Electrical RMS/ITS Traffic Facilities C

A

+RL 7.15m

+RL 7.15m

+RL 7.15m

+RL 7m

A

Gas Communication Water

D

Electrical

C

+RL 6m

+RL 6.15m

A

D

+RL 6m

B

E

C

Street (extended)

B

Buffer Planting

C

Shared Boulevard

D

Shared Bike Lane (Pedestrian can walk)

Electrical

STREET SECTION 1:100 @ A1

+RL 6.15m

E

A

A

LEGEND A

Street (extended)

B

Buffer Planting

C

On-Road Car Park

Communication

D

2-Way Bike Lane (4m)

Water

E

Slow Road (40km)

Electrical RMS/ITS Traffic Facilities Gas

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PUBLIC SPACE SECTION 1:100 @ A1

METRO STATION Emergency Road (Only open in Emergency) Bike Park/Rack

Shared Boulevard

Shared Plaza

LEGEND

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Bike Park/Rack

A

Shared Boulevard

E

Shared Path: Equal Level with Boulevard

B

Shared Plaza

F

Shared Bike Lane (Pedestrian can walk pass)

C

Bike Park/Rack

G

Shared Path (Not leveled with Boulevard)

D

2-Way Bike Lane (3.4m)

H

Emergency Road (Only open in Emergency)

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03. Theoretical Framework

Here we had an opportunity to do an open-ended ideas exploration, not about resolving a particular design, but about exploring possibilities and experiment with multiple topics, ideas and ways of drawing.

FOR GET THE RULES “Go Broad” Then moved on to “Make the Rules”, settling our Theoretical Framework.

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03. Theoretical Framework

NEO-BAYS DESIGN INTENT Topic: Transit Oriented Development (T.O.D) Topic of Interest: Cyberpunk

In modern society, the connection and the boundaries between our physical space and the digital space had become intimate. Our ‘smart’ society is not much different from what we depicted the future in the late 20th century, Cyberpunk.

Cyberpunk was born from the vision that technology would be inseparable part of human experience. It depicts the identity to struggle between the expansion of senses due to networks and the loss of humanity that can be replaced by machines. And gives a sense of realism or awareness by throwing a message that ‘the future depicted in this work is not far away’. Like the hierarchy between class, especially with the ones who have power, and those who struggle for survival.

I wanted to explore this with Transit Oriented Development (T.O.D) which focuses on efficiency, concentration, connectivity with transport infrastructure. How can we explore the density/class of a space? How can we break the boundaries between buildings and landscape architecture?

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Break the Rules

“Low Life and High-Tech” BLADE RUNNER (1982) NEUROMANCER (William Gibson, 1984) AKIRA (1988) GHOST IN THE SHELL (1995)

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03. Theoretical Framework

Balance between security and surveillance For the safety of public space/streets security is needed, but with advancing technology what is the balance between security & surveillance?

City with watching us for safe community?

Or watching us with a purpose?

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Break the Rules

Dwarfed by our civilisation With the chase for achieving ultimate efficiency & high rise, we end up seeing ourselves vulnerable/ dwarfed by the overwhelming structures, that look down on us. (Powerhouse, Anzac Bridge, Silos) In Cyberpunk, the skyscrapers and the continuous link between structures through bridges, stairs make site endless and the people who live there feel dwarfed. How can we embrace this feeling? How can we relate with the Silo & Anzac Bridge?

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Density/Hierarchy/Class

Intended Unbalance

T.O.D pursuits for efficiency of transportation use, developments and its distance to travel between destinations.

Punk culture was a movement of anger towards anxiety, dissatisfaction and imbalance.

In Cyberpunk, this can be thought as a hierarchy between class, specially with the ones who have power, and those who struggle for survival.

The site itself shows an imbalance between the surrounding areas. This collage explores the intended imbalance between the existing industrial buildings and the new public space.

When an area is dense, there will be a space that will be less dense. How can we explore the density/class of a space?

03. Theoretical Framework

Make the Rules

SC O P E

Figure 2: Traffic system of ‘City for 3 Million Inhabitants’

RESEARCH QUESTION:

How can you have self-organised and participatory public streets and spaces at a new high-density development?

What is T.O.D and What are its Innate Limitations?

Transit Oriented Design is concentrated close to public transportation stops to reduce the usage of cars, developing and designing walkable, dense, and diverse community. This type of design is highly strategic with clear principles and are found in the classic designs and SF genres like Cyberpunk as well (Figure 3).

Figure 3: The High Rise City

Le Corbusier’s “City of Three Million” (Figure 1), consisted of skyscrapers in the centre, satellite towns on the outskirts of the urban core, with vast open green space in between. His proposal showed the dominance of private vehicle, the end of private housing and low density living, which to Robert Hughes criticized “The human street, and foot would be abolished by the vehicles, surrendering the freedom of movement of the community” (Alessandro HseuhBruni, 2015). Ludwig. Hilberseimer’s “The High-Rise City” (Figure 2), analysed Le Corbusier’s design and tried to solve the traffic issues. His design had vertical housing blocks replacing the individual housing, with activities such as commuting were organizing vertically and horizontally (Marisol R. V& Diego.B, 2021). Traffic movements were highly categorised in the design, having pedestrian paths and bridges off-ground connecting between, buildings, vehicles dominant on ground level, and public transport underground. The issues were that due to its limit of highly practical design, the proposal did not have diversity with space for inhabitants creating monotonous atmosphere.

Similar issues are found in cities like Hong Kong, where the sky-walk networks, subterranean passageways, metro stations capture the pedestrian flows in indoor spaces, making the walking as part of the chain of production, consuming and dull movement (Francesco Rossini,2018).

What are the ways we can disrupt this systematised structure to achieve spontaneity and space for the public domain?

1. Le Corbusier – A Contemporary City for 3 Million Inhabitants – 1922 (2016). Available at: https://richviewutopia.wordpress.com/2016/02/10/le-corbusier-a-contemporary-city-for-3-million-inhabitants-1922/ (Accessed: 1 August 2021).

2. Wolfe, R. (2014) Le Corbusier’s “contemporary city” (1925), The Charnel-House. Available at: https://thecharnelhouse.org/2014/06/03/le-corbusiers-contemporary-city-1925/ (Accessed: 1 August 2021).

3. RODRIGO GARCÍA. (2014) URBANISM IN THE BAUHAUS. LUDWIG HILBERSEIMER (2019), METALOCUS. Available at: https://www.metalocus.es/en/news/urbanism-bauhaus-ludwig-hilberseimer# (Accessed: 1 August 2021).

4. Young Joon RYU (2021), ‘Break the Rules’, screen shot of the animation ‘Cyberpunk’ (2021).

Figure 4: Cyberpunk urban lanscape from ‘AKIRA’

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03. Theoretical Framework

Make the Rules

Why is this related to the BAYS? The Bays is planned to have a new metro station and will likely affect the site and its neighbours (Balmain, Rozelle, Pyrmont). From the ‘Blackwattle Bay precinct plan’ (Figure 5), The Bays is also likely to have a similar high-rise density model to site, and numerous proposals of the Bays already show this approach.

Places like Surry hills, and Darlinghurst have streets being occupied by the citizens, being ‘privatized’ and ‘owned’ with cars blocked and having plants, chairs, barbecues. Which is an oxymoron since we call them ‘privatized’ public space due to becoming a popular destination for the public, even though they are council or corporate owned (Tridib Banerjee, 2007, p.156). But the sanctity of these spaces requires a certain level of security (Tridib Banerjee, 2007, p.157).

However, can the Bays and the high-density neighbourhood achieve this self-organisation of public domain?

How can we modify other built forms compared to apartments?

How can we tackle the issues and adopt them?

To achieve a successful public space requires mixture of flânerie, “the activity of strolling and looking”, and third place, a setting where individual trajectory of public life is formed by the opportunities offered by the new ‘experience economy’ and consumer culture (Pine & Gilmore, 1999, cited in Tridib Banerjee, 2007, p.157).

Furthermore, generic public space in dense environment, tactical interventions which are low-cost, temporary, and replicable in other urban areas, like Seating for Socializing (SOS) from Hong Kong, can be the catalyst to re-activate underused public spaces (Francesco Rossini,2018).

Such approaches are not limited to just ground level design. Singapore for instance, public spaces are no longer needed to be on ground level, and the open spaces are merging with built space and re-appears in the built structure (Sacha Menz, 2014). Raised platform for example, where its located 1~2 storeys higher than the street and they create a linkage with the street through stairs and outdoor slops (Sacha Menz, 2014). Under these structures, are utilised as car parks or as void decks which are used to promote daily activities and space for community gathering, especially under residential areas (Sacha Menz, 2014).

Figure 5: Blackwattle Bay precinct plan

R e d u ce C ar U se

D e n s e E n v i ro n me n t

Max i m i se t h e u se o f P u b l i c Tran sp o r t

TO D

In f r a s tr u c tu re s C l o s e l y C o n n e c te d

T he B ay s Me t ro S t at i o n

P ro m ot e Wal k i n g & C ycl i n g

Cle ar P rinc iple s P rac t ic al St ruc t ure

Dis rupt /I nt e r ve ne Sy s t e m at is e d s t ruc t ure

Achieve ‘Self-Organisation’ in dense urban environment 1. Alessandro Hseuh-Bruni (2015), Le Corbusier’s Fatal Flaws – A Critique of Modernism, Trinity College Digital Repository, Accessed: 26 July 2021 Available at: https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1058&context=fypapers 2. MARISOL R. VELAZQUEZ & DIEGO BARAJAS (2021), Hilbersheimer, Radical Urbanism, Accessed: 26 July 2021.

Available at: http://www.a-u-r-a.eu/upload/research_radicalurbanism_100dpi_2.pdf 3. Tridib Banerjee, ‘The Future of Public Space: Beyond Invented Streets and Reinvented Places’, Journal of the American Planning Association, vol.67(1), accessed 24 July 2021 Available at: https://chisineu.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/the-future-of-public-space.pdf 4. Francesco Rossini, ‘Temporary urban intervention in the vertical city: a place-making project to re-activate the public spaces in Hong Kong’, Journal of Urban Design, vol.24(2), accessed 23 July 2021, https://www-tandfonline-com.wwwproxy1.library.unsw.edu.au/doi/full/10.1080/13574809.2018.1507674 5. Tan. Zheng; Q.L Xue, Charlie, ‘Walking as a Planned Activity: Elevated Pedestrian Network and Urban Design Regulation in Hong Kong, Journal of Urban Design, vol.19 (5), accessed 23 July 2021, https://www-tandfonline-com.wwwproxy1.library.unsw.edu.au/doi/full/10.1080/13574809.2014.946895?src=recsys 6. Sacha Menz (2014), ‘Public space Evolution in high-density Living in Singapore’, SINGAPORE-ETH CENTRE, accessed 24 July 2021 Available at: https://ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/arch/ncl/eth-case-dam/documents/Publikationen/forschungsberichte/2015/public-space-evolution-in-high-density-living-in-singapore/fcl_booklet_final_0915_light.pdf The Glebe Society inc. (2021). Available at: https://www.glebesociety.org.au/built-environment-2037-2/ (Accessed: 1 August 2021).

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C onfi ne d space U t i l i se d

Ide nt i t y of W B P S and Hi st ror y

Mi x o f ‘ fl âne ri e’ & ‘ T h i rd S p ace’

O f f -G ro u n d l eve l D e s i g n

05. Site Response

The1860 Historical Shoreline & Current Shoreline Map Overlay

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05. Site Response

New Site Selection

Based on the thematic scope and research question developed in the previous works, I have chosen another part of the site in order to fulfil the ‘Suture’ and “Mending’ with the Glebe Island and its neighbours.

The new site location is chosen from the Glebe Island Bridge, Silos and the proposed Bays Metro Station location.

This new chosen site will link up with the previous public domain design and the Rozelle Railyard parkland area.

The site is the most dense area with a diverse topographical change which is unique compared to other flat areas of the Bays.

Ch o s e n Si te Are a

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05. Site Response

Rozelle

Glebe Island & White Bay

Pyrmont

3.25km

3km

2.75km

2.5km

2.25km

RL+19 RL+26

RL+6

RL+9

RL+17

RL+7 RL-11

2km

RL-7.4

Pyrmont Bay 1.75km

1.5km

1.25km

RL+31 RL+28

1km

RL+6 RL+27

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Wynyard

Jones Bay 3.34km

XXL

Site Analysis in Diverse Scales

RL+12

Darling Harbour 0.75km

RL-9.5

RL-11

0.5km

0.25km

RL+11

RL+24

RL+4 RL+21

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05. Site Response

XL

Site Analysis in Diverse Scales

TE N D

Balmain to Jubilee Park Balmain

White Bay & Glebe Island

Former Sandstone Heath, Woodlands & Forests Hawkesbury Sandstone 0.25km

RL+37

RL+30

22

RL+26

Rozelle Bay

Jubilee Park

Possible Contaminents

Former Sandstone Heath, Woodlands & Forests

Heavy metals, TPH (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons) VOCs (Volatile Organic Compund) Common ground water contaminents PAH (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons), Ground gases, Herbicides

0.75km

0.5km

Hawkesbury Sandstone

1.25km

1km

1.78km

1.5km

RL+31

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RL+17

RL+12

RL+6

RL+7

RL+9

RL+6

RL+5 RL-5.8

RL-3.7

05. Site Response

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Site Analysis in Diverse Scales

TE N D

Glebe Island Bridge to White Bay PowerHouse

ANZAC BRIDGE

A C B

E

Silos G

D

Glebe Island Bridge link 75m

150m

225m

Silos

RL+23

RL+14

RL+15

RL+16

300m

375m

450m

525m

600m

675m

WBPS

782m

RL+17

RL+9

Originial Glebe Island

RL+8

RL+6

Possible Contaminents

RL+7

Heavy metals, TPH (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons) VOCs (Volatile Organic Compund) - Common ground water contaminents PAH (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons), Ground gases, Herbicides

1. Patrick Franklyn’s Site Visit Video Screen Shots(2021), Uploaded on Moodle, (Accessed: 22 September 2021).

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05. Site Response

1 8 7 0 , Old G lebe I sla nd Brid g e & G lebe I sla nd

1 9 8 5 , G r a in S ilo & G lebe Islan d Brid g e

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Historical Asset of the Site

1903- 1915 T h e New B r i dge & G l e be Is l and A battoi r

1 9 9 3 , A NZ AC B r i dge U nde r c ons tr uc ti on

1978, G l e be Is l and B r i d g e

2021, G l e be Is l and B r i dge & Si l o

Glebe Island Bridge used to be the main threshold to access the island and Rozelle, being the only bridge that have connected Pyrmont and Balmain. Currently, with its past industry faded away along with the much larger and modern ANZAC Bridge construction replacing the Glebe Island Bridge, the site has lost its energy and being left inaccessible to the public. This project seeks to reactivate the site but also to reopen the bridge and its area through a public domain.

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05. Site Response Stepped Rock Edge Proximity to Water

Fundamental Assets & Oppor tunities-Tangible

Extended platform Stepped Rock Edge towards water

Rail Tracks, parts are not linked.

Industrial Remnants

Cement Australia Silo: Current Industry & Landmark The Nucleus of the site

The Bays Precinct Metro Station: Catalyst for future White Bay Future Asset Glebe Island Bridge: Closed Threshold & Heritage Item

Connection with Rozelle Railyard Parklands 2023 : Future Asset & Accessibility

Exposed (Original) Sandstone Ridge with cuts due to industrial development : ’Industrial Scars’ Critical Natural & Historical Element

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05. Site Response B

Fundamental Assets & Opportunities-Intangible C

Clear Sunrise/set & View of Harbour Bridge Large Structure gives the sense of Grandiosity City view framed by mega structures

B

C

Opportunity for Extension for Pedestrian Access?

A

C

A C

One of the High grounds of the site, clear view of Sydney Harbour & Pyrmont The high ground ables us to observe the surrounding: Surveillance C But Closed bridge lacks accessibility between Pyrmont & Glebe Island

A C

C

C

A This Area shows diverse topographic change compared to other parts of Glebe Island & WhiteBay. Strong area with Diverse change of exposure and enclosure of Glebe Island.

Enclosed area between Sanstone Ridge & Silos give a sense of blind spot area.

But the area opens showing the WBPS, White Bay with clear view of Sunset.

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1. Patrick Franklyn’s Site Visit Video Screen Shots(2021), Uploaded on Moodle, (Accessed: 22 September 2021).

2. Scott Wall’s Site Visit Photo (2015) (Accessed: 12 October 2021).

05. Site Response

Constraints

Legend

4

50

203: Fill across site 204: Coal storage and processing areas

1

0 3/5

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20 20 3/

20

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504 /50 1

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501: Fill material used to alter Precinct 5’s topography, including the use of ballast and dredged material to reclaim land 502: Former known industrial site location

502/501

503: Current site structures and storage yard 504: Storage and maintenance of mechanical equipment 506: Former railway

Soil Contaminants Common Containments are Heavy metals TPH (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons) VOCs (Volatile Organic Compund) PAH (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons), Ground gases, Herbicides) PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyl)

Being an industrial land for throughout the history, the site has also gone through massive damage on the existing Hawkesbury Sandstone on site, which is visible between the crest and the silo.

Phytoremediation would be a suitable method to neutralize the contamination and bring it new vegetation communities to the site.

1. JBS&G (2015), UrbanGrowth NSW-Site Wide Remedial Concept Plan, The Bays Precinct Urban Transformation Area.

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05. Site Response

Constraints

Sea Level Rise +2m in YEAR 2100 (Highest expected Tide)

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Being in the waterfront area, consideration of sea level rising needs to be taken care of for the future.

The Highest expected tide would be up to +2m which will consume majority of the site.

Certain measures need to be considered such as carve the reclaimed land & waterfront to store more water.

1. Highest Tide 2100 +2m, Coastal Risk Australia (2021). Available at: https://coastalrisk.com.au/viewer (Accessed: 13 October 2021).

05. Design Development/Process

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05. Design Development/Process

KE

BI

LLE ROZE

RAIL

PA

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The First phase starts when the Bays Metro Station and Rozelle Railyard Parkland Links opens at 2030 & 2023.

Phytoremediation will commence on the site, along with extended path & cycle way towards the Glebe Island Bridge from the Metro station around the Silo & Sandstone canyon.

The main purpose of this phase is to re-link the Pyrmont and Glebe Island for accessibility of the site.

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BIKE PARKS

LIN D N A L

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PA YARD

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Draft Phase 1

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Majority of the site will still retain its current industrial use.

The North part of White Bay will be converted in to commercial & businesses complex to bring in new jobs to the area.

05. Design Development/Process

Draft Phase 2

B

ay ghw i h e of th strians ? t r a e le p bly for Ped s vehic i s s Po ou ed own utonom to a due

A

Corridor Public Space

A

The Second phase starts when Reduction of private owned vehicles & Conversion to Autonomous Vehicles reach 50% mark. With the reduced number of vehicles, the opportunity to ‘reclaiming’ the road for pedestrians & cyclists have rose.

At this Phase the industrial structures & Silos will become redundant along with its industrial use.

Parts of the Silos will be converted into commercial & cultural area accommodating cafes and restaurants.

Silos will be reinforced to be used as residential building in Phase 3.

If the Silo is not suitable for residential purpose, it will be converted mainly for commercial & cultural building.

Due to this, the North and East part of the road around the Silo to Glebe Island becomes completely owned for pedestrians & cyclists.

Top of the Sandstone ridge area may have public domain area with Sandstone Heath Woodland community.

B

Re-purposed as Residential & Indoor activity building.

This structure can be deconstructed if necessary, but the primary aim is to retain its original form as much as possible.

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05. Design Development/Process

Landform cut for better accesss to waterfront

Draft Phase 3

B

A

The Last phase starts when Reduction of private owned vehicles & Conversion to Autonomous Vehicles reach 100% mark.

The Roads around the Silo and near the Metro Station will be Completely owned by Pedestrians & Cyclists.

A

With the Silo being located between the waterfront & Sandstone ridge, the repurpose of the Silos will foster High-Density Urban development.

Remaining industry building i front of the Silo will be repurposed for commercial or education purposes. Such as history of Glebe Island and its industrial history.

The path from Glebe Island to the Metro station and waterfront areas in front of the Silos will have trails or panels showing the change of the area but also act as a story telling element.

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With the Silos being reinforced, additional stories will be added to adopt more residents.

B

With increased number of residents in the dense area, the waterfront will become the major public domain that will be open for the residents & communities.

05. Design Development/Process

CLARA-CLARA (1983)- Rhicard Serra The area between the crest & the Silo and exiting out of the corner creates a ‘going in’ & ‘going out’ view.

Similar to Clara Clara, the landform & road creates a framework the shows the White Bay Power House when the visitor exits the site.

Precedent Study

Brooklyn Bridge Park(2010~present) - Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates Brooklyn Bridge Park used to an industrial waterfront site which has now converted into an urban parkland.

From this project I looked in to its divided program space, which I on the other hand wanted to create a linear/continous journey public domain.

Through this sculpture, I wanted that unique area to become a public domain that makes the vistior to take the landscape as a viewer or a framework.

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05. Design Development/Process

Hybrid Question

WHAT IF? The Metro Station(or) new active transport opportunities become the ‘catalyst’ for improving the Bay’s pricinct within its greater context?

‘Suture & Mend’ seeks to take the new metro station at Bays as a Catalyst to improve its connections and develop public domain to draw more visitors in. This will be the second puzzle to join the previous public domain design to connect and open the Glebe Island.

Not only for the pedestrians and cyclists visiting the site in the future but also to prepare and develop the basis to bring in biodiversity to the site.

The timeline and each phases of its development will be determined by the percentage of road reduction and the conversion to autonomous vehicles.

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05. Design Development/Process

CPTED Public Space

Maintenance + Territoriality

Surveillance

Major Threshold/Gateway to and from Glebe Island But closed in current condition, lacking accessibility.

The Bridge is exposed to both sides with the view of Johnstons Bay & Blackwattle Bay. For safety near the edges of the bridge, the fencing will be added or use planting as fence.

Current Site lacks Maintanence due to being closed.

Accessibility + Site Activiation When the bridge reopens, the area will have constant flow of pedestrians & cyclists: Preventing Ownership of one group.

Territoriality: Threshold+Promenade To make the bridge from ‘space’ to ‘place’, add planting with lightings to make the area more welcoming to the visitors, with shelters and benches.

Clear division between pedestrian & cyclist are required.

1. Patrick Franklyn’s Site Visit Video Screen Shots(2021), Uploaded on Moodle, (Accessed: 22 September 2021).

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05. Design Development/Process Improved Lightings with warm lighting with diverse form will provide extra safety at night time.

The bridge & path will have separate lane for pedestrians & cyclists for safety.But its current rough asphalt/concrete surface will be retained to keep the grittiness of the site.

Self-organising plants/ Phytoremediation

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CPTED Public Space Street furnitures will use materials from the site to have ‘Adaptive Re-use’ aspect, which will have unified character of the site being the ‘Threshold’ of industrial site.

05. Design Development/Process

CPTED Public Space

Territoriality: The 2nd Threshold After the Glebe Island Bridge this one of the area that act as another ‘Threshold’ to reach the waterfront & the Metro station.But the site is enclosed, at night this area can be dangerous and could be occupied by a particular group.

To ‘Define’ the ‘interior’ of this space, using distinct visual material like the Silos & Carved sandstone, will create a unique & unified theme of this space.

Surveillance + Accessibility + Site Activiation The site is another threshold that goes around the sandstone canyon & Silos. Due its physical form of the site, it creates blind spots from the Glebe Island Bridge and waterfront .

How can this area embrace the ‘Sense of Withholding’ or ‘The anticipation of Not being able to see’?

Additional lighting & plantings with programs will prevent the site being owned by a particular group - ‘Eyes on the Street’ .

Expand the path for pedestrian & cyclists

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05. Design Development/Process Programs using the topographical change?

Use the Silos as a screen to project movies.

CPTED Public Space

Elements of History of Glebe Island along the walk.

Educatuion/Historic Trail?

Self-organising plants/ Phytoremediation planting ‘heal’ the industrial carvings or ‘Scars’ made on the sandstone ridge.

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Sculptural lighting installations along the way towards the Glebe Island Bridge with warm lighting with plantings between them will create a ‘room-like spaces’ for the community.

05. Design Development/Process

CPTED Public Space

Territoriality: Waterfront & Metro station This will be the major public domain of the site. The site currently has strong visual language, grittiness and unity of being an industrial site.

This area with public domain will bring in the ownership of space being a unique waterfront/industrial area and the metro station will provide constant flow of visitors to the site.

Surveillance + Accessibility + Site Activation Being moderately flat and an open area, the area will not have issues with ‘blind spots’ or ‘sharp corners’ but also be accessible to all-abilities. The metro station and the Rozelle Railyard Parklands will provide constant flow of various visitors to the site.

Although the area is open and our backs are not covered, the site will be consistently monitored by other pedestrians & visitors.

The waterfront could increase the accessibility to the edge of water & embracing the proximity by using steps and accommodate water programs such as kayaking. Also the site could accommodate programs that work with large group of individuals or communities such as BBQ, festivals.

How can this area accommodate public domain that uses its unique character of having industrial structures?

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05. Design Development/Process Parts of extended platform is removed, revealing the different ‘edge’ of the waterfront. Reveal the wooden structure/jetty(?).

CPTED Public Space

Repurposed Silos & Industrial structures.

Residential & Commercial (Mixed-Use) Not blocking the view of the City.

Steps to the water, embracing the proximity Take the advantage of waterfront

Waterfront programs: Kayaking & Surf boarding

Paths with bike lanes

Self-organising plants/ Phytoremediation planting Street furnitures will use materials from the site to have ‘Adaptive Re-use’ aspect, which will have unified character of the site being the ‘Industrial site/heritage/landmark’.

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Sculptural lighting installations near the waterfront, highlighting the edge but also creating warm mood. Top-down lightings will also be needed for safety at night.

05. Final Design

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05. Final Design

Timeline & Abiding Events 2 0 6 0

2 0 2 1

Phase 2: YIELDING

Phase 1: PREPERATION SOIL CONTAMINATION

50%

Phase 3: TAKE OVER 30%

SEA LEVEL RISE

Sea level Rise +2m

ROAD REDUCTION

0% REDUCTION OF ROADS

AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE

0% CONVERT TO SELF-DRIVING CARS

CANOPY COVER

Number of Visitors

42

2 100

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5 0 %

5 0 %

30%

by 2100

R EDUCTI O N

100% REDUCTION OF ROADS

CO N V ER SI O N

100% CONVERT TO SELF-DRIVING CARS

50%

80%

05. Final Design

Abiding Events

2 0 2 1

2 0 6 0

2 1 0 0

Repurposing of Silos

PHYTOREMEDIATION B AY S M E T R O S TAT I O N 2 0 3 0 Rozelle Railyard Parkland 2023 Glebe Island Bridge Remediation/Redevelopment

Phase 1: PREPERATION

New Residents/Population Adopt Sydney Heath Woodlands & Forest community

Community Development/Occupation Extended waterfront carved back Roads have been converted into public domain

New Marine industry on the Eastern part of the Island

Phase 2: YIELDING

Phase 3: TAKE OVER PROCESS LOG Z5083878 TEO, RYU

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05. Final Design

Phase 1

PHASE 1: PREPERATION

1:5000 44

P Proposed R O C E S S Connection LOG Z5083878 TEO, RYU

N

PHYTOREMEDIATION A

Glebe Island Bridge Remediation/Redevelopment LEGEND A

A

A A

A

Phytoremediation

B

New Platform Walk

C

Bike Lane

D

Shared Path

A A

A

A C

A

A D A

B

D

C

A C

C

The First phase is highly focused on ‘Phytoremediation’ Although the industry will still be working, majority of the site will have phytoremediation process including some part of the main Island.

Other objective is to open the Glebe Island Bridge to the citizens to access the metro from Pyrmont.

1:2000

N

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05. Final Design

Phase 1-Phytoremediation

Step 3: Stabilization

PHYTOREMEDIATION PHASES

Bring Biodiversity to the site

Phytoaccumulation

Step 2: Hybird

Phytovolatilization Phytodegradation Phytostabilization Rhizodegradation

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P RSoil O C Contaminants ESS LOG Z5083878 TEO, RYU

Introduce new species for the client habitat

Sandstone areas and other Contaminated area on ‘Phytoremediation’

SW

Ad

NE Hg Cr

Themeda triandra (Kangaroo Grass)

Dianella caerulea (Blue Flax Lily)

Pb

Poa labillardieri (Tussock grass)

Grevillea robusta (Southern Silky Oak)

Poa poiformis (Coastal Tussock Grass)

1 : 5470

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PHYTOREMEDIATION PLANT SPECIES

Dianella caerulea (Blue Flax Lily)

Poa labillardieri (Tussock grass)

Grevillea robusta (Southern Silky Oak)

Soil Contaminants

Poa poiformis (Coastal Tussock Grass)

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B I K E L A NE

48

S TR EE T

R AI S E D P L ATF O R M

SE

Acacia mearnsii (Black Wattle)

Themeda triandra (Kangaroo Grass)

ROAD

NW 1:200

The copyright in this information is owned by the Port Authority of New South Wales, and must not be reproduced without the written permission of the Port Authority of New South Wales.

PHYTOREMEDIATION PLANT SPECIES

Soil Contaminants

5

10

20

30

40m

1:250

R OA D

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S TR EE T

0

PY TOREMEDI ATION

BIKE

INDUSTRIAL

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05. Final Design

Phase 2

PHASE 2: YIELDING

1:5000 50

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Road Connection

N Reclaimed Road for Pedestrians

New Residents/Population

New Marine industry on the Eastern part of the Island G

LEGEND

D

B H G

B C

A

D I J E

F

C F E

C

D

E

A

Phytoremediation

B

NEW Parkland

C

Bike Lane

D

Shared Path

E

Sandstone Heath Woodland

F

Public Domain/ Sport Zone

G

Carved Waterfront

H

Public Concert Stage

I

Planting Box

J

Residential & Commercial

Adopt Sydney Heath Woodlands & Forest community

The Second phase now converts the North and East road of the Silo area and yielded to the pedestrians and cyclists.

The Silo became redundant and it will be renovated in to commercial and residential Use Half of the Glebe Island will be converted in to low rise residential buildings with a new marine industry on the eastern side of the island.

1:2000

N

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05. Final Design

CHRISTMAS BEETLE Genus: Anoplognathus Family: Scarabaeidae Size: 2cm ~3cm Identification: - Adult appears from early summer to Christmas period (November ~ January).

- Leaf-feeders. Usually consumes Eucalyptus leaves and larvae(grubs) feed on grass roots.

- They are found in groups and find mates in trees (Eucalyptus).

- Magpie, Currawong, Possum, Predatory wasps are its natural enemy

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Biodiversity (Client)

05. Final Design

Plant Palette

SANDSTONE HEATH WOODLANDS & FOREST (SYDNEY COASTAL HEATH) Angophora costata (Sydney Red Gum)

Angophora hispida (Dwarf apple)

Eucalyptus punctata (Grey Gum)

Allocasuarina distyla (Scrub she oak)

Banksia ericifolia (Heath banksia)

Eucalyptus haemastoma (Scribbly gum)

Lomandra longifolia (Spiny-headed Mat-rush)

Banksia integrifolia (Coast Banksia)

Casuarina glauca (Swamp Oak)

Hakea teretifolia (Dagger hakea)

Grevillea robusta (Southern Silky Oak)

Poa poiformis (Coastal Tussock Grass)

Helianthus annuus (Sun flower)

PHYTOREMEDIATION

SHADY AREA PLANTING

Acacia mearnsii (Black Wattle)

Themeda triandra (Kangaroo Grass)

Dianella caerulea (Blue Flax Lily)

Poa labillardieri (Tussock grass)

Acacia cognata (River wattle)

Asplenium australasicum (Birds Nest Fern)

Helmholtzia glaberrima (Stream Lily)

Callistemon forresterae ‘Genoa Glory’ (Forresters Bottlebrush)

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Angophora hispida (Dwarf apple)

Eucalyptus punctata (Grey Gum)

Angophora costata (Sydney Red Gum)

Eucalyptus haemastoma (Scribbly gum)

‘Hybird Planting’ With the soils reduced in toxins, planting Sydney heath woodland forest vegetation species will be planted.

Based on the soil condition and the plant root status, Christmas beetle larvae are brought in to test the new habitat.

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1:50

Angophora costata (Sydney Red Gum)

Angophora hispida (Dwarf apple)

Eucalyptus punctata (Grey Gum)

Hakea teretifolia (Dagger hakea)

‘Hybird Planting’ With the soils reduced in toxins, planting Sydney heath woodland forest vegetation species will be planted.

Based on the soil condition and the plant root status, Christmas beetle larvae are brought in to test the new habitat.

NW ROAD B I K E L AN E

GARDEN

B I K E L AN E

S TR E ET

R AI S E D P L ATF O R M

SE

Remaining clean soils from other phytoremediation are brought in for the garden.

P UB LI C DO M A I N S P O RT

1:200

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The copyright in this information is owned by the Port Authority of New South Wales, and must not be reproduced without

New Plantings are introduced

the written permission of the Port Authority of New South Wales.

Angophora hispida (Dwarf apple)

Waterfront Carved to handle sea level rise

Banksia ericifolia (Heath banksia)

Banksia integrifolia (Coast Banksia)

Casuarina glauca (Swamp Oak)

Public Concert Stage in the Parkland

Soil Contaminants

S

5

10

20

30

40m

1:250

SP O RT

0

STR EET

PARKL AND

BIKE

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STR EET

S TR E ET

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PARKL AND

05. Final Design

Phase 3

PHASE 3: TAKE OVER

1:5000 Circulation of the Site

N

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Extended waterfront carved back Roads have been converted into public domain

D

Repurposing of Silos G

LEGEND

D

B H B

D

C B

G

A

D I

B

J E

F D

C

F E

I

D

C

D

E

A

Commercial/Education Center

B

NEW Parkland

C

Bike Lane

D

Shared Path

E

Sandstone Heath Woodland

F

Public Domain/ Sport Zone

G

Carved Waterfront

H

Public Concert Stage

I

Planting Box / Garden

J

Residential & Commercial

C

In the Third Phase, the roads in the Bays have been converted in to public domain. with the autonomous vehicles, these can transport passengers safely to their destination without a dedicated road, but through shared streets.

Sydney Heath Woodland & Forest community will spread more, by using the surplus cleaned soil from other parts of the phytoremediation garden.

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1:2000

N

After the phase 1 & phase 2 the area is flourishing with Sydney Heath Woodland & Forest community.

Christmas beetle numbers are rising, but also the numbers are controlled naturally through magpie, currawongs and possums.

1:50

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Acacia cognata (River wattle)

Asplenium australasicum (Birds Nest Fern)

Helmholtzia glaberrima (Stream Lily)

Callistemon forresterae ‘Genoa Glory’ (Forresters Bottlebrush)

This Valley between the sandstone crest & Silo have became one of major public domain to reach the metro station.

The Roads have all converted into Shared Streets and the garden area have increased incorporating Richard Serra’s sculpture concept.

Dianella caerulea (Blue Flax Lily)

P UB LI C DO M A I N S P O RT

SHARED STREET

GARDEN

SHARED STREET

GARDEN

B I K E L A NE

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S T RE ET

60

R A I S ED PL ATFO R M

SE

NW

1:200

Community Events & Barbecue Community Concerts

N

S

The major change of this area will be the carved waterfront.

Since the sea level starts reaching +2m, the reclaimed land have been carved off to store more water.

The copyright in this information is owned by the Port Authority of New South Wales, and must not be reproduced without the written permission of the Port Authority of New South Wales.

10

20

30

40m

PARKL AND

1:250

SHARED STREET

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S P O RT

5

S TR EE T

S TR EE T

0

PARKL AND

05. Final Design

Model

These quick models are made to test the feeling of the site and the unique topography it has in my chosen site.

This model was used as a background for photomontage which will be shown later.

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05. Final Design

Model These quick models are made to demonstrate the lighting furniture which will be installed between the crest and the exit from the silo zone.

These installations act as seats, planting box, lighting and as advertisement. The warm light that are installed between the crest will provide surveillance and .intrigue to those who visit the site.

Demonstration of this model will be shown later in the photomontages.

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05. Final Design

Cobblestone

Rusted Rail track

Materials

Decomposed Granite

The following materials are recycled materials from the site.

Keeping its site specificity as a industrial site.

Cobblestone paths are made out of crushed concrete from the site and from the Rozelle Railway Parkland construction site.

Gabion Walls will be located in areas where additional soil from the Phytoremediation garden needs additional support to hold the soil.

Crushed Concrete

64

Gabion Wall

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Turf

05. Final Design

Visualization

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05. Final Design

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Visualization

05. Final Design

Visualization

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05. Final Design

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Visualization

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Common Tussock Grass - Native Plant Project (2021). Available at: https://nativeplantproject.com.au/product/common-tussock-grass-poa-labillardieri/ (Accessed: 15 November 2021).

Helianthus annuus (Sunflower) (2014). Available at: https://worldoffloweringplants.com/helianthus-annuus-sunflower/ (Accessed: 15 November 2021).

Helianthus annuus | Search Results | Gardening With Angus (2021). Available at: https://www.gardeningwithangus.com.au/index.php?s=Helianthus+annuus&search-by-term=Submit (Accessed: 15 November 2021).

Ltd., G. (2021) Casuarina glauca - tube stock | GardensOnline , Gardensonline.com.au. Available at: https://www.gardensonline.com.au/shopping/ gardenshop/show_4747.aspx (Accessed: 15 November 2021).

Grevillea robusta – Silky Oak | Gardening With Angus (2015). Available at: https://www.gardeningwithangus.com.au/grevillea-robusta-silky-oak/ (Accessed: 15 November 2021).

KANGAROO GRASS, Themeda australis - A native grass ideal for native garden designs, Australian online nursery - The Plant Hub (2021). Available at: https://theplanthub.com.au/native-grasses/kangaroo-grass.php (Accessed: 15 November 2021).

Range, P. and plants, G. (2021) Dianella caerulea – Blue Flax-lily – strappy leaf plant – Bluedale, Bluedale.com.au. Available at: https://bluedale.com. au/portfolio-item/dianella-caerulea-blue-flax-lily-strappy-leaf-plant/ (Accessed: 15 November 2021).

Factsheet - Acacia mearnsii (Black Wattle) (2021). Available at: https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/weeds/key/weeds/Media/Html/Acacia_mearnsii_(Black_Wattle).htm (Accessed: 15 November 2021).

PlantFiles Pictures: Angophora Species, Dwarf Apple, Scrub Apple (Angophora hispida) by Kell (2018). Available at: https://davesgarden.com/ guides/pf/showimage/440784/ (Accessed: 15 November 2021).

Guide, G. (2021) Scrub She-oak (species: Allocasuarina distyla) in Royal NP (Gaia Guide), Gaiaguide.info. Available at: http://www.gaiaguide.info/ Group.html?hierarchyId=PURR9ifN&groupId=BePGh0pq (Accessed: 15 November 2021).

Banksia ericifolia – Heath Banksia | Gardening With Angus (2015). Available at: https://www.gardeningwithangus.com.au/banksia-ericifolia-heath-banksia/ (Accessed: 15 November 2021).

Ltd., G. (2021) Eucalyptus haemastoma | GardensOnline , Gardensonline.com.au. Available at: https://www.gardensonline.com.au/gardenshed/ plantfinder/show_1412.aspx (Accessed: 15 November 2021).

TUBESTOCK, L. (2021) Lomandra longifolia ‘Mat Rush’ TUBESTOCK, The Native Shop. Available at: https://www.nativeshop.com.au/products/lomandra-longifolia-mat-rush (Accessed: 15 November 2021).

Acacia cognata ‘Bower Beauty’ River Wattle | Gardening With Angus (2015). Available at: https://www.gardeningwithangus.com.au/acacia-cognata-bower-beauty-river-wattle/ (Accessed: 15 November 2021).

Asplenium australasicum – Birds Nest Fern | Gardening With Angus (2015). Available at: https://www.gardeningwithangus.com.au/asplenium-australasicum-birds-nest-fern/ (Accessed: 15 November 2021).

Helmholtzia glaberrima – Stream Lily | Gardening With Angus (2016). Available at: https://www.gardeningwithangus.com.au/helmhotzia-glaberrima-stream-lily/ (Accessed: 15 November 2021).

Finder, P. et al. (2021) Callistemon forresterae Genoa Glory, Plantmark. Available at: https://www.plantmark.com.au/callistemon-forresterae-genoa-glory (Accessed: 15 November 2021).

BLACK FRIDAY EXCLUSIVE OFFER! The Last Day, Lifetime Premium Up To 86% OFF! (2021). Available at: <a href=’https://pngtree.com/so/Gradient’>Gradient png from pngtree.com/</a>(Accessed: 28 November 2021).

Australia, A. (2021) Species: Anoplognathus viriditarsis, Bie.ala.org.au. Available at: https://bie.ala.org.au/species/urn:lsid:biodiversity.org.au:afd.taxon:08bb217a-3b85-4746-89e3-be9558b2dfa4#gallery (Accessed: 12 November 2021).

Australia, A. (2021) Species: Anoplognathus chloropyrus, Bie.ala.org.au. Available at: https://bie.ala.org.au/species/urn:lsid:biodiversity.org.au:afd.taxon:2777717b-1071-4d06-bc88612588e07c10#gallery (Accessed: 12 November 2021).

Australia, A. (2021) Species: Anoplognathus boisduvalii, Bie.ala.org.au. Available at: https://bie.ala.org.au/species/urn:lsid:biodiversity.org.au:afd.taxon:d735c4de-4207-481b-ba48-b00f997c4d4e#overview (Accessed: 12 November 2021).

Australia, A. (2021) Species: Anoplognathus boisduvalii, Bie.ala.org.au. Available at: https://bie.ala.org.au/species/urn:lsid:biodiversity.org.au:afd.taxon:d735c4de-4207-481b-ba48-b00f997c4d4e#overview (Accessed: 12 November 2021).

Where have all the Christmas beetles gone? (2021). Available at: https://australian.museum/learn/animals/insects/christmas-beetles/ (Accessed: 12 November 2021).

Christmas Beetles - Minibeast Wildlife (2021). Available at: https://www.minibeastwildlife.com.au/resources/christmas-beetles/ (Accessed: 12 November 2021).

Christmas beetles are slowly disappearing, and we’re not sure why (2018). Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-12-27/where-have-all-the-christmas-beetlesgone/10669820 (Accessed: 12 November 2021).

Christmas beetles are disappearing, but there could be a glimmer of hope (2021). Available at: https://www.9news.com.au/national/christmas-beetles-australia-have-been-disappearing-but-glimmer-of-hope-expert/6f03547a-bd77-4763-9426-863cb545d26d (Accessed: 12 November 2021).

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