Sustainable Urbanism

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NEW TOWNS IN INDIA R E G E N E R AT I O N I N T R I P O L I THE GULF COAST & HAITI

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NEW TOWNS IN INDIA LUDHIANA, PUNJAB JA M N AGA R , G U JA R AT

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CONTEXT R A P I D T R A N S F O R M AT I O N

RURAL - URBAN

LUDIHANA

N O STAT E W I D E O R R E G I O N A L G ROW T H ST R AT E G Y INFRASTRUCTURE LIMITS JA M N AG A R

D I S C O N N E C T E D U R BA N I SAT I O N GROWING MIDDLE CLASS DESIRE FOR WESTERN MODELS

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LUDHIANA

legend Urbanisable Boundary 2021

Phillaur

Municipal Corporation Boundary/ Municipal Council/ Nagar Panchayat Boundary Inhabited Areas IREO Site Location Satluj River Satluj River

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RAPID REGIONAL GROWTH S

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Location Plan

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IREO Township, Ludhiana | Punjab, India

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Existing High Tension Site Boundary as identified by IREO : yields 750 acres Alignment Proposed Re- Alignment

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Existing Site Conditions

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IREO Township, Ludhiana | Punjab, India

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High Tension Line Re-allignment Study

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IREO Township, Ludhiana | Punjab, India

site context

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Land Use

Open Space Commercial Institutional Low Density Residential Group Housing EWS Roads, Parking, Utilities

16 5 9 36 9 5 20

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Total Area (acres 117 35 71 268 69 40 150

Land Use

Open Space Commercial Institutional Low Density Residential Group Housing EWS Roads, Parking, Utilities

Note: Great Park uses 139 acres

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18 6 9 34 9 5 19

Total Area (acres 132 43 71 256 64 40 144 Terrace to Canal

School Neighborhood Parks

Neighborhood Retail

Neighborhood Retail

Neighborhood Retail

Temple Park & Fields

Pilot Village Neighborhood Parks

Golf Course Clubhouse School

Parkway Hotel Great Park Hotel Town Center Shopping

Recreation Fields

Bazaar

Neighborhood Parks School

Regional Retail and Office

School

Restaurants and Destination Shopping

Park & Fields

Regional Retail and Office

School

Model Village

Agricultural Fields

Clubhouse

Neighborhood Parks

Orchard

School

Workforce Housing

Neighborhood Retail

Market Square Neighborhood Retail

Workforce Housing

Farmer’s Market

Nursery

South Gate

Nursery

Agricultural Fields

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Scheme 1: The Great Park

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IREO Township, Ludhiana | Punjab, India

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Scheme 2: The Constellation

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IREO Township, Ludhiana | Punjab, India

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Canal Quarter

The Village Center creates a lively destination for retail.

Courts and paseos terrace up to the canal and retail plaza.

The canal extends through the quarter and increases waterfront property.

The linear park will have a diverse range of native plants as a landscape amenity

Garden Quarter

Gateway Quarter

The lakeside park presents activity and recreation

Small neighborhood parks can be used for sports and community gathering

Town Center

Sports and recreation fields are embedded in the Constellation Park system

Commercial and office space lines the entry.

Market Quarter

Neighborhood centers include plazas for gathering

A neighborhood market creates a strong identity for this Quarter

Buildings frame shaded, landscaped courtyards

Great Park

Courts and paseos terrace up to the canal and retail plaza.

The Great Park Scheme creates a regional brand with a focus on the major open space that creates an unparalleled amenity and identity for the new town. While organic in form, the park legacy builds on the success of great urban parks like Leisure Park in Chandigarh and Lodi Gardens in Delhi.The concept illustrates a concentration of recreational and institutional activities within the great park including: golf, the club house, the higher secondary school, informal market/bazaar, lakes, trails, amphitheater, botanical gardens. The Great Park becomes a highly desirable address for all neighborhoods, most of which are within a 5 minute walk.

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The Constellation This concept is based on creating incremental quarters that stand alone and together create a wonderfully diverse and varied series of residential neighborhoods. Each quarter would be anchored by a local amenity that determines it’s architectural and landscape character such as the Market Quarter, the Canal Quarter and the Garden Quarter. Based on great models such as Garden Estates in Gurgauon and Jor Bagh in Delhi these neighborhoods have a series of smaller amenities that create value, a sense of neighborhood and identity.

A S S O C I A T E S Scheme 1: The Great Park

IREO Township, Ludhiana | Punjab, India

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Scheme 2: The Constellation

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SITE PLAN 500 acres 6000 units res 3m commercial 3 schools 50K civic

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CENTRAL RESERVOIR DISTRICT

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1–2 Floors

40 m

m 2 Bazaar Environment with6Small Community Oriented Shops /Offices

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2–3 Floors

Small retail stores 3–5 Floors

40 m

Maximum 85% building coverage Max 85%

North-south blocks to have colonnades and galleries fronting the courtyard (exemplar: Galleria, Gurgaon)

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5–7 Floors

Medium commercial use on lower two floors with offices above.

75%

34 m

building Max 75% coverage

15 m

4 Main Street Retail Building 6m

Large commercial use on lower two or three floors with large floor plate offices above

6m

5 Gateway Building

This acts as a bookend along the 6m 74 m east-west approach corridor. Massing steps down towards the lake with a 25,000 sq. ft. office floor plate above and two-level, large retail space at 12 m podium level Access Road

25 m

6m

50.5 m

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12.5 m

Ground floor shop to have a mezzanine floor and medium to large sized offices

7–9 Floors

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6 Corner Plaza 5

Diagram of Setbacks

Maximum 85% building

Underground Parking

coverage

The gateway buildings stepA back the from the property line is 6 meteratsetback required along all street frontages. A 12 meter corner to create a public plaza which the southern edge of the site provides provides a visible gatheringsetback spaceatand for an access road to underground parking and connection to the Lakefront Plaza service docks. across the boulevard.

Diagram of Circulation Patterns

Diagram of Open Space

Diagram of Parking

A maximum distance of 60 meters is suggested between pedestrian connections into the interior of the block. Around corners, 75 meters is allowed. Connections may be open air or covered, internal passageways.

Within each commercial lot, specific areas are required to be maintained as open spaces.

Maximum building coverage limits ensure additional areas of open space within each building zone.

Underground parking is accessed by recessed ramps from the streets and the access lane.

Parallel parking is allowed along most street frontages.

Required Open Air Connections Suggested Secondary Connections

Conceptual Plan Example

Heights Diagram

Underground Parking

Maximum

25 m

60 m

3 Formal Internal Court

Medium retail /restaurant with offices above

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Internal court /street-like space is shaded with large awnings and offers flexible space for community oriented shopping such as weekly markets 6m

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Small kiosks /retail that allow for flexible space and programing

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1 Boutique Urban Mall

Small Urban Mall with 4-to-6-screen multiplex and upper floor offices, to be animated on all sides with shops

High Street Crossing

High Street Crossing

commercial and industrial centres

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Buildings line streets and parks to form urban “rooms” water is celebrated and treated as scared and ceremonial; materials for the support structures, the commercial and residential fabric are predominately of the region, as are the plants and trees that line the streets and populate the forests.

Each of these places remains a potent idea about living in cities, the quality of each civic space, neighborhood, monument and park can be read in the plan of the city.

Ask any resident of Chandigarh and they can give you a history lesson about the structure of the city, it’s idea of sectors, monuments and civic space as well as layers of park spaces that create neighborhood form.

NEIGHBORHOOD CHARACTER

This pattern and heritage mixed with emerging urban thinking, was firmly in the mind of the planning team for the waterfront. Our work began with understanding these precedents and inherited regional character. The ecological systems, agricultural patterns, cultural influences and the economic forces shaping the region and the country - all played an important role in influencing the thinking about how people will live, work, learn and play in this new township.

At it’s core, the waterfront re-establishes a shared realm of community space that is designed to foster connection at a neighborhood scale. Streets are seen as important to pedestrians as well as cars and motorbikes. In this sense

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contextual de sign pr incip le s established through studies of the region shaped the evolution of the master plan and will be integrated throughout the architecture, landscape, and infrastructure of the Ludhiana township.

Regional Landscape Character

The landscape approach unites natural landscape with more modern design forms through the arrangements of native and adaptive plants which thrive

Character and Placemaking t h e t e r rac e s c om m e r c i a l c e n t re is situated along the spine road and serves the neighborhoods east of the lake. This neighborhood commercial plaza is similar to the Sidwan Commercial Centre in its services and character. It differs, however, in that it is composed of much smaller retail and office buildings which give it a bazaar or crafts market-like atmosphere.

in this climate while enhancing the character of the region. The Ludhiana

Villa designs with simple yet classy lines (above and below left) reflect international trends merged with local traditions.

Green design principles help to preserve and enhance the environment. Water and landscape features provide cooling and shade. Terraces and balconies connect to the outdoors, while avoiding the heat of midday.

The commercial centre addresses the spine road but is designed to create

region holds examples of many design forms from the natural realm to the

intimate spaces that foster activity and gathering opportunities within the

urban which have been re-envisioned as a part of the Township plan. By fol-

retail uses. This experience is also linked to the neighborhood park beyond

lowing age-old practices such as solar orientation, natural and man made

creating a strong connection for residents. The site is accessed by vehicle from

shading devices and careful water control and collection, this Township builds

the neighborhood streets or by pedestrian on the array of sidewalks leading to

on the proven sustainable principles of region.

it. Parking occurs below in an underground parking garage.

The terraces within the retail are hardscaped and offer plentiful seating

Regional Architectural Precedents

for pedestrians, with selective planting providing shade.

The architectural palette of the Township emerges from regional examples of the Post Modern and International styles. These styles are both laden with unique materials of the region which give specific color, texture and variety to the facades. Buildings here are also sensitive to the dry and sometimes hot climate while also smartly conserving the rains of the wet season.

Green Design

The Township is fully anchored in Indian tradition through the creation of active community spaces and outdoor plazas (above right and below).

Situated amid agricultural fields and between two canals, the township

Caption

respects the surrounding land and limits its environmental impact. Care has been taken to ensure that natural systems manifest at three levels- the township lake, neighborhood parks and plots- provide a sustainable open space network. Landscapes focus on regional palettes which require less water than exotic palettes. Buildings incorporate green technologies and state-of-the-art appliances with the ‘smart’ design principles of the region's traditional patterns.

Left to Right: Illustrative detail of Terraces

Commercial Centre; Market stalls frame streets and plazas; Terraced spaces provide diverse addresses and pedestrian experiences; Outdoor seating and landscape fill a series of courtyards

Contextual Design

The Terraces a

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Green Roofs »

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Green roofs are used to filter

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hardscape that allows water to

that collect and slowly convey

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infiltrate. Porous pavement

surface runoff, thereby allowing

recommended for use in high

can be used on a pedestrian or

it to percolate into the soil where

density residential areas where

vehicular scale.

it is stored and filtered.

outdoor space is at a premium.

»

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Bioswales are planted areas

Rain gardens employ the

Bioswale

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Green roofs are

Benefits include:

same concept: to collect and filter

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rain water. Rain gardens allow

cooling costs and increased

for on-site percolation. »

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to collect roof and patio runoff.

pervious concrete and asphalt,

reduction of heating/

Permeable pavers allow

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both streetscape landscaping and

gaps between individual pavers.

urban stormwater management

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Permeable pavers can be Permeable paver diagram

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from hard surfaces such as roofs and pavement. »

Provide for a higher rate of Urban tree lawns are

Pervious landscape design and tree lawn

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Ground level ciste

Cisterns are recommended

for use on a residential scale,

and parks to account for the high

as well as for irrigation of turf

percentage of hardscape in such

reduction of flood

stored water can be treated for indoor use.

streets and within urban plazas

and in parking lots.

Cisterns are most com-

monly used for irrigation, but the

recommended along residential

particularly useful on roadways

Cisterns collect and store

stormwater for reuse. Water

stormwater infiltration.

scale.

Cisterns »

Urban tree lawns provide

stormwater to infiltrate through

used on a pedestrian or vehicular Porous pavement diagram

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activity areas to replenish water

areas.

features.

reduction of heat

island effect

Curb cuts allow for use

and around parking lots.

Any paved area may utilize

Urban Tree Lawns

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risks

scales including residential yards

along roadways as well as within

»

however these technologies are

energy efficiency

Bioswales and rain gardens

are applicable on a variety of

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Green roof

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Porous pavement is a

stormwater for later use.

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Permeable Pavers

Porous Pavement

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reduction of storm

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Terraced rooftop garden

Grasspave

Permeable paving showing pervious joints

Tree lawn with aggregate

Roof top cistern

Sub-surface storage chamber diagram

Tree lawn along roadway

Cistern use for irr

Sub-Surface Chambers

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creation of attractive

green spaces for residents

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Sub-surface chambers

provide storage for large volumes of stormwater collected from roofs, parking lots or other hard surfaces and used for irrigation.

Curb cut into a bioswale

Sweeping wildflower green roof

Porous asphalt

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The stored water can then

be used for irrigation.

Sustainable Strategies

Sustainable Strategies

landscape patterns

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INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN is the goal of these strategies for creating an environmentally sustainable community at Ludhiana. The design and management of water is a critical component in supporting the needs of this community and the region.

Water management techniques are focused on groundwater recharge, reduced irrigation, regulated water movement, creating wildlife habitat and potable water use. The following pages describe strategies and offer recommended uses for where they would occur.

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Landscape Strategies

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landscape patterns

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Plot E Villas

Villa Possibility Elevations architectural patterns

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the essar township in Vadinar, Gujarat, India is located approxi-

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Introduction

mately 38 kilometers from the town of Jamnagar. The current landscape around the site is one of a high level of disturbance. To the north is the existing ESSAR

L ANDSCAPE PRINCIPLES

Oil Refinery, to the east is the Reliance Oil Refinery, and to the south and west

» Utilize the historical storm water technologies like a kund in ways that they become icons and usable spaces within the landscape. » Create circulation corridors that safely and efficiently integrate the relationship between the pedestrian and vehicle. » Design a strong major open space network that integrates pedestrian and bicycle movement with recreational and functional uses. » Design a hierarchy of open spaces that begins at the block level, connects into a pedestrian vehicular circulation corridors, and ends within larger park and open spaces. » Utilize the over story plant material in a way that provides identity and location markers within the community. » Design a level of transition from the natural / wild landscape to the manicured landscape creating a variety of experiences within the community. » Provide places of landscape production areas that educate the community about the region and provides food production within the community » Creates microclimates that incorporate a high level of comfort within the community.

are agriculture fields and created waste lands. Historically, this region has been over farmed and over grazed creating a damaged landscape.

The location of the site provides both an opportunity and a challenge when designing the landscape for the proposed township. The opportunity is that the residents of the township will be near their place of work and will not have a long commute to work. The challenge is how this site can be designed to create a retreat and a personal sanctuary that enhances the quality of life of the residents.

The site is located in a region and of exceptional culture and history. The site’s adjacency to a highway connecting major worship sites, the historic town of Jamnagar, the sole marine preserve in India, and to a world-renowned bird sanctuary brings a level of history to the front door of the property. It is critical that the landscape uses this history and culture to its advantage and include historic elements like kunds within the design.

The challenge with the region is that historically the native landscape was not highly regarded by its residents. It is important that the design team understands this perception and utilizes the natural to their advantage by teaching the residents about the benefits of their environment. These benefits can be embraced by having a minimal impact on the surrounding landscape and limiting the use of invasive plant materials, this reduces the dependence upon an irrigated landscape and thus helping to remediate the damage done to the landscape from over farming of the land. This also provides the community with an instant plant palette to work from since the material is already adapted to the environmental conditions of the region.

It is through the integration of the historical landscape practices and elements like kunds with modern theory, technology, and practices that will create a strong identity of place for the township that is well grounded in a the social

Open Space Diagram

connection to the historical and regional landscape. By creating this balance

N AT U R A L O P E N S PA C E

between the historical landscape and the modern landscape the township will

NURSERY

attract the potential high quality engineers and staff to the ESSAR Oil Refinery

O P E N S PA C E C O N N E C T I O N

and provide a personal respite to these same individuals.

B I K E C I R C U L AT I O N

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due to the density needs and the site’s size constraints the inter-

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Aggregate Landscape Standard Block Plan

Social Garden

vention of large social open spaces on the master plan is not possible. The concept for the block plan in the ESSAR Township is designed to serve as a system of the landscape larger framework armature that acts as a suturing element tying the larger community together with social landscapes. The concepts of these spaces are derived from understanding the common aspects of interaction with public spaces in the Indian culture. These spaces in India commonly address traditional and emergent social needs with typical programmatic themes: » The Maidan – Flexible open space » The Formal Garden – Refined plantings and calm experience » The Plaza – Social urban space » The Walking Garden – Linear or meandering paths/allee When distilled to their nucleus it is determined these parks are derived from single elemental programmatic themes: » Play – Flexible open space that responds to the needs provided by the Maidan » Contemplate – Calm aesthetically formalized garden space » Socialize – Urban setting accommodating retail and social events » Walk – defined strolling paths that also serve as additional layer of circulation From these four programmatic themes four aggregate landscapes are formed: » Play Garden » Contemplative Garden » Strolling Garden » Social Garden

Aggregate Landscape Key STROLL

Typical Pedestrian Connection Between Courtyard Spaces Parallel Parking 49 Spaces Per Block

P L AY C O N T E M P L AT I V E

First Story Covered Parking

SOCIAL

Contemplative Garden

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Play Garden

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Places within the Township continued

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Neighborhood Greens In addition to the township’s streets and formal, programmed open spaces, neighborhood greens will provide a smaller-scale of public open space for residents. Neighborhood greens occur as engaged parks in places where blocks take on irregular forms, or where buildings have the opportunity for larger-than-typical setbacks.

These smaller parks contribute a rich layer of public interaction

Neighborhood Green

to the social network of the township. Each neighborhood will have greens and parks with slightly different form and character from other neighborhoods’ parks. Residents can take pride and ownership in these spaces. These greens are seen as ideal places for informal active play such as pick-up cricket or football games. They may also be converted into community gardens, small orchards, or other pro-

Detail plan of a neighborhood green

ductive uses.

ESSENTIAL C H A R AC T E R I S T I C S » In places buildings will be set back to create engaged parks. » Places for small-scale active play » Provide relief and green moments within the urban neighborhood. » Intended for use by residents

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Neighborhood Streets in Mumbai

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30 OCT 2008

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Restoration of ESSAR Township Property continued

Proposed Lake Edge Condition

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Images of Proposed Lake Edge Condition

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Places within the Township continued

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Central Plaza and Spine The central plaza will be one of the primary gathering spaces within the township. Both residential and mixed-use signature buildings contain the space. Small triangular plazas on the outer perimeter create spaces for small retail functions to spill outside. Cafes and restaurants can use this space for outdoor seating.

The center oval integrates a large kund that functions as a key element in the public space as well as an important functioning element in the sustainable water system. Shade kiosks located around the kund offer ideal locations for smaller market retail and food vendors to locate in the plaza.

The central spine experience focuses on pedestrian and water movement through the township. A series of canals, smaller kunds, and stepped channels creates a rich experience for the residents as they move from the entry sequence, through the central plaza, to terminus park and lake district.

Detail Plan of the Central Plaza

ESSENTIAL C H A R AC T E R I S T I C S » Central gathering space within the township. » Large kund integrated into the sustainable water system will provide an amenity for the community » Mixed-use buildings create small plazas for spill over space for cafes and neighborhood functions. » Small kiosks and market retail may operate within the octagon.

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Central Plaza The landscape design concept for the central plaza will capitalize from its location at the main spine or Central Boulevard. The role of this space is both social 9

and environmental. Socially the structure and spatial organization responds to the needs of all age groups. Ergonomically the Central Plaza will respond to the

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size and needs of the community. It will provide for diverse activities and diver-

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sion choices. Spaces for activities such as play, contemplation, informal and formal gathering and civic events will be provided. Environmentally the design of the space will accommodate for storm water harvesting with the idea of recharg-

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ing the underground aquifer and channeling water to activate features designed to stimulate the senses and teach about stewardship of this limited resource. The level of comfort will be brought about by the plant palette which will add color,

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and character throughout the seasons, provide shade, shelter and food for bird life and mitigate the adverse effects of heat island. The Central Plaza will serve as a magnet to celebrate community life in comfort. Its form and function will adopt architectural and landscape precedents found throughout India such as

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the kund, garden pavilions for contemplation, repose and gathering and planting compositions and arrangements to promote bio-diversity. The Central Plaza will

Central Plaza Key

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become an urban icon and respond to its immediate periphery as a complement to image and as an investment to secure and build real estate equity.

Key Plan

1

KUND

2

PAV I L I O N

3

TERR ACED L AW NS

4

C O N T E M P L AT I V E G A R D E N S

5

I M P U L S E R E TA I L

6

PA R K G AT E W AY S

7

RING PROMENADE

8

L ARGE TREES / INFORMAL PL ANTING

9

W AT E R F E AT U R E S

10

PA L M C O U R T

11

B I O R E M E D I AT I O N I S L A N D S

12

CORNER GARDENS

13

CANAL

12

12

10 11 13

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l andscape design neighborhood parks, greens, and pl a zas

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Neighborhood Streets Covered Parking Covered Parking

The majority of the residences in the township address on neighborhood streets. The streets are designed as three dimensional spaces in

Mid- Block Green

which pedestrians, cycles, and vehicles can all comfortably co-exist.

Access Lane

The proportion of width between buildings and the height of those buildings creates the space. Trees and on-street parking add shade,

© 2008 u r b a n d e s i g n a s s o c i a t e s

30 OCT 2008

Places within the Township continued

buffer, and an additional sense of enclosure The typical street has a 19 meter right-of-way, accommodating two travel lanes, two on-street parking bays, planting strips, and sidewalks. A second street type occurs along important network links and includes a designated bike lane.

The treatment of the semi-private zone will further help to define the public space of the street. Building blocks are raised onto plinths

Detail plan of neighborhood street

at least a third of a meter above the sidewalk. Site walls with varying architecture and private gardens add individuality and softness to the street space.

ESSENTIAL C H A R AC T E R I S T I C S » Comfortable Space » Appropriate capacity for vehicles, bicycles, and pedestrians » On-street parking, street trees, and planting provide a safe buffer. » Site walls define the public / semi public space / encourage small gardens / plantings. » Two sections: 19 meter typical section and 23 meter section with an additional bike lane

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U R B A N

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Neighborhood Streets in Mumbai

urban design pl aces within the township

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30 OCT 2008

Places within the Township continued

© 2008 u r b a n d e s i g n a s s o c i a t e s

Entry Plaza The frontispiece along SH 6 will be the ESSAR Township plaza.

As the hub for retail and social activity, it will capitalize fully on its prominent location and high volume of entering and exiting residential traffic. A movie theater, retail, and medical center will be the focus of the plaza.

The plaza is a critical element to the Township as it acts as its front door, its marketing, and its message about the ESSAR brand.

Coupling it with a drastically improved SH 6 will be essential to communicating the ESSAR image in the proper way. Centralized around a large kund, the entry plaza will serve as the primary gathering space and activity center.

ESSENTIAL C H A R AC T E R I S T I C S

Entry Plaza Plan detail

» Front door to Township » Upgraded pavers and landscape » Arcades and storefronts surrounding a clearly public space » Clear entry sequence to the Township » Landscaped SH 6 along Township frontage

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urban design pl aces within the township

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30 OCT 2008

Street Design continued

© 2008 u r b a n d e s i g n a s s o c i a t e s

Loop Road The loop road serves as the major circulation route around the community and is the largest street within the street hierarchy. This street consists of four travel lanes and highly emphasizes the vehicular circulation, yet remains pedestrian friendly with a variety of pedestrian paths adjacent to it. The Loop Road connects to the underpass to the refinery on the east side of the property and serves as a service entrance on the west. It accommodates for the traffic flow from the refinery during peak times and will still serve as a collector road if the community expands.

Loop Road Section A at Nala

ESSENTIAL C H A R AC T E R I S T I C S » Four travel lanes B

» Pedestrian paths on either side

B

» Incorporates bicycle traffic » Parking only adjacent to residential units Key Plan

» Porous paving at parking and all paths. » One iconic tree used on either side.

A

A

Loop Road Section B

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Detail Plan

l andscape design street design

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A S S O C I A T E S

N A E D

U R B A N

D E S I G N

A S S O C I A T E S

N A E D

DRAFT

30 OCT 2008

Storm water Management Plan continued

© 2008 u r b a n d e s i g n a s s o c i a t e s

Rain Gardens Shallow vegetated depressions within courtyards of the city blocks that capture and infiltrate water and provide dry detention.

ESSENTIAL C H A R AC T E R I S T I C S » Capture and infiltrate rainwater close to the source of runoff » Integrated throughout the development in courtyard areas » Very attractive landscape features » Can vary in area » Should not pond water to depth greater than 0.5 m » Must ensure that water does not pond long enough to allow mosquito production

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sustainable systems design storm water management pl an

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30 OCT 2008

Storm water Management Plan continued

© 2008 u r b a n d e s i g n a s s o c i a t e s

Wet Detention Pools Permanent pools of water designed to detain storm events with increased water levels during and after storms.

ESSENTIAL C H A R AC T E R I S T I C S » Show stormwater runoff by providing temporary water storage » Reduce runoff rates to predevelopment conditions for more frequent storm events to assure to increased erosion » Incorporated into amenity pools and kunds within the development » Less than 2 m increase in water level resulting from biggest storm for kunds; less than 1.4 m increase for large pond » Total surface area = 39,000 m2 (9.7 acres) » Provide continuous flow through pools to minimize risk of mosquito production » Outlet control structures match architecture of pool while restricting outflow

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sustainable systems design storm water management pl an

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A S S O C I A T E S

R E G E N E R AT I O N T R I P O L I , L I BYA

N A E D

Introduction

In April of 2009, dck/UDA visited Libya and had an opportunity to meet with several government agencies and private companies.

The trip was rewarding and exciting for the American team. Libya is rapidly building new infrastructure, communities, and employment extraordinary growth and transformation. Large new housing projects are under construction or being planned. Compared with the

M

ED

I

A RR E T

NE

AN

SE

A

© 2009 u r b a n d e s i g n a s s o c i a t e s

centers in response to increased prosperity. Tripoli is experiencing

S

OA D

UQ extraordinary beauty in the Islamic and Colonial core of the city,

e

AT

G

U

I

SW AN

RJ

for the Libyan

RO AD culture, environment, and

urban traditions.

Al Fallah Master Plan

Representatives from dck/UDA met with Hussein A. Darrat, SE

h-

CO

ND

General Director of LICO and Farag Yausif Elfeturi, Deputy RIN

TRIPOLI SEA PORT

CENTRAL TRIPOLI

AT other parts of the world, unsuitable and are imported designs Lfrom

AD RO

AS

ns,

HA

IR

H many of these new housing projects are incompatible in character T

n

© 2009 u r b a n d e s i g n a s s o c i a t e s

AL FALLAH

Chairman of Sandara Construction Company. Hussein presented a

GR

OA for a new urban neighborhood, located on former industrial vision D

land southwest of the downtown core of Tripoli. The plan for Al

n

Tripoli’s center city is remarkably beautiful compared with many cities in Europe and North Africa, featuring buildings that have a diverse range of scale; meet the street with active facades, arcades, doorways, and windows; and are shaded by trees and other vegetation.

HW AY

Fallah had been prepared by European consultants and is a thought-

pes

HI

G

ful and sensitive plan for a major new residential precinct. The RT

dck/UDA team can see great potential for creating a remarkable O

n

RP

new neighborhood appropriate for Tripoli using the master plan as a AI

oli

starting point.

Above shows the existing street patterns of the site. The diagram below it represents the Fallah master plan’s ALAlFALLAH SITE street network.

Mr. Darrat kindly invited dck/UDA to prepare a development proposal for a portion of the Al Fallah plan. This document was prepared over a one month period following our visit to Tripoli and

Tripoli is in the process of regenerating many of its urban precincts. The Al Fallah Neighborhood (shown in relation to this city’s core), will be a model for rebuilding the streets, neighborhoods, and public spaces in the city and the region.

offers a vision for the new community that builds on the principles developed in the master plan. We believe our proposal interprets that plan in new and enriching ways.

t he a l fa ll a h neighbor ho od : tr ip ol i, l ib ya | j u ne 2 0 0 9 | d ck wor l dw ide

The Al Fallah neighborhood is southwest of Tripoli’s historic core along major transportation corridors.

ne 2 0 0 9 | d ck wor l dw ide

U R B A N

ov erv ie w

The Al Fallah neighborhood study area is at the core of the redevelopment

ov erv ie w

D E S I G N

A S S O C I A T E S

2

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A S S W A N I B O U L E VA R D

© 2009 u r b a n d e s i g n a s s o c i a t e s

Urban Addresses in the Plan

RESIDENTIAL COURTS

ASSWANI BOULEVARD RESIDENTIAL STREETS

RESIDENTIAL GARDENS

PA R K S I D E

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STANDARDIZED BUILDING T YPES

Š 2009 u r b a n d e s i g n a s s o c i a t e s

The Al Fallah Urban Assembly Kit

Both standardization and diversity are built into the design of Al Fallah building types.

Using a series of standard building types with a number of alternate elevations for each ensures a rich architectural palette while achieving remarkable development efficiency.

(PAGES 24 -25)

STANDARDIZED BLOCK T YPES

Block types are carefully scripted to take advantage of solar angles and wind direction and to provide for particular land uses and residential living accommodation. Parking and servicing is also standardized to allow for efficient operation and maintenance.

(PAGES 19 -23)

OPEN SPACE NET WORK

Parks, parkways, courtyards, and gardens complement each other in providing landscaped areas for shade, recreation, and storm water management. Civic and other institutional uses are typically located in these spaces to capitalize on programming synergies.

(PAGES 17-18 )

STREET NET WORK

A rich hierarchy of street types serves as the central framework for development, circulation, and public interaction. Al Fallah streets are pedestrian-friendly, shaded, and provide on-street parking for residents and guests.

(PAGES 12-16 )

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Street Types: Park

Varies Arcade

2.5m

2.25m

Sidewalk Parking

6.75m

2.5m

Varies

Travel Lanes

Sidewalk

Park

Park Street perspective

14.0m

Street Section

Right of Way

Tripoli Park Streets rely on lush planting and tree cover for shading.

Park streets serve as premier addresses for residential and commercial building types.

680 meters of Park Streets are proposed Street Plan

t he a l fa ll a h neighbor ho od : tr ip ol i, l ib ya | j u ne 2 0 0 9 | d ck wor l dw ide

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Park streets form a variety of spaces such as this square.

distr ic t a nd pr e cinc t pl a n

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© 2009 u r b a n d e s i g n a s s o c i a t e s

Street Types: Neighborhood

Court/ Building

2.5m

2.25m

6.75m

1.5m

2.0m

Sidewalk

Parking

Travel Lanes

Verge

Sidewalk

15.0m

Street Section

Court/ Building

Neighborhood street perspective.

Right of Way

Walls and landscape help define the private and semi-private residential spaces from the street.

Neighborhood streets have windows and doors “on the street,” passively keeping watch over the street.

3,626 meters of Neighborhood Streets are proposed Street Plan

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U R B A N

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A S S O C I A T E S

Neighborhood streets are typically narrower in scale, utilizing landscape and buildings to shade the streetscape.

distr ic t a nd pr e cinc t pl a n

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© 2009 u r b a n d e s i g n a s s o c i a t e s

Block Types: Courtyard

Typical block plan FACADE COMPOSITION AND ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS 1.5m Sidewalk

20m

7m

3m

Raised Garden

Court

Raised Terrace

15m

1.5m

Residential Building Setback

48m STANDARD UNITS AND FLOORS

Typical block section

Development Block

GROUND FLOOR AND CIRCUL ATION

STREET LEVEL

BASEMENT PARKING

TIMES

UNITS/

CAR

AVG.

AREA/

BLOCK

USED

BLOCK

PARKS

FLOORS

FLOOR

AREA

FAR

10

90

83 Cars

3.7 Floors

3,138 m2

5,376 m2

2.14

Typical block plan detail

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Block Types: Solar Exposure Tallest Residential Building Heights Morning Sun in Courts Shaded Courts Shorter Residential Building Heights Tallest Residential Building Heights

Morning Sun in Gardens

Shaded Gardens

Shaded Streets and Parking SUN E XPOSURE DIAGR AM : MORNING SUMMER SOLSTICE

SUN E XPOSURE DIAGR AM : AF TERNOON SUMMER SOLSTICE

The block types were designed to accommodate Tripoli’s specific solar exposure. Tripoli sits at a latitude 32 degrees 58 feet North and enjoys a mediterranean climate with warm summers and mild winters. Block orientation allows moderate sun in the courtyards during morning hours when the heat is less intense.

The discomfort index in Tripoli is highest during the months of June and July. Shade becomes the essential element in keeping outdoor spaces livable. The tallest buildings in the block are placed on the western edge, providing maximum afternoon shade in the courts and gardens. This ensures that these spaces will be useful even during the hottest months of the year. Balconies and window openings also recess to shade glazing and interiors.

t he a l fa ll a h neighbor ho od : tr ip ol i, l ib ya | j u ne 2 0 0 9 | d ck wor l dw ide

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The Al Fallah Neighborhood School

School Institutional Buildings School Residential Courtyard Residential Building

Retail The land uses established in the Al Fallah Master Plan informed the design process M I X E D - U S E A N D R E TA I L

E D U C AT I O N

HIGH - DENSIT Y RESIDENTIAL

PA R K S A N D O P E N S PA C E

MEDIUM - DENSIT Y RESIDENTIAL

INSTITUTIONAL

Mixed-Use Asswani Boulevard and Transit Corridor Retail Institutional Building

DEVELOPMENT SUMMARY

DEVELOPMENT AREA (HA)

PROGRAM AREA (M2)

NUMBER OF UNITS

Residential

8.45

259,695

2,222

Commercial

3.44

14,190

-

Institutional

7.44

23,771

-

Parks and Open Space

4.99

-

-

Totals

24.32

297,656

2,222

Residential Garden Walk-Up Flats Park

The Al Fallah neighborhood master plan

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Residential Streets

Section

Detail Plan at Street Residential Streets in Al Fallah will be lined with trees and landscape, on street parking, and narrow cartways to slow traffic speeds. Sidewalks are animated by doorways, windows, balconies, and stairs that open up to the street.

Perspective

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The Residential Street Address

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Residential Courts

Section

Residential Courts offer a respite from sun and public life in a tree covered environment. Terraces and landscape create outdoor rooms in sunken courts to provide residences a private garden address off the busy streets.

Detail Plan Perspective

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The Residential Court Address

D E S I G N

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Walk-up Flat Building

Mid-Block Building A

Š 2009 u r b a n d e s i g n a s s o c i a t e s

Building Types

Corner Building Corner Building................

Mid-Block Building B

Mixed-Use Building

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Passive Solar Design

Al Fallah Passive Solar Design Criteria Orient large openings on primarily shaded facades of buildings. Utilize punched openings in walls on sunexposed facades.

Allow for recessed or covered outdoor living areas adjacent to living and bedrooms Provide operable shutters on sun-exposed windows

Trellised rooftop terrace

Window fins to protect against direct sun

Wood trellis

Use awnings, fins, and trellises to further shield openings from direct sunlight Use operable windows to capitalize on prevailing breezes and cross ventilation.

Operable shutters

Bamboo Awning

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Trellised entryway

Inset balcony

Balcony with awning covering

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Asswani Boulevard

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DISASTER RECONSTRUCTION GULF COAST HAITI

N A E D

Details and techniques for building and renovating Gulf Coast houses

a p a t t e r n b o o k for

g u l f c oas t n e i g h b or ho od s

louisiana speaks: planning toolkit urban design associates

PR E PAR E D FOR: LOU I S IANA S PEAKS, TH E LONG-TE R M COM M U N ITY PLAN N I NG I N ITIATIVE OF TH E LO U I S IANA R ECOVE RY AUTHOR ITY

m i s s i s s i p p i r e n e wa l f o r u m

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N A E D

Details and techniques for building and renovating Gulf Coast houses

a p a t t e r n b o o k for

g u l f c oas t n e i g h b or ho od s

louisiana speaks: planning toolkit urban design associates

PR E PAR E D FOR: LOU I S IANA S PEAKS, TH E LONG-TE R M COM M U N ITY PLAN N I NG I N ITIATIVE OF TH E LO U I S IANA R ECOVE RY AUTHOR ITY

m i s s i s s i p p i r e n e wa l f o r u m

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A Pattern Book for Gulf Coast Neighborhoods

A Pattern Book for Gulf Coast Neighborhoods

neighborhood patterns The Gulf Coast is comprised of a remarkable collection of distinct and unique places each with it’s own identity, inherited traditions and sense of place. Many factors combine to create this regional character including the rich mix of cultures, the sub-tropical environment, the traditions of farming and fishing as well as the migration of people the world over into and out of the region over time. From the early settlement influences of the French, Spanish and English, this mix of cultural traditions created a region with especially strong identities evident in the food, music, literature, architecture, and dialect. This evolving identity is expressed in the character of the region’s comunities and architecture found in the most rural hamlets as well as the towns and the cities.

Within this diverse range of settlements, there are common elements that have emerged over time to create this fabric of Gulf Coast neighborhoods and places.

To understand the fundamental qualities and nature of the different settlement characters, we refer to the notion of a Transect, the heirarchy of scale and location within the region. Rural landscapes with farmsteads or coastal homesteads, small hamlets and villages, collective settlements around historic trading towns and government centers up to the larger urban centers. These areas are defined in the Smart Code, a tool used to guide planning and development policies based on the quality and character of the type of place. When rebuilding in your own neighborhood, it is helpful to understand the underlying patterns, the way houses and buildings are located on property, the size and character of streets, the preservation of agricultural or coastal land, the landscape and the architecture.

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neighborhood patterns

D E S I G N

A S S O C I A T E S

Plan of Waveland, MS

Plan of Bay St.Louis, MS

Plan of Biloxi, MS

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Settlement Character

Neighborhoods and buildings have very different character traits that create the distinct sense of place. The SmartCode has defined a series of zones that include the most rural T1 to T2 - to typical neighborhoods in towns and villages - T3 to T4, and urban centers that have more of a mix of uses with a vari-

ety of building sizes and densities. These zones include traditional Main streets and areas with special uses - T5 and SD.

neighborhood patterns

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N A E D

A Pattern Book for Gulf coast Neighborhoods

A Pattern Book for Gulf coast Neighborhoods

Landscape Elements Front Yards

l andsc ape pat terns Gulf Coast neighborhoods have a marvelous mix of flowering trees, shade trees, perennials, hedges, ornamental grasses, ground covers, and paving materials that create a distinct sense of place and character. Neighborhoods of different densities have a broad range of street types, building setbacks and lot sizes, environmental location and public planting areas so the feel and character of each neighborhood is distinct. This section of the Pattern Book is intended to provide guidance for homeowners regarding the private landscape elements found on individual lots within these varying neighborhood locations from the more rural to the most urban.

The landscape elements that constitute the front yards are the primary focus for this section. These elements include steps, walls, piers, sidewalk and driveway materials, fencing, lighting and accessories as well as “softscape” materials such as plantings and hedges. This is where the landscaping of the individual house contributes to the overall character of the street and neighborhood.

Houses located in the most rural zones create more individual compounds often set deep into the lot. The pattern is often more informal. Historic patterns along the traditional traces and roads often created more formal sequences into the private yard with tree lined streets and picturesque planting within gracious yards. These were typical in the early mansions along the coast as well. The late nineteenth-century neighborhoods that comprise much of the fabric in places like Biloxi often have a marvelous diversity and mix of large lots and small lots in a broad assortment of patterns.

As the frontage along streets filled in over time, the houses typically had shallower front yards that werewell planted, sometimes overflowing to the sidewalk or edged with a low wall between the public sidewalk and the foundation planting of the house. Resort settlements like Waveland, have more informal patterns less defined by tree lines or house fronts.

The majority of Gulf Coast front yards are composed of a few key elements ranging from canopy and ornamental trees, foundation plantings (including ornamental trees and shrubs), beds of flowering perennials and annuals, groundcover, expanses of grass lawns, and “hardscape” materials such as sidewalks, steps, low walls, fences, and driveways.

Due to the shallow depth of the front yards in the more urban neighborhoods (T4), canopy trees in the lawn are not typical. However, extensive foundation planting and plots of green lawn edged with flower-beds, brick or stone are common, as is the use of fencing, typically cast iron with or without brick piers. The distinct boundary between public and private—whether through a material change or vertical element such as a short wall, fence or hedge is typical here.

The deeper front yards of the early resort neighborhoods allow the green lawn to become the base for a variety of planting beds, hedges, shrubs, and a mix of canopy and ornamental trees that frame the view of the house. The use of planting beds—whether groundcover, flowers, or low shrubbery—define the lawn as a “room.” Houses of this era are typically raised and many have large porches and stairs providing another transition area as one approaches the entrance.

T3 and T4 neighborhood front yards

T3 and T4 neighborhood front yards

Foundation plantings in early-twentieth-century neighborhoods (T3)

Foundation Planting

Foundation planting varies from low, manicured evergreens to brightly colored flowering bushes, to groundcover. All “ground” the house to the front yard.

Sidewalk Edging

Gardens in the shallow yards of many in-town neighborhoods

Sidewalk edge planting, which varies from ornamental grasses, to colorful perennials and textured groundcovers, enhances the entrance and guides visitors to many Gulf coast houses, regardless of the era.

Hedges

Hedges are found throughout Gulf Coast, and have been used historically as a transition between the public realm of the sidewalk and the front lawn of the private lot as well as a definer between house lots.

Other definers of individual lots include any plant material such as ornamental grasses, low shrubbery, and even groundcover that is visually high enough to define the room of the front yard.

A variety of sidewalk edging defines the entrance to the house

Hedges and gates define the front yard

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landscape patterns

D E S I G N

A S S O C I A T E S

landscape patterns

Turn-of-the-century front yard

A variety of plantings define individual front yards

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N A E D

architectural pat terns

a pattern book for gulf coast neighborhoods

Neighborhood Character

Gulf Coast Building Types

T3: THE SUBURBAN ZONE

varies

20'

varies

Front Yard

Street

Front Yard

The Gulf Coast House The Architectural Patterns section builds on the Neighborhood Patterns described in the previous section to create distinct places. Seven distinct building typologies recur throughout the region and in the Gulf Coast neighborhoods. This inventory of regional building types is adapted to reflect various architectural styles or vocabularies. In many older houses, styles were adapted over time as certain patterns became popular. While there are many variations on regional house types, the types illustrated on this page appear to dominate neighborhood patterns before World War II, throughout the region

1 SIDE HALL

2. COTTAGE

1 SIDE HALL HOUSES

Elements of Small Scale Neighborhood street

These houses include ‘shotgun’ types as well where the primary difference is the single room width bay on the shotgun and a wider house with a hallway along one side to access rooms. Typically hipped roof but also gabled roofs are common.

• Low density suburban residential areas • Naturalistic planting • Deep setbacks

3. L- SHAPE

2 RAISED COTTAGE

• Large blocks

This type is often called a Creole Cottage or Acadian Cottage. Influences are a mix of French and Spanish adaptations to the region. Later versions include what is referred to as an American Cottage with Classical detailing and a typical 5 bay composition for windows and doors.

• Irregular roads to accommodate natural conditions

4. SIDE GABLE

3 L-SHAPED

These houses often have a perpendicular wing in the back or a cross gable wing that forms a ‘T’ in plan. Porches or galleries often run along the side and tie into the rear wing.

T4: THE GENERAL URBAN ZONE

4 SIDE GABLE

5. PYRAMID

This house type is found nationally and forms the simple rectangular form that can be adapted to most styles. In this region, the rear or the front can have porches inset under the main roof.

5 PYRAMID

20'

5'

6'

Front Yard Verge Sidewalk

28' Street

6'

5'

15'

Verge Front Yard Sidewalk

Found in the heart of urban centers, many townhouses developed as mixed use types with commercial ground floors and residential floors above. French influenced buildings often feature a balcony above the ground floor.

• Mixed -use but primarily residential • Wide range of building types • Varying setbacks

7. MIXED-USE

7 MIXED-USE BUILDINGS

• Medium size blocks

These form the local commercial streets and districts. Typically simple, two story forms of masonry with plaster finishing.

Balconies and repetitive openings on upper floors are typical. Decorative cornices of either wood or masonry.

c

10

U R B A N

6. TOWNHOUSE

6 TOWNHOUSE

Elements of Medium Scale Neighborhood street

b

This house type is found throughout the region typically as a one or one and a half story massing often called a Bayed Cottage. The floor to ceiling height is typically taller to allow for deep porches.

D E S I G N

A S S O C I A T E S

13

N A E D

architectural pat terns

a pat tern book for gulf coast neighborhoods

Kit of Parts – Strategies to Meet FEMA Requirements FEMA has outlined requirements in particular zones to raise the finish floor of new homes to minimum heights above sea level. Check local requirements to determine specific site criteria. For more information check with FEMA at www.fema.gov.

This document includes a ‘kit of parts’ to achieve these requirements in a manner derived from typical local and vernacular examples. These options can be used individually and together in combination. In vernacular conditions, the strategies were carefully designed not to overwhelm the building’s scale. Not all building types can be used with the most restrictive conditions. Basic strategies include:

Option 1 4-foot Raised Site The first option is to use fill to raised the building site up four feet. In more urban conditions, a site wall is used at the sidewalk to maximize the flat areas of the site

1 Raising the site with 4 feet of fill

SUB-STORY

Side Hall Side Hall and Shotgun style houses typically have very narrow forms. They are traditionally raised above the ground several feet and accommodate a 4 foot high base and a perpendicular set of steps to get up onto the porch.

The two story Side Gable house is less common but is also a traditional form in the region. These houses often have two story front porches and are articulated as Victorian style houses. Stairs are sometimes pulled inside the porch structure.

With the addition of a raised site, the house can achieve a 12 foot height above surrounding grade.

The most commonly used option is to build the finish floor four feet above grade. This is achieved with the use of either piles or foundation walls

3 8-foot sub-story with a grand stair

Used in combination, they can reach up to 16 feet above original site grade.

The diagram suggests how these options can achieve the maximum elevation.

Option 3 8-foot Sub-Story with Grand Stair Another common option is to raise the house 8 feet above finish grade. When a porch is used, the stair is often incorporated inside the porch itself. In many cases, the ground floor is enclosed with walls to create useable unconditioned space for vehicles and equipment

Raised Cottage These houses are the most adaptable to the raised condition. Most traditional houses of this type are either raised 4 to 6 feet with a storage area underneath the porch and the first floor, or they are raided a full story with square masonry piers on the ground floor and the light wood porch structure above. These are found in the rural (T1 and T2 transect areas) and as urban cottages as well. The diagrams illustrate the potential to add an additional 4 foot base to the two story type to achieve a 12 foot height above grade. If the site can be raised and additional 4 feet, than the potential of 16 feet above surrounding grade can be achieved. Unoccupied ground floor exterior walls can be articulated as louvered panels inset between square, masonry piers.

c

14

U R B A N

ALTERNATIVE B

BUILDING BASE

Option 2 4-foot Base

2 4-foot base to raise the floor elevation

c

ALTERNATIVE A

D E S I G N

A S S O C I A T E S

15

N A E D

architectural pat terns : gulf coast acadian-creole

a pat tern book for gulf coast neighborhoods

Gulf Coast Architectural Styles

Massing & Composition

Gulf Coast House Styles A series of well developed architectural styles or vocabularies were popular throughout the Gulf Region in the 19th and early 20th Century. These styles were adapted by local builders through the use of early Pattern Books and later catalogs of house plans. Many of the early houses were built without the aid of Pattern Books and are increasingly rare. These styles represent the broader patterns found in the neighborhoods constructed largely before 1940.

Each style has become adapted to the local environment and local building traditions. Many patterns emerged from the influence of Caribbean builders and settlers trading with the West Indies and Latin America.

Four principal architectural styles give neighborhoods their character:

MASSING DIAGRAMS

1 ACADIAN-CREOLE

FACADE COMPOSITION DIAGRAMS

1/3 1/3 1/3

1/4

Broad Front

Broad Front with Double Pitch Roof

Narrow Front

1/4

1/2 1/2

1/4

32'–40'

24'–32'

1/4

1/4 1/4

1/4 1/4

12'–16'

1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5

Side Hall

MASSING COMBINATIONS

32'–40'

36'–40'

1 Acadian-Creole 2 Victorian 3 Classical 4 Arts & Crafts

These styles are described in more detail with typical key elements in the following pages.

Massing A deep front porch is recessed within the volume of the house under one roof.

The one-story houses are raised off the ground three feet and have 16-inch by 20-inch brick piers supporting each column on the front porch. The two-story house is typically a one-story house raised on full-height brick piers. Dormers are added to create a one-and-one-half- or two-and-one-half-story house. Porches can wrap around one or more sides of the house.

2 VICTORIAN

the main body and 6-in-12 over the recessed porch.

N A R R OW F R O NT

Rectangular or square volume with either a side gabled or hipped roof. Side gabled roof has either a constant 10 in 12 pitch or a double pitch roof at the front , and may have a double pitch roof at the rear.

Hipped roof has a 10 in 12 pitch and the ridge line, if any, runs perpendicular to the front of the house.

SIDE HALL

BROAD FRONT

Rectangular volume with either a gabled or hipped roof. The pitch is typically 10in-12 BROAD FRONT WITH DOUBLE PITCH ROOF

Rectangular volume with a side gabled roof. The roof has a pitch of 9-in-12 over

One-story narrow front rectangular volume with either a hip or gable facing the street. Roof pitch is 8 in 12 to 10 in 12.

A full width front porch is added to the volume of the house. An inset porch may also run the full width of the hipped roof volume.

Massing Combinations The strong form of these houses limits the number of ways in which additional wings can be added. Add-on wings should have similar roof pitches and be treated as separate “additions” to the basic form rather than part of a single complex form.

Facade Composition An informal relationship among the elements enables window spacing, dormer placement, and porch bays to each have their own spacing and dimensions.

Wall The first floor of an Acadian-Creole house is typically set three feet above the finished grade for a one-story house and one foot above finished grade for a twostory house. For one-story houses, the minimum floor-to-ceiling height is 10 feet. For two-story houses, the minimum floor-to-ceiling height is 10 feet for the first floor and 9 feet for the second floor.

Window head heights should be 8 feet above the floor for the first floor windows, and 7 feet to 8 feet for the second floor windows.

Eaves Simple unadorned eaves are characteristic of the Acadian-Creole style. They can have exposed rafter ends that are shaped.

A frieze board is used below the rafters.

They can also be flush to the wall or beam at the porch, or slightly projecting with a boxed soffit.

TYPICAL EAVE DETAILS

10"

12"-18"

7"

10"-12"

5/4" x 4"

Open rafters

c 20

U R B A N

Flush or boxed

c

D E S I G N

A S S O C I A T E S

23

N A E D

architectural pat terns : gulf coast acadian-creole

a pat tern book for gulf coast neighborhoods

Windows & Doors

Porches

4'-6''

3'-0'' Second floor

2'-8''

6'-2"

4'-0''

Shutters

5'-6''

Columns & Railings Column types for one-story porches and the second floor of two-story porches include slender round or square Tuscan columns, and chamfered or plain rectangular posts with out trim. Columns at the first floor of two-story porches are more massive with either no detail, or a minimum capital expression.

Railings have square balusters spaced no more than 4 inches on center with

1/2 sash width

1/2 sash width

2'-0''

5'-6''

Equal to height of window opening or of sash/frame

12 8

intermediate posts for railings over 9 feet in length.

TYPICAL RAIL DETAIL

3½"

Porch Location & Massing Side Hall houses have two “Bays” for the front facade length, or three bays for porches that wrap one side. Houses 24 to 32 feet wide have three bays for the front facade length, or four or five bays for porches that wrap one or two sides.

Houses 36 to 40 feet wide have a five bay porch. The porch can extend beyond the main body of the house and wrap one or two sides.

Porches should have a minimum porch depth of 8 feet. Porches are frame construction set up on masonry piers. The space between piers may remain open without infill.

3¼"

Porch Roofs & Eaves Acadian-Creole porches are symmetrical and run the full length of the facade.

Columns have a regular spacing of between 8 to 12 feet on center. Eaves can be either open rafters or flush with the porch beam.

SPECIAL WINDOWS

1½" sq.

3"

STANDARD WINDOWS

3½"

2'-8"

2'-0" 3'-0''

9

PORCH TYPES

PORCH COLUMN TYPES

12

3'-0" First floor

6"-8"

6"sq.

3'-0''

9'-4''

8'-0" to 9'-0"

8'-0" to 9'-0"

TYPICAL WINDOW DETAIL

3'-0''

Doors Multi-pane doors are often used in lieu of windows on the first floor under the porch. Entry doors are typically 4-, 6- or 8-paneled and include either a transom or a transom and sidelites.

Trim Windows and doors typically have 4inch-wide trim with a backband. Classical door surrounds are sometimes used at the front door. Stone or wood lintels over windows and doors are common elements clad in brick or stucco.

One-Story Porch Section

2"

Special Windows Special windows are typically small accent windows with 6 panes or in a 4 over 4 muntin pattern. A single leaf shutter is often used. Dormer windows are multi-paned in the 6 over 6 pattern.

Shutters Louvered and board & batten shutters are common elements for windows and doors. They should be sized to match the window sash and mounted with hardware to appear operable.

4"

Standard Windows Windows are typically vertical in proportion with muntin patterns of 6 over 6 or 9 over 9. Window panes are square or vertical in proportion. First floor windows can have 4 over 4 or 2 over 2 muntin patterns as well. Standard windows are double-hung.

12

8'' 1'-6''

6

12 9

6

12

8'' 10''

TYPICAL PORCH LOCATIONS

6'-8"

6'-8"

2"

1’-4" 4"

1’-4" 4"

DOORS

House

3'-0"

1'-0''

3'-0''

4"

4'-0"

18''

10'-0''

Wrapped one side

7'-0''

6'-8''

6'-8"

10''

1’-8"

8"

4"

8'-6''

Porch Full front porch

Wrapped two sides

1'-0''

1'-8"

2'-0''

Two-Story Porch Section

c 24

U R B A N

c

D E S I G N

A S S O C I A T E S

25

N A E D

architectural pat terns

a pattern book for gulf coast neighborhoods

Neighborhood Character

Gulf Coast Building Types

T3: THE SUBURBAN ZONE

varies

20'

varies

Front Yard

Street

Front Yard

The Gulf Coast House The Architectural Patterns section builds on the Neighborhood Patterns described in the previous section to create distinct places. Seven distinct building typologies recur throughout the region and in the Gulf Coast neighborhoods. This inventory of regional building types is adapted to reflect various architectural styles or vocabularies. In many older houses, styles were adapted over time as certain patterns became popular. While there are many variations on regional house types, the types illustrated on this page appear to dominate neighborhood patterns before World War II, throughout the region

1 SIDE HALL

2. COTTAGE

1 SIDE HALL HOUSES

Elements of Small Scale Neighborhood street

These houses include ‘shotgun’ types as well where the primary difference is the single room width bay on the shotgun and a wider house with a hallway along one side to access rooms. Typically hipped roof but also gabled roofs are common.

• Low density suburban residential areas • Naturalistic planting • Deep setbacks

3. L- SHAPE

2 RAISED COTTAGE

• Large blocks

This type is often called a Creole Cottage or Acadian Cottage. Influences are a mix of French and Spanish adaptations to the region. Later versions include what is referred to as an American Cottage with Classical detailing and a typical 5 bay composition for windows and doors.

• Irregular roads to accommodate natural conditions

4. SIDE GABLE

3 L-SHAPED

These houses often have a perpendicular wing in the back or a cross gable wing that forms a ‘T’ in plan. Porches or galleries often run along the side and tie into the rear wing.

T4: THE GENERAL URBAN ZONE

4 SIDE GABLE

5. PYRAMID

This house type is found nationally and forms the simple rectangular form that can be adapted to most styles. In this region, the rear or the front can have porches inset under the main roof.

5 PYRAMID

20'

5'

6'

Front Yard Verge Sidewalk

28' Street

6'

5'

15'

Verge Front Yard Sidewalk

Found in the heart of urban centers, many townhouses developed as mixed use types with commercial ground floors and residential floors above. French influenced buildings often feature a balcony above the ground floor.

• Mixed -use but primarily residential • Wide range of building types • Varying setbacks

7. MIXED-USE

7 MIXED-USE BUILDINGS

• Medium size blocks

These form the local commercial streets and districts. Typically simple, two story forms of masonry with plaster finishing.

Balconies and repetitive openings on upper floors are typical. Decorative cornices of either wood or masonry.

c

10

U R B A N

6. TOWNHOUSE

6 TOWNHOUSE

Elements of Medium Scale Neighborhood street

b

This house type is found throughout the region typically as a one or one and a half story massing often called a Bayed Cottage. The floor to ceiling height is typically taller to allow for deep porches.

D E S I G N

A S S O C I A T E S

13

N A E D

section

D

PLANNING A S S E M B LY K I T

B LO C K

LOT

B U I LDI NG

A R C H I T E CT U R A L A N D L A N D S CA P E PAT T E R N S

The Matrix Illustrated SCALE

ISSUES

REGION

C I T Y A N D TOW N

NEIGHBORHOOD NEIGHBORHOOD LANDSCAPE

LANDSCAPE ZONE

BUILDING PAD

LANDSCAPE PATTERNS

DRAINAGE TECHNIQUES

DRAINAGE TECHNIQUES

RAISED BUILDING

CONSTRUCTION HARDENING

STREET AND ALLEY DESIGN

VEHICLE ACCESS

GREEN PRINCIPLES

SOLAR EXPOSURE

SHADING AND ORIENTATION

GREEN ARCHITECTURE

BLOCK TO BLOCK ACCESS

VISITABLE LOT

ACCESSIBILITY/VISITABILITY

APPLICATION

RESIDENTIAL BLOCK PLAN

RESIDENTIAL LOT

COMMERCIAL BLOCK PLAN

MIXED-USE LOT

L A N D S CA P E A N D N AT U R A L SYST E M S CONSERVATION AREAS

DEVELOPMENT RESTRICTIONS

PARKS AND OPEN SPACE

F LO O D , W I N D , A N D STO R M WAT E R M A N AG E M E N T FLOOD AND WIND ZONES

DRAINAGE PATTERNS

FLOOD MANAGEMENT

PARKING METHOD

ARCHITECTURAL PATTERNS

T R A N S P O R TAT I O N A N D U T I L I T I E S I N F R AST R U CT U R E REGIONAL TRANSPORTATION

STREET NETWORK

STREET NETWORK

S U STA I N A B I L I T Y REGIONAL SUSTAINABILITY

LOCAL SUSTAINABILITY

GREEN PRINCIPLES

EQU ITY: ACCESSI B I LITY AN D AFFOR DAB I LITY REGIONAL CONNECTIVITY

PROXIMITY TO SERVICES

SOCIAL INTEGRATION

D E V E LO P M E N T P AT T E R N S

REGIONAL LAND USE

DEVELOPMENT BY BUILDING FORM

RESIDENTIAL FRAMEWORK

DEVELOPMENT BY USE

COMMERCIAL FRAMEWORK

LOCAL PLAN

NEIGHBORHOOD PLAN

MASSING TYPE

ARCHITECTURAL PATTERNS

R E S U LT S

REGIONAL PLAN

TOOLKIT

BLOCK PLAN

LOT PLAN

BUILDING ON SITE

BUILT NEIGHBORHOOD

PAT T E R N B O O K

18

U R B A N

D E S I G N

A S S O C I A T E S

N A E D

REGION

C I T Y A N D TOW N

NEIGHBORHOOD

B LO C K

LOT

section Conservation Areas

Development Restrictions

Parks and Open Space

Neighborhood Landscape

D

PLANNING A S S E M B LY K I T

Landscape Zone

REGION HILLS

>> Restore and protect coastal areas using the most promising emerging strategies, techniques, and technologies.

TERRACE: Woodlands LOWLANDS: Flood Plain Lafayette TERRACE: Prairie

>> Address all systems of the urban plan (infrastructure, drainage, power, cable, open space, wildlife corridors, pedestrian networks, bikeways, mass transit, among others) as comprehensive, connected networks so that alteration to natural systems is minimized.

>> Base new development on conscious decisions to protect and improve the health of natural and cultural resources so that their survival is ensured for future generations.

Baton Rouge

Mississippi River

Lake Charles

C I T Y A N D TO W N

New Orleans

LOWLANDS: Marsh

>> Ensure that watersheds, wetlands, woodlands, and wildlife protection are conceived and managed at the regional scale. Apply those same principles to local and site-specific decision-making.

>> Recognize and take advantage of potential synergies (for example, drainage corridors developed as recreational corridors).

>> Use targeted incentives to encourage development in areas that would have the least negative effects on natural resources.

D-4 Map showing South Louisiana natural features – wetlands, streambeds, and woodlands.

>> Identify parks, squares, and open spaces having high significance to the community over time and provide for their preservation and rehabilitation.

>> Use disincentives to discourage development in scenic or environmentally sensitive areas.

>> Make institutions such as schools, colleges, civic, and religious buildings an integral part of the public open space network.

>> Avoid locating regional corridors, such as transit and infrastructure, in highly sensitive ecological and cultural areas. >> Recognize that sustainable practices are only minimum standards. The goal must be to not only restore and sustain the natural and cultural wealth of the region, but improve it through plans that shift priorities from resource consumption toward resource conservation and use of renewable resources. Consider alternative crops, such as biofuels which can be used for energy.

>> Develop opportunities for small-scale agriculture and specialty crops using land unsuitable for development near or within urban areas (urban homestead model). >> Protect agricultural edges by encouraging farming methods that are more compatible with urban areas.

>> Understand the interdependence of these systems, recognizing that the restoration of one impacts the health of the others.

D-5 Asheville, NC: The Wilma Dykeman RiverWay Master Plan. This regional plan shows a riverfront park conceived as a total environment – a continuous roadway and trail system in a linear park setting within the city that preserves natural systems and enhances surrounding areas.

D-7 UCSB, Santa Barbara, CA: Analysis of Goleta Slough and area around campus showing sensitive natural areas.

>> Build a community coalition to support agricultural communities on the urban edge.

>> Offer incentives and technical assistance for new farmers entering the profession.

>> Ensure that restoration of natural systems is based on the natural form of the land and transcends political boundaries.

>> Reflect the ecological and cultural conditions of the city’s or town’s location through the design of its public landscape.

>> Place sensitive land areas into conservation banks, easements, and other protective covenants. The Trust for Public Land has developed programs that provide the means for protecting sensitive areas through such mechanisms as transfers of development rights and easements.

>> Emphasize the visibility of hydrologic and drainage patterns when making public works infrastructure repairs or updates so that citizens are aware of the movement of water through their community and the ways in which it is being managed to prevent flooding and pollution.

>> Develop and implement sustainable agricultural practices; develop regional farmers markets.

Programs should also include community-based agriculture, organic farming, and new crops such as biofuel products.

D-8 UCSB, Santa Barbara, CA: Proposed plan for the area around the Goleta Slough which provides protection and definition for sensitive environmental features and uses them as a framework for development.

>> Ensure the health of streambed and bayou edges so that they can accommodate a range of plant materials, respond to changes in water level, and provide amenities such as bikeways and trails.

D-6 Orlando, FL: South East Orlando Specific Plan. The Specific Plan established a framework of natural features that defined development rights for this mixed-use development. The natural systems in combination with the circulation network formed the foundation for a series of districts as well as neighborhood, village, and town centers.

21

U R B A N

D E S I G N

A S S O C I A T E S

N A E D

section

D

PLANNING A S S E M B LY K I T

Transportation and Utilities Infrastructure

REGION

C I T Y A N D TOW N

NEIGHBORHOOD

B LO C K

LOT

R e g i o n a l Tr a n s p o r t a t i o n

Street Network

Street Network

Street and Alley Design

Ve h i c l e A c c e s s

REGION

Existing transportation and utilities infrastructure support current development and should be used to help determine efficient locations for future development based on where the system has unused capacity.

>> Provide a range of primary and alternate routes of different scales, as well as road and street types, within the regional road network.

O V E R A L L T R A N S P O R TAT I O N N E T W O R K

The transportation network should be configured to support compact, mixed-use developments, reinforce existing developed areas, and encourage alternative means of transportation to provide people with transportation choices. The network should be considered as a whole – not just highways and roads. Rail, street networks, bikeways, trails, and waterways should be integrated into the planning process. Existing rail lines in Louisiana, some of which are underutilized, could be revived as transportation corridors for rail, bike, or pedestrians.

>> Consider using underutilized and/or abandoned rail lines as alternatives for freight and also for passenger travel to reduce dependence on automobiles. >> Develop a regional system of trails and bikeways that take advantage of the extraordinary natural features of South Louisiana and provide an alternative means of transportation, as well as recreational amenities, for citizens.

Outside of older urban areas, the existing road network in South Louisiana is often poorly interconnected, forcing drivers onto overcrowded main roads. As growth happens, the system should be improved strategically. New road connections should be built to create a more fully interconnected network, improvements should be constructed to alleviate bottlenecks, and, where necessary, narrow roads should be thoughtfully expanded. Vehicular capacity should be only one concern. Streets are also part of the public realm. They are the public interface to new and existing developments and they are a means of transportation for bicyclists and pedestrians. Also, opportunities to establish or enhance transit (bus, streetcar, or rail) in tandem with other improvements should be explored.

D-35 Charlotte, NC: New regional rapid transit system.

D-36 Southwestern Pennsylvania: Regional transit and transportation system.

>> Use the full range of cross-sections of streets and roads and select the cross-section that is appropriate for the scale of use it serves and the quality of the environment through which it passes.

C I T Y A N D TO W N

STR E ET N ETWOR KS

City and town-scale streets should be interconnected to provide the most options for navigating within the community. It is most efficient to have many connected, two-lane streets that serve local traffic and feed onto larger streets. That way, peak traffic can flow on larger streets without local traffic needlessly congesting them. The more lanes there are on large streets, the more signalization is required, reducing the capacity of every lane.

>> Use the network of streets to determine potential land use patterns. >> Create an interconnected network of streets with a range of street dimensions, capacities, and speeds of vehicular traffic.

Speed of traffic should not be confused with capacity. Streets with a speed of 25-30 miles per hour are capable of carrying the most cars per lane. At faster speeds, cars require more distance between them, which actually reduces capacity.

>> Relate the hierarchy of streets to the intensity and density of surrounding uses. >> Optimize travel on primary arterials through the community and provide a system that offers alternate routes.

Each neighborhood street pattern should be connected to the larger community’s interconnected street network. The grid pattern is ideal in that it connects every address to every other address. It is the best way to build larger scale community cohesiveness (as opposed to the insulated neighborhoods with cul-de-sac patterns).

>> Consider capacity over speed when designing the street network.

For the past 50 years, state and national standards for street cross-sections have been established primarily on the basis of moving vehicles with maximum efficiency. In recent years, the planning and engineering professions have begun to recognize and elevate in importance the other functions of streets, including creating an environment that accommodates bikes and pedestrians and supports economic and social activity along their routes. For example, the physical dimensions of a local neighborhood street that handles less than 500 cars per day should be much narrower than one that carries through-traffic. The design and dimensions of these streets should provide safe, pleasant pedestrian routes, with crosswalks that give visual and functional priority to pedestrians.

>> Give pedestrians, cyclists, and vehicles equal importance in street design. >> Design all streets to support walkable communities, slowing traffic to enable the pedestrian circulation to be safe and enjoyable.

UTI LITI ES I N FRASTR UCTU R E

Utilities infrastructure is costly to expand and, in South Louisiana, much of it is in need of repair. Land use policies should encourage new development within or directly adjacent to existing urbanized areas with infrastructure so that available funds can be used to improve and maintain existing systems, rather than to construct costly new ones.

D-34 To be appropriate for the area they serve, street designs should respond to their context. Above, the street types respond to different transect zones.

30

U R B A N

D E S I G N

A S S O C I A T E S

N A E D

HAITI

U R B A N

D E S I G N

A S S O C I A T E S

N A E D

U R B A N

D E S I G N

A S S O C I A T E S

N A E D

U R B A N

D E S I G N

A S S O C I A T E S

N A E D

U R B A N

D E S I G N

A S S O C I A T E S

N A E D

1

2

3

4

U R B A N

D E S I G N

A S S O C I A T E S

Neighborhood Block & Lot Reconstruction Prototype

N A E D

U R B A N

D E S I G N

A S S O C I A T E S

N A E D