ü-ù ùÿ þ ÿ ù -ùÿ ü ù ù . 2 10 " 12 " 0!&2 10 " . " 0 " 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
. / . .
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
/ . / . .
17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.
/ . / .
25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32.
/ . . / /
33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
/ / / .
41. . 42. 43. /
ù . 2 10 " 12 " 0!&2 10 " 2 # 2* # &12) " 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.
27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39.
40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52.
53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65.
66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73.
ù . 2 10 " 12 " 0!&2 10 " 1# !&1 " 0 * 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
/0 /0" $ /0", !&2) . 02 ), #/! ) # !&2 & , . ) 0 ! 0 .", ü m c2 1* /01 ", 0 .
6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
# 0) . . 2& ./!) ., quarks 0 2! ) 3 !2 0 2) . 0 2! & #) ., W+, W– . Z0 02.12 $0 &1
14.
15. 16. 17. 18.
# He), 0 2!) . . . 2 02! . . # 0 & 1$ 1 , 1* 2 0! #! , 12!.
ü ü ùÿûü ÿ þ ü ü ù
102
ü!&2 10 " . 2 * 2* #
70. &R
&
+ Q → +
&R
+ → +H + %H
,Q
+Q→ +
,Q
1L
+S→Q+
;
3
+ →Q+
3
+ + → S +
$O
3
3
+ Q → +H + ;
74.
3E
3E
: 82·1,008 u + 126·1,009 u – 207,977 u = 1,813 u
: 82·1,008 u + 128·1,009 u – 209,984 u = 1,824 u
75. ò 0 . ." ûP Â X Â X ± X X ü ! 0 . 1* /01 " üb = 0,0308·931 MeV = 28,675 MeV ü ! 0 . 1* /01 " . # 0)
0H9 = 0H9
76. . 0 . ." 0 . u + 1,00783 u – 2,01410 u = 0,00239 u. þ 0 ! 0 . 1* /01 " 0 . 0,00239⋅931 MeV = 2,225 MeV.
⋅ H9 ≅ H9
þ ÿ ù -ùÿ ü ù
103
77. #! ." 239 94 Pu 0! $0 239 – 94 = 145 02!) . 1# 0 +" $0 0 . ." ûm = 94⋅1,00782 u + 145⋅1,00866 u – 239,05216 u = 1,93862 u. þ 0 ! 0 . 1* /01 " 2 # 0 . 1,93862⋅931 MeV = 1805 MeV, !. $0 0 ! 0 . 1* /01 " . # 0) 1 0
0H9 = 0H9 .
78. ü . =
EB → E B = 236 × 7,6 MeV → E B = 1793,6 MeV 236
0 . ." 0 . ûP =
0H9 = X 0H9 X
(1)
ü . ûP = = ⋅ P + + 1P Q − P .2 → P .2 = = ⋅ P + + 1P Q − ûP → P .2 = × X + − × X − X → P .2 = X
79. P H F = ⋅ − NJ ⋅ ⋅ P V = ⋅ − -
80. . þ 0 22&1 ." 0 . ûP X ± X X X þ 0 ! 0 . # 0 0# 0!+ 02. 0 . ü Â 0H9 0H9
ü ü ùÿûü ÿ þ ü ü ù
104
81. . E = mc2 = 8,8·10–30 kg · 9 · 1016 J = 7,92·10–13 J. –13 ..2 2 / 1 .1 0 )" #! . J. ò . ! " 2 " 5D 0 0# 0!+ 02. 0 ! 0 . ⋅10
0 ! 0 ." .#2 " 0 . 0 ! 0 . 2 # 1& .2 # . . 0 . 0H9 ⋅ ⋅ − - = ⋅ − - . þ # ) 0 ! 0 . 0 . 0 ! 0 . # 02.3 !0 2 3&2) þ 0 ! 0 . .#2 . 0 . 2⋅10–13 J – 7,36⋅10–13 J = 5,6⋅10–14 J. # 0 +" 1#$ )2 2. 2 # 0 0 ) 0 # 3&2 # 0 . I=
( ⋅ − = = ⋅ +] − K ⋅ - ⋅ V
82. !. .2 * 2. / ./ $ 0 " . 2 /! 10 " $ =;
→
$ − = − <
+ +H
$ − = − <
→
$ − =− -
$ − = − -
→
$ − = ;
+ +
− H − H
+ H + H
.!$ )" #! ." $0 . ) .! ) ù 0 + 20 )" #! ." $0 . ) .! ) ù ± û ./ . )" .! )" 0 .22+ 0 .2
83. þ 0 1&1 2 " / 1 .1 " 0 . *D → *H + − H + H
ü 22&1 ." ûP X ± X X ü ! 0 . # 0 0# 0!+ 0 ( ⋅ 931 MeV = 1,68 MeV
þ ÿ ù -ùÿ ü ù
105
84. .
→
&D + − H +
+
85. . û 1 .1 – #! ." 8 $0 !&2) . . 02!) . 0 + #! ." 1S $0 !&2)-
. . 02!) .
86.
8 → 7K + +H
7K → 3D + − H +
H
87. x = 214, y = 82 * 3& . 0 2 1$ 1
G1 = − 1 0 0! )2 2. 0 )" /0 .2 " #! & 0 . . 0 GW
2 " 2& #! & 02 $!) PLQ 2 " 2& #! & 0 . 02 $!) PLQ 2 " 2& #! & 0 . 02 $!) PLQ 2 " 2& #! & 0 . 0 + 0 0! )2 2. ⋅ 1& 2 . V = 1& 2 . V
G1 $0 0 GW
ü ü ùÿûü ÿ þ ü ü ù
106
88. =
Q = = V − 7 V
G1 G1 = !. = = ⋅ 2 . GW GW û ./ 2. Â 23 2 . 3 # # J 2. Â 17
2 . 3 # # x; (= 11 J)
89. ⋅ 2 . 3X # # J [ 2
. 3X #
ù ) 2 1$ 1
# J
[ = ⋅ 2 .
G1 = 1 ! * 20 )2 0 0! )2 2. g GW
3X
0 .
G1 = ⋅ − V − × ⋅ = ⋅ úT . GW
ù3 * 0 1& 2 . $0 2 0 ! 0 . ⋅10–13 - 1# 0!. # 0 )2 J 3X . / /0 1$* ⋅
/ .1 10 " × ⋅ − - / 1 .1 = ⋅ − : = P: V
# 0 +" . 2 . )/ 1 1$* " 48 mW . . 20 2. g
3X
90. ù3 * 2 . / .1 2. 1$ .2 2." $U 2
2 . 2 .
ùU
0 + 02. 0 2 -
! / 2 # $!) # û ./ 12. . . )20!. 02!+ .2. 2 .#2) 0 . !)20! . ) )2 12. 0+20!. # 0 +" 2. 02!+ .2. . ) 2 , .11. 2 " þ!0 ." 0 . . . )20!..
þ ÿ ù -ùÿ ü ù
107
91. 02 . ) !0" 0 0! )2 2. 1* 3& . 0 2 1$ 1
G1 320 12 2 " .!$ " 2 " 2 " # 0 +" GW
G1 = − . .! )" 2& #! & 320 12 2 " .!$ " GW
2 # 2 " û ./ : 10 $!) 7 .! )" 2& #! & 02. 1 10 $!) 7 .! )" 2& #! & 02. 1 10 $!) 7 .! )" 2& #! & 02. 1 û ./ 7 = !0" !. 7 = !0"
92. ûP1 = 14,00307 u + 1,00867 u – (14,00324 u + 1,00783 u) = 0,00067 u Q1 = 0,00067·931 MeV = 0,624 MeV ûP2 = 14,00307 u + 1,00867 u – (12,00000 u + 3,01605 u) = – 0,00431 u Q2 = – 0,00431·931 MeV = – 4,01 MeV
93. . + . 2 . 2 /!.1 8 → 7K + +H
/ .3 ! ." 0 . u – (234,04359 u + 4,00260 u) = 0,00459 u . 0 ! 0 . 4 0 . 0,00459 ⋅931 MeV = 4,27 MeV. + . 2 . 2 /!.1 8 → 3D + +
/ .3 ! ." 0 . u – (237,05114 u + 1,00782 u) = – 0,00818 u . 0 ! 0 . 4 0 . – 0,00818 ⋅931 MeV = – 7,62 MeV. ù# )! 2. !0 . !. .2 0 ) 0 + 0! / ./ .
ü ü ùÿûü ÿ þ ü ü ù
108
94. þ / .3 ! ." 0 . u – (140,91 + 91,91 + 3 · 1,01)u = 0,2 u þ 0 ! 0 . # 0 0# 0!+ 02. . 2 0 . Â 0H9. . Â –3 kg
8
0! $ # Â 23 2 .
# 0 +", 2. NJ 8 0! $ #
⋅ ⋅ = ⋅ 2 . − ⋅
þ 0 ! 0 . # 0 0# 0!+ 02. . ) 2. NJ 8 0 . 2,56·1025·186,2 MeV = 4,77·1027 MeV.
95. þ / .3 ! ." 0 . ûP X X ± X X Â X X → ûP Â Â –27 kg) = 3,7018·10–28 kg þ 0 ! 0 . # 0 0# 0!+ 02. 10 0 . 2 /!.1 1$ 1 " 0 . E = (3,7018·10–28 kg)·(3·108 m/s)2 = 3,33162·10–11 J. 0 0 . 2 /!.1 1$ 1 " .2. . + 02. ." #! ." 8 / ./ .2. . + 02. . 235,044 u = 235,044·(1,66·10–27 kg) = 3,90·10–25 kg. û ./ )2. .2. . + 02. . Â –25 kg .! 02. 0 ! 0 . Â –11 J )2. .2. . + 02. . –3 kg
.! 02. 0 ! 0 .
x ; (= 8,54·1010 J)
96. . . 02!) . ! 3 2. Q ù ) 2 / .2 ! 1 2 # 1# * .! * # 0 & ! * 20 )2 1 .#2 2 . 2 /!.1 1$ 1 " .! 2. 2! . 02!) .
þ ÿ ù -ùÿ ü ù
109
97. þ 0 ! 0 . 1* /01 " 2 # /D 0 . ⋅ 0H9 = 0H9 þ 0 ! 0 . 1* /01 " 2 # %U 0 . ⋅ 0H9 = 0H9 þ 1# 0 ! 0 . 1* /01 " 02 2 1$ 1 0 . 1227,86 MeV + 747,33 MeV = 1975,19 MeV. þ 0 ! 0 . 1* /01 " 2 # 8 0 . ⋅ 0H9 = 0H9 þ .* 1 2 " 0 ! 0 ." 1* /01 " 0 . 1975,19 MeV – 1791,24 MeV = 183,95 MeV.
98. ü ûPF2 ü &" ü > Â –27 kg + 5,008·10–27 kg – (6,647·10–27 kg + 1,675·10–27 kg)]· (3·108 m/s )2 !. ü = 2,79·10–12 J
99. . ûP1 = 2·1,00759 u + 2·1,00898 u – 4,00277 u = 0,03037 u E1 = 0,03037·931 MeV = 28,3 MeV ûP2 = 2·2,01419 u – 4,00277 u = 0,02561 u E2 = 0,02561·931 MeV = 23,8 MeV
100. 0 0 . 2 /!.1 1$ 1 " $ # 0 / .3 ! ." ûP ⋅2,0136 u – 4,0015 u = 0,0257 u = 0,0257⋅(1,661⋅10–27 kg) → ûP ⋅10–29 kg û ./ 10 0 . 2 /!.1 1* 2 " .! 02. 0 ! 0 . ü ûPF2 = 3,8419⋅10–12 J. # 0 +" . . .!.$ 0 0 ! 0 . - . . 2 * 2.
⋅
−
-
= ⋅ . 2 /! 10 "
ü ü ùÿûü ÿ þ ü ü ù
110
0 0 . 2 /!.1 .2. . + 2. #! 0" + / ./ .2. . + 02. . 2⋅2,0136 u = 4,0272 u = 4,0272⋅(1,661⋅10–27 kg) = 6,689⋅10–27 kg. þ 1# . # . . 20 2. . .2. . & 0 0 . ⋅10–27 kg)⋅(2,6⋅1011) = 1,7⋅10–15 kg.
101. ûP Â X Â X ± X X E = 0,042·931 MeV = 39,1 MeV
102. . 02!) . ! 3 2. Q ù ) 2 / .2 ! 1 2 # 1# * .! * # 0 & ! * 20 )2 1 .#2 2 . 2 /!.1 .! 02. . 02!)
103. P ⋅ NJ P != ⇒9= = = ⋅ P 9 ! ⋅ NJ P þ . 2 . 2 # ó # ! 1 02. . ) 2 1$ 1 9 =
⋅ ⋅ P 9 5= = ≅ NP
5 . ñ!.