Strategic Spatial Planning for Contemporary Cities Development

Strategic Spatial Planning for Contemporary Cities Development

Structure

Authors: Urs Thomann / Vladyslav Tyminskyi, Kyiv van de Wetering Atelier für Städtebau, Zurich mrs partner ag, Zurich 2016 © the authors

#1 INTRODUCTION Context and Demand for Strategic Spatial Planning #2 DEVELOPMENT OF A STRATEGY Components and Tools #3 EXAMPLE Strategic Spatial Planning for Vinnytsia

#1 Introduction Context and Demand for Strategic Spatial Planning

Strategic Planning Term’s Definition

Strategic planning is a review and planning process that is undertaken to make thoughtful decisions about a one’s future in order to ensure its success.

TechTarget | SearchCIO.com

Strategic Spatial Planning Term’s Definition

Strategic spatial planning is a public-sector-led sociospatial process through which a vision, actions and means for implementation are produced that shape and frame what a place is and may become.

Albrechts, L. (2004): Strategic (Spatial) Planning Reexamined. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 31: 743–758.

Strategic Spatial Planning

Reasons and Intentions

#1 THINKING ABOUT THE FUTURE [...] construction of visions of the future for a city [...] by the actor initiating it. A strategic plan can be imagined in this first interpretation as the construction of a political programme.

Mintzberg, H. (1994): The Fall and Rise of Strategic Planning, Harvard Business Review, Reprint 94107

Strategic Spatial Planning

Reasons and Intentions

#2 INTEGRATING DECISION MAKING [...] construction of a network or coalition of actors (vertical and/ or horizontal) for urban policies [...]. The strategic plan can be described in this second interpretation as a governance tool.

Mintzberg, H. (1994): The Fall and Rise of Strategic Planning, Harvard Business Review, Reprint 94107

Strategic Spatial Planning

Reasons and Intentions

#3 IMPROVING COORDINATION [...] coordination and/or convergence between sectoral policies [...].

The strategic plan can be observed in this third interpretation as a (set of) government tool(s) Mintzberg, H. (1994): The Fall and Rise of Strategic Planning, Harvard Business Review, Reprint 94107

Strategic Spatial Planning Challenges

Image: Cluse of Chambéry F in 2011. An apparently widespread urban carpet in a (formerly?) alpine Landscape. Growing prosperty and mobility led to disproportionately increasing consumption of resources. Thereby caused loss of local characteristics makes it difficult to capture the essence and identity of a territory.

IDENTITY [...] You can hardly call it deserted when there are bell towers in forests, flocks on outcrops, factories in abysses and workshops sitting beside a torrent.

Rousseau, J. (1763): Lettre au maréchal de Luxembourg Image source: Florian Pépellin, wikimedia

Strategic Spatial Planning Challenges

Satellite image: Lack of correspondence between administrative organisations and urban forms in Brussels Metropolitan Region. Recent incidents in the Region prove a need to construct a common vision accross different entities.

LIAISON [...] Thinking on the impact of urban transformation processes on the organisation of institutions and socitey – and vice versa.

Balducci, A. (2011): City of Cities Strategic Project for Milan Image source: ADT Brussels

Strategic Spatial Planning Challenges

Image: Loss of manufacturing industries and migration of middle class families to the suburbs, but - to a probably even higher part - also disinvestment both by government and the private sector in services and infrastructure, and faulty management decisions by municipal leaders led to the decline of Detroit from one of the richest cities in the United States to the largest municipal bankruptcy in US history.

POWERS Decision-making, which, [...] in the absence of revenues from urban transformation projects, have always favoured development rather than the conservation of areas.

Balducci, A. (2011): City of Cities Strategic Project for Milan Image source: mdplanningblog.com

Strategic Spatial Planning Challenges

SYSTEMS [...] The problem wasn’t the building, but the system of transportation that this building [swimming pool] was serviced by.

Image: Complex challenges do not respect traditional disciplinary boundaries. They require a coordinated and systematic approach in order to understand and manage them. Like in the case of an underused old swimming pool, where a bus schedule was a hinge point to a system, impacting Hyde, R. (2010); The Bus Schedule, Not The the patronage of the pool, which could have flow on Building, Helsinki Design Lab, HDL Global Image source: Seungho Lee, Aalto University effects to the health of the community.

Strategy in Spatial Planning Functional vs.

Structural Planning

‘Functional’ planning [...] improves the work of the existing order, [...] and lights up only into the framework of [...] the changes at which it aims concerning only the functioning of that order.

Wadia, P.A. and Merchant, K.T. (1951): Functional versus Structural, Planning. The Five-Year Plan, A Criticism. The Popular Book Depot, Bombay, 1951, Price Rs. 1-12

Strategy in Spatial Planning Functional vs.

Structural Planning

‘Structural’ planning [...] aims at changing the socio-economic order of a given society and creating something essentially new in the social and economic order.

Wadia, P.A. and Merchant, K.T. (1951): Functional versus Structural, Planning. The Five-Year Plan, A Criticism. The Popular Book Depot, Bombay, 1951, Price Rs. 1-12

Strategy in Spatial Planning

General Plan vs.

Strategic Plan

GENERAL PLAN #1 Blueprint for a final stage at some point in a given future #2 Legal document of an adopted plan #3 Static, based on procedure Image: Excerpt of General Plan for Vinnytsia, Dipromisto 2012

Strategy in Spatial Planning

General Plan vs.

Strategic Plan

STRATEGIC PLAN #1 Conceptual framework for policies and taking action over a certain period #2 Legitimacy for later decisions in interaction #3 Dynamic, based on values Image: Excerpt of Spatial Development Strategy for Zurich, Localization of development policies for economy and science. Zurich City Council, 2010

#2 Development of a Strategy Components and Tools

Strategy Two ‘Souls’

#1 Persecution of a longrange vision of a desirable and feasible idea of a potential future.

Sartorio, Francesca S. (2005): Strategic Spatial Planning: A Historical Review of Approaches, its Recent Revival, and an Overview of the State of the Art in Italy. disP 162 · 3/2005: pp. 26-40

#2 The presence of one or more actors pursuing, in actions, various divergent and often clashing objectives that follow different rationales.

Strategic Planning

Enable processes that allow to see better

Process

Opportunity

Decision-making curve

Solution

Time Steinberg, M. (2009); Sitra, The Finnish Innovation Fund

Strategy Vision

GUIDING IDEA TOWARDS A DESIRABLE FUTURE #1 Inspire the people #2 Prevent from opportunism useless actionism #3 Power and orientation in implementation process #4 Nucleus of the strategy

Strategy More than Vision

Source: Boyer, B., Cook, J.W. and Steinberg, M. (2011): In Studio: Recipes for Systemic Change.

Sitra, The Finnish Innovation Fund

#1 Vision: Why should we act? #2 Intent: What should be done? #3 Plan: How will we do it and who should be involved? #4 Stewardship: Feedback loops that guide the why, what, how, and who.

Strategy Intent

TOOLS HELPING TO SEE WHAT IS TO DO #1 Scenario method #2 SWOT-Analysis / TOWS-Strategies

Strategic Tools Scenario Method

Scenario Method is a synthetic proceeding, which, [...] simulates, [...] in a plausible and coherent manner, a sequence of events leading a system towards a future situation; and which, [...], presents a complete image of this situation.

Julien, P.A., Lamonde, P. and Latouche, D. (1976): La methode des scenarios, une reflexion sur la demarche et la theorie de la prospective, 20

Scenario Method: Cone of Possibilities Positive Extreme Scenario

Trend Scenario

Time

Negative Extreme Scenario

Source: Julien, P.A., Lamonde, P. and Latouche, D. (1976): La methode des scenarios, une reflexion sur la demarche et la theorie de la prospective, 20

Strategic Tools SWOT Analysis / TOWS Strategies

SWOT Tool for a systematic analysis of internal strengths and weaknesses as well as of external threats and opportunities TOWS Tool for developing strategic options from an external-internal analysis

Strategic Tools SWOT Analysis / TOWS Strategies

TOWS Strategic Alternatives matrix

S: INTERNAL STRENGTHS

W: INTERNAL WEAKNESSES

O: EXTERNAL OPPORTUNITIES SO: Strategies that use strenghts to maximize opportunities WO: Strategies that minimize weakesses by taking advantage of opportunities

T: EXTERNAL THREATS ST: Strategies that use strengths to minimize treaths WT: Strategies that minimize weaknesses and avoid threats

Strategic Plan

Key Components

Strategic planning also requires a well-thought out plan for how to properly allocate [and operate with]: - time, - human capital [actors], - resources.

TechTarget | SearchCIO.com

Strategy

Stewardship

Source: Boyer, B., Cook, J.W. and Steinberg, M. (2011): In Studio: Recipes for Systemic Change.

Sitra, The Finnish Innovation Fund 2005: pp. 26-40

Strategies are important, but only when they lead to impact. Stewardship [...] closes the feedback loop, thereby giving the strategy a self-learning mechanism that creates a degree of intelligent flexibility.

Analysis

Execution

Strategy

Participation Elaboration

Strategy Development As A Learning Process: #1 Involve as much people as possible #2 Expert support in certain parts of the strategy #3 Clear framework and targets

#3 Example Strategic Spatial Planning for Vinnytsia

Example Vinnytsia

Parent Policy Document Adopted by City Council in 2013

Download: http://www.vmr.gov.ua/en/ContentLibrary/ VINNYTSIA%20STRATEGY%20SMILE%20CITY.pdf

Strategic Spatial Planning Example Vinnytsia

Download: http://www.vmr.gov.ua/en/ ContentLibrary/STRATEGY_IUTSPS_EN_Print.pdf

Vinnytsia Integrated Urban Transport And Spatial Planning Strategy Elaboration period: 2013 - 2014 Time horizon: 15 years plan / 30 years vision Initiator / client: Vinnytsia City Council Financial support: Swiss Confederation, State Secretariat of Economic Affairs (SECO) Authors: Van de Wetering Atelier f체r St채dtebau, Zurich (Spatial Planning, Urban Design) mrs partner AG, Zurich (Transport, Landscape) Urs Thomann, Vinnytsia (Strategy) Primary recipients: City Council / Department of Architecture, Urban Planning and Cadastre / Department of Energy, Transport and Communication

Strategy

Integrated Urban Transport and Spatial Planning

MISSION Cost-efficient strategy for sustainable growth of an integral functioning daily urban system in the next 15 years.

Integrated Transport and Spatial Planning Reference

Image: Bacon, E. (1974): Design of Cities, Concept for the city center of Philadelphia

Strategy Elaboration

Community

inside|outside

Vinnytsia Authors City Council

Organisation Participation

Illustrations: Authors positioned inside and outside of the administration and targeted participation with gathering knowledge, experiences and ideas through expert panels with decision-makers (left) and round tables with focus groups (right) enable a learning process in strategy development.

Image: Projet d’agglomÊration franco-valdo-genevois

Challenges Urban Development Tendencies

#1 Extensive development #2 Diffculties in balancing city budgets #3 Impaired quality of life

Challenges

«[...]Abundance of areas with problems and conflicts, creating new urban areas, which attract new problems and conflicts.[...]»

Koolhaas, R. (1995): Generic city

Schemes: Vinnytsia’s existing General Plan intends extensive development with transformation from compact corridor (top) to a decentralized ring-city (bottom)

Method

Focus on Realization

PARADIGMS: #1 Coordinated objectives #2 Sustainable and integrated concepts #3 Financially realistic projects

Method

Strategic Framework Key Policies

#1 Coordinated development of areas, infrastructure and services for social cohesion and community identity #2 Small urban units in which daily needs are reachable on foot #3 Development of public transport friendly urban areas

Strategic Framework Key Policies

#4 Efficiency of investments through reinforcement of already urbanized areas and existing infrastructure #5 Upwards-compatible options on projects to ensure developments depending on growth in the next generation

System Of Objectives Planning & Monitoring Tool

#1 Concerted Discussions #2 Legitimate Decisions #3 Evaluation of impact

System Of Objectives Assessment criteria

Scenario 3

Development strategy

Orientation

Group of Guiding Objectives Objectives principles

Indicator Value

Value

SocioEconomic UrbanLandscape Transport Environment Implementation

Controlling after 5 years

Scenario 1 Scenario 2

Intensive Compact

One Strategy

SUB-STRATEGIES / PROJECTS

Assessment

Extensive Centrifuged

Three Scenarios

OBJECTIVES Towards a decision

Two models

SYNTHESIS

Towards a system

HYPOTHESIS

Scenarios

Possibilities for Future Development

#1 Present various possible future situations #2 Provoke public and politcal discussion #3 Test desirability and feasibility of options for development

Scenarios

Urban Potential, Options

Schemes: Development potential in areas which are integrated in today’s city life and have access to urban infrastructure as starting point (top). Scenarios for priority of future development (bottom).

Scenarios in this case ‘options’ of a basic strategy refering to key policies and system of objectives.

Image of the Future

Synthesis, ‘Magic to Stir the Soul’

Vinnytsia, A City With A Face!

– Or, The Whole Is More Than The Sum Of Its Parts

Image of the Future

Visualization: Landscape In Form Of Water And Green Corridors Together With Main Streets As Boulevards Are Shaping The Future Development Of The City For Pedestrians And Public Transport.

Guidelines for Development Bridging Objectives to Strategies

#1 Green and historic city structure #2 Green city boundary #3 City corso as a dynamic backbone for urban development #4 Hilly districts and strategic reserve

Guidelines for Development

#5 Revaluation of road links #6 Sub centers

Bridging Objectives to Strategies

Illustration: Overlay of the 6 guidelines illustrates connection and interdependence of the elements of the strategies for integrated development.

Integrated Strategies

Urban Development / Transport Infrastructure

#1 Transit-orientated development with public transport as urban backbone

Integrated Strategies

Transitoriented Development Reference: Van de Wetering Atelier für Städtebau, 2015, Swiss National Research Programme NRP 65 ‘New Urban Quality’, Illustration for the programme synthesis: A high quality transport corridor as backbone for urban development in Dietikon CH.

Integrated Strategies

Urban Development / Transport Infrastructure

#1 Transit-orientated development with public transport as urban backbone #2 Polycentric development with public transport nodes as new sub-centres

Integrated Strategies

Polycentric Development Reference: Van de Wetering Atelier f체r St채dtebau, 2011, Regional development concept for southern agglomeration of Basel CH, New subcenters: public transport interchange points are not only transport hubs, but also meeting places and focal points of urban development.

Integrated Strategies

Urban Development / Transport Infrastructure

#1 Transit-orientated development with public transport as urban backbone #2 Polycentric development with public transport nodes as new sub-centres #3 Compact streets as connecting space

Integrated Strategies Compact Streets

Reference: Van de Wetering Atelier für Städtebau, 2013, Masterplan Landstrasse Wettingen CH, Main street as an ‘urban life line’ with places to live, stay and meet: Coexistence of all modes of transport, attractive public space, visual enlargement of street space by retreated ground floors, wide sidewalks, comfortable pedestrians crossing.

Integrated Strategies

Urban Development / Transport Infrastructure

#4 Hybrid systems with context-oriented function of transport and treatment of urban space

Integrated Strategies Hybrid Systems

Reference: Van de Wetering Atelier f체r St채dtebau, 2014, Spatial development strategy for D체bendorf CH, Functions of transport system (suburban access system, fast inner city connection, local accessibility, etc.) are adapted to the urban context.

No major route through the station district.

Integrated Strategies

Urban Development / Transport Infrastructure

#4 Hybrid systems with context-oriented function of transport and treatment of urban space #5 Urban revaluation through densification and diversification

Central urban district Urban housing district

Densification and Diversification

Restructuration and Transformation

Green housing district

Integrated Strategies

Development and Supplement

Reference: Van de Wetering Atelier f체r St채dtebau, 2015, Densification strategies for Fribourg CH, Densification and revaluation principle for different urban structures and context for development.

Integrated Concepts Properties

#1 Referring to strategic objectives

C TRANSPORT

Integrated Concepts

ort quality and coverage is seen as key in providing a e car use and improving overall quality of the city ens presented in this specific strategy illustrate how the k layout could be restructured to become clearly leghigh level of modal integration.

Referring to Strategic Objectives

port system has a strong history of providing mobilr its inhabitants with a high level of covering. The structured and connects most of the housing and with the city centre. However, operation of the netoo strong based on types of vehicles instead of dem and trolley-bus lines in some cases overlap, rather ementary services. Schedules are not coordinated lic transport stops and lack of interchanges makes ous modes of public transport difficult. There is also icketing system. This is true for both the local transegration of the local and regional transport systems.

Illustration: Particular objectives and principles for the public transport concept in accordance to the strategic objectives of the integrated development ansport with 300strategy. m service area: Layout covers main parts of the city but is too

port and Spatial Planning Strategy

Objectives and principles Objectives Principles Shorten the average travel time of public trans- • Direct itinerary through the city, without deport tours • Put in place public transport priority with regulations, own lanes, etc.

Reduce waiting time and connecting time • Introduce fixed timetable instead of interval timetable • Localization with better connection of stops on interchanges at strategic places in the city (network effect) Improve timetable stability and punctuality for • Preventing obstacles (parked cars, traffic jams, passengers pedestrian crossings, etc.) or self-obstruction (very high demand, vehicle breakdown) • Creation of alternative routes and turning loops in case of perturbations Improve legibility of public transport network • Public transport as a network of functional relations to reach and connect different parts of the city, without or max. with one change of vehicule • Level of services (frequency, number of interchanges) according to importance of demand Improve image of public transport • More capacity and comfort in vehicles • Better accessibility and design of stops of public transport Promote multimodal mobility (Park and Ride) • Location of public parkings close to main public transport stops, outside centres, combined ticket P+R and public transport Ensure coherence of public transport measures • Increase of capacity targeted with urban dewith the global strategy velopment along corridors • Main interfaces located on main places of the city VINNYTSIA CITY COUNCIL | Department for Architecture, Urban Planning and Cadastre

49

Integrated Concepts Properties

#1 Referring to strategic objectives #2 & Multiscale

Integrated Concepts Multiscale

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Illustrations: Network layout, location of public transport stops and their integration in public space are interconnected designed from ‘city-scale’ to ‘human-scale’ to develop an attractive city center with public services which are easy accessible by public transport from the whole city/region.

4

Integrated Concepts Properties

#1 Referring to strategic objectives #2 & Multiscale #3 & Interdisciplinary

City of Vinnitsa Integrated Urban Transport and Spatial Planning Strategy

Kirova St

reet

Integrated Concepts Key Element Kirova District

Tram depot

Urban development Kirova District Industrial site

Scale 1 : 3'000 (Format: A0)

Commercial administration building

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Sport field

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Townhouse School

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New market yard

School

Apartment building

commercial house

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Interdisciplinary

Cityadministration Piazza Romashka

Residential and commercial building Family housing

tree va S

Rowhouse

Apartment building

Townhouse

Kiro

Residential and commercial building

Shopping Business

Park Shopping

Freight yard/ handling goods

s'ka Street

Chervonoarmii

School School

Family housing

Frunze Street

T ZAMOSTYANS'KYI DISTRIC

Lokomotyv

Datum: Autor: Ablage:

31.01.2015 rh Y:\Projekte_mrs_vdw\478.209_Vinnitsa\ 7_Plaene\3_Concept Zooms 1-1000\Kirova\ 478.209_Vinnitsa_Zoom_Urban.vwx

Illustrations: Application of the strategy’s interdisciplinary principles in the conceptual layout for urban transformation of Kirova district. Co-ordinated planning of accessibility system and diverse, mixed use building structure stimulate vivid public spaces and make effective use of resources for a new park.

0

10

20

50

100 m

Integrated Concepts Properties

#1 Referring to strategic objectives #2 & Multiscale #3 & Interdisciplinary #4 & Multimodal

Integrated Concepts Multimodal

Illustrations: Coordinated access principles and distribution of all modes of transport establish a road hierarchy which is conceived to satisfy extern and intern transport demand, to stimulate urban devevelopment of the inner city and to create multifunctional street space as public space.

Implementation Strategic Projects

CRITERIAS #1 Relevance to the strategy #2 Synergies (behaviour change, bundles of measures) #3 Organisational feasibility and financial viability #4 Cost/benefit ratio

Implementation Priority Of Projects

Relevance

No

No priority

Yes

Maturity

Not ready

Priority C

Ready

Costs/Benefit Good Very good

Financial maturity

Insufficient Sufficient Optimizable

Priority B

After 2020 Yes

Priority A

Illustration: Method to determine priority of projects, measures and actions in the framework of the strategy with focus on realization.

Strategic Projects

B U S

Example

Integrated Urban Transport and Spatial Planning Strategy

Own tram site - no cars Own bus site - no cars Lanes for motorized vehicles

Own bus stop - no cars

Lane under traffic light

Marked pedestrian crossings

No priority

Safety island - min. 2m, 3m for tram stops Itinerary for cyclists - on sidewalk, cycle lane Cyclist crossing

Vinnytsia City Council | SECO

8.3. Major interface of urban public transports: The new Zhovtneva Square 8.3.1. Starting position Integrated Urban Transport and Spatial Planning Strategy

Junction “October square” | project

19.05.2014 mrs/ms

main radial line with higher demand (tram, trolleybus) secondary radial line with lower demand (bus) tangentional line

50-richchya Peremohy Honty

Kyivska Tarnohrodskoho

Kirova VPZ Railway station

Chervonoarmiiska Vinnytsia-Vantazhna

Center Chernovola Honty Center / Pyatnichany / Korea

Karla Marksa Tyazhyliv

Center Vishenka Center Pirohova

Stare misto Buchmy

Center / Sverdlova - Podillya / Stare misto

Integrated Urban Transport and Spatial Planning Strategy

Nemirovske shosse / Tyazhyliv / Vinnytske Khutory

19.05.2014 mrs/ms

Illustrations: Zhovtneva Square, located along a popular park, is currently an extensive junction of various flows over and along the river. Introduction a tram stop creates a comfortable interface which significantly increases efficiency of the public transport network and improves quality of public space for urban leisure.

Junction “October square” | public transport interface | project

MACRO

Position

DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

NEW GENERAL PLAN

EXISTING GENERAL PLAN

GUIDING PLAN

MICRO

Guiding Plan

URBAN PROJECT(S)

STATIC

URBAN PROJECT(S)

DYNAMIC

STATIC

Guiding Plan

Synthesis & Stewardship Tool

#1 Recognize dynamics and mutation from ‘what exists’ to ‘what is planned’ #2 Updating of planned situation correspondingly to new potentials #3 Discussions with actors and stakeholders

Guiding Plan

EXAMPLE VINNYTSIA GENERAL PLAN 2012

STRATEGIC PLAN 2015

POPULATION 33‘000 new inhabitants until 2031(+9 %)

POPULATION 33‘000 new inhabitants until 2031 (+9 %)

SETTLEMENT AREA 980 ha new housing area (+40 %)

SETTLEMENT AREA 464 ha new housing area (+18 %)

INFRASTRUCTURE 77 km new main city roads (+60 %) 3 new river crossings 2 new railway crossings 4 new inner city interchanges 5 km new tramway network (+38 %) 12 km new trolleybus network (+34 %)

INFRASTRUCTURE 5 km new main city roads (+4 %) 1 new river crossings 0 new railway crossings 0 new inner city interchanges 5,7 km new tramway network (+44 %) 0 km new trolleybus network (+0 %)

Thank You !

Urs Thomann uat.canactions@gmail.com www.canactions.com www.wetering.ch

ВІННИЦЬКА МІСЬКА РАДА

In Ukrainian language: Комплексна стратегія міського транспорту та просторового розвитку м. Вінниця: http://www.vmr.gov.ua/ ContentLibrary/Cтратегія%20транспорту.pdf

КОМПЛЕКСНА СТРАТЕГІЯ МІСЬКОГО ТРАНСПОРТУ І ПРОСТОРОВОГО РОЗВИТКУ