PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE MINAS GERAIS INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS GRADUAÇÃO EM LETRAS
Conjuctions
Disciplina: Práticas Discursivas em Inglês II Professora: Rosana Espírito Santo Camila Fernanda Silva Resende Gislane Caetano Santos Luiz Fernando de Andrada Pacheco Sander Júnior P. de Oliveira
Belo Horizonte 2010
AND Together with or along with; in addition to; as well as. Used to connect words, phrases, or clauses that have the same grammatical function in a construction; added to; used to indicate result.  Example: Two and two makes four. Give the boy a chance, and he might surprise you. 
BUT On the contrary; contrary to expectation, yet; used to indicate an exception. Examples: The plan caused not prosperity but ruin. She organized her work but accomplished very little. No one but she saw the prowler.
OR Used to indicate an alternative, usually only before the last term of a series; used to indicate the second of two alternatives, the first being preceded by either or whether; used to indicate a synonymous or equivalent expression; used to indicate uncertainty or indefiniteness. Examples: hot or cold; this, that, or the other. Your answer is either ingenious or wrong. I didn't know whether to laugh or cry. Acrophobia, or fear of great heights. Two or three.
SO With the result or consequence that; in order that.  Examples: He failed to appear, so we went on without him. I stayed so I could see you. 
EITHER...OR Either … or' is used in sentences giving a positive sense. Either one or the other subject does a given action. Subjects connected by 'either … or' take either a plural or singular verb conjugation depending on the subject (a singular or a plural) closer to the conjugated verb. Example: Either she or the boys have made a mess in this room.
NEITHER... NOR Neither … nor used to introduce alternatives which are both negative. Examples: Neither John nor David could come. He can neither read nor write.
HOWEVER Usually means ‘but’. It can precede or follow its clause or come after the first word or pharse. Examples: I’ll offer it to Tom. However , he may not want it; He may not want it however; Tom, however, may not want it.
ALTHOUGH Normally introduce clauses or concession; used when making a statement that differs from or contrasts with a statement you have just made. Example: Although they’re expensive, people buy them. Although we rarely see each other, we're still very good friends. I don't believe we've met before, although I must say you do look very familiar
EVEN IF Used to stress that something will happen despite something else that might prevent it. Example: I'm going to the party even if it rains.
EVEN THOUGH Used as a stronger way to say “though” or “although ”. Example: She stayed with him even though he often mistreated her. I'm going even though it may rain.
AS Used to make comparisons; used in the phrase as…as to say when something should be done, how often something should happen, etc. Examples: The fabric was soft as silk. The fabric was as soft as silk. He is every bit as clever as she (is). Come back as often as you like. If you're going to look for a new job, you should do it.
IF In the event that; granting that; on the condition that; used to introduce an exclamatory clause, indicating a wish; a possibility, condition, or stipulation. Examples: If I were to go, I would be late. If that is true, what should we do? She will play the piano only if she is paid. There will be no ifs, ands, or buts in this matter If they had only come earlier!
BECAUSE For the reason that; for the reason of; for the simple or single reason that. Example: I ran because I was afraid. “Why did you do it?” “Because she told me to.” Because of you, we missed the bus. Don't get nervous just because the teacher might ask you a question.
WHILE During the time; used to make a statement that describes how two people, groups, etc., are different . Example: The days were hot while we were on vacation. Someone called while you were out. While some people think his comedy is funny, others find him offensive.
WHEREAS Used to make a statement that describes how two people, groups, etc., are different. Example: Some of these species have flourished, whereas others have struggled. Whereas many people have supported the proposal, others have opposed it very strongly.
WHEN At or during the time; : just after the time; at any or every time. Used to say what happens, is true, or can be done in a particular situation. Example: When he finally showed up, he was drunk. You can go when the bell rings. When he watches television, he falls asleep. We take the bus to school when it rains.
THEREFORE Used to mark an inference on the speaker's part. Example: Those people have their umbrellas up: therefore, it must be raining. Payment was received two weeks after it was due; therefore, you will be charged a late fee.
NEVERTHELESS Despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession); in spite of what has just been said.  Examples: Although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it. While we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed. He was a stern yet fair master. Granted that it is dangerous, all the same I still want to go. 
NOT ONLY...BUT ALSO Used to say that both of two related statements are true. Examples: The festivals take place not only in the city but also in the surrounding rural areas.
UNLESS Used to say what will happen, be done, or be true if something else does not happen, is not done, or is not true Example: Don't come unless I telephone. Unless something is done, the species will become extinct. I won't have an operation unless surgery is absolutely necessary.
AFTER Later than the time when. Example: After she died we moved house twice. He returned after 20 years had passed. It happened not long after he graduated from college. Call me after you arrive. He finished the exam after I did.
SINCE During the period subsequent to the time when; continuously from the time when; inasmuch as; because. Examples: He hasn't been home since he graduated. They have been friends ever since they were in grade school. Since you're not interested, I won't tell you about it.
REFERENCES The free Dictionary < http://www.thefreedictionary.com/as> em Abril 2010 Learners Dictionary < http://www.learnersdictionary.com> em Abril 2010