Kleparstvo in krovstvo

Enes Mulalić

KLEPARSTVO in KROVSTVO Učbenik za modula Kleparska dela in Krovska dela za izobraževalni program Klepar-krovec

Kleparstvo in krovstvo Učbenik za modula Kleparska dela in Krovska dela za izobraževalni program Klepar–krovec Učbenik je napisal Enes Mulalić Risbe je narisal Enes Mulalić Fotografije je posnel David Mulalić Tehnične risbe je narisal Enes Mulalić Rokopis sta strokovno pregledala Igor Stres in Franc Veselič Rokopis je jezikovno pregledal Valentin Logar Strokovni svet Republike Slovenije za poklicno in strokovno izobraževanje je na svoji 126. seji dne 26. 11. 2010 na podlagi 26. člena Zakona o organizaciji in financiranju vzgoje in izobraževanja (Uradni list RS, št. 16/07–UPB in 36/08) in 15. člena Pravilnika o potrjevanju učbenikov (Ur. l. RS, št. 57/06) sprejel sklep št. 6130 – 3/2010/39 o potrditvi učbenika Kleparstvo in krovstvo za modula Kleparska dela in Krovska dela v programu Kleparkrovec.

Urednik Erik Karič Likovno grafična urednica Metka Škrabar in Alma Urbanija Oblikovanje opreme David Mulalić Glavni urednik Vasja Kožuh Izvršna direktorica Divizije založništev Ada de Costa Petan © Ministrstvo za šolstvo in šport, 2010.

Fotokopiranje in razmnoževanje dela po Zakonu o avtorski in sorodnih pravicah ni dovoljeno.

CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 692.4(075.3) 696.121(075.3) MULALIĆ, Enes Kleparstvo in krovstvo / [[besedilo], risbe, fotografije] Enes Mulalić. - 1. izd. - Ljubljana : DZS, 2011 ISBN 978-961-02-0184-7 253206016

Predgovor .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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1 Uvod ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

1.1 Predstavitev objekta .......................................................................................................................................................................................

1.2 Vloga kleparsko-krovskih del .................................................................................................................................................................

1.3 Predstavitev poklica klepar - krovec .................................................................................................................................................

1.4 Poklicne naloge in spretnosti ..................................................................................................................................................................

1.5 Načrtovanje – osebno, skupinsko ........................................................................................................................................................

9 11 14 14 15 16

2 Risanje, oblikovanje ...............................................................................................................................................................................................

2.1 Prostoročno risanje, skiciranje ...............................................................................................................................................................

2.2 Risanje izdelkov in ornamentov ............................................................................................................................................................

2.3 Risanje skic z meritvami, merilo ...........................................................................................................................................................

2.4 Prostorsko risanje, izometrija ..................................................................................................................................................................

2.5 Nastajanje krojev ..............................................................................................................................................................................................

2.6 Geometrija ............................................................................................................................................................................................................

2.7 Geometrijski liki ................................................................................................................................................................................................

2.8 Geometrijska telesa, plašči .......................................................................................................................................................................

2.9 Tehnično risanje v kleparstvu in krovstvu ....................................................................................................................................

17 18 18 19 19 20 24 28 45 51

3 Materiali v kleparstvu ..........................................................................................................................................................................................

3.1 Spoznavanje prvih materialov ...............................................................................................................................................................

3.2 Pločevina ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................

3.3 Ploščati profili .....................................................................................................................................................................................................

3.4 Okrogli, kvadratni in šesterorobni profili .......................................................................................................................................

3.5 Pocinkana jeklena pločevina ..................................................................................................................................................................

3.6 Cinkova pločevina ...........................................................................................................................................................................................

3.7 Cinkotitna pločevina .....................................................................................................................................................................................

3.8 Jeklena nerjavna pločevina ......................................................................................................................................................................

3.9 Bakrena pločevina ...........................................................................................................................................................................................

3.10 Medenina ................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3.11 Tombak .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3.12 Alpaka (argentan) .............................................................................................................................................................................................

3.13 Svinec ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3.14 Aluminij ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3.15 Površinska zaščita kovin .............................................................................................................................................................................

3.16 Mehki lot – cin (spajka, lot) .......................................................................................................................................................................

3.17 Trdi lot – srebrni lot (spajka) ....................................................................................................................................................................

3.18 Lepilo in tesnilo .................................................................................................................................................................................................

3.19 Vezni, pritrdilni material in zakovica, kovica (net) ..................................................................................................................

3.20 Solna kislina (HCl) ............................................................................................................................................................................................

3.21 Salmiak – amonijev klorid (NH4Cl) ......................................................................................................................................................

53 54 56 56 56 57 57 58 59 59 59 60 60 60 60 61 61 62 62 62 63 63

VSEBINA

VSEBINA

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VSEBINA 6

3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 3.27

Lotna voda ............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Lotna pasta ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................

Lotna mast .............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Kolofonija ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Boraks ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Energija in drugi potrebni materiali ..................................................................................................................................................

63 64 64 64 64 64

4 Postopki obdelave, sestavljanja in montaže ...............................................................................................................................

4.1 Prenos risov in točk ........................................................................................................................................................................................

4.2 Izrezovanje, piljenje, žaganje ..................................................................................................................................................................

4.3 Prebijanje, vrtanje ............................................................................................................................................................................................

4.4 Krivljenje, robljenje .........................................................................................................................................................................................

4.5 Tehnike sestavljanja materialov ............................................................................................................................................................

4.6 Zgibanje ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................

4.7 Zakovičenje ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................

4.8 Mehko lotanje ....................................................................................................................................................................................................

4.9 Trdo lotanje ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................

4.10 Varjenje ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

4.11 Lepljenje .................................................................................................................................................................................................................

4.12 Kovanje, klepanje .............................................................................................................................................................................................

4.13 Hladno kaljenje .................................................................................................................................................................................................

4.14 Drukanje, potisno oblikovanje ..............................................................................................................................................................

65 66 67 69 70 71 73 77 78 79 79 80 80 82 82

5 Orodja in stroji .............................................................................................................................................................................................................

5.1 Risalno in merilno orodje ...........................................................................................................................................................................

5.2 Kleparsko orodje za izdelavo in montažo .....................................................................................................................................

5.3 Stroji v kleparstvu ............................................................................................................................................................................................

5.4 Škarje za razrez pločevine in profilov ...............................................................................................................................................

5.5 Krivilni stroj za kotno in okroglo oblikovanje pločevine ...................................................................................................

5.6 Stroj za okroglo krivljenje ..........................................................................................................................................................................

5.7 Robilni stroj ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................

5.8 Stroj za stiskanje cevnih zgibov ............................................................................................................................................................

5.9 Stroj za profiliranje pločevine .................................................................................................................................................................

5.10 Stroj za zgibanje in stiskanje ...................................................................................................................................................................

5.11 Stroj za izdelavo pritrdil ..............................................................................................................................................................................

5.12 Drugo potrebno orodje in stroji ...........................................................................................................................................................

83 84 86 94 94 95 95 96 96 97 97 99 99

6 Primeri kleparskih izdelkov ...............................................................................................................................................................................

6.1 Podstavek ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................

6.2 Pekač ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................

6.3 Lopatica za smeti .............................................................................................................................................................................................

6.4 Lijak .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

6.5 Vevnica .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

6.6 Vedro .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................

101 102 103 103 104 106 107

7 Odvodni kleparski elementi ..............................................................................................................................................................................

7.1 Izdelava polkrožnih kljuk ...........................................................................................................................................................................

7.2 Montaža polkrožnih kljuk ..........................................................................................................................................................................

7.3 Izdelava in montaža visečih strešnih žlebov ...............................................................................................................................

7.4 Izdelava in montaža ležečih strešnih žlebov ..............................................................................................................................

109 110 112 115 122

Izdelava kotnega žleba ................................................................................................................................................................................

Dilatacija žleba ...................................................................................................................................................................................................

Izdelava in montaža navpičnih odtokov ........................................................................................................................................ Žlebni izpusti, kotlički ...................................................................................................................................................................................

Koleno .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Cev ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Sestavljanje cevi ................................................................................................................................................................................................

Prehod iz štirioglatih v okrogle oblike in obratno ..................................................................................................................

Stranski priključek tanjše v debelejšo ali enako cev .............................................................................................................

Lijak – sredinski, stranski ............................................................................................................................................................................

Izogibni element (etaža) .............................................................................................................................................................................

Stranski izliv ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................

Lovilec vode .........................................................................................................................................................................................................

Lovilec kondenzne vode ............................................................................................................................................................................

Zidne objemke ...................................................................................................................................................................................................

Cevni obroček (rink) .......................................................................................................................................................................................

Rozeta .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................

123 126 127 127 135 138 141 144 145 147 149 150 151 153 155 156 157

8 Pločevinaste strehe ...................................................................................................................................................................................................

8.1 Oblike pločevinastih streh ........................................................................................................................................................................

8.2 Zakaj veter odkrije streho .........................................................................................................................................................................

8.3 Preboj ali dimniška obroba na pločevinasti strehi .................................................................................................................

8.4 Prvi tip dimniške obrobe ............................................................................................................................................................................

8.5 Drugi tip dimniške obrobe .......................................................................................................................................................................

8.6 Tretji tip dimniške obrobe .........................................................................................................................................................................

8.7 Četrti tip dimniške obrobe .......................................................................................................................................................................

8.8 Peti tip dimniške obrobe ............................................................................................................................................................................

8.9. Šesti tip dimniške obrobe .........................................................................................................................................................................

8.10 Sedmi tip dimniške obrobe .....................................................................................................................................................................

8.11 Osmi tip dimniške obrobe ........................................................................................................................................................................

8.12 Frčada, kukerle ...................................................................................................................................................................................................

8.13 Nadstrešek oz. nastrešnica nad vhodom, portalom .............................................................................................................

159 160 160 167 167 174 178 179 180 181 182 184 185 189

9 Obrobe, odkapi, zaključki ...................................................................................................................................................................................

9.1 Obrobe – splošno ............................................................................................................................................................................................

9.2 Čelne – vetrne obrobe .................................................................................................................................................................................

9.3 Zidne obrobe ......................................................................................................................................................................................................

9.4 Žlotne in globelne obrobe .......................................................................................................................................................................

9.5 Dimniške obrobe ..............................................................................................................................................................................................

9.6 Protipožarne obrobe, obrobe nadzidav (atik) ...........................................................................................................................

9.7 Obrobe napuščev, simsa, okenskih polic, zidkov in zidnih kap ...................................................................................

9.8 Dilatacijski elementi, obrobe ..................................................................................................................................................................

9.9 Zaključki na koničasto ošiljenih delih strešin .............................................................................................................................

193 194 195 197 199 201 204 205 210 213

10 Razni kleparski izdelki in dela .....................................................................................................................................................................

10.1 Izdelava in montaža strešnega okna (line) ...................................................................................................................................

10.2 Izdelava in montaža štirioglatih ali okroglih zračnikov ......................................................................................................

10.3 Snegolovi ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................

10.4 Kljuke (sidrne) na strmih strešinah .....................................................................................................................................................

10.5 Dimniške kape ....................................................................................................................................................................................................

215 216 219 222 224 225

VSEBINA

7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 7.20 7.21

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VSEBINA

10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10

Servisne stopnice .............................................................................................................................................................................................

Strešna okna (tipska, montaža) .............................................................................................................................................................

Strelovodi ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Izolacijska dela ...................................................................................................................................................................................................

Prezračevalna dela ..........................................................................................................................................................................................

225 226 226 228 229

11 Krovska dela ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................

11.1 Pripravljalna dela ..............................................................................................................................................................................................

11.2 Izdelava podstrehe, podkrova (opaž) ...............................................................................................................................................

11.3 Polaganje rezervne kritine ........................................................................................................................................................................

11.4 Izdelava prezračevanja ................................................................................................................................................................................

11.5 Merjenje, mreženje – uskladitev in začetek .................................................................................................................................

11.6 Letvanje, opaženje ..........................................................................................................................................................................................

11.7 Pokrivanje ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................

11.8 Porezovanje globeli, robov in grebenov ........................................................................................................................................

11.9 Montaža robov, grebenov in slemen ................................................................................................................................................

231 232 232 233 233 234 234 236 236 237

12 Strešne kritine, pokrivanje .............................................................................................................................................................................

12.1 Strešna lepenka (bitumenizirani papir) ..........................................................................................................................................

12.2 Bobrovec (opečnik) ........................................................................................................................................................................................

12.3 Korec (opečnik) ..................................................................................................................................................................................................

12.4 Zareznik (opečnik) ...........................................................................................................................................................................................

12.5 Skril, kamen ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................

12.6 Vlaknocementne plošče – ravne, valovite (cement, vlakna) ..........................................................................................

12.7 Betonske kritine (pesek, cement) ........................................................................................................................................................

12.8 Bitumenske kritine – ravne, valovite (bitumen, vlakna, karton) ..................................................................................

12.9 Slama (rž, trstika) ..............................................................................................................................................................................................

12.10 Skodle, deske (cepljeni ali žagani les) ..............................................................................................................................................

12.11 Maloformatne tipske kovinske kritine – ravne, rombaste (pločevina) ...................................................................

12.12 Velikoformatne kovinske kritine – sendvič, paneli (pločevina, toplotna izolacija) .......................................

12.13 Ravne strehe: hladne – zračne, tople – nezračne (bitumenski trakovi, toplotna izolacija) .....................

12.14 Strehe iz umetnih mas (PVC- oz. PE-trak, toplotna izolacija) .........................................................................................

239 240 241 241 242 243 245 245 246 246 247 247 248 248 250

13 Slovar žargonskih izrazov ................................................................................................................................................................................... 253

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1. poglavje

Uvod

1 UVOD

1.1 Predstavitev objekta 1.2 Vloga kleparsko-krovskih del 1.3 Predstavitev poklica klepar - krovec 1.4 Poklicne naloge in spretnosti 1.5 NaÄ?rtovanje - osebno, skupinsko 9

1.1 Predstavitev objekta

Naučiti se moramo videni ali (narisani) objekt z besedami opisati tako slikovito, da bo poslušalec lahko razumel, vizualiziral in narisal predstavljeni del objekta oz. celotni objekt.

Primer: Opis strehe

Predstavljena streha je atrijska dvokapnica z naklonom 30° in s čopom, ki ima razgledni stolp in nadstrešek (kukerle). Streha dozidka je ločena s protipožarnim zidom.

1. poglavje

V uvodnem delu bodo predstavljena področja ter poimensko določeni pojmi in deli objekta, tako da bo bralec ob nadaljnjem učenju, delu in poslušanju predavanj laže sodeloval in usvojil novo znanje.

Na začetku spoznajmo objekt (hišo) od temelja do strehe, in to ob kleparsko-krovskih delih in izdelkih.

Uvod

Pri nadaljnjem opisovanju strehe – krova ugotovimo sestavo ostrešja: topla hladna streha, podkrov in rezervna kritina, prezračevanje, pohodnost strehe ali ne (naklon strehe), katera končna kritina krova je primerna itn.

Slika 1: Hiša

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1. poglavje

KLEPARSKO - KROVSKA D - ozemljitveni vod, strelovod (najnižja točka objekta pod temeljem), - hidroizolacija temelja, - hidroizolacija kleti,

Uvod

- žleb (mesto montaže) – viseči, ležeči, - žleb (oblika) – polkrožni, štirikotni (kotni, izogibni, kaskada), - žlebna zapora, - maska – kotna (zunanja, notranja), zaključna, - kotliček – žlebni, stranski, - koleno – ločno segmentno, - odtočna cev – okrogla, štirioglata, - lovilec vode, - obroba kapna, - obroba stranska – vetrna, - obroba čopa, - obroba zidna, - obroba napušča – venca, - obroba nadzidave (atike), ograje, - obroba dimnika, - kapa dimnika, - obroba droga, antene, - obroba protipožarnih zidov, - globel – žlota, greben, rob, sleme, - podstreha, rezervna kritina,

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KA DELA IN IZDELKI - kritina, kritina kot streha ograje, - pločevinasta streha – ravna pravokotna,

1. poglavje

- letvanje, deskanje,

- pločevinasta streha, kupola – ločno, usločena oblika,

Uvod

- pločevinasta streha, dimniška obroba, (sleme),

- pločevinasta streha – ravna, navpična, - zaključek s kroglo in vrtečim petelinom (najvišja točka objekta), - strelovod, tipski, - nadstrešek (kukerle), pločevina, - zaključek s kroglo, špica, - zračno sleme, - strešna lina, - strešno okno, - zračnik – okrogli, štirioglati, - strešni pohodi, stopnice, - snegolov, ograjica, točkovni, cevni, - okenska polica, - nadstrešnik, - ravna streha, - izliv – stranski, - poštni nabiralnik.

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