Graduation plan proposal
when the city turns brutally hot by Veronika Kovacsova urban design Amsterdam Academy of Architecture 2012/2013
"Who wants to escape the heat and temperatures below 30 degrees, must go to altitudes well over 1,200 and 1,300 meters. Escape from the heat into the hills - something that in the course of human-induced climate change you will probably have to adjust more often in future." 2
(Rainer Schultheis, ORF-Weatherreditorial, 17.08.2012; http://orf.at/stories/2135932/2135927/)
INTRODUCTIONquote
In the summer of 2012, while trying to find location and define a theme for my graduation project, I have came across the most recent publication of dérive – Zeitschrift für Stadtforschung, a quarterly mono-thematic magazine with 'Stadt KLIMA Wandel' (Urban CLIMATE Change) as the theme of the July – September 2012 edition. This publication includes articles with an academic and practical perspective dealing with the changing climate and it's social and ecological effect on cities. The fact is that we cannot play with natural resources. The constant clash between urbanized areas and nature is visible in cities such as Sao Paulo, where every year between December February there are vast floods around the several highways, (for instence the Marginal Tiete, which has been built in the 1957, runs right on top of or parallel to the river Tiete). To a lesser extend there is still floods for instance in Budapest, where every summer Danube covers the quays, showing that there is disharmony between the nature and the city. On August 8, 2012, scientists from the The City College of New York announced1 that the Greenland ice sheet has reached its record of melting ("the greatest melt since satellite recording began in 1979"), which is signifying a warming climate. Should we - inhabitants of cities - be concerned and take action?
1 http://www.eurekalert.org/ pub_releases/2012-08/ccongmb081412.php
The heat in the city and its effects is something one can rarely experience in the Netherlands and the city I have been studying in – Amsterdam. However, during my exchange study period from March to June 2012 in Vienna, the phenomenon of the 'urban island heat' (which simply refers to the contrast in temperature between cities and the country) became something I encountered almost on a everyday basis. Temperatures of 30+ degrees Celsius starting in the month of May and with smaller deviations throughout the whole summer (till mid August 2012, the time of writing this proposal) spent in uncooled indoor spaces, and closed, wind-free and shadeless outdoor spaces felt uneasy. People spend their evenings at city's terrases and weekends at aircondtioned shopping malls or naturally cooled spaces such as parks, the Danube waterfront or the hilly area of the Wienerwald. The situation in the surrounding region (Image 1) hasn't been different.
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LOCATION & CONTEXT / EUROPE & REGION
Climate zones Europe Vienna/Bratislava at the crossing of mild maritime and humid continental (north & south) zone
Sunshine duration in Europe (in hours per year) Vienna-Bratislava 1600 - 2000 hrs a year
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Average temperature in the area of Vienna Bratislava was between 25 - 300C in July 2012
Image 1: Average temperature July 2012
15 - 200C 20 - 250C 25 - 300C
Vienna
Bratislava
5
2 Heat in the city has also been a frequently discussed topic in the public media, such as the article 'Wenn die Stadt brutal heiĂ&#x; ist' (die Presse, 24,06,2012, p. 22. More recent articles include 'Die Hitze der Städte' from 13.08.2012 and ' Temperaturrekorde kĂśnnten fallen' from 17.08.2012 on orf.at (website of the Austrian national public service broadcaster). 3 According to Mrs. Hudakova (personal contact), the city of Bratislava is involved in the project EU Cities Adapt, http:// eucities-adapt.eu/cms/ , and was chosen among 21 european cities to develop an adapting strategy. The city already started with this project and will run till June 2013.
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Austria has been dealing with the issue of urban climate change since 2008. (StartClim reserach program initiated by the Austrian Ministry of Environment has been dealing with the topic of adaptation to climate change since 2008.) and there has been a number of measures and adaptations taken on a national and local level. Vienna has been for instance leading the charts of 'Green' or 'Smart' cities for the last couple of years. The issue of 'urban climate heat' has been largely discussed on an academic as well as popular2 level in Austria and Vienna. However, 75km down (southeast) the Danube in the capital of Slovakia, things are a bit different, but hopeful3. That was the reason I - first of all chose the region of Vienna and Bratislava and its 'Donauraum' (Danube area) as the brorader location of my graduation project. Both are sharing a very similar morphology and climate; and learning, translating and alternating the Viennese measurements concerning the problematics of urban heat would be an important step towards a common utili
Wenn die Stadt brutal heiß ist Die Zahl der Hitzetage wird sich laut Prognosen in den nächsten Jahrzehnten verdoppeln. Nicht nur während Hitzewellen wie der eben zu Ende gegangenen sind Städte Wärmeinseln: Im Durchschnitt ist es in Städten um zwei bis drei Grad wärmer als im Umland. Das hängt damit zusammen, dass es in der Stadt weniger Grünflächen gibt, wo Wasser verdunsten könnte (und dabei Verdunstungskälte erzeugt), sich Beton und Asphalt aufheizen, die Durchlüftung schlechter ist und viel Abwärme von Häusern oder Autos kommt. Gefühlsmäßig ist der Unterschied sogar noch viel größer. „Die gefühlte Temperatur in der Stadt ist oft um fünf Grad höher als im Umland“, erläutert Michael Staudinger, Direktor der Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik (ZAMG). Die gefühlte Temperatur (PET) berücksichtigt auch Feuchtigkeit, Wind und Strahlung. Laut einer Studie des ZAMG nahm die Zahl der Tage, in denen die gefühlte Temperatur höher als 29 Grad beträgt, in den letzten Jahrzehnten deutlich zu. Der Trend wird weitergehen: Aktuell gibt es in Wien jährlich im Schnitt zwölf „Hitzetage“, an denen die Quecksilbersäule die 30-Grad-Marke übersteigt. „Diese Zahl wird sich durch den Klimawandel bis Mitte des Jahrhunderts mehr als verdoppeln“, so Staudinger. Und: Auch der urbane Wärmeinsel-Effekt wird sich verstärken: In dem Projekt „Muklimo-3“ haben ZAMG-Forscher herausgefunden, dass die Temperaturen im Zentrum und im Osten Wiens stärker steigen werden als im Wienerwald. (…) Alle Anzeichen deuten darauf hin, dass das Problem in Zukunft größer wird. Man ist dem aber nicht schutzlos ausgeliefert: Das ist die Kernaussage des Forschungsprojekts „Hot town, summer in the city“, das im Rahmen des Programms „StartClim“ – gefördert u.a. vom Wissenschafts- und Wirtschaftsministerium – durchgeführt wurde. Kurzfristig am wichtigsten ist demnach das Vorhandensein von kühlen Räumen – sei es in Gebäuden, in Verkehrsmitteln oder in kühleren Grätzeln, die in Stadtplänen als „kühle Oasen“ eingezeichnet werden könnten. Eine Rolle spielen dabei Kühlaggregate und Klimaanlagen, aber auch planerische Maßnahmen. In London beispielsweise werden manche U-Bahn-Schächte mit Grundwasser gekühlt, in Kalifornien müssen seit 2005 alle flachen Gewerbegebäude weiße Dächer aufweisen („White City“). Bewegtes Wasser. Abhilfe bei großer Hitze schaffen auch begrünte Fassaden – laut Untersuchungen von Boku-Forschern ist die Oberflächentemperatur um zehn bis 15 Grad geringer. Das Schlagwort „Green City“ steht auch hinter anderen Maßnahmen: Eine „Entsieglung“ des Bodens, die Vergrößerung der Grünflächen, Baumpflanzungen oder die Begrünung von Straßenbahngleisen tragen zu einer Abkühlung bei. Bei dem Konzept von „Blue Cities“ soll der direkte Kühleffekt durch Wasser wirken – wobei bewegtes Wasser einen größeren Effekt hat als stehendes Wasser. Ausnutzen kann man das beispielsweise durch Sprühaufsätze auf Trinkbrunnen oder Hydranten (wie aus New York bekannt). Auch die Einrichtung von „Wasserwänden“ auf Plätzen wirkt wahre Wunder, ebenso Sprühnebel auf Schanigärten oder die Berieselung von Dächern. (Letzteres ist um 90 Prozent billiger als das Kühlen von Gebäuden mit Klimaanlagen). Langfristig sehr große Effekte haben stadtplanerische Maßnahmen wie die Ausrichtung von Gebäuden in Ost-West-Richtung – sie beschatten dann die Straßen und bieten zudem auf der Südseite große Flächen für Solarenergiegewinnung. Und: Sehr wirksam ist eine intelligente Raumplanung. Das Freihalten von Grünzügen in der Stadt und von Frischluftschneisen kann den Wärmeinsel-Effekt von Städten langfristig deutlich verringern. http://diepresse.com/home/science/768368/Wenn-die-Stadt-brutal-heiss-ist 7
Praterstern
HEATWAVES IN VIENNA
340C
15.08. 2012
8
15:46
Donaukanal
Karlsplatz
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LOCATION & CONTEXT / REGION & CITY
Bratislava is one of the youngest European capitals (since 1993 as the capital of the newly established Slovakia) with about 465.000 inhabitants (2012). It's a city located on the river Danube (splitting the city in two parts) and from north-west surrounded by the mountain ranges of the Carpathians. Its geographic and geologic location make living in this city pleasant, however further urbanisation and growth of built space (densificaton of existing and scarce green spaces and sprawl towards the outer boarders of the city) increases the island heat effect in the city. Bratislava is not exactly the city that develops hand-in-hand with nature. The surrounding green hills and wineyards are being bough off by private investors. The city does not have a central park, and only very few urban parks which are threatened to turn into asphalt squares and air-conditioned office and shopping buildings. An example of such development is the 32,000 m² waterfront mixed-use area 'River Park' (2010-now). East of 'River Park' is the city neighbourhood called 'Podhradie' ('Schlossgrund' in German, 'Extramural settlement' in English). Historically, it is one of the oldest parts of Bratislava (first reference stems from the 13th century), located south of the Bratislava Castle, along the bank of the river Danube. It used to be a neighbourhood of the poor (subordinates, workers of the noble, upper class from the Castle) and in the 19th and first half of the 20th century it used to be the Jewish neighbourhood of Bratislava. Today there's almost no original building from this period. In 1913 there was a fire which demolished a number of house, during WWII Jews were expelled from the city and after the war this area became the victim of the ideals and preference of the Communist authorities. The neighbourhood was totally demolished in the 1960s (because the houses did not meet with the hygienic standards of those times) and between 1969-73 a new motirway and bridge ('New Bridge'.
s
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current situation Podhradie
L
proximity of Bratislava to Vienna
75km
m
Bratislava split in two parts by Danube
River Park
Podhradie former jewish neighbourhood
Parliament Bratislava Castle
New Bridge (Novy Most)
RELEVANCE OF THIS TOPIC IN CURRENT /SOCIO-SPACIAL, -POLITICAL, -CULTURAL, -ECONOMIC/ CONTEXT
The magistrate (Bratislava's urban planning department) seems to be busy making plans and renderings of potential empty (unbuilt) spaces in the city and present them to investors, not taking into account the effect of such reckless urbanisation. One of such highly discussed plans is the eastern part of the river bank, right under the Bratislava Castle (Image 'S current situation'). 4 http://www.vydrica.com/index.php?id=architektonicka_ sutaz&L=1
5 http://www.jtre.sk/ sk/45759-47245.html Podhradie in 1919 1921
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The city of Bratislava has lauched architecture and urban design competitions in this area several times (latest in 20074 and 2012), and a number of design proposals has been handed in, selected. However, the project hasn't proceeded because of two reasons: the Regional Building Authority did not approve building on the site and there has been a number of protests and critique from Bratislava's inhabitants. The last plan from 20125 has been criticized as 'generic' (could be built anywhere) and 'not site specific' by the inhabitants.
The project description of the plan does however pinpoint the preservation and respecting the natural conditions of the site.4 "More than half of the territory will create public spaces such as squares, small parks and public green areas. "The volume will double over the green requirements of the zoning plan. Green roofs, which are standard for our projects, to share the green counting. As concerns the actual construction volume that is much lower than permitted spatial plan of the zone (only 77%). The aim of the investor is to preserve the architectural vistas on the castle hill and airiness of the whole project, "says the spokeswoman for J & T Real Estate Katarina Krajňáková. The project respects the natural conditions site. Preserves and enhances the rock formation in the back part of the territory, which adds Zuckermandel an uncommon charm. City revives the color green pedestrian footbridge over extended tramway track, which will result themed cafe above the Danube River, and directly connects the city with the river."
'ZUCKERMANDEL', most recent plan by Almássy – Bouda – Čečetka – Masár Architects. Owner of the site is a investment company called J&T Real Estate.
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design task / research question
Looking at the last urban design proposal from 2012 for Podhradie, I cannot stop asking myself if closed mixed-use blocks with green roofs are a satisfactory sustainable solution for this site? Focus on the Danube area ('Donauraum'), both Bratislava and Vienna, where nature merges with the man-built area.
Instead, alternative strategies for utilising natural resources (water, hills, ...) will be a crucial part of a new design proposal. Hence, connection with site specific conditions of Podhradie in Bratislava (hills, river, infrastructure) will be very important. The introduced theme of urban climate change, would be applied and implemented in the new design proposal for Podhradie, Bratislava. The central question is not whether climate change, environmental protection or sustainability have priority in urban development and revitalisation, but whether the aims of these strategies can be compatible to secure a sustainable urban living environment in the (near) future. More and more people will live in cities in the future - so connecting nature with built environment will become one of the challenges of urban design. Therefore the main question is:
The assignment is not only to adapt to climate change through infrastructural, building and organisational structures. Aim is to connect the spatial layer with the ecological, economical and social.
"What strategies (spatial in combination with economic and social) can be developed to adapt to climate change, to create/offer climate-comfortable public spaces for the people and enhance / not disturb the site specific eco-system?" It is also important to think in 'temporarities', how spaces are designed in stages (also because of the lack of financial resources to apply design solutions in once). Parallel to the development of new strategies for sustainable neighbourhoods, bottom-up strategies will play an important role. Here local initiatives are forerunners of the adapted lifestyle form to climate change. SUBQ1: How/can bottom-up, small, local initiatives have a positive effect towards urban climate?
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METHODOLOGY
The methods of working on a strategy are as follows: 1) analysis of the area thought different scales: LARGE: regional scale; Danube, hill ranges, etc; MEDIUM - city; SMALL - Podhradie), make for instance a calculation of the coefficient of vegetation areas, which is the required minimum share of growing areas in the total urbanized area 2) analyse the current urban planning regulations in relationship to urban climate, An 3) analysis of meteorological parameters of the area: wind, temperature, humidity, solar radiation have to be studied and researched. On the basis of a climate analysis, an 4) urban climate risk analysis of new built spaces can be carried out. This ecological analysis would provide us with a basis of area's development. Another parameter is to make a 5) timeline of climate-related changes in the region and city (changes in temperature, ...) and find out whether there are any new developments connected to this phenomenon (any new fauna or flora, changes in living, working and recreatrional lifestyles of people?) Has there new living typologies been developed, a new image of the city? "Global temperatures have been rising continuously for close to 60 years. At the same time carbon dioxide in the athmosphere continues to grow. Higher levels of carbon dioxide are thought to create higher temperatures through the greenhouse effect, whereby gases in the atmosphere absorb radioation and warm the land below. The basic intuition of the mainstream hypothesis of climate change is that more greenhouse gases mean more infrared absorption and higher surface temperatures." (Glaeser, 20112, p. 205 – 206) Climatological characteristics of a place are a precondition for social interaction in public spaces in a city, and hence for a good-practice urban design. If climate comfort of spaces is enjoyable for people, then public spaces are used and people are meeting there. Places avoided by people mean bad urban design. A method to study this is the 6) human (thermal) comfort (connected to the meteorological parameters such as wind, temperature, humidity, solar radiation). There has been many studies done on this topic, and a reference project which is being executed and carried out at the moment in accordance to the criteria of human comfort is the redevelopment of Place de la Republique in Paris5.
Climate change has an effect on human comfort. 5 http://placedelarepublique. paris.fr/articles/le-confortthermique-0084
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current situation Podhradie in 2012
Hilly landscape, once a urban neighbourhood
Dead parking space
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Hard scapes with separating flows of traffic
Danube as a thread, no a chance
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PROBLEM DEFINITION
Bratislava is not exactly the city that lives and grows hand-inhand with nature. The surrounding green hills and wineyards are being bough off by private investors. The city does not have a central park, and only very few urban parks which are threatened to turn into asphalt squares and air-conditioned office and shopping buildings (for instance one of the few parks of Bratislava, Sad Janka Krala, is in danger of being tranformed into a multi-use built mass). And at the same time, one of the possible causes for the increasing urban temperature is the drastic reduction in the greenery area of the cities. Also, Bratislava currently does not have any legislative regulation on the protection of green areas in urban areas, as well as a methodology to create green infrastructure in the settlements. "As a result of the mechanisms of climate change and especially because of the heat island effect, the quality of life in urban areas will change in the future. The way in which we react to these changing climate conditions will directly influence the urban quality of life. More and more cities are therefore asking themselves if they are equipped to face climate change. Open and green spaces play a central role in this context, influencing temperature and hydrology management in the cities. Because of their cooling effect they can attenuate temperature increases, and they delay rainwater drainage, preventing local flooding in the event of heavy precipitation. The design of open and green spaces is therefore a crucial part of urban adaptation strategies." (StartClim2010, p.12 ) The average annual temperature is expected to rise from the current 11.2°C to about 11.8°C in 2030, and from 12.6°C to 13.5 ° C in 2075. The number of days with temperatures above 20°C should increase from the current 62 - 63 to 73 - 75 by 2030, and 95 - 97 around the 2075. At the same time, the number of extremely hot days will increase from the current 6 to 45 days in 2100. This applies to the whole of southern Slovakia, including Bratislava.
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Environment in the urban environment is already very different from the surrounding landscape in a number of characteristics - such as temperature, humidity and air pollution. It is therefore reasonable to expect that, because of climate change, these negative trends and their impact call for a greater urgency in cities. In urban settlements, a high concentration of surface heats up and creates a high heat capacity. This causes heat accumulation in places. The rise in temperature also affects the heat released from industrial processes, engines for transportation
and heating of residential buildings. Influences of these factors leads to the creation of so-called "heat islands". Rising levels of greenhouse gases are likely to accelerate climate change. Scientists expect the average global surface temperature would be in the year 2100 to increase by 1.8 to 4.5 째 C (but with significant regional differences in the growth temperature), which corresponds to the expected growth of 1.1 to 6.4 째 C (Ministry of Environment of Slovak Republic, 2005).
aim The aim of this project is to investigate and identify measurements that can be taken to protect and improve the microclimate in cities. With this, the living conditions of city-dwellers will improve, in relation to the climate comfort (fresh air supply through local air ventilation system in the city, etc). The aim of this urban design project is to contribute to preparation of urban and built spaces in line with climate conditions for the climate change. It is also to provide advise for urban design, that cities could develop, and grow in harmony with given climatological conditions.
scenarios As already the term 'urban heat island' suggests, is a seasonal effect, appearing yearsly between the months april - september. However, as already mentioned above, the amount of days above 20 degrees is increasing, so are hot days in the city.The design proposal will aim primarily on the warmest period of the year, taking into account both night and day. Nevertheless, winter period will be studied as well (for instance, is is possible to store heat gained in the summer for the cold winter months?) I think it is important to think in scenarios, and work out several sub-scenarios to create space for flexibility in change and give a platform to develop sub-scenarios in the process. 19
(possible) Strategies
There will be two major strategies apllied in this graduation project. One will be focused on soft urbanism, where a design proposal for improving the quality of the living environment and its making by city-dwellers will be analysed and presented. This strategy has a strong bottom-up approach, including education (informing) and participation (involving) of citizens. "Adaptation to climate change – from the development of strategies and the adoption of required solutions to implementation and monitoring the effectiveness of measures – also necessitates cooperation between the public sector, particular the parks department, and the private sector." (StartClim2010, p.7 ) The second strategy umbrella will encompass a number of technical and spatial measurements to the changing climate in cities and urbanized area. The below mentioned strategies have a rather top-down, government-driven approach which could be developed to a bottom-up strategy. 1. An overall spatial design of the urban structure to allow for better air circulation in the city during day and night; exchange and flow of cooler air from the surroundings (good air circulation and exchange between the urban areas of the city and its natural hinterland) 2. Minimize the proportion and creation of (new ) impervious surfaces. 3. Provide links between green areas to create a (greater) network of urban greenery.The actual cooling effect of vegetation on its surroundings will occur in areas with vegetation over a greater area (within a distance of 500 meters, depending on the nature of the surrounding buildings). Simply speaking, the larger the green area, the cooler its surroundings. "The cooling effect of vegetation has been confirmed by several studies, but the extent of this effect depends not only on the size of the public space, service and quality of vegetation, but also the location of greenery in the city, nature surroundings, mountainous terrain and so forth." (Hudekova, Z., 2012) Increase in the proportion of 10% green can reduce the temperature in the urban environment by 3%. Another option is to reduce temperature is water. Water cools effectively and creates a pleasant environment and microclimate. This strategy has to 20
do with merging of nature and the human built envirnment. Historically, the wealthy managed to combine city and country by having two homes. Yet this two-home model has remained relatively rare. (because of its costs) A more affordable alternative is bringing the countryside into the city, which city planners have long strived to do. (eg. Garden city model by Ebenezer Howards During the 20th century, greenbelts became a regular feature of English town planning. However, for instance London's greenbelt is hardly within walking distance. (easily an hour with public transport), certainly don't bring greenery into the city, or the daily life of city residents. To make up for this shortfall, 19th century urban planners built parks. But neither greenbelts nor parks became the dominant way of merging city and country. Instead, many people adopted a far more extreme alternative – following Thoreau's ideal and creating suburban develoment, a quasi country estates made more affordable to ordinary people.
Henry David Thoreau – Walden (1854) book of author's personal notes immersing himself in nature, considered as one of the first publications on environmentalism
4. Individual mobility has to change due to climate protection reasons. 'If they (people) end up living in a low-density area, they'll drive a lot, and they'll want big houses that are comfortably cooled and heated. In cities, however, people end up sharing common public spaces like restaurants, bars and museums. The urban model is green when used by real people. The data shows that, and we know why: High costs of land restrict private space and density makes car usage far less attractive. Urban living is sustainable sustainability. Rural ecotowns are not.' (Glaeser, 2011, p. 217) “If the future is going to ge greener, then it must be more urban. Dense cities offer a means of living that involves less driving and smaller homes to heat and cool. Maybe someday we'll be able to drive and cool our homes with almost no carbon emissions, but until then, there is nothng greener than blacktop.” (Glaeser, 2011, p. 220)
Blacktop = asphalt, contrete built area.
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ENDPRODUCTs
6 inspiration: http://www. stadtklima-stuttgart.de
Analysis of the location (historical development, vegetation and ecology, infrastructure, etc.) Analysis of meteorological parameters Timeline of climate-related changes, analysis of the area Analysis of current urban planning regulations in relationship to urban climate Study of the perspective of climate in the 'Donauraum' (Danube area) 'Urban Climate Atlas'6 (focus on Vienna-Bratislava area) Documenting graduation project online (blog-website) Analysis and inventarisation of international good practices / study of references: Europe (Stuttgart, Bristol, ...) and world (Singapore, etc) - what is there to learn from? Analysis of urban open spaces, hydrology management Scenario's developed on a regional, city, neighbourhood level, local (natural) resources included and with an important role Concept - strongest parts of scenario's combined Strategic design for a larger urban structure (city) (an evolving masterplan, in different phases) Urban design for a neighbourhood / Podhradie in Bratislava/, adapting to urban climate change and lowering down its effects Detailing (materialisation, etc) Profiles and elevations Visualisations A0 posters digital presentation (pdf )
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student information
name telephone e-mail website year of birth nationality
school website
Veronika Kovácsová +31 6 1844 5961 veroni.kovacs@gmail.com http://stadachtig.nl 1984 Slovak
Academie van Bouwkunst / Academy of Architecture http://www.ahk.nl/bouwkunst
GRADUATION PROJECT committee Mentor
Donald van Dansik, MSc. /confirmed/ E vandansik@gmx.com W http://www.spacegroup.no Independant consultant for masterplanning and project management, Associate Space Group, tutor Academie van Bouwkunst Amsterdam.
Commission
Dr. Dipl. Ing. MA(AA) S. Lenzholzer /confirmed/ E sanda.lenzholzer@wur.nl W http://www.lar.wur.nl/UK/ Assistant Professor, Landscape Architecture group, Wageningen University landscape architect and urban designer Sanda’s academic and professional work lies on urban climate and perception of urban climate, climate- responsive urban and landscape design, advising municipalities, design consultants on climate- responsive urban and landscape design and methodological relation of design and research.
Commission
Dr. ir. Lisette Klok /confirmed/ E lisette.klok@tno.nl W http://www.tno.nl Research Scientist Urban Environment, TNO Lisette works a number of years on the issue of urban climate change. Her expertise is meteorology / climatology, and she is involved in projects concerning the urban climate (temperature, thermal comfort), measuring, modeling and determining the health effects of heat and investigating how changes in the spatial influence the climate.
External advisor
Dl. Erik Meinharter /confirmed/ meinharter@plansinn.at Landscape designer, partner of PlanSinn a Viennese based office, expert in urban climate change
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"Cities and urban regions are highly sensitive areas because of the high housing density, the concentration of assets and the critical infrastructure. More and more cities are therefore asking themselves if they are equipped to face climate change. The city climate is characterised by the interaction between urban open spaces and buildings and is affected by anthropogenic influences such as lost heat and pollutant emissions .The exact impact of these effects is strongly influenced by the type and degree of the structural environment, the structure of the city itself and its integration in the surrounding region." (StartClim2010, p.12 )
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conclusion
They say that luck favors the prepared - the sooner we start to prepare for the changing climate, the more we are ready for adaptation or alteration. "Because of the absence of a strategic approach, adaptation is mostly reactive. The continuous repair of damage entails enormous additional work and expense." (StartClim2010, p.7 ) 7
7 This statement is in my opinion very applicable to the situation in CEE countries.
Cities need to provide a healthly, inclusive, innovative and liveable environments to its citizens. In order to do so, a flexible strategy is needed for development. Not a finalized, deterministic document, but rather a smart, critical hands-on approach evolving with time and given situation - influenced by the economy, social ties or even political interests. I don't believe the first quote in this document will be the case - escape of the city-dweller to the nature during hot days. At least I hope people will feel comfortable in cities during summer days, and that with creating better circumstances, heat island effect can be decreased. And then more urban places will become 'hot'. But then from another perspective.
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planning august 2012 - july 2013
august
september
october
november
32
problem defnition for graduation project
33
setting up a committee (mentor, commission, external advisors and experst)
34
fact finding locally in Bratislava
35
familiarising with used building techniques and the customs of the residents and workers
36
hand in graduation plan 7/9/2012
37 38
graduation plan presentation 21/9/2012
39
Kick-off blogging, an online platform of my graduation project
Preparation of data set 40 and conluding first ideas
analysis of meteorological parameters
41
timeline of climate-related changes, analysis of the area
42
analyse the current urban planning regulations in relationship to urban climate
43
study of the perspective of climate in the 'Donauraum' (Danube area)
44
End-product: 'Urban Climate Atlas' (focus on Vienna-Bratislava area)
45
Commission1
46 Making of scenario's
based on the analysis and first conclusiong made in the first period, different scenario's
47
will be developed and worked out on a regional, city, neighbourhood level
48
Mentorengesprek 30/11/2012
49 december
50 51
location visit (Bratislava)
52
critical evaluation of pros and cons before discussion with commission
1 january
2
Commission 2
3 Concept
after the discussion with the commission, making of the concept, based on the scenario's
4
from previous period
5 6 february
7 8 9
march
Commission 3
10 From concept to design
The concept idea will be translated into a spatial design proposal, which willbe presented
11
during a mid-term presentation
12
Afstudeersalon 22/3/2012
13 april
14
Mid-term presentation
15
after the mid-term presentation the spatial design will be sharpened to be prepared for
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Commission 4
17 18 may
19
Commission 4
20 Sharpening of urban
working on the presentation techniques (model, posters, something else?)
21 design praposal / 22 intervetion june
23 24 25
Commission 5
26 Pre-exams
deadline for the urban design finalisation, working on the presentation, visuals, etc.
27 july
26
28 29
Deadline T3 18/7/2012
30 Post-exams
preparation for the public graduation project presentation
sources
literature E. Glaeser: Triumph of the City: How Our Greatest Invention Makes Us Richer, Smarter, Greener, Healthier, and Happier, PAN Macmillan, UK, 2011
articles / urban climate change Hudeková, Z.; Dôsledky zmien klímy v urbanizovanom prostredí a územné plánovanie, 2012; http://www.urbion.sk/dosledky-zmien-klimy-v-urbanizovanom-prostredi-auzemne-planovani/ http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/07/science/earth/extreme-heatis-covering-more-of-the-earth-a-study-says.html?_r=1&smid=lishare&goback=%2Egmp_104424%2Egde_104424_member_143386713 http://diepresse.com/home/science/768368/Wenn-die-Stadt-brutal-heiss-ist http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Woods dérive – Zeitschrift für Stadtforschung, 'Stadt KLIMA Wandel', Juli -Sept 2012 or http://www.derive.at/index.php?p_case=2&id_cont=1098&issue_No=48 http://science.orf.at/stories/1703049 http://orf.at/stories/2135932/2135927/ http://mediamatters.org/blog/2012/08/17/media-turn-a-blind-eye-to-record-greenlandice/189421 StartClim2010; http://www.austroclim.at/fileadmin/user_upload/StartClim2010_reports/StCl10_finalreport_20111219_mitDB.pdf Ministry of Environment of Slovak Republic, 2005 http://www.minzp.sk/files/oblasti/ovzdusie/zmena-klimy/dokumenty/1-4NS_DPR_SR_sprava.pdf
Websites / climate, geology, ... http://gw.eduhi.at/schulen/oenatur/klima/..%5Cwiener%5Cwklima.htm http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/regional_ monitoring/1cavg1.gif http://www.stadtklimalotse.net/ http://thedianerehmshow.org/shows/2012-08-07/environmental-outlook-growingdemand-air-conditioning?goback=%2Egde_1965469_member_143641821 http://www.linkedin.com/groupAnswers?viewQuestionAndAnswers=&discussionID=11 8303029&gid=104424&trk=eml-anet_dig-b_nd-pst_ttle-cn&ut=2N4X6jbkwXV5k1 http://www.lebensministerium.at/umwelt/klimaschutz/klimapolitik_national/anpassungsstrategie/strategie-aussendung.html http://www.boell.de/index.html
Websites / Bratislava - podhradie http://bratislava.sme.sk/c/6250413/vydrica-hrad-nezakryje-tvrdi-investor.html http://bratislava.sme.sk/c/6299219/zuckermandel-nema-byt-skanzen.html http://www.snm.sk/?muzeum-kultury-karpatskych-nemcov-aktualnevystavy&clanok=premeny-zuckermandla http://reality.etrend.sk/byvanie/jt-zmeni-zuckermandel-za-sest-miliard-na-nepoznanie. html
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