Goregaon, Mumbai | PORTFOLIO By Vidhi Shah | PUD20394 Monsoon Semester 2020 | CEPT University
Acknowledgment Behind every achievement lies an unfathomable sea of gratitude to those who activated it, without whom it would ever have come into existence. To them, I lay the words of gratitude imprinted within me. I would like to thank everyone associated with CEPT University, from my Colleagues, the administrative staff, to the very supportive faculty, TAs for encouraging and supporting me throughout my online academic Semester. I owe an enormous debt of gratitude to my guide, _______________, whose seemingly endless supply of patience and guidance throughout the semester taught me how to take up an idea and transform it into something very meaningful. Also, my TA ________________for constantly attending all our queries and for being so patient, fun, and best critic all at the same time. This semester has been different and incredible in its ways.
Preface The first-semester Studio at the Faculty of Planning PG programs is called ‘Understanding the City’ Studio. The studio aims to develop an intimate understanding of a city and equips the students with conceptual, methodological, analytical, and communication skills. This studio focuses on an evidence-based approach for framing and analyzing complex urban development dynamics. The learning objective is to understand the contrasting neighborhood within a precinct in all the aspects starting with built fabric, evolution over the years of the built typologies, and land development. The portfolio encompasses a study conducted in the Northwestern suburbs of Mumbai, Goregaon. For this study, a 1 km x 1 km stretch is selected and analyzed in physical and social aspects from the perspective of an urbanist and also through the lens of the people of the city.
Table of Contents 6-7
Analyzing the Unbuilt Spaces.................................24
8
Understanding the Streets......................................25
Ways to Reach to the Precinct.................................9
Comparing the Block Area.....................................26
Locating the Precinct..............................................10
Comparing the Street Link - Node Ratio...............27
Understanding the Precinct....................................11
Street Sections..................................................28-29
Precinct History.......................................................12
Activity Mapping on Streets...................................30
Tracing the Transformations...................................13
Public space in Neighborhood..........................31-35
Urban Morphology...................................................16
Sanitation Mumbai.....................................
Built Fabric...............................................................17
Waste Generated in the Precinct...........................37
Land Use & Built Use..................................
.... 18
Transfer and Disposal System................................38
Contrasting Neighborhoods Within..................... 19
Water Supply in Mumbai........................................ 39
Character of Built...................................................20
Water Supply Within the Precinct..........................40
Urban Form..............................................................21
Pre & Post Pandemic Water Consumption.............41
Plot Ownership, FSI & DU Plot Wise.......................22
Conclusion.........................................................42-43
Non - Residential Fabric.........................................23
Abbreviations.......................................
Understanding the City Mumbai Transport and Travel Patterns
....
.
36
44
References ............................................................ 45
Spatial Expansion of Mumbai City
Understanding the City
Source : Census 2011
Growth of Population
603 sq.km Area
This section talks about Mumbai city, it gives an overview of the history, evolution and growth of Mumbai. It also explains the shift from city to suburbs and development of various economic centres for job opportunities.
124.4 lakhs Total Population
About Mumbai City Mumbai is a metropolitan city, an economic hub, and the financial center of India. The fast-developing city is divided into two districts - The City and the Suburban District. Mumbai has experienced rapid urbanization. The rise in population because of migration has led to an extension of the city boundaries. The key determinants that have led to the existence and evolution of the suburbs are mainly rail-road connectivity and the infrastructure development that took place. The city and suburbs are well connected by railways since the 1900s and this led to the development of residential as well as commercial areas in the suburbs.
No. of people (in lakhs)
2000 2010 2014 2020
Major Economic Centres in Mumbai
50.2 lakhs Total Workers (city)
Mumbai has grown in a Northern direction limited by physical geography. The northwards movement along rail and road corridors comes first thereby connecting the suburbs in the north. The growing population and needs of people led to the shift and development of suburbs.
Work Force Participation Rate
Source : Census 2011
Timeline of Mumbai
44% WPR (city, Urban)
59% WPR (city, Male)
18% WPR (city, Female)
44% WPR (Ward)
The economic centres in Mumbai are spread across the city and the suburbs. Major commercial centres are located in the northern region while the industrial centres are in the south of Mumbai city. Source : Author
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Mumbai Transport & Travel Patterns
Ways to Reach to the Precinct
Mumbai’s public transport consists primarily of rapid transit on exclusive suburban railway lines augmented by commuter rail on main lines. This section explains the Mode of transport and change in travel patterns of people.
Travel Patterns
Goregaon located in the North-Western suburbs of Mumbai city, it is well connected by railways and roadways. The distance to Goregaon from the city centre is about 32 km, the best way to reach these suburbs is by railways.
Public Transport Route to reach the Precinct
Work Trip Mode Share 26% of NMT Share
People in Mumbai tend to travel to Mumbai city from the suburbs for work. The census data of Mumbai shows most of the working people prefer public transport i.e. Local trains in Mumbai to travel to their work destination because they are affordable, frequent, and less timeconsuming.
The map shows different railway lines which helps one to reach the precinct from various landmarks of the city.
includes share of people who walk and use bicycle to commute.
These landmarks include the Mumbai Airport, economic and commercial centres of Mumbai. For Example - It takes about 60 minutes from Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (CST) in a local train to reach the precinct. A private mode of transport would take even longer time to reach the precinct.
41 % of PT Share includes share of people who use
Most working females prefer to work from home or place nearby so they can consume less time traveling, they tend to walk to their workplaces.
trains and buses to commute. Arabian Sea
Work Trip Gender Based Mode Share
Female
The people who have workplaces nearby tend to walk and very few people use cycle as a mode of travel to work.
27% 2%
26%
4%
1%
17%
23%
23%
Female NMT Share
40%
3%
1%
Female PT Share Western railway Central railway (Route 1)
Very few male working populations prefer to take cars to reach their workplace because the traffic in Mumbai is unavoidable during peak hours and it is time-consuming to travel. 8
Male
26%
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25%
1% 5%
16%
25%
19%
Central railway (Route 2)
Male NMT Share
Harbor line Metro Line
41% 5% On Foot Bicycle Bus
3% Moped/Scooter/Motor Cycle Car/Jeep/Van Autorickshaw/Taxi/Tempo
1%
Male PT Share Precinct
Train Any other No Travel Source : Census 2011
Arabian Sea
It is inferred that private transport takes longer hours than public transport. People who commute daily to Mumbai city from Mumbai suburbs usually opt for local trains as it is a much faster and affordable mode for longer distances. Also, the transit time of public transport is usually longer, especially in case of shorter distances but the transit fare is cheaper than private transport. CEPT University | Understanding the City 9
Locating the Precinct
Understanding the Precinct
This section explains about Goregaon, a densely populated locality with majorly residential buildings along with various amenities around. It also provides a brief about the road network.
Situating Goregaon
Precinct Location in Goregaon
This section gives an overview of the precinct. It also reflects the contrast in fabric, scale, and grains of the precinct. The initial study has been carried out through reading satellite imagery.
About the Precinct - Overview
Reading Satelite Imagery of the Precinct The scale and grain sizes determine that it has variations in fabric. It contains densely packed areas with smaller grains, and sparsely packed areas with larger grains.
The roads divide the precinct into Four Quadrants. Link road i.e. the major road distributes the traffic to the three secondary roads leading towards S V road. The map also marks the main junctions in the precinct.
Legend Railway line Metro line S V Road Link Road
Goregaon is well connected to the other parts of Mumbai through the Western Express Highway, S V road, and the arterial Jogeshwari-Vikhroli Link Road that connects the east to the west of Mumbai.
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The division of East and West of Goregaon is by the Railway line running across. The western side of the area is predominated by residential settlements whereas some commercial buildings are situated on the eastern side of the area. The localities in Goregaon have been springing up as ‘Nagars‘ such as Motilal Nagar, Bangur Nagar, and Jawahar Nagar on the West and ‘Wadis’ like Pandurang Wadi and Jaiprakash Nagar on the East. Nagars and Wadis are terms referring to individual localities in Goregaon.
The study area reflects contrasting residential fabric with a varied range of settlements comprising apartments, detached, semi-detached row houses, chawls, and informal settlements, which are part of individual societies springing up as “Nagars”. There is a major contrast seen in the neighborhoods in terms of the type of settlements, built use, and diverse communities.
The major road passing in the precinct is Link road which has mixed-use buildings along the road and an upcoming elevated metro line running along connecting from Dahisar to DN Nagar in Andheri. It is expected that the upcoming metro line will distribute the traffic congestion and ease up the link road and its junctions. CEPT University | Understanding the City 11
Precinct History After understanding the precinct fabric and surrounding context, this section takes deep dive into the history of the precinct and touches upon the urban transformation that took place in the precinct,
Development of Northwestern Suburbs - Goregaon Before the ‘70s, Goregaon was a land of Mango and Guava plantation and was a sparsely populated area. This suburban area for long was considered a laidback locality because earlier development was seen on the belts of Bandra and Andheri. But as the land rates in Bandra and Andheri increased the focus of development shifted to Goregaon because of affordability in land prices and ease of connectivity. Due to the affordability of land prices and gaining connectivity, Goregaon started attracting developers and the housing boom of the 1980s saw a huge expansion here in terms of density of population and residential development.
Goregaon Timeline
Tracing the Transformations Major Transformations took place in the precinct between 2005-2020. The precinct has undergone the changes in terms of new developments and redevelopments because of the increasing population and needs of the people. As the precinct is dominated by residential settlements, it has developed over the years where mid-rise buildings are converted to high-rise buildings to accommodate the population and new developments coming up are high-rise towers with all amenities. Redevelopment of housing, indicated in violet, contributed to the most significant change in the study area’s built environment. As a result of the higher population density and increased traffic, road infrastructure development became inevitable. This gradual transition over the last two decades contributed to making up the residential character of the neighborhood and making it the dense urban land it is today. The precinct has a few open spaces that have remained constant during the years, some of which are private and the rest are open to the public. The growing needs of people have led to infrastructure development leading to issues like crammed spaces, increased number of vehicles, lack of parking spaces, which in return led to environmental changes and congestion in the precinct.
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Growth Pattern and Street Network of the Precinct The precinct has got denser over the years in a grid pattern. To optimize the land cover and to accommodate more population in the residential buildings, mid-rise developments in major parts of the precinct. But in contrast, there are a few pockets of informal settlements still existing within the precinct. The street network is strong and measures are taken to improve road infrastructure and connectivity. On-street vending activities on the main road have shaped up the character of the street. These activities keep the street active and help in the income generation of the vendors.
Key Determinants that Led to Transformation of the Precinct The impact of development affected vacant spaces in the precinct. This further led to an increase in land rates, crammed spaces, loss of open green spaces, and traffic congestion. All the below analyzed ecological, physical, and social transformations led to the evolution of the precinct. It is inferred that the rise in population led to an increase in demand for housing and this impacted the land prices, property rates, increase in FSI, and an increase in on-street activities because of increasing necessities.
Link Road
M G Road
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Urban Morphology
Built Fabric
Source : Map generated from aerial image on ArcGIS
After understanding the evolution, history, and surrounding context of the precinct, this section takes deep dive into their spatial patterns at different scales; and physical characteristics of the precinct.
Analyzing Built & Unbuilt
This section focuses on the built fabric where we read through satellite imagery, a set of built form that have similarities in their type of arrangement and form.
Analyzing Built Fabric
The built forms are spread across in the precinct with a range of grid patterns and built blocks varying in grain sizes. Apartments form a major part of built form in the precinct. The informal settlements contain densely packed areas with small grains, and sparsely packed areas with bigger grains where the apartments are located.
Apartments are a dominated built type, as vertical development is an established typology that accommodates the maximum number of population and minimizes ground coverage. Apartments are observed to be a preferred housing choice because it defines a standard lifestyle with various amenities at a reasonable cost.
It is observed that the uniform footprint of apartment buildings have good breathing spaces between them but no designated open spaces for communal activities. Whereas, the dense footprint has minimum breathing spaces between them but they are built around open spaces where communal activities take place.
The second most dominated building typology is observed to be row houses in Motilal Nagar which lies in the southwest quadrant of the precinct. Row houses in the chawl area are observed to be two - three-storied and these are the oldest form of built typology. They have more horizontal spread with less dwelling units and take up more ground coverage.
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Land Use & Built Use
Contrasting Neighborhoods Within
Source : Maps generated from aerial image on ArcGIS
Source : Precinct 3D generated on Arc Scene
This section talks about the changing Land Use and the Building Use within. The precinct is dominated by residential buildings but yet there is a mix of commercial and institutional to make it sufficient for people.
Apartments a preferred Housing choice
Building Use Within the Precinct
Land Use Within the Precinct
The variation in the fabric allows a varied range of activities that takes place in the precinct. Further, we analyze the built typologies as the theme focuses on understanding the contrasting neighborhoods within the precinct.
The affordability factor plays an important role to categorize the built types and preferences of people. For example, people with moderate income may prefer to live in mid-rise apartments, whereas people with very less income may choose to live in chawls or informal settlements. Buildings, real estate and properties, located in commercial and market areas, hold higher value than their counterparts in the residential areas. Valuation of property is clearly based on the availability of necessities and facilities connected with comfortable housing and commuting time to work places.
78% Apartments
Residential Institutional Commercial
Religious Industries Public Utilities
Open Spaces Recreational Vacant
Transport Road Water body
Residential Institutional Industrial
Non- retail Retail Religious
Recreational Transport Monument
Defunct Public Utilities Under-construction
8375
55%
45%
74%
26%
Apartments
Residential
Non - Residential
Residential
Non - Residential
Row Houses
A residential precinct with a good mix of commercial, institution and social amenities making it a livable neighborhood. The ground floor use in apartments is parking whereas in the informal settlements like chawls it is observed to be residential. The variation in built use indicates opportunities for wide range of labor market. Dominant residential land use is observed to be transforming to mixed use because of the secondary activities in the chawl area. 18
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1764 18
Detached
12
Semi - Detached
226
Chawls
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Character of Built
Urban Form
Source : 3D models generated on Sketchup Pro
Source : Precinct 3D generated on Arc Scene
After understanding the contrasting neighborhoods at the macro level, we move forward to understand the micro-level details of each residential building type.
Scale and Character of Residential Building Typology
In this section, we focus on understanding the variation in building heights. This can be accounted to the varying built types, dwelling units and variation on permissible FSI.
Building Height shaping up the Urban Form of Precinct
It is observed that the precinct has a range of built typologies; varying in scale, character and population holding capacity. The row houses in the chawl area are the smallest and oldest existing typology in the precinct. The building types range in the precinct from old chawl settings transformed to the newer built vertical developments i.e. the high rise buildings.
Comparing Social Fabric of Neighborhoods Within Apartments
-Segregated Locality plot wise. -Less interaction between people. -Social and cultural activities usually do not happen in common. -Amenities around -More space to live. - Good livability.
Chawl Area
-No Plot wise Segregation. -More Interaction between people. -Social and cultural activities usually happen in common. -Streets are most used spaces by people of chawl. -Space crunch
While comparing the settings of apartments and row houses in chawl areas, we see an evident contrast in between the lifestyles, standard of living and the environment of apartments and chawl areas. 20
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3m Lowest Height
75m Highest Height
The lowest height in the precinct is 3metres in the chawl area, and highest is 75metres of the high rise podium tower. The contrast and variation is quite evident in terms of building heights. CEPT University | Understanding the City 21
Plot Ownership, FSI & DU Plot wise
Non - Residential Fabric
Source : Maps generated from aerial image on ArcGIS
Source : Map generated from aerial image on ArcGIS and 3D model on Sketchup Pro
The contrast and variation are quite evident not only in terms of building typology but also in terms of building heights. This can be accounted for the varying building heights, FSI , and also with respect to land ownership.
Plot Ownership and DU Plot Wise
Floor Space Index
This section explains the non-residential fabric of the precinct. An effort of analyzing the prominent commercial typologies is made to understand the contrasting nature of the non-residential type.
Understanding the Scale and Character of Commercial Type
Chawls are built on Government land. The apartments are mostly owned by private developers.
Public Public
0 0.1 – 1.0 1.1 – 2.0
2.1 – 3.0 3.1 – 4.0 4.1 – 5.0
5.1 – 6.0 6.1 – 7.0 7.1 – 8.0
Dwelling units and no. of floors help us to analyze the total built up which in turn is analyzed to understand consumable FSI. High FSI and high density is observed in the built type of apartments whereas in slum areas it is observed to have high population density but comparatively low FSI because of small units in size.
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0 1 - 10
0 1 - 10
The single shop modules are now transforming into the inbuilt shop modules within residential apartments, making it a mixed use building.
PrivatePrivate
One or more dwelling units in the chawl area. Less density of population Four or more dwelling units are placed in a floor plate of apartment buildings. Accommodates more population and Land cover is minimized.
> 8.0
The precinct also comprises non-residential built forms apart from the residential built form. The non-residential includes commercialretail, commercial-non retail, institutional, recreational, and religious.
11– 50 101-200 101-200 101-200 11– 50 11– 50 0 > 200 > 200 1 - 1051 – 100 51 – 100 51 – 100 > 200
Chawls are built on government land under MHADA and these are the existing old typologies. The plot sizes are big and these sets of chawls are laid along the street. The apartments are on private land with division of plot enclosed by compound walls.
0 sq.m 1 - 2000 sq.m 2001 – 4000 sq.m
4001 – 6000 sq.m 6001 – 8000 sq.m 8001 - 10000 sq.m
> 10000 sq.m
Commercial malls are bigger in scale compared to shops in the precinct. The ground floor interaction is also different in both the cases; in shop modules it is more active whereas malls are again a built type functioning in an isolated manner. The character of the precinct is balanced out because of the varied range of activities around. The residential activities are kept isolated and reserved and the commercial activities keep the locality active, thus it is comfortable, safe and preferred by the residents.
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Analyzing the Unbuilt Spaces
Understanding the Streets
Source : Map generated from aerial image on ArcGIS
Source : Maps generated from aerial image on ArcGIS
After looking at the built spaces in detail, we further understand the unbuilt spaces within the precinct. This unbuilt spaces include streets and open spaces within.
Nolli’s map of the precinct
This section talks about the Street Network and Hierarchy of roads. It also maps out the right of way of each road within the precinct to understand the streets in depth.
Road Hierarchy
Right of Way
Every public space cannot be a public realm as they are not open to everyone. The Nolli’s map help us to understand the private, regulated public, and public open spaces within the precinct. Nolli’s map shows that maximum area in the precinct is black, that falls under private realm and is not accessible by everyone. Grey areas in the map shows the public spaces that are regulated on the basis of time and community factor. The precinct has few public open spaces demarcated in white which are like breathing ground for people. Only a few are used by people for social activities and the internal roads come under 75% pedestrian devoted roads.
Arterial
Private
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Regulated public space
Public
79.5%
9.1%
Private Space
Public space in roads
20.5%
5.0%
Public Space
Regulated public space
Sub-Arterial
Collector
Local
Railway line
Less than 9m
10 - 18m
5.3% 43.2%
30.3% 21.2%
6.9%
27.6%
65.4%
Arterial
Collector
25-36M
10-18M
Less than 9M
Sub-Arterial
Local
In most areas of the precinct, a road hierarchy is followed where the traffic is distributed smoothly and it is functioning better because of the internal roads forming loops and they connect the arterial and sub arterial roads.
25 - 36m
65.4% of the precinct has local roads ensuring accessibility within the internal lanes and these roads are less than 9 m. 27.6% of roads width range from 1018m and these roads have footpaths. CEPT University | Understanding the City 25
Comparing the Block Area
Comparing the Street Link - Node Ratio
Source : Maps generated from aerial image on ArcGIS
Source : Maps generated from aerial image on ArcGIS
This section compares the block area of the precinct with one more precinct in Mumbai city and another precinct with a Tier II city i.e. Hubli in Karnataka.
Precinct - Goregaon Mumbai
Precincts from Tier-I and Tier-II city Borivali, Mumbai
This section compares the street link-node ratio of the precinct with one more precinct in Mumbai city and another precinct with a Tier II city i.e. Hubli in Karnataka.
Precinct - Goregaon Mumbai
553 m
Precincts from Tier-I and Tier-II city Borivali, Mumbai
Avg. Block area
0.89 Connected Node Ratio
188 m
1.59
Lowest Block area
Link-Node Ratio
2098 m Highest Block area
Keshwapur, Hubli
681 m
Keshwapur, Hubli
Avg. Block area
0.87 Connected Node Ratio
190 m Lowest Block area
1.37
1256 m
Link-Node Ratio
Highest Block area Twoarm armjunctions junctions Two
50169 m
1526 m
108339 m
Avg. Block area Lowest Block area Highest Block area
The block sizes of Goregaon & Borivali in Mumbai (Tier-I city) and Keshwapur, Hubli (Tier-II city) are compared to understand the walkability factor in the precincts. The precincts are dominated by residential settings majorly in all three cases, the block sizes are small and irregular. The block sizes differ in all the three precincts and it is observed that some residential blocks are relatively small, and only they achieve the walkability standards. But, about 50% of the precinct in Goregaon has larger block area compared to the other two precincts, so the walkability is compromised in Goregaon. Hence, it could be said that the precinct in Borivali and the precinct in the Tier-II city i.e. Hubli have much better walkability than Goregaon. 26
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0.89
1.35
Connected Node Ratio
Link-Node Ratio
Three Threearm armjunctions junctions Fourarm armjunctions junctions Four Dead Deadend end
The Link-Node ratios of Goregaon & Borivali in Mumbai (Tier-I city) and Keshwapur, Hubli (Tier-II city) are compared to understand completeness of street network. Connected node ratio of precincts in Mumbai are similar but there is a variation seen in the connected node ratio when compared to the precinct in Hubli. The completeness of nodes in Mumbai precincts is 89% whereas in case of Keshwapur it is 87%. The no. of 3 arm junctions are more in Goregaon and they form complete loops, which increases the route options for travel. Also, precinct in Goregaon has less dead ends in comparison to Borivali, Mumbai and Keshwapur, Hubli. It is inferred that high connected node ratio and link-node ratio along with less number of dead ends indicate that the Goregaon precinct has good network connectivity. CEPT University | Understanding the City 27
Street Sections
Sub-Arterial Road- Section & Plan of M G Road
Source : Plans and sections generated on AutoCAD
After understanding the street network of the precinct, to analyze the street character and issues on street we take a deep dive and look into the plan and sections of main and internal streets. The arterial road is 30m in width, high-rise buildings are observed on one side and mid-rise buildings on the other side. The upcoming metro line divides the flow of vehicles. Commercial and parking activities are laid out on the edges of road. The sub-arterial road is 15m in width, residential buildings are observed on both the sides of road. Many on-street vending activities and commercial shop edges, keep the road active and moderate flow of traffic. The internal lanes form loops and are well connected with the arterial/sub-arterial roads. Only parking activities are observed here. Each street has its own functions that defines the character of each street.
Arterial Road- Section & Plan of Link Road Internal Lane - Typical Section & Plan
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Activity Mapping on Streets
Public Space in Neighborhood
Source : Map generated from aerial image on ArcGIS
Source : 3D model generated on Sketchup Pro
After studying the street in detail, we analyze the activities on street within the precinct. The on-street activities include walking, vending and parking activities.
Activity Mapping Street activities can be defined as social interactions, neighborhood activities, and citywide events that take place within the street. On-street activities can be temporary or permanent in nature. These activities usually keep changing according to the needs and space requirements in case of vending activities. When parking is considered as a street activity, it can be observed that a person can park wherever and whenever they find a space to park their vehicle; this activity is temporary in nature. On-street activities in the precinct are mapped out after the visual analysis of the study area and these are intricately mapped to understand where on roads the activities are carried out. It is observed that vending activities are majorly on main streets and parking takes place on main road and in the internal lanes as well. Some social gathering activities were also observed in the internal lanes. We further look at an example of an unbuilt Public Space within the precinct. 30
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Shashti nagar ground lies in close proximity to the main link road and is surrounded by predominantly by residential buildings. Most of the Urban Design Parameters are observed to fit in well and the Shashtri nagar ground.
Shastri Nagar Ground 320 sq.m. Area
Enclosure analysis
Climate Analysis
Street activities include Walking, vending activities, and parking etc. People socialize in noon time in smaller groups of people. Most of the internal lanes are utilized for parking. Vending activities are observed on the arterial and sub-arterial roads.
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Spatial Analysis of Shastri Nagar Ground
Activity Mapping
The Ground floor use is predominantly residential and commercial edge which is formed around the ground keeps it active. The public ground is located in close proximity to the main link road. It is accessible by vehicles and pedestrian movement is unobstructed. The ground is accessible by four ways each used adequately by the people. Ground Floor use
Ground Floor use Accessibility
Porosity
The pedestrian flow is observed throughout the ground area and many different activities are held here. The activities can be divided into two types - Daily and Annual Activities. The ground activities flow across throughout the day. Commercial shop fronts keeps them active but the ground is not active during the night time and thus there are some dark isolated areas. Annual activities include Ganesh Chathruthi and this is biggest celebrated event.
The pedestrian density is maximum on the edges and in the center of ground. The traffic and noise analysis helps us to understand there is minimum noise and traffic near the public ground which makes it peaceful and comfortable for users. Pedestrian Density
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Usage and Flow
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Traffic and Noise analysis
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Activity Mapping of Shastri Nagar Ground
Floorscape and Physical elements
Flower vendor Pedestrian Socializing
Many activities are observed throughout the day and night. The ground is most active in evening time 3:30pm-6:30pm. The ground is used for jogging, playing, and walking in the morning and evening. Parking is around the ground edge.
3D visuals to sum up the public realm Enclosure and Shadow analysis The ground is well enclosed by tall residential buildings. Clear segregation of levels - pathways for walking and play areas are sunken. The difference of material in the flooring allows user to direct towards the pathway for walking and differentiate the activity areas. The pathways are comfortable to walk without much obstructions. Adequate numbers of trees surrounds the ground providing shade to people. Well shaded and thus it is comfortable and secured for people.
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Sanitation in Mumbai
Waste Generated in the Precinct Source : Precinct 3D generated on Arc Scene
After studying most of the Urban planning aspects, we further analyze the Urban Service Delivery. In the following section, an effort has been made to understand how the sanitation is linked with key characteristics of the precinct.
This section explains about the waste generated within the precinct. Also, it gives an overview of how the waste is collected, transferred, processed and dumped.
Waste Generated in the Precinct
Waste Generation in Mumbai Waste going at dumping ground has been reduced from 8500MT in January 2015 to current level of 7200-7700 MT.
7500TPD
454 kg Maximum
Waste Generated
2.7 kg
6150TPD
Minimum
The garbage from all over city is collected and at present, the garbage is treated at Kanjur processing site and rest is disposed off at the Deonar dumping site by simple dumping and leveling.
Waste Segregated
16 kg
In Mumbai Waste is segregated in different types of Bins :
Annual Budget of
0.6kg Per Capita Waste
Average Less than 50 kg 150-200kg
50-100kg 200-500kg
100-150kg Above 500kg
Generated
2,605crore
Maximum waste is generated in the apartments of High rise building upto 200-500kgs, because of more number of DUs. Around 50-100 kgs of waste is generated in the Mid-rise apartment buildings because four DUs per floor. Less than 50kgs of waste is generated in the chawl area, because only one or two of DU per floor.
Collection, Transfer, and Disposal System
SWM
Green Bins are located outside or inside the building plot. Each apartment building is provided with Green bins. Silver bins are located at ends of footpaths on road for collecting waste from commercial. Community bins are situated in the chawl area of Motilal Nagar as the generation of waste is less than 50kgs. Source : Census 2011
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Transfer and Disposal System This section focuses on the waste collection routes. It demonstrates two collection routes in different built localities i.e Route 1 shows waste collection from apartment and Route 2 shows waste collection from chawls.
Waste Collection Route and Transfer
Route 1
Route 2
Collection Route of the Truck 1
Collection Route of the Truck 2
No. of stopping points- 6 Collection time - 60mins No. of Buildings Covered –76 Average stop time – 10mins Max. Stop time – 12mins Min. Stop time – 7mins
No. of stopping points- 2 Collection time - 30mins No. of DU Covered – 810 Average stop time – 15mins Max. Stop time – 20mins Min. Stop time – 12mins
Two collection routes in different built localities i.e Route 1 shows waste collection from apartment and Route 2 shows waste collection from chawls. The waste is collected on daily basis from apartments, also on sundays in the areas where apartments are located. But, in the chawls, the waste is collected on weekly basis and that is why waste is not properly manage here. All the waste generated in the precinct area which is situated in P/S ward goes to Malad Disposal Site. Here, the waste is segregated and some of it sold and recycled.
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Water Supply in Mumbai In the following section, an effort has been made to understand how the water supply is carried out and is linked with key characteristics of the precinct.
Water Sources & Distribution System of Mumbai City
Water Supply Chain
4200MLD
3850MLD
Water Demand
Water Supply Source : Census 2011
Water supplied from two sources in Mumbai – Impounded reservoirs and lakes. 50% of water is from Bhatsa Dam, rest is distributed among the 6 lakes. Demand for water has remained nearly the same, but the supply of water has gradually increased over the years. About 2500 MLD of water is treated at Bhandup Complex.
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Water Supply Within the Precinct
Pre & Post Pandemic Water Consumption
Source : Precinct 3D generated on Arc Scene
This section focuses on water supply and cost. It compares two building typologies to understand how much water is supplied and talks about water scarcity.
Sufficient Water but unequal distribution leads to water scarcity in the economically backward class people.
After understanding demand and supply of water, we focus on water consumption. Comparison of Pre and post Covid water consumption is done to understand the change of consumption.
Water Consumption has increased by 40LPCD
4 As per the NBC standards water supplied per person in a DU is 135 LPCD. But the water distribution is not equal, to understand this better we compare two cases within the precinct. People in apartments receive 135 LPCD water per person; whereas in chawls, only 90 LPCD water per person is provided and hence distribution is unequal and unfair. People in chawl areas also complain about water scarcity whereas people in apartments rarely face water scarcity. 40
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Bathing activity consumes more water now up to 180LPCD. No specific time for bathing. Thus, the peak hrs are distributed. Whereas earlier the bathing time was around 9-10 am. Frequency of washing hands and keeping hygiene is first priority. Work from home so more consumption from the residences. Cleaning and mopping is also increased to keep the house and surroundings clean. Hence, the water consumption has increased during Covid. CEPT University | Understanding the City 41
Conclusion
The suburbs are growing because of the increasing population and the increasing needs of people. The precinct grew according to its needs with respect to the user requirements. The precinct is predominately residential but there is a clear contrast in built form, typologies, social fabrics and densities of neighborhoods within the precinct. The apartment and chawl are the most prominent types visible. Both of these typologies have their contrasting physical and social character which creates an evident contrast.
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The urban form and the skyline are evolving in the precinct. It is observed that the horizontal spread development is now redeveloped into mid-rise or highrise development according to the Development Control Regulations (DCR) listed by the government agencies. This is implemented to minimize the land coverage of the built form and to accommodate maximum population. The built form height has been changing and this also impacts the skyline of the precinct.
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Abbreviations
WPR - Work Force Participation Rate NMT - Non-motorized transport PT- Public Transport
References
A. Kaklauskas, R. Gudauskas,(2016) Intelligent decision-support systems and the Internet of Things for the smart built environment, Start-Up Creation Adapted from Photos of Kushalized, Copyright 2020 by Kushal Shah
FSI - Floor Space Index DU - Dwelling Unit TPD - Ton Per Day
Bhakuni, N. (2020), Input Lecture For Street Network, Understanding The City (Lecture) Dandekar, H. and Sulakshana Mahajan,(2013)Focus 10, Mumbai Port and City: Planning for Symbiosis
ULB - Urban Local Body MoUD - Ministry of Urban Development MLD - Millions of litre per day LPCD – Litre Per Capita Per day
Dandekar, H.(1998). City Space + Globalization: An International Perspective,Chapter 6 Bazaars in Victorian Arcades: Conserving Bombay’s Historic Core by Rahul Mehrotra Gehl, J. 1987, Life between Buildings, Using Public Space, VanNostrand Reinhold Company, New York
NBC - National Building Code Goswami, S. (2020), Input Lecture For Water and Sanitation, Understanding The City (Lecture) Herekar, V. (2020), Input Lecture For Land Development, Understanding The City (Lecture)
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Lynch, K. (1960). The image of the city. The MIT Press Mangwani, N. (2020), Input Lecture For Built Form and Typology, Understanding The City (Lecture) Mehrotra, Rahul. 1991. A Journal for Indian Architect, One space Two Worlds Mehrotra, Rahul. 1998. Bazaars in Victorian Arcades: Conserving Bombay’s Historic Core Porwal.A, 2020, “Understanding the City,” (Unpublished portfolio for Masters of Urban Housing) CEPT University, Ahmedabad,India Ramakrishna,N. (2006), Development Planning or Development Control- The Changing Focus of Master Plan of Mumbai Shah.V, 2020, “Understanding the City,” (Unpublished portfolio for Masters of Urban Design) CEPT University, Ahmedabad,India Sharma.P, 2020, “Understanding the City,” (Unpublished portfolio for Masters of Urban Design) CEPT University, Ahmedabad,India
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vidhi.pud20394@cept.ac.in | +91 9769061146