Eloquence magazine - February 2012

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ELO QU ENCE

FEB 2012

international creators magazine

COVER PHOTOGRAPHER HAL STARRING PARK SEUNGYEA SEUNG JOON CHOI DONGHYUN SON BY BORRE

10,000 KRW SANGBONG LIE MOTOELASTICO DONGMEE LEE THE STRIKERS

VAKKI SHODA YUKIHIRO DIMITO ROBERT BRADFORD

KIRIN TOSHIFUMI TANIUCHI

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EDITOR’S NOTE ăœŒâŚ?ä„´ă?˜â?ˆG㢏ä‰¤â‡¨ăŠˆâ‰„Gä† ⍠ăœ„㢨䉤GâŹ˜ᜤ㍸㢚â?źâ?˜ ăœŒâŚ?ä„´ă?˜GâŹ˜ᜤ㍸㥴G㤸㉏ᡸGä† ⍠ăœ„㢨䉤ă?˜ă?´G䚜‌GâŹ€â˜˜ă›¨á´´â?ˆG㣕㍴㢚â?źâ?˜UGăœŒâŚ?ä„´ă?˜GâŹ˜ᜤ㍸㥴G áź´âŚ?⡀Gä† ⍠ăœ„㢨䉤ă?˜ă?´G䚜‌Gä‚ŒäŠ„ă˝”⪰GăĽ?ăŁ…äšŒá¸”SGḊâ”?GăŁ…ă›šă˘ŒGὤä&#x;€⪰GăĽ?ḊäšŒăœ Gáş„âŞŒă˘ŒG㣙㢨Gâ•Œâ?ˆG ᜡ㥸GâŻ?ä–?âŚ?Gäš?â?źâ?˜UGăœŒâŚ?ä„´ă?˜G䓏㏅⺴â?ˆGäš?ấSGⓚ㢰SGä?Źă¨°SGă?˜ă œâ’¨SGⴏấSGăœľáşĄGăť?ă?”ă˘ŒGâ?˜ấ㤾G ăœ„â™ˆä‰¤âŚ?Gáş ă‰Ľâ•Œă›¨G㢟㥰⎤SG⤤â’ŒSG⎨ă&#x;‰SGä‘€⍠SGăšˆă?˜äŠ€⪨â?¨SGâľˆ⪨㉴âŚ?⇌SG⓸䃸SGâľ?䂉Gâ˜ĽăŤ´ăœ„Gäœ¸ăŤ´G ăœ„â™ˆä‰¤âŞ°G▄㛨SGâ?˜ấ㤾Gä† ⍠ăœ„㢨ä?¤â˝€Gä™°ä™€ă˘ŒGăœ¨ăĽ‰ḰGá´´â?™ă‰ĽăĄ¸Gă‹€áľ?䚌ḔG㢟ă?Šâ?źâ?˜UGâ?„äš?G⤤â’ŒSG âľ?䂉SGâľˆ⪨㉴âŚ?â‡Œăœ„Gă?˜ä™°ă?˜⪰G▄ḔGấăĽ?㤾㢏Gä‚ŒäŠ„ă˝”Gáş„âŞŒăœ„Gâľ‰ăľœ⪰Gᴴ䚌ḔG㢟ă?Šâ?źâ?˜UGG

ăœŒâŚ?ä„´ă?˜ă˘ŒGⓚ㣄ă?´Găž?áş â?ˆGä† ⍠ăœ„㢨ä?¤â˝€G䙰䙀㢚â?źâ?˜ ăœŒâŚ?ä„´ă?˜â?ˆGấ⇨㞏Gă?ŒâŹ‚㥴Gä† ⍠ăœ„㢨ä?¤â˝€G䙰䙀㥸Găž?áş âŚ?Gᴴ㍴ḔG㢟ă?Šâ?źâ?˜UG㢨☘㥴GăœŒâŚ?ä„´ă?˜ă˘ŒG 㨰ă&#x;ˆGⓚ㣄㽊㢨㣄Gă™źäŠ€â‡Œ㢚â?źâ?˜UGăœŒâŚ?ä„´ă?˜ă˘ŒGⓚ㣄â?ˆGă?˜ăĽ?âŚ?G㾹㌤㤾G⹏䞈⪰GâŹ€â˜˜ă›¨Gá´´â?ˆG㙸ä?¤ă?˜ä?ŹSG â™ˆăŁ„㢨âˆźSGäŠ€ä† âŠ´âŚ?㍴Găœˆ㍴â?źă›¨â˜˜㢚â?źâ?˜UG㄄⏀G㙸â?źâ˘°Gä† ⍠ăœ„㢨ä?¤â˝€G㣅㛚㥸GâƒźâƒŹâ?ˆGă?ŒâŹ‚㥴G ㍴âŹ‘ăˆ‘â˜˜ḰG㢨â˜˜ă˘ŒG㣅㛚㥸Gă‡ âŁ…äšŒâ?ˆG⹏䞈㢏☘Gâ?„äš?GăœŒâŚ?ä„´ă?˜ă˘ŒG㨰ă&#x;ˆGⓚ㣄㽊㢚â?źâ?˜UG㢨☘㥴GâŻœâ–„G áź´âŚ?⡀Gä€˜âł˜â?źä?¤ăœ„Gâ?™ă??䚌⎤SGâž”⪏G㋠⓸âŚ?G⹏䞈ă?´Gä?ŹâĽ€â˜?⪰Gáş„âŞŒäšŒá¸”G㢟â?ˆG㇟âŚ?ă&#x;¨G㢏âŞŒ㢚â?źâ?˜UG

ăœŒâŚ?ä„´ă?˜ă˘ŒG⾤ä” ăˇŒâ?ˆGấăĽ?㤾㢚â?źâ?˜ ăœŒâŚ?ä„´ă?˜ă˘ŒG⾤ä” â?ˆGă‰?ăĽ„ăœ„ă‰?Gä‘„âŹ˜äšŒâ?ˆGὤ㌨ă˘ŒGâľ?ă?‘㥸G⠤㛨Gâ‰Œă›¨Gä† ⍠ăœ„㢨ä‰¤â˜˜ă˘ŒG㥔â”?㢨Gᴴ㣙G äž?âľ?äš?Gă‰?ă&#x;ŹGă??â‡¨ă˘ŒGáľ˜⤠⍠SG䆨⤹SGâ?´ă™źá¸Šá´¸SG㞨ä“ŒGâ˜Ľă˘ŒGäš&#x;Gă?˜ä”łăĄ¸G㊅ă? 㥰âŚ?G㢨â¨œă›¨ăŤ´á¸”G㢟ă?Šâ?źâ?˜UG ăœŒâŚ?ä„´ă?˜â?ˆG䚨㞏G⾤ä” ăˇŒG䞉⸨ăœ„â“¸G㤾៭㤾㢚â?źâ?˜UG㢨ⴏG⤤â’ŒSGä‘€⍠SG⎨ă&#x;‰SG⓸䃸SGăšˆă?˜äŠ€⪨â?¨SG âľˆ⪨㉴âŚ?⇌SGâľ?䂉SG⓸䃸Gâ˜Ľă˘ŒGâ?´â“¸ă??ăœ„G⾤ä” âŹ‘㥸Gáş ăť‰äšŒá¸”G㢟㥰⎤SG⾤ä” ăˇŒâ?ˆGá´ľG⓸ă??ă˘ŒGâ™ˆăŁ„㢏G ㉰䉤SGáľ˜⤠⍠SG䆨⤹SGâ­´ä?¤Gă? Gâ˜ĽGä† ⍠㢨ăœ„ä‰¤â˜˜ă˘ŒG㥔â”?㉼㢨Gᴴ㣙G⋆㥴G䙀âŁ&#x;䔰㢚â?źâ?˜UG

ăœŒâŚ?ä„´ă?˜â?ˆG㇟âŚ?ă&#x;¨Gă??â?´ă˘ŒGă‹€ăŠ?G≘ä?Źă €ä‡­GâŹ˜ᜤ㍸㢚â?źâ?˜ ăœŒâŚ?ä„´ă?˜â?ˆGäˆ?â˝ˆ⍳GâŹ˜ᜤ㍸ḰSGă ­GâŹ˜ᜤ㍸㥸Gâ”?ă??ăœ„Gă&#x;¨ăœľäšŒâ?ˆGᜡ㥸GâŻ?ä–?âŚ?G▄ḔG㢟ă?Šâ?źâ?˜UOYWXY≸G \ă ˆGăœŒâŚ?ä„´ă?˜Gäˆ?â˝ˆ⍳GâŹ˜ᜤ㍸G㼉ă?‘G⌔㞥SGă ­GâŹ˜ᜤ㍸Gäœ¸ăŁ Gâ”?ă??G⍠⎨㛰G㊅PGăœŒâŚ?ä„´ă?˜ă˘ŒGăœ„â™ˆä‰¤â˜˜㥴G ㌚㢨GâŹ˜ᜤ㍸ḰSG♈㍴䉏GâŹ˜ᜤ㍸㥸G㣄㥔⌥ᡀGă?˜ᴴ⎤GË„ă „Gă‹€ă?˜Gâ­´ä?¤G㥔㪟Ë…⪰Gă?˜äš˝äšŒá¸”G㢟㥰⎤SGä‰´â˝ˆ⤠SG ä?Źă ¸ä‰¤SGä“Œ㢨ă?˜âşľSGâ˝ˆâŚ?៏Gâ˜ĽăĄ¸G㣄㥔㣄㣠âŚ?Gäž?ă&#x;?䚨Gä‚ŒäŠ„ă˝”G⾤ä” ă˘ŒGäš?ᡸ⪰G⠤㛨G≌ḔG㢟ă?Šâ?źâ?˜UG ăœŒâŚ?ä„´ă?˜â?ˆGâ?˜ấ㤾G䑀㠀GäŠ€ä† âŠ´âŚ?㍴G㥔㤴SGă‹€ăŠ?G≘ä?Źă €ä€˜SG䑀㠀Gâ˝ˆâŚ?ᜤ☘㥸Găž?áş âŚ?G▄ḔG㢟㥰⎤SG 㢨☘㥴GăœŒâŚ?ä„´ă?˜ă˘ŒGä‚ŒäŠ„ă˝”SG䘸âŚ?㼑ä?ŹâŞ°G㤸Gă‰Źáˇ¸ăœ„G㚀⍠â?ˆG㢰㥸G┉ḔG㢟ă?Šâ?źâ?˜UG

ăœŒâŚ?ä„´ă?˜â?ˆGă?”áľ?⊄G䘸âŚ?㼑ä?ŹGâŹ˜ᜤ㍸㢚â?źâ?˜ ăœŒâŚ?ä„´ă?˜â?ˆGὤ㌨GâŹ˜ᜤ㍸Gä?‰äˆ?ă˘ŒGË„㢰âľ?ä›™Gä‚ŒäŠ„ă˝”Ë…GăĽ?㣅㢨G㙸â?€GË„ă›…âľ?ä›™Gä‚ŒäŠ„ă˝”Ë…⪰GăĽ?ăŁ…äšŒâ?ˆGă?”áľ?⊄G 䘸âŚ?㼑ä?ŹGâŹ˜ᜤ㍸㢚â?źâ?˜UGăœŒâŚ?ä„´ă?˜ă˘ŒG䘸âŚ?㼑ä?ŹGὤ㇠â?ˆG㤸ă??SGὤä&#x; SG㢨âˇ˜ä?Źâ˜ĽăĄ°âŚ?G䚜‌G㍸äš˝Gâ•Œă›¨G ㏅â?źâ?˜UGäœ¸ăŁ GăœŒâŚ?ä„´ă?˜â?ˆGâ?˜ă›…äš?G⺸ăš°ă˘ŒGä† ⍠ăœ„㢨ä?¤â˝€G♈⤽䉤☘ḰG䚜‌Gcä” ăŁ™⍟ăľœä˜¸âŚ?㼑ä?Ź eSGcä?Źäžˆâ?´âľŒăĽ„eSGcwˆ™Â?šG䘸âŚ?㼑ä?ŹeSGcâľ?䂉G䘸âŚ?㼑ä?ŹeSGcă?”㍸â™ˆăŁ„㢨âˆźG䘸âŚ?㼑ä?ŹeSGc⢰㢏Gâ˜?âŚ?㢽G 䘸âŚ?㼑ä?ŹeGâ˜ĽăĄ¸G㍸äš˝SG䘸âŚ?âŻœăŠŒäšŒá¸”G㢟ă?Šâ?źâ?˜UGâ?„äš?Gä™€âŁŒä?¤G䄘ă?˜ä?Źäš”⤟SG⨜䘸G SGă??â‰˜ä†„â˝€Gâ˜ĽG ăœľä›™âĽ™G㢟â?ˆG㤸ă??G䘸âŚ?㼑ä?ŹGä?´ă˘¨GăœŒâŚ?ä„´ă?˜ă˘ŒGᾉ⼙äš?Găž?áş â˜˜㢚â?źâ?˜UGGG

â´Źâ™ˆă›¨Gä‡Ťă˘ŒG⇨ă&#x;?G㊅G㢰⺴⪰Gâľ?㟀䚟â?˜UG㢨G㼉⓸⎨GăœŒâŚ?ä„´ă?˜á´´Gă›¨â›˜G㣕㍴㢏㍴Gâ?´ăť?G㢨䚨ᴴGâ•”G ᜡ㢨⢰Găˆ‘á´ľäš?â?˜UG⇌â?ˆG㤸ă&#x;¤ăžŒâ?˜UG㣕㍴⪰G⏀â˜?â?ˆG㇠⣀㢨â?˜UG‰“Â?Â•ÂŽă˘ŒGăľąá´¸G䓏㏅㣙㥸GăœĄă˘¸äšźá¸”SG Â”ÂˆÂ—Âšă˘ŒG䓏㏅㣙㥸Gᜤă¸˜â?˜UG៏⍠ḔG㍴៟㥴Gl“–˜œŒ•ŠŒ⪰G㍴äĄŒäšŒá¸”G㢟â?˜UG⇌â?ˆG㣕㍴GăĽ?㣅G㤸⹏ᴴG 㢚ăŁ™ăœ„ă‰?GăœŒâŚ?ä„´ă?˜á´´G⸨ḔSGâ?„↰⎤SG᡹䜌䚌ḔG㢟â?ˆGâŻœâ˜”Gᜡăœ„GË„㍸㼉㉼˅㢨G㢟â?˜á¸”G䞉ă?”äš?â?˜UGâ´ŹâŁŒă˘ŒG 㣕㍴㇤㛚㥴GË„㍸㼉㉼˅㢨GↀḔGâ‡Œá´źGᜡ㢨â?˜UG⚀⹏ăœ„GăœŒâŚ?ä„´ă?˜ă˘ŒGâ´ŹâŁŒâ?ˆGâľ‘â?˜UGă&#x;¤âŤ ă?´G䚜‌G㍄὏G 㨴⽸ᴴGâ•Œă›¨G㢟â?˜⎨G㛏ăĽ?☔Gă?´â˘°UGâ?´äžŒăœľă˘¨â?˜UG㾏ḔâŚ?GăœŒâŚ?ä„´ă?˜ă˘ŒGâ?˜ă˘€Gä?Źâ?ˆGâľ?ä‚‰ăœ„ă‰?GăĽ?㣅â•?â?˜UGX ă ˆGZW㢰SGăœŒâŚ?ä„´ă?˜G䓏㏅⺴G㤸ă „㥴Gâľ?䂉㥰âŚ?G⇔㙸ᴸâ?˜UG៏⍠ḔG៏ḧăœ„Gl“–˜œŒ•ŠŒG㢸ă??Gă?˜ä™°ă?˜⪰G ă‰˜ăžŒäšŒá¸”G⸨⪸ᴸGäˆ?ấă˘ŒGä† ⍠ăœ„㢨䉤☘ḰG䚜‌G㣕㍴Gäš?Gᝀ㥸G䋊㏏âŚ?G㣅㛚äš?â?˜UGâ?˜ă˘€â? ăœ„â?ˆGâľ?ä‚‰ă˘ŒG 䢙ⴏ㍸㍸äš?G㢨㚰ὤ⪰GăŁˆâĄ?Gᴴ㍴ḔG─㙸ă?˜áˇ”â?˜UG 䓏㏅㣙G㤸ă&#x;¤ăžŒG

Eloquence – The International Creators Magazine Eloquence is a magazine for creators and also about theme. As the only creators’ magazine in Korea, it provides a unique platform for creative people. With an international editorial team comprised of editors from Korea, Japan, Australia, Sweden, Germany, the US and UK, and RI¿FHV LQ /RQGRQ %DQJNRN DQG %DUFHORQD (ORTXHQFH WUDFHV HIIHFW of international culture exchange, informs about new developments in creative scenes from all over the world and turns the creative passion of leading creators into inspriring stories. Eloquence’s readers are professional creators Eloquence connects the world of trendsetting creators with a wider audience of art lovers and countless ambitious aspirants interested in Art, Design, Events, Music, Film, New Media Art, and New Collaborative Projects. Ideas spread faster around the world than ever before, and Eloquence readers are part of a global community anticipating the changes that come with this development. Eloquence is available all over the world Eloquence is distributed on famous galleries, art spaces, clubs, and PXOWL VKRSV LQ PDMRU FLWLHV RI WKH ZRUOG ,QFOXGLQJ /RQGRQ 3DULV %HUOLQ 1HZ <RUN 7RN\R $PVWHUGDP %DUFHORQD DQG %DQJNRN ,Q RUGHU WR VWDELOL]H WKH GLVWULEXWLRQ QHWZRUN DQG UHDGHUVœ FRPPXQLW\ HYHU\ PRQWK Eloquence will visit another city around the world. Eloquence is a social networking magazine in the digital era Eloquence is preparing digital format of the content produced for the print YHUVLRQ :LWK WKH RI¿FLDO ODXQFK RI WKH (ORTXHQFH WDEOHW PDJD]LQH LQ 0D\ (ORTXHQFH ZLOO LQWURGXFH .RUHDœV ¿UVW HGLWRULDO WHDP WR SURGXFH digital content for tablet magazines. :KLOH WKH ZLGH XVH RI 7ZLWWHU )DFHERRN DQG EORJV WR UHDFK PRUH UHDGHUV LV REOLJDWRU\ (ORTXHQFH LV FRQQHFWHG WR DQ LQWHUQDWLRQDO QHWZRUN RI VRFLDO QHWZRUNHUV DQG SRZHU EORJJHUV 7KH\ ZLOO KHOS WR OHW WKH ZKROH ZRUOG NQRZ DERXW (ORTXHQFHœV FRQWHQW DQG RQJRLQJ SURMHFWV Eloquence is a new project magazine Eloquence is a new project magazine that creates content that not only reports but also produces events and projects. Already introduced art and culture projects are in production or will be launched soon. Currently (ORTXHQFH LV SURPRWLQJ 3RMDQJPDFKD 3URMHFW! +RZKD 'DH %DQ -RHP! 3DULV 3URMHFW! 5LVLQJ 'HVLJQHUVœ )DVKLRQ 6KRZV! %DJ )DLU! DQG /LQH 'UDZLQJ! ZLWK YDULRXV FUHDWRUV

, TXRWHG VRPH SDUW IURP WKH PHGLD NLW 7KLV VKRXOG JLYHV \RX DQ LGHD DERXW ZKDW (ORTXHQFH LV DERXW 0\ QDPH LV :RRFKL -HRQ , PDNH PDJD]LQHV , ZDV WKH IRXQGLQJ HGLWRU LQ FKLHI RI %OLQJ DQG , PRYHG RQ DV DQ HGLWRU LQ FKLHI RI 0DSV 1RZ , DP GLUHFWLQJ (ORTXHQFH %HLQJ DQ H[SHUW LQ WKH SURGXFWLRQ RI PDJD]LQHV , DP FRQ¿GHQW WKDW HYHU\WKLQJ \RX VHH IHHO DQG H[SHULHQFH LQ WKH PDJD]LQH LV ¾UHDOœ ,I \RX WKLQN \RX are ready to be part of us, join us in any time. We welcome you with open arms. For your information, the next issue of the Eloquence will be SURGXFHG LQ %DQJNRN 7KH ZKROH HGLWRULDO WHDP ZLOO À\ RYHU WKHUH :H VHW XS DQ LQWHULP RI¿FH DQG SURGXFH WKH ZKROH LVVXH GXULQJ WHQ GD\V LQ FROODERUDWLRQ ZLWK FUHDWRUV IURP 7KDLODQG 1H[W PRQWK ZH ZLOO UHWXUQ ZLWK D EDJ IXOO RI LQWHUHVWLQJ VWRULHV IURP %DQJNRN Editor-in-chief Woo-chi Jeon

contents

010 012 014 016 020 022 024 028 030 036 044 048 054 058 066 072 074 080 082 092 100 106 110 114 122 128 137

exhibition event music project event project architecture music art photography brand art media fashion photography music studio visit journalism drawing art art art film collection project information collection

DAVID LACHAPELLE IN SEOUL TIGER TRANSLATE ROSSY PP PADDING JACKET PROJECT Cut & Paste Seoul 2011 SILENT JEJU Motoelastico KIRIN LISTEN TO THE CITY PHOTOGRAPHER HAL DIMITO ROBERT BRADFORD Souvenirs from Earth by Borre Louis Park THE STRIKERS VAKKI DONGMI LEE Bukchon PARK SEUNG YEA DONGHYUN SON SEUNG JOON CHOI SHODA YUKIHIRO FUKUSHIMA POJANGMACHA PROJECT World Exhibitions LIE SANG BONG 10 YEARS

Cover. Photographer Hal

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staff Editor in Chief Jeon WooChi / jeonwoochi0625@gmail.com Creative Director 8GR /HH XGROHH#JPDLO FRP Art Director Yom Snil / yomsnil@gmail.com Editor Anna Choi / aannaa.choi@gmail.com $QG\ 6W /RXLV DQG\#FRQFUHWHH[SHULHQFH RUJ IDA Grändüs-Rhee / idaateloquence@gmail.com South East Asia Editor 9LQFHQW 6XQJ YVEDQJNRN#JPDLO FRP London Editor 6XN .\XQJ <XQ \XUXVL#JPDLO FRP Tokyo Editor Yuta Sugihara / yuta.sugihara@gmail.com Amsterdam Editor (XQ.\XQJ +ZDQJ LNEHQ HNK#KRWPDLO FRP Intern Editor *LVHRN &KR JLVHRNFKR#JPDLO FRP Suesasha Joung / suesasha.joung@gmail.com Copy Editor Ross Gardiner / rgardiner4@gmail.com Writer / Contributor 7DH +R .LP W HKR#KRWPDLO FRP +\R %RQJ &KRQJ JJJ #QDYHU FRP Head Designer <RRQ -HRQJ /HH JJRQJ #QDYHU FRP Assistant Designer Mi Kyung Kwon / ggmmgg@naver.com Hae Ran Jeong / rinhol86@naver.com -L (XQ .ZRQ NZRQMH #QDWH FRP Su Rim Nam / s2sr1003s2@naver.com Photographer Jun O Hwang / raphip@gmail.com Jaemin Son / haneul_jm@nate.com Max Eeow / max.zhihong@gmail.com Translator Esther Hwang / soyoonie87@gmail.com Web Designer <RQJ +RRQ .ZRQ NZRQ\K#WHHQWLPHV RUJ Ji Young Kang / 357@hanmail.net Executive Producer -RRK\XQJ /HH VLU #KDQPDLO QHW Chairman 'HRJ 6RR /HH SUHVLGHQW#WHHQWLPHV RUJ President -XQJ 6LN /HH FRUH#WLPHVFRUH FR NU Managing Director -HH <HD /HH MHH\HDBOHH#WLPHVFRUH FR NU Chief Manager .HYLQ 7DN VWDUELJJ\#JPDLO FRP -XOLD %DLN FXWHMXOLDEDLN#JPDLO FRP IT General Manager .DQJ LO .LP NDQJBLO#WHHQWLPHV RUJ IT Management Team -XQJ +XQ .LP NMK#WHHQWLPHV RUJ Yo Han Kim / tolerance@teentimes.org Distribution 6XQJ 6RRN &KRL FKRL #WHHQWLPHV RUJ

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ELO QU ENCE international creators magazine

TIMES CORE CO. ( & 72:(5 7+ )/ <$1*3<81* '21* *$ <(21*'(81*32 *8 6(28/ .25($ 3+21( )$;

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contributors

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Udo Lee

Hea-won Kim

Ross Gardiner

7KH DUWLVWLF GLUHFWRU RI 3ODWRRQ 8GR /HH MRLQHG Eloquence as a creative director. As soon as Udo came on board, he received high SUDLVH IRU SOD\LQJ D NH\ UROH LQ FRQGXFWLQJ WKH ÂżUVW SRS XS RI WKH Âľ3RMDQJPDFKD 3URMHFWÂś successfully. In addition, his sharp analytic VNLOOV DQG FRPSHWHQFH KHOSHG (ORTXHQFH HYROYH RQH VWHS IXUWKHU :H DUH ORRNLQJ IRUZDUG WR VHHLQJ KLV LQĂ€XHQFH EHFRPH D QHZ guidance for creators.

Hea-won Kim is a photographer and designer. Originally from Seoul but educated in the Netherlands, she has lent her unique aesthetic sense to a number of projects here in Seoul, LQFOXGLQJ /RRVH 8QLRQ /DXJKLQJ 7UHH /DE and aweh.tv. For this issue, Hea-won was behind the lens of her trusty and ever-present 1LNRQ WR FDSWXUH VRPH RI WKLV LVVXHÂśV FUHDWRUVÂś SRUWUDLWV :HÂśUH ORRNLQJ IRUZDUG WR IHDWXULQJ KHU talents again and again in upcoming issues of Eloquence. www.ppochu.com

Ross Gardiner is the real hidden hero for (ORTXHQFH 7KLV -XGH /DZ ORRNDOLNH IURP Scotland is the copy editor of Eloquence. Since our contents are sent from all over the world, Ross is entrusted with gluing together WKH EURNHQ (QJOLVK DQG FRYHULQJ WKH FUDFNV ZLWK 0LFURVRIW :RUG VSHOO FKHFN +H LV DOZD\V ZRUNLQJ KDUG WR PHHW RXU WLJKW GHDGOLQH VFKHGXOHV DQG ZHÂśG OLNH WR WKDQN KLP YHU\ much for that.

Hyeon-min Kim

Junk House

Hyun-min Kim is an energetic producer who is DFWLYHO\ ZRUNLQJ RQ VRPH RI (ORTXHQFHÂśV PDMRU projects, including ‘Ho-wha-dae-ban-jeom’, ‘Pojangmacha Project’, and ‘Paris Project’. Kim, who was a stage actor, is playing an important role in completing each project with KLV XQLTXH IULHQGOLQHVV DQG HODERUDWH VNLOOV He always pursues perfection in everything no PDWWHU KRZ WHUULEOH VLWXDWLRQV DUH :HÂśG OLNH WR WKDQN KLP IRU KLV HQGOHVV VXSSRUW ZLWK DUWLVWV and give him the much deserved praise for his KDUG ZRUN RQ PDQ\ SURMHFWV

Junk House was invited on behalf Korean VWUHHW DUWLVWV IURP WKH 7LJHU 7UDQVODWH HYHQW held in Sydney last November. Despite her tight schedule during her short stay, she sent us the interesting stories about 7LJHU 7UDQVODWHÂśV XUEDQ FXOWXUH SURMHFW IRU Eloquence. She will also share her current ongoing project in the redevelopment area of %XNDK\XQ GRQJ ZLWK YDULRXV VWUHHW DUWLVWV :H hope this unique artist with a strong personality ZLOO EH DEOH WR NHHS ZRUNLQJ ZLWK (ORTXHQFH DQG ZHÂśG OLNH WR WKDQN KHU IRU KHU FRQWULEXWLRQ www.junkhouse.net

11

exhibition

DAVID LACHAPELLE IN SEOUL :LWK QHDUO\ ZRUNV RQ GLVSOD\ $PHULFDQ SKRWRJUDSKHU 'DYLG /D&KDSHOOHœV PLG FDUHHU UHWURVSHFWLYH DW 6HRXO $UWV &HQWHU RIIHUV D UDUH ORRN LQWR WKH SV\FKH DQG PRWLYDWLRQ RI DQ H[WUDRUGLQDU\ WDOHQW )URP KLV EHJLQQLQJV DV D WHHQDJH SURGLJ\ WR KLV EUHDNRXW \HDUV LQ WKH V WKH H[KLELWLRQ LV D YHULWDEOH IHDVW IRU WKH H\HV <HW WKH GHYHORSPHQWV LQ KLV UHFHQW ZRUN²E\ IDU WKH EHVW LQ WKH VKRZ²KLQW WKDW WKH EHVW PD\ EH \HW WR FRPH

(GLWRU $QG\ 6W /RXLV

Museum &RXUWHV\ 6HRXO $UWV &HQWHU

Sometime the early the 14th century, the Italian poet Dante Alighieri laid out his vision of heaven, hell and purgatory in a metaphysical treatise on the soul’s journey to God. Known to us today as The Divine Comedy, it KDV LQĂ€XHQFHG FRXQWOHVV WKLQNHUV ZULWHUV DQG DUWLVWV DOO RYHU WKH ZRUOG not the least of which the contemporary American photographer David /D&KDSHOOH +LV FXUUHQW H[KLELWLRQ Âł'DYLG /D&KDSHOOH LQ 6HRXO´ DW WKH 6HRXO Arts Center, provides a revealing glimpse into the last quarter century of VWXQQLQJ ZRUN IURP WKLV SUROLÂżF SKRWRJUDSKHU ZKLFK WDNHQ DV D ZKROH FRXOG read as a visual CliffsNotes for Dante’s epic poem. While the exhibition GHYRWHV WKH PDMRULW\ RI LWV UHDO HVWDWH WR /D&KDSHOOHÂśV LFRQLF FRYHU DQG editorial photography for Rolling Stone and GQ and visionary spreads for Vogue and Vanity Fair²LPDJHV WKDW PDGH KLP D QHDU KRXVHKROG QDPH LQ SKRWRJUDSK\²ZKHUH WKLV H[KLELWLRQ WUXO\ H[FHOV LV LQ LWV FRPPLWPHQW WR WKH SKRWRJUDSKHUÂśV UHFHQW ZRUN After a successful career creating images that graced the pages of some of WKH ZRUOGÂśV OHDGLQJ JORVV\ PDJD]LQHV /D&KDSHOOH WXUQHG KLV EDFN RQ WKH LQGXVWU\ WKDW PDGH KLP IDPRXV DQG ORRNHG LQZDUG UHPRYLQJ KLPVHOI IURP VRFLHW\ ERWK ÂżJXUDWLYHO\ DQG OLWHUDOO\ ,Q KH SDFNHG XS KLV SHUVRQDO belongings and retreated to a cabin in the rainforest, where he continues to live today. While such a drastic change in lifestyle and location might have signaled a similar transformation in artistic practice or aesthetic sensibility, /D&KDSHOOH KDV LQVWHDG XVHG LW DV D FDWDO\VW WR UHH[DPLQH WKH WKHPHV WKDW KDYH JXLGHG KLV ZRUN IRU VR ORQJ QRZ ZLWK D UHQHZHG 'DQWHDQ SHUVSHFWLYH The Divine Comedy WDNHV LWV GLGDFWLF LPSHUDWLYH IURP WKH &DWKROLF Âł6HYHQ 'HDGO\ 6LQV ´ OXVW JOXWWRQ\ JUHHG VORWK ZUDWK HQY\ DQG SULGH ,Q KLV HDUO\ ZRUN /D&KDSHOOH UHDFWLYDWHV 'DQWHÂśV OHJDF\ E\ FRQIURQWLQJ

12

these tragic human tendencies head-on, using equal amounts irony and GU\ ZLW $OWKRXJK KLV UHFHQW ZRUN FRQWLQXHV DORQJ D VLPLODU OLQH RI LQTXLU\ LW GRHV VR LQ D PXFK PRUH UDUHÂżHG PDQQHU DEDQGRQLQJ WKH VXSHUÂżFLDO FRQWULYDQFHV RI KXPRU DQG VKRFN YDOXH DQG LQVWHDG UHO\LQJ RQ more subtle, complex and mature means to carry the photos. Perhaps unsurprisingly given his self-imposed return to nature, some RI /D&KDSHOOHÂśV PRVW SRZHUIXO LPDJHV LQ UHFHQW \HDUV UHĂ€HFW RQ WKH HQYLURQPHQW DQG PDQNLQGÂśV UHODWLRQVKLS WR LW LQ WKH SRVWPRGHUQ ZRUOG His 2007 Museum series, which depicts museum galleries halfsubmerged in stagnant water, offers a very personal meditation on the long-term effects of climate change and the imminent consequences of their impact on museums and similar institutions aimed at preserving our FXOWXUDO KHULWDJH 7KLV SRLQW ULQJV DOO WKH PRUH WUXH JLYHQ /D&KDSHOOHÂśV status as an artist, exploring his own impotence to change the fate of his artistic legacy. Gaia WKH PRVW UHFHQW ZRUN RQ YLHZ LQ WKH exhibition, offers another environmental perspective. Instead of following LFRQRJUDSKLFDO FRQYHQWLRQV ZKLFK W\SLFDOO\ VKRZ WKH HSRQ\PRXV *UHHN HDUWK JRGGHVV LQ D SRVLWLRQ RI PDWURQO\ VSOHQGRU /D&KDSHOOH GHSLFWV KHU in a state of agitation, suffering and even agony, as if in the throes of a SDLQIXO FKLOGELUWK²D YLVXDO PDQLIHVWDWLRQ RI KLV RZQ FRQFHUQV UHJDUGLQJ the business sector’s unscrupulous and unrepentant sapping of the world’s natural resources. 7KRXJK D IDU FU\ IURP WKH FHOHEULW\ SRUWUDLWV WKDW PDGH KLP IDPRXV /D&KDSHOOHÂśV UHFHQW ZRUN LV DV KDUG KLWWLQJ DV HYHU +LV LPDJHV DOZD\V an outlet for his own inner monologue on the world as he sees it, may KDYH WDNHQ RQ D GLIIHUHQW TXDOLW\ EXW WKH PDQ EHKLQG WKHP FHUWDLQO\ KDV not. He’s simply grown up.

22 November 2011 – 26 February 2012 / Seoul Arts Center / Opening hours: Monday – Sunday, 11:00-19:00 / Admission: 13,000 won www.dlcseoul.com

13

event

TIGER TRANSLATE

$ VSHFLDO FXOWXUDO H[FKDQJH HYHQW IRU XQLTXH XUEDQ DUW FUHDWRUV FDOOHG ³7LJHU 7UDQVODWH´ ZDV KHOG LQ 6\GQH\ 7KH IDPLOLDU .RUHDQ DUWLVW -XQN +RXVH also participated in the meaningful event on behalf of Korean artists.

Editor. Anna Choi ,PDJHV FRXUWHV\ 7LJHU 7UDQVODWH

7LJHU 7UDQVODWH LV D FUHDWRUV¶ SURMHFW VXSSRUWHG E\ 7LJHU %HHU LQ 6LQJDSRUH 7LJHU 7UDQVODWH LQYLWHV XUEDQ DUW FUHDWRUV IURP $VLDQ FLWLHV and supports them in collaboration projects. It also provides new graphic artists with new opportunities through competitions. ,W LV ZRUNLQJ WR JHQHUDWH WKH QH[W µELJ EDQJ¶ LQ FUHDWLYLW\ WKURXJK exposure to different cultures and experiences. Fusing visionaries from the ends of the world, the event showcases the best of emerging Asian FUHDWLYLW\ ZLWK ZRUN WKDW FKDOOHQJHV WKH VWDWXV TXR $QG PRUH LPSRUWDQWO\ WKH ZRUN HQWHUWDLQV HQJDJHV DQG LQVSLUHV PDQ\ SHRSOH 7KH VKRZFDVH ZDV KHOG RQ 1RYHPEHU LQ 6\GQH\ ,W VDZ RYHU of Sydney’s cool set descend on an industrial estate in Alexandria to experience an ongoing program of entertainment by some of the best upand-coming creative and music talent from Asia and Australia. &XUDWHG DURXQG ³*52:7+´ WKH HYHQW IHDWXUHG D VHULHV RI XQLTXH FROODERUDWLYH LQWHUSUHWDWLRQV RI WKH WKHPH '- %DPEDODP +HLU WR D 0LOOLRQDLUH RQ WKH GHFNV DQG D OLYH SHUIRUPDQFH E\ 7KH 'DUN +RUVH 7KH JUDI¿WL FROODERUDWLRQ NLFNHG RII LQ WKH PRUQLQJ RI WKH HYHQW DV -XQNKRXVH .RUHD ZRUNHG ZLWK %HDVWPDQ 1XPVNXOO &UHHS\ DQG 3KLEV $XVWUDOLD RQ D P FDQYDV $ ORRVH NQLW SODQ FRQFHLYHG RYHU HPDLO LQ WKH ZHHNV OHDGLQJ XS WR WKH HYHQW JUHZ DV HDFK GD\ ZHQW RQ DQG WKH DUWLVWV LPSURYLVHG DQG IHG RII HDFK RWKHU¶V VW\OHV 7KH ¿QDO WRXFKHV ZHUH DGGHG live as guests entered the venue at 7pm that evening. www.tigertranslate.com

14

15

music

ROSSY PP

5266< 33 ZKR LV ZHOO NQRZQ IRU KHU ZRQGHUIXO FRPSRVLWLRQ VNLOOV DQG DWWUDFWLYH YRLFH KDV UHOHDVHG KHU ¿UVW DOEXP WKDW PHUJHV D YDULHW\ RI JHQUHV EDVHG RQ KHU VHQVLWLYH SRS VSLULW +HU PXVLF LV D FRPELQDWLRQ RI SRSXODU VHQVLELOLW\ DQG VROLG DUWLVWLF IHDWXUHV +HUH¶V ZKDW WKH VXSHU URRNLH KDV WR VD\ about her music.

Editor.Yunhee Kang Photographer. Jun O Hwang

Q. Your name - ROSSY PP - is impressive. 5266< 33 LV D FRPSRXQG ZRUG RI URV\ DQG SXQN\ SHUIXPH , ZDQWHG WR H[SUHVV WKH PHDQLQJ RI SXQN\ SHUIXPH YLVXDOO\ Q. Your music genre is not punk. 3HRSOH DVN PH WKH TXHVWLRQ D ORW , WHOO SHRSOH WKDW P\ PXVLF JHQUH LV SRS EHFDXVH , ZDQW WR PDNH PXVLF WKDW DQ\RQH FDQ HQMR\ EXW , ORYH WKH DWWLWXGH RI SXQN , ¿UVW VWDUWHG PDNLQJ PXVLF LQ P\ FROOHJH URFN EDQG DQG I want to cover a variety of genres based on pop. Q. You are a singer-songwriter who has composed all the songs on your album. But you haven’t received any regular music education. Wasn’t it hard? I always dreamed of becoming a singer; it was a lot of fun and it even IHHOV OLNH P\ GHVWLQ\ WR PDNH VRQJV 0RUHRYHU P\ GUHDP LV WR EHFRPH a ‘good composer,’ not a ‘good singer.’ I am more of a composer than a VLQJHU 7KHUHIRUH PDNLQJ VRQJV LV D YHU\ PHDQLQJIXO JRDO WR PH Q. Please tell us more about your album which is comprised of a variety of genres. , VHHN WR PDNH PXVLF WKDW PRVW SHRSOH OLNH WR OLVWHQ WR +RZHYHU LW GRHVQ¶W PHDQ WKDW ,¶P SXUVXLQJ VRPHWKLQJ ³QRUPDO ´ , WU\ WR SXW P\ XQLTXH PXVLFDO WDVWH LQWR P\ VRQJV )RU H[DPSOH ³$ &DW LV 7DONLQJ WR D /DG\´ LV DERXW µ:K\ GR ZH OLYH"¶ ,W PLJKW EH D KHDY\ WRSLF EXW D FDW DVNV WKLV VHULRXV TXHVWLRQ WR KHOS SHRSOH WKLQN DERXW WKH WRSLF LQ D IXQ ZD\ ³)DOOLQJ LQ /RYH ´ ZKLFK ZDV XVHG DV WKH WKHPH VRQJ IRU &KR .ZRQ DQG *D LQ LQ WKH 0%& SURJUDP ³:H *RW 0DUULHG ´ ZDV ORYHG E\ PDQ\ SHRSOH ³$GXOW &KLOG´ LV DERXW ZDQGHULQJ \RXWK DQG PDQ\ SHRSOH DUH DWWDFKHG to the lyrics. In fact, each song on this album is charming, and they get different reactions from the public.

16

Q. You’ve been in a rock band and have a strong identity as a FRPSRVHU :K\ GRQ¶W \RX ¿QG PHPEHUV WR ZRUN ZLWK" )RU QRZ ,¶P ZRUNLQJ VROR WR SXUVXH P\ XQLTXH PXVLF VW\OH EXW , ZDQW WR ZRUN ZLWK D EDQG ODWHU GRZQ WKH OLQH ,W LV H[WUHPHO\ KDUG WR PDNH JRRG PXVLF ZLWK VRPHRQH HOVH EHFDXVH ZH KDYH WR ¿QH WXQH RXU RSLQLRQV EXW LW LV D YHU\ PHDQLQJIXO SURFHGXUH ,¶G OLNH WR JLYH RWKHU SHRSOH P\ VRQJV but it’s not yet the time. I will do it later when I become famous. Q. You majored in theology, and you are searching for the meaning of life in your songs. It seems like you are interested in religious themes. I have been interested in theology since I was little because I’m interested in the meaning of life. I do believe in the existence of an DEVROXWH EHLQJ EXW QRW WKH ³*RG´ WKDW WKH PDMRULW\ RI .RUHDQ FKXUFKHV EHOLHYH LQ ,¶G OLNH WR VWXG\ WKHRORJ\ PRUH LQ GHSWK LQ WKH IXWXUH , JXHVV P\ LQWHUHVW LQ WKHVH WKHPHV LV QDWXUDOO\ UHÀHFWHG LQ P\ VRQJV +RZHYHU I have no intention to relate my music and theology. If I did so, my music would be distorted. Q. Please tell us about your future plans. &XUUHQWO\ ,¶P ZRUNLQJ EDVHG RQ UDGLR SURJUDPV , XVXDOO\ VLQJ VRQJV from my album and cover songs. I feel excited because I get reactions immediately. I’m planning to hold my solo concert in January. I’m SUHSDULQJ D ORW EHFDXVH LW LV P\ ¿UVW VROR FRQFHUW , ZLOO IRFXV RQ high quality live music, and a variety of songs, as well as active communication with the audience. I will also focus on promoting my QDPH DQG VRQJV WR WKH SXEOLF VLQFH ,¶P D URRNLH www.rossypp.com

17

project

PADDING JACKET PROJECT &RPPXQLFDWLRQ DV WKH FRUH RI WKH GHVLJQ 7KH FRQVXPHU DV D VWDUWLQJ SRLQW 'HVLJQ EDVHG RQ WKH QHHGV RI WKH HQYLURQPHQW $QG HYHU\WKLQJ VWDUWHG E\ D SKRWRJUDSKHU WKDW VWRSSHG WDNLQJ SKRWRV DQG VWDUWHG PDNLQJ SHUIRUPDQFHV

Editor. IDA Grändüs-Rhee ,PDJH FXUWHV\ 3DGGLQJ MDFNHW SURMHFW

7KH WKUHH Âś;ÂśV LQ WKH 58);;; SURMHFW DUH UHSUHVHQWLQJ MXVW WKDW ; 6LQFH WKH SURMHFW ZDV IRXQGHG LQ E\ +\XQJQDP .LP LW KDV EHHQ IRFXVLQJ on running a bar/restaurant with a combined performance space at 1DPVDQ 6HRXO (YHQ WKRXJK WKH FRRNLQJ DQG SHUIRUPDQFHV KDYH PDGH the project famous in Seoul, the project has just now reached the point IRU HQWHULQJ WKRVH ;V

ZKDW WR SXW LQ WKH SRFNHWV RU ZKDW WR GR ZLWK WKH DWWDFKHG KRRG\ 7KH LQWHUYLHZV KDYH IRFXVHG RQ WKH VRXQGV DQG WKH UHDFWLRQV UDWKHU than the actual words of the answers. An example would be the reactions HYRNHG ZKHQ DQVZHULQJ TXHVWLRQV UHJDUGLQJ WKH SULFH RI WKH MDFNHWV 7KH interviewees swear, sweat and are obviously stressed over the pressure RI IHHOLQJ IRUFHG WR JHW WKLV MDFNHW VLQFH HYHU\ ERG\ HOVH KDV LW

7KUHH \HDUV DJR D WUHQG SKHQRPHQRQ RFFXUUHG LQ WKH KLJK VFKRROV RI Seoul. When South Korea’s extremely cold winter arrived, everyone was VXGGHQO\ ZHDULQJ 1RUWK )DFH SDGGHG MDFNHWV $QG LQ D .RQJOLVK ZD\ WKH QDPH ZDV TXLFNO\ WXUQHG LQWR ´SDGGLQJ MDFNHW ´ 1DPHG DIWHU WKLV WUHQG 58);;; KDYH VWDUWHG LWV ÂżUVW LQ D VHULHV RI projects to try to effect the relationship between consumer and producer - to create products that are based on actual communication, connected WR WKH HQYLURQPHQW ZKHUH WKH GHVLJQHU ORRNV DW WKH QHHGV ÂżUVW DQG WKHQ designs.

All the material from the 3000 conducted interviews will be put up on the website for designers - from fashion universities in different cities RI 6RXWK .RUHD 7RN\R 3DULV 1HZ <RUN /RQGRQ 3DULV 0RVFRZ DQG +DQJ]KRX WR ORRN DW DQG WKHQ GHVLJQ DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH QHHGV RI WKH HQYLURQPHQW DQ DOWHUQDWLYH MDFNHW 2Q -DQXDU\ DOO GHVLJQV VKRXOG EH VXEPLWWHG WR 58);;; 2Q -DQXDU\ DW SP .RUHDQ WLPH WKH students participating in the project - expected to be about 2000 - will YRWH RQ ZKLFK GHVLJQ WKH\ ZDQW 7KH ZLQQLQJ GHVLJQ ZLOO EH SURGXFHG and sold, 2000 samples with an individual name tag of the owner attached to the collar.

,Q HDUO\ 'HFHPEHU WKH ÂżUVW 58);;; UHSRUWHU WHDPV YLVLWHG VRPH RI 6HRXOÂśV KLJK VFKRROV WR ORRN DW WKLV WUHQG WKH HQYLURQPHQW RI WKH MDFNHW and what can be learned from it. Since then, a lot of people have joined WKH UHSRUWHU JURXSV 7KH\ LQFOXGH MRXUQDOLVWV VLJQHUV DQG GHVLJQHUV DOO ZRUNLQJ YROXQWDULO\ IRU WKH SURMHFW JRLQJ WR VFKRROV WDONLQJ WR VWXGHQWV WDNLQJ SKRWRV DQG UHFRUGLQJ WKH LQWHUYLHZV 7KH TXHVWLRQV DUH DOO IRFXVHG RQ WKH XVDJH RI WKH MDFNHW VXFK DV ZKDW you do if you get a hole in the fabric and the padding starts coming out,

18

%XW WKH VHOOLQJ RI D QHZ YHUVLRQ RI WKH ÂśSDGGLQJ MDFNHWÂś ZLOO QRW EH WKH HQG RI 58);;; FRPPXQLFDWLRQ EDVHG SURGXFWV $OO WKH PDWHULDO ZLOO EH turned into an archive that also will be shown in exhibitions, in galleries and online. And the next communication-based product project will start soon after. www.paddingjacket.com

19

YOM’S VISUA L/LAB

Eloquence runs Eloquence’s art director, YOM’s visual experiment. In this issue, he treats ‘Dictators’ theme of HAFY series.

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21

event

Cut & Paste Seoul 2011 &XW 3DVWH VWDUWHG LQ E\ $PHULFDQ -RKQ )LRUHOOL LV FKDQJLQJ WKH ZD\ ZH WKLQN DERXW GHVLJQHUV ,Q ODWH 1RYHPEHU WKH &XW 3DVWH ZRUOG WRXU VWRSSHG LQ 6HRXO WR ÂżQG WKH FLW\ÂśV EHVW \RXQJ GHVLJQHUV DW 3ODWRRQ .XQVWKDOOH $V WKH GXVW VHWWOHG ZH VDW GRZQ ZLWK )LRUHOOL DQG 3ODWRRQ FR IRXQGHU 7RP %XHVFKHPDQQ WR WDON DERXW &XW 3DVWHÂśV MRXUQH\ WR 6HRXO

(GLWRU $QG\ 6W /RXLV Photographer. Jun O Hwang Images courtesy. Platoon Kunsthalle

-RKQ )LRUHOOL DQG 7RP %XHVFKHPDQQ

Q. What is Cut & Paste? John Fiorelli: Cut & Paste is a live design battle created to bring designers together, showcase young emerging designers and develop new relationships and professional opportunities. Q. why did you start Cut & Paste to help the world’s emerging designers? JF: We didn’t start it to help the world’s emerging designers; we started it originally as a party to celebrate design and to celebrate people we NQHZ DQG WR DOVR JLYH XV D FKDQFH WR PHHW QHZ SHRSOH LQ 1HZ <RUN :H GLG WKH ¿UVW VKRZ LQ DQG VLQFH WKHQ LWœV WXUQHG RXW WR EH VR PXFK more. It’s really to the credit of our community for inspiring us and giving XV IUHVK QHZ LGHDV DERXW KRZ ZH FDQ WDNH WKLV IRUPDW DQG ZRUN ZLWK designers. Q. How did this whole project get off the ground? -) ,W VWDUWHG LQ 1HZ <RUN LQ ,W ZDV MXVW D RQH RII VKRZ DQG ZH DOO NHSW RXU GD\ MREV :H GLG IRXU VKRZV LQ DQG WKDW ZDV DOVR IRU IXQ :KHQ FDPH DURXQG ZH WRRN LW JOREDO DQG PDGH LW D IXOO WLPH WKLQJ DQG QRZ LQ ZH KDYH D FLW\ WRXU DQG D JOREDO FKDPSLRQVKLS 7KH &XW 3DVWH WRXU VWDUWHG RI¿FLDOO\ LQ 1HZ <RUN RQ 2FWREHU 7KLV is our third show here in Seoul, and we’ll continue on to do the other nine shows around the world in 2012, from January to April. Our global championship will be in the autumn, when the winners from all the cities ZLOO FRQYHUJH XSRQ 1HZ <RUN

22

4 6SHHG DQG HIÂżFLHQF\ DUH REYLRXVO\ D ELJ SDUW RI WKLV FRPSHWLWLRQ 2D designers have 15 minutes, 3D designers have 20 minutes. How did you come up with those time limitations? -) :KHQ ZH ÂżUVW VWDUWHG LQ ZH GLG PLQXWHV EHFDXVH IUDQNO\ that’s just how long people are willing to watch something continuously. We wanted to be sure it was audience-friendly and something entertaining. In addition to being something inspiring or educational, it at least needed to be entertaining. With 3D modeling, designers really QHHG D OLWWOH PRUH WLPH <RX NQRZ SHUFHQW PRUH WLPH :RZ ZHÂśUH VR JHQHURXV²EXW LWÂśV UHDOO\ QRW D ORW RI WLPH IRU PRGHOLQJ 6R LWÂśV IDVW $QG DQRWKHU UHDVRQ ZK\ ZH GR LW IDVW LV EHFDXVH LW PDNHV GHVLJQHUV UHDOO\ focus on what their concept is. You can show a lot of good design in a short amount of time, even if you don’t have time to polish everything, and you can learn a lot about a designer in terms of how they prioritize and focus their attention. Q. Are you a designer yourself? -) 1R²,ÂśP D ÂżOPPDNHU , ZRUN LQ EXVLQHVV DQG , XVHG WR EH DQ HOHFWULFDO HQJLQHHU VR ,ÂśYH SOD\HG D ORW RI GLIIHUHQW UROHV %XW , MXVW KDYH D ORW RI IULHQGV ZKR DUH GHVLJQHUV IURP P\ ZRUN LQ ÂżOP VR WKDWÂśV ZK\ ,ÂśP interested in that area of creativity. Q. Tom, are you a designer? I know your work with Platoon involves D ORW RI GLIIHUHQW ÂżHOGV 7RP %XHVFKHPDQQ 1R P\ EDFNJURXQG LV PRUH PDUNHWLQJ DQG advertising, so design comes later to me, as a passion, you could say.

Q. How did you hear about Cut & Paste? 7% ,W ZDV , JXHVV , FDPH LQ WRXFK ZLWK -RKQ DQG RI FRXUVH from that point onward we thought it would be a great idea to bring Cut & Paste to Korea. So we launched it here at Platoon last December, exactly one year ago, and it’s become an event that we at Platoon really love and are passionate about. Q. How has your experience been working with designers in Seoul and what’s your take on the whole design scene here? -) , WKLQN WKH VFHQH LV YHU\ GHHS -XVW LQ RXU WZR VKRZV DORQH ZHÂśYH ZRUNHG ZLWK DOPRVW GLIIHUHQW GHVLJQHUV KHUH LQ WKH SDVW \HDU DQG D half. We’re actually very impressed with the 3D modeling talent here. We NQHZ WKHUH ZHUH D ORW RI YHU\ WDOHQWHG JUDSKLF GHVLJQHUV DQG LOOXVWUDWRUV EXW WKH WDOHQW LQ ' DQG PRWLRQ DQLPDWLRQ ZDV VXUSULVLQJ , NQRZ WKHUH DUH D ORW RI GHVLJQHUV KHUH ZKR ZRXOG EHQHÂżW IURP ZRUNLQJ ZLWK EUDQGV overseas, and I would also say vice-versa: there are a lot of brands that VKRXOG NQRZ DERXW WKH WDOHQW SRRO KHUH LQ .RUHD Q. Tom, you said you had wanted to bring Cut & Paste here to Korea. Why do you think it’s so important to have this event here in Seoul? 7% ,WÂśV FRQQHFWHG WR FUHDWLYH LQGXVWULHV KHUH , WKLQN WKDW .RUHD QHHGV WKLV NLQG RI LQSXW IURP RYHUVHDV EHFDXVH .RUHD LV QRW WKH PRVW FUHDWLYH FRXQWU\ :H WKRXJKW WKDW ZLWK DQ HYHQW OLNH WKLV ZH FRXOG KHOS WR FKDQJH that a bit. Q. How does this year’s show differ from last year’s? 7% , WKLQN WKH TXDOLW\ LPSURYHG WKH DXGLHQFH ZDV ELJJHU ,ÂśG VD\ ZH KDG DERXW PRUH YLVLWRUV WKLV WLPH $QG WKH SURÂżOH RI WKLV HYHQW KDV JURZQ in the last year. Overall, everyone was more excited about the event. 4 -RKQ KRZ GRHV WKLV HYHQW LQ 6HRXO ÂżW LQ ZLWK WKH JUDQG VFKHPH of Cut & Paste worldwide? -) 2XU JRDO LV WR ZRUN LQ WHUULÂżF FUHDWLYH FDSLWDOV ZLWK JUHDW WHDPV OLNH 3ODWRRQ VR LW ÂżWV SHUIHFWO\ 2YHU WKH SDVW \HDU DQG D KDOI ZHÂśYH GHYHORSHG D IUDQFKLVH SURJUDP ZKHUH ZH ZRUN ZLWK WHDPV YHU\ FORVHO\ and they really develop their territory as well as their Cut & Paste SDUWLFLSDWLRQ 3ODWRRQ ZRUNV YHU\ DXWRQRPRXVO\ WR GHYHORS WKHLU HYHQW DQG ZH DOVR ZRUN ZLWK 3ODWRRQ LQ RWKHU FLWLHV LQFOXGLQJ %HUOLQ DQG +HOVLQNL 6HRXO ÂżWV LQ WHUULÂżFDOO\²WKH WDOHQW MXVW VSHDNV IRU LWVHOI²DQG ZHÂśUH YHU\ H[FLWHG WR FRPH EDFN LQ WKH IXWXUH Q. What are the judges looking for when they’re judging an event like this? JF: Every judge is different and they value their own criteria a little GLIIHUHQWO\ DQG VXEMHFWLYHO\ EXW , WKLQN HYHU\ MXGJH LV DOZD\V ORRNLQJ IRU D designer to communicate effectively. So, whatever the brief is, whatever the themes are, they need to be able to communicate them clearly and effectively.

UHFHLYH DQG KRZ GR LQGLYLGXDO GHVLJQHUV EHQHÂżW IURP VRPHWKLQJ like this? -) 7\SLFDOO\ WKH SUL]HV WKDW ZH KRRN XS IRU WKH ZLQQHUV DUH GHVLJQ commissions with brands or design studios that they admire and have a JUHDW SDVVLRQ IRU $ JRRG H[DPSOH DFWXDOO\ LV WKH ' JUDQG SUL]H²HYHU\ 3D winner around the world, in all 12 cities receives a sponsorship with Shapeways to develop a new 3D printed product. So our goal with prizes is always to deliver a new opportunity as much as delivering great SURGXFWV RU ÂżQDQFLDO JDLQ %XW , WKLQN WKH ELJJHVW SUL]H LV WKDW LI \RX DUH LQ the show, you already win because we get the opportunity to brag about WKH TXDOLW\ RI WKH SDUWLFLSDQWV DQG SURPRWH \RXU ZRUN RQ RXU ZHEVLWH through all the video that we shoot. We don’t just capture the event itself, but also the preliminary design rounds that they do. Our goal is to share more, not only about the designers, but of their creative process, and so we hope we provide a layer of creative humanity about designers and I WKLQN WKDWÂśV D ELJ HQRXJK LQFHQWLYH WR EH LQ WKH VKRZ 7% :H KDG VHYHUDO TXDOLI\LQJ URXQGV OHDGLQJ XS WR WKH ÂżQDOV DW 3ODWRRQ DQG D ORW RI SHRSOH VDLG Âł, ZDQW WR ZLQ WKLV FRPSHWLWLRQ , ZDQW WR JHW the next promotion from a junior to a senior [designer]. If I win this FRPSHWLWLRQ WKHQ ,ÂśP D UHDO SHUVRQ KHUH >LQ WKH GHVLJQ LQGXVWU\@ ´ 7KDW means a lot for the people competing here. Q. Next year are you looking to expand to more than 12 cities, or will you keep the number the same? -) <RX NQRZ ,ÂśP QRW VXUH 7KH NH\ LV DOZD\V WR EH LQ WKH ULJKW FLWLHV VR LI ZH KDYH WKH RSSRUWXQLW\ DQG WKH UHVRXUFHV WR GR PRUH FLWLHV WKDWÂśV ÂżQH %XW ZH GRQÂśW ZDQW WR JURZ MXVW IRU WKH VDNH RI JURZWK ZH ZDQW WR GR D EHWWHU MRE DQG ZH ZDQW WR ÂżQG QHZ RSSRUWXQLWLHV DQG GHHSHQ WKH YDOXH of what Cut & Paste delivers to the people who are already in it. So we’re NLQG RI WDNLQJ WKDW TXHVWLRQ RQH \HDU DW D WLPH Q. What makes Seoul the “right city?â€? JF: As a city, obviously it’s the city in Korea. As a creative capital, WKH GHSWK RI WDOHQW LV WHUULÂżF QRW WR PHQWLRQ WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQV DQG DVVRFLDWLRQV WKDW VXSSRUW GHVLJQ²WKH 6HRXO 'HVLJQ )HVWLYDO IRU H[DPSOH WKDW 'HVLJQ +RXVH SXWV RQ HYHU\ \HDU²DQG , NQRZ WKDW WKH government is very supportive of the creative community and the creative HFRQRP\ 7KHUH DUH D QXPEHU RI FLWLHV ZKR ZLOO WRXW WKHLU SURJUDPV EXW , would say that Seoul is sincere in supporting the creative economy here, VR WKDW PDNHV LW D JUHDW FLW\ WR PH Q. Tom, as a leader in this world of international creative development, what’s the value of a program like this for Platoon? 7% $V \RX NQRZ 3ODWRRQÂśV PLVVLRQ LV FXOWXUDO GHYHORSPHQW VR RI FRXUVH we want to bring new creative ideas into this country. I really love this NLQG RI HYHQW EHFDXVH LWÂśV VR QHZ DQG UHDOO\ KDV WKH SRWHQWLDO WR ERRVW WKH whole creative industry in this country over the coming years. www.cutandpaste.com www.kunsthalle.com

Q. Cut & Paste is obviously geared towards helping individuals advance their careers and improve their visibility worldwide. What do the winners of the city-level rounds, like the one in Seoul,

23

project

SILENT JEJU

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Q. Why Jeju? 7KH 5HSUHVHQWDWLYH RI 7UDYHOUR :H VWDUWHG IURP WKH FRQFHSW RI ´LVRODWLRQ ´ DQG IRXQG RXUVHOYHV DW WKH ZRUG ´LVODQG ´ -HMX LWVHOI KDG QR particular meaning to us, more than being being an island and a prime example of isolation. Q. Why silence? %HFDXVH SHRSOH WDON WRR PXFK 6LOHQFH LV PRUH KROO\ DQG EHDXWLIXO WKDQ ODQJXDJH :KHQ ZH WDON ZH MXGJH SHRSOH KDUVKO\ IURP WKHLU ÂżUVW sentences. With silence we approach each other more slowly and UHODWLRQVKLSV DUH VKDSHG LQ D GLIIHUHQW ZD\ 7DONLQJ FDQ EH VR YLROHQW %XW on this two day trip we are not occupied by verbal language. When we KDYH WR ZULWH RU XVH ERG\ ODQJXDJH WR FRPPXQLFDWH ZH KDYH WR WKLQN harder before we express ourselves. Q. Why silent travel? 3HRSOH DUH ERUHG E\ RUGLQDU\ ZD\V RI WUDYHOLQJ 7KH\ MXVW HDW DQG WDON %XW LI \RX FKDQJH MXVW D VLQJOH WKLQJ LW JHWÂśV LQWHUHVWLQJ 6LOHQW -HMX LV OLNH DQ H[SHULPHQW LQ FRPPXQLFDWLRQ :H DUH ÂżQGLQJ D QHZ ZD\ RI UHODWLQJ WR one other, and this project allows people to try a different way of life for a few days. Q. Why biking? First we thought of isolation and we thought of islands, and then we found silence, and then we found electric bicycles. We felt this was more ÂżWWLQJ ZLWK RXU HWKRV WKDQ VFRRWHUV RU FDUV EHFDXVH WKH\ GRQÂśW PDNH D sound, and they’re eco-friendly.

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4 :KDW ZHUH \RXU REVHUYDWLRQV IURP WKH ¿UVW 6LOHQW -HMX WUDYHO" People were more willing to communicate and get creative than we WKRXJKW 7KH\ ORRNHG IUXVWUDWHG LQ WKH EHJLQQLQJ EXW WKH\ TXLFNO\ OHDUQHG to communicate in different ways and soon people we met on the road VLPSO\ WKRXJKW ZH ZHUH D JURXS RI IRUHLJQHUV :KHQ WKH JURXS ¿QDOO\ EHJDQ WR WDON E\ RXU RZQ LQLWLDWLRQ WKHLU UHODWLRQVKLSV ZHUH FRPSOHWHO\ GLIIHUHQW WKDQ WKH\ ZRXOG KDYH EHHQ LI WKH\ KDG KDYH EHHQ WDONLQJ 7KH\ NQHZ HDFK RWKHU LQ D VLOHQW ZD\ DQG HYHQ WKRXJK WKH\ VWDUWHG XVLQJ YHUEDO ODQJXDJH WKH\ GLGQœW DVN ZHUH HDFK RWKHU ZDV IURP RU ZKDW WKH\ GLG 7KH\ MXVW FRQFHQWUDWHG RQ PRPHQW DQG EDVLF FRPPXQLFDWLRQ ERUQH RXW RI QHFHVVLW\ :KHQ SHRSOH WDON WKH\ FUHDWH DQRWKHU VRFLHW\ 7KH\ PDNH ZDU KLHUDUFKLHV VRPHRQH LV D ORVHU VRPHRQH LV FRRO EXW LQ VLOHQFH WKH\ GRQœW HYHQ NQRZ ZKRœV WKH ERVV :KDW ZH H[SHULHQFHG during these three days, in silence, is basically a fair society, because the SDUWLFLSDQWV GLGQœW NQRZ DQ\ VRFLDO ERXQGDULHV Q. What is TravelRo? 7UDYHO5R LV PDGH RXW RI WKH ZRUGV ´WUDYHO´ DQG ´URXWH´ DQG LV DQ RQOLQH travel community for people who are bored by ordinary travel and are exploring and sharing different ways of traveling. With launching Silent -HMX 7UDYHO5R LV QRZ FUHDWLQJ LWV RZQ WRXU SURJUDP FDOOHG ¾)ROORZ WKH 7UDYHO5R œ www.travelro.co.kr/route/3166

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architecture

Motoelastico

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(GLWRU $QG\ 6W /RXLV Photographer. Hea-won Kim Images courtesy. Motoelastico

Q. The two of you work together under the enigmatic moniker “Motoelastico.â€? Can you explain the story behind the name and the kind of work that you produce? Simone Carenca: Moto means movement, as opposed to an actual destination, and this idea can be applied to everything we do; the media that we employ, our trans-disciplinary activity, and even the mode transportation that we use (motorcycles). It’s the best Italian architecture RIÂżFH LQ .RUHD EHFDXVH ZH DUH WKH RQO\ ,WDOLDQ DUFKLWHFWXUH RIÂżFH LQ .RUHD ,WÂśV D YHU\ GLIÂżFXOW HQYLURQPHQW EXW ZH OLNH WKH FKDOOHQJH 0DUFR %UXQR 0RWRHODVWLFR UHDOO\ GHVFULEHV VRPHWKLQJ WKDW VZLQJV EHWZHHQ WZR SRLQWV LQ DQ HODVWLF PRYHPHQW %HWZHHQ ,WDO\ DQG .RUHD EHWZHHQ WKH XQLYHUVLW\ DQG WKH RIÂżFH DQG EHWZHHQ PDQ\ DUHDV²ZH DUH DOZD\V LQ PXOWLSOH SODFHV DW WKH VDPH WLPH $ PRWRUF\FOH ZRUNV RQO\ when it moves, which is a very nice metaphor for design or exploration in JHQHUDO ,I \RX VWDQG VWLOO LW GRHVQÂśW ZRUN LW ZRUNV RQO\ ZKHQ LWÂśV PRYLQJ IRUZDUG VR \RX KDYH WR NHHS JRLQJ IRU LW WR IXQFWLRQ Q. In addition to architecture, you are also working in a number of UHODWHG EXW QRQHWKHOHVV GLVWLQFW ÂżHOGV +RZ GLG WKLV GLYHUVLÂżFDWLRQ of your portfolio come about? 6& $UFKLWHFWXUH LV VLPSO\ WKH QDPH RI WKH GHJUHH RU WKH NLQG RI OLFHQVH that we have. In our experience, architecture was never isolated from everything else. Even as students, we were already doing furniture, urban design, urban economics, etc. At the time when we were in

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school, architecture was the only degree that allowed you to enter the design world. Now it’s more specialized, so you can choose from WKH EHJLQQLQJ H[DFWO\ ZKLFK ÂżHOG \RX ZDQW WR SXUVXH EXW DUFKLWHFWXUH RIIHUV D YHU\ JRRG DQJOH WR ORRN DW WKLQJV <RX FDQ EH YHU\ SUDJPDWLF and concrete, and at the same time have interrelations with all the other disciplines, such as urban design, which is maybe more about HFRQRPLFV WKDQ DFWXDO ÂłGHVLJQ ´ Q. What other disciplines besides architecture is Motoelastico involved in? 0% :H GR WRR PDQ\ WKLQJV >ODXJKV@ DQG WKDW FDQ EH D OLWWOH SUREOHPDWLF sometimes. In the past, we’ve done architecture, interior design, installation, fairs, furniture, some products, a lot of media, events ‌ I can’t name them all. 6& )RU XV LWÂśV D PDWWHU RI VXUYLYDO LQ PDQ\ ZD\V²DGDSWDELOLW\ LWVHOI LV D PRGH RI VXUYLYDO²EXW DW WKH VDPH WLPH ZH EHOLHYH LQ VSHFLDOL]DWLRQ as well, so it’s a dilemma. For example, is it better to be pro or to be DPDWHXU" Âł$PDWHXU´ FRPHV IURP WKH ,WDOLDQ ZRUG amore, which means ORYH 7KLV LV D EHDXWLIXO ZD\ RI WKLQNLQJ DERXW ZRUN LI \RXÂśUH DQ DPDWHXU LW PHDQV \RX ORYH ZKDW \RX DUH GRLQJ LWÂśV OLNH D KREE\ ,I \RXÂśUH D SUR LWÂśV PRUH OLNH \RX KDYH WR GR LW :KHQ \RXÂśUH D VSHFLDOLVW \RX UHSHDW WKH VDPH WKLQJ RYHU DQG RYHU \RX ORVH WKH IHDU WR PDNH D PLVWDNH DQG therefore you lose the chance to learn something new. In our case, being able to do many things is an advantage; it’s a mode of survival, because it’s sort of a hostile situation.

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Q. Despite whatever hostility you’ve experienced, you’ve managed to stay and develop Motoelastico here in Seoul over the last decade or so. Do you think that your work also helps other ideas or notions of creativity survive? What effect does being a “survivorâ€? day in and day out have on your practice? SC: Yes, you represent an alternative, which sometimes can be very GHPDQGLQJ RU YHU\ LGHRORJLFDO 0DQ\ WLPHV ZHÂśYH DVNHG RXUVHOYHV Âł,V LW UHDOO\ ZRUWK LW WR SXW VR PXFK HIIRUW LQWR WKLV WKLQJ" $IWHU LQYHVWLQJ VR PXFK WLPH DQG HIIRUW ZKDW GR \RX JHW"´ ,WÂśV D YHU\ ELJ HTXDWLRQ²PD\EH \RX FDQÂśW FDOFXODWH LW HDVLO\ DQG VRPHWLPHV LWÂśV IUXVWUDWLQJ²EXW LW FRQWDLQV D ORW RI WKLQNLQJ DERXW \RXU KDSSLQHVV DW WKH HQG RI WKH GD\ , WKLQN WKDWÂśV RIWHQ IRUJRWWHQ ZKHQ \RX WDON DERXW EXVLQHVV RU HYHQ DUFKLWHFWXUH DQG DUW 6R , DVN P\VHOI DW WKH HQG RI WKH GD\ Âł$P , KDSS\"´ DQG WKH DQVZHU LV \HV 7KH ZRUN DV D UHVXOW LV YHU\ SRVLWLYH DQG LW represents an example of the alternative.

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4 ,V WKHUH D XQLÂżHG YLVLRQ EHKLQG DOO WKH ZRUN \RX GR DFURVV VR PDQ\ ÂżHOGV" SC: According to Vitruvius, there are three elements in architecture. 1RUPDOO\ SHRSOH WKLQN DERXW WKH ÂżUVW WZR ÂżUPLWDV, which is the solidity of the building and how strong it is, and utilitas ZKLFK LV LWV SUDFWLFDOLW\ %XW the thing that is so often forgotten is venustas, or what is usually referred WR DV ÂłEHDXW\ ´ DOWKRXJK WKLV LV EDGO\ WUDQVODWHG 5DWKHU WKDQ EHDXW\ LQ terms of proportions and as related to art, it’s really about the happiness of the message; the bottom line of why you create something and what LPSURYHPHQW LW PDNHV ,WÂśV PRUH UHODWHG WR SOHDVXUH 0% 1RW RQO\ WKH SOHDVXUH RI GRLQJ LW EXW WKH SOHDVXUH \RX FDQ JLYH WR the people who experience it. At the end of the day, this is really what we are trying to do. Q. One thing that’s interesting about you two, and about a lot of people working in the creative industry, is just how interdisciplinary— or “amateurâ€?—people are working these days. How important is this kind of approach to the work that is coming out of Motoelastico? 6& , WKLQN SHRSOH H[SHFW VR PDQ\ RWKHU WKLQJV QRZ²H[WUD WKLQJV EXW VWLOO LQFOXGHG LQ FUHDWLYH ÂżHOGV 6R PD\EH WKH\ H[SHFW D FRPSOHWH SURMHFW LQFOXGLQJ FRUSRUDWH LPDJH LQWHULRUV QDPLQJ WKH ZKROH SDFNDJH , WKLQN since everything has become multi-media and we are all doing things with our personal computers these days, we expect things to affect us on many levels. Q. Do you think that in order to survive, you really have to diversify everything you do so that you can satisfy the client? 0% ,I \RX ZDQW WR EH LQGHSHQGHQW \HV ,I \RX ZDQW WR EH SDUW RI D FRUSRUDWLRQ QR %XW WKHQ \RX QHYHU NQRZ 7DNLQJ LQWR FRQVLGHUDWLRQ KRZ WKLV V\VWHP ZRUNV HFRQRPLFDOO\ DQG IURP D GHVLJQ SHUVSHFWLYH , WKLQN that’s a very big discussion. Q. These days, what is the majority of the work you’re doing? SC: It’s been a while since the last time we were so involved with it, but

Q. What’s it like working on interiors, given your background in architecture? 0% :H GRQÂśW IHHO DQ\ NLQG RI GLIIHUHQFH ,Q ,WDO\ >GRLQJ ERWK@ LV QRUPDO it’s part of the job, actually. For example, until ten years ago, there was QR ZD\ WR JHW D GHJUHH LQ LQWHULRU GHVLJQ LQ ,WDO\²LW MXVW GLGQÂśW H[LVW (YHQ now, you have to go to a private school if you want to do that, so for us there is really no difference. SC: When we are doing an interior, we design the façade and use it as a way to connect to the rest of the building. When you have a door, you constantly imagine the experience beginning from a bit before, a bit EHIRUH D ELW EHIRUH <RX ZRUN ZLWK WKH ZKROH VSDFH VR WKH IDFW WKDW \RXÂśUH ZRUNLQJ RQ WKH LQVLGH RI D URRP GRHVQÂśW PDNH LW GLIIHUHQW IURP DQ architecture project. It’s the same as urban design, something which for us is more than a series of buildings; it’s also the experience of the VWUHHW :H FRPH IURP 7RULQR ZKLFK LV D EDURTXH FLW\ ZKHUH WKH ZKROH idea was to design these roads and these squares as if they were interiors. What was happening behind the façades didn’t matter; creating RXWGRRU VSDFHV ZDV MXVW OLNH GHVLJQLQJ LQWHULRUV IRU WKH SXEOLF IRU WKH NLQJ IRU FHUHPRQLHV Q. Does your strong connection with Italy play a part in the commissions you get here in Seoul? 6& :HOO WKHUH LV WKH ÂłH[RWLF IDFWRU´ WKDW VHUYHV WR FUHDWH LQWHUHVW DQG attract business, but of course that comes with a fear as well, because \RX GRQÂśW NQRZ KRZ WR GHDO ZLWK DQ DZNZDUG UHVXOW 1RUPDOO\ ZHÂśUH LQWURGXFHG E\ VRPHERG\ ZKR NLQG RI VD\V Âł7KH\ÂśUH GLIIHUHQW EXW WKH\ FDQ GHOLYHU ´ DQG WKH SRUWIROLR DQG WKH SXEOLFDWLRQV DQG WKH PHGLD EDFN WKDW XS 6R WKHUH LV DOZD\V VRPH ERUGHUOLQH ULVN WKDW ZH SURYLGH DQG WKDW LV ZKDWÂśV H[FLWLQJ IRU PDQ\ GHVLJQ RIÂżFHV WKDW DUH QRUPDOO\ ZRUNLQJ ZLWK corporations. 4 +RZ LV EHLQJ EDVHG LQ 6HRXO WKH ULJKW ÂżW IRU \RX DQG \RXU GHVLJQ work? 0% .RUHD LV YHU\ LQWHUHVWLQJ WR XV EHFDXVH WKHUH DUH YHU\ IHZ IRUHLJQHUV ZRUNLQJ LQ GHVLJQ LQGXVWU\ KHUH $QRWKHU RIÂżFH OLNH RXUV IURP DQ\ RWKHU FRXQWU\ LV YHU\ UDUH WKHUH DUH IRXU PD\EH ÂżYH 6R WKLV FKDOOHQJH PDNHV LW YHU\ LQWHUHVWLQJ WR ZRUN EHFDXVH \RX DUH IDFLQJ VRPHWKLQJ WKDW LV OLNH D virgin land where very few people have the opportunity to go so deep. 6& ,Q D URPDQWLF ZD\ \RX IHHO NLQG RI OLNH 0DUFR 3ROR ORRNLQJ IRU D QHZ SODFH RU RQH WKDW LV GLIÂżFXOW )RU XV 6HRXO LV D YHU\ FRPIRUWDEOH ÂłGLIÂżFXOW´ SODFH 7KHUH DUH RWKHU SODFHV WKDW PLJKW EH HYHQ PRUH FKDOOHQJLQJ

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ZKHUH \RXU OLIH LV DW ULVN IRU H[DPSOH EXW WKHQ WKH VXUYLYDO PRGH LV WRR strong and you can’t relax enough to be creative. Korea represents a place that wants to be global and that has the technology and population to accomplish that. It’s still very fertile and changing all the time, so it’s very interesting. Q. You’ve said before that the “sixth senseâ€? of design is having a sense of humor, and this comes through in a lot of ways in the work you do. How do you view the role of humor in your practice and in architecture in general? 6& +XPRU GRHVQÂśW MXVW DSSO\ WR ZRUN LW DSSOLHV WR HYHU\WKLQJ %XW ZLWK UHJDUG WR ZRUN LWÂśV PRUH GLIÂżFXOW EHFDXVH ZH DUH QRW ZULWLQJ FRPHG\ ZH are doing business and there is real money involved. If you’re building someone’s house, for example, it’s their main investment, and there’s usually so much pressure involved that people forget about KDSSLQHVV 7KH\ WKLQN Âł,ÂśP VSHQGLQJ DOO WKLV PRQH\²LW VKRXOG EH IXQFWLRQDO LW VKRXOG EH D JRRG LQYHVWPHQW LW VKRXOG ZRUN ´ HWF %XW WKH\ VKRXOG DOVR DVN Âł:KDW DERXW EHLQJ KDSS\"´ %HLQJ KDSS\ UHTXLUHV humor; not silliness, but laughter. Q. Then again, some of your projects can also be very serious and research-based, such as the “Borrowed Cityâ€? book you’re currently developing. 0% ,Q D ZD\ \HV DOWKRXJK LW GRHV KDYH VRPH KXPRU :H DUH

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investigating the city from a point of view which, in many ways, is not YHU\ FRQYHQWLRQDO²ORRNLQJ DW ZD\V SHRSOH XVH SXEOLF VSDFH IRU SULYDWH EHQHÂżW DQG DFNQRZOHGJLQJ WKDW GRLQJ VRPHWKLQJ WKDW LV ERUGHUOLQH OHJDO and illegal can produce interesting design. We are always amazed by the way that people here are able to manage a situation of incredible density, ZKHUH \RX KDYH D PLOOLRQ SHRSOH LQ D VTXDUH NLORPHWHU 7KLV JHQHUDWHV D ORW RI YHU\ YHU\ VPDUW VROXWLRQV DQG ÂłIXQQ\´ EHKDYLRU WKDW \RX ZRXOG never see anywhere else in the world. For example, putting your phone QXPEHU RQ \RXU FDU ZKHQ LWÂśV SDUNHG VR SHRSOH FDQ FDOO \RX WR PRYH LW ,Q (XURSH RU $PHULFD RI FRXUVH VRPHWKLQJ OLNH WKLV ZRXOG QHYHU KDSSHQ because of the privacy issue, but what happened here was that little by little, people began decorating these little phone numbers with cushions, SLOORZV DOO VRUWV RI WKLQJV 7KDWÂśV WKH PRVW LQWHUHVWLQJ XUEDQ GHVLJQ research you can do, but it doesn’t apply to any urban design school. 6& 6R LV WKDW DUFKLWHFWXUH" ,V WKDW PHGLD" ,V WKDW D FXOWXUDO WKLQJ" ,W FRQWDLQV DOO RI WKHP²LWÂśV NLQG RI D ERUURZHG H[DPSOH RU PHWDSKRU of architecture. It helps you to understand the apartment building, ZK\ LWÂśV VR GLIÂżFXOW WR OLYH LQ D WUDGLWLRQDO KRXVH RU KRZ WR SURSRVH DQ alternative. All the car culture, residential architecture, all these things are connected. And it’s happening so fast that in ten years, it will all be new. It’s really an accelerated laboratory. Here you can experience things that LQ ,WDO\ ZRXOG WDNH KXQGUHGV RI \HDUV www.motoelastico.com

Vera Wang Flagship store in Chungdam-dong / 2007

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CONICONI / 2011 / originally designed for Choi Jeong-Hwa’s CCul space exhibition

29

music

KIRIN

.LULQ LV D PDQ GUHVVHG OLNH KH ZDV IURP WKH ÂśV LQ KLV MHDQ MDFNHW DQG SDQWV , ZHQW ORRNLQJ IRU KLP EHIRUH KLV SULYDWH H[KLELWLRQ WR KHDU KLV VWRU\

(GLWRU *L6HRN &KR Photographer: Jun O Hwang Images courtesy. Kirin

Q. Could you tell us about what you’re doing right now? , DP FXUUHQWO\ ZRUNLQJ IRU %HDW %DOO 5HF DQG DOVR GRLQJ VRPH ZRUN LQ WKH ÂżQH DUWV Q. Do you have any new work in the pipeline? 0RVW UHFHQWO\ , KDYH UHOHDVHG D VRQJ FDOOHG Âł:LWK 0H´ 7KH VRQJ LV DERXW a man who expresses his true feelings to a woman he is in love with. $QRWKHU VRQJ , KDYH EHHQ ZRUNLQJ RQ LV FDOOHG Âł, +DWH /RQHOLQHVV´ ,W LV about how modern people still feel lonely despite their busy lives. Q. You have an eccentric style. Where do you go shopping? I’m not much of a shopper to be honest. I go shopping once or twice a year when I need a few things for my music videos, but I usually just EX\ WKLQJV , OLNH ZKHQ , VWXPEOH RQ WKHP ZKLOH ZDONLQJ DURXQG , XVXDOO\ wander around the stores in my neighborhood. I don’t really have a preference for old style fashions, and I usually borrow clothes from my father, my friends, and my friend’s father. Q. What genre does your music fall into? , WKLQN WKHUH LV D ORW RI ÂśV DQG ÂśV LQĂ€XHQFH LQ P\ PXVLF , KDYH EHHQ WU\LQJ WR ZULWH PXVLF ZLWK WKH SDVVLRQ IURP WKDW HUD , FRXOGQÂśW UHDOO\ SLFN D VSHFLÂżF JHQUH EXW , ZRXOG VD\ WKDW P\ PXVLF KDV ERWK WRXFK\ DQG exciting elements.

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Q. You portray a retro sense in all your music, visuals, and music videos. What is it that you are trying to express? And why? In Korea, there is a saying called ‘Samposidae’, which means living a life without dating, marriage, and children. And I believe the only way to RYHUFRPH WKLV SKHQRPHQRQ LV WKURXJK SDVVLRQ DQG ORYH %DFN LQ WKH ÂśV DQG ÂśV ZKHQ , ZDV D ORW \RXQJHU WKH SHRSOH LQ WKDW HUD ZHUH ÂżOOHG ZLWK passion and love. So, I wanted to use those strong characteristics in my music. Q. As a rookie, did you face any obstacles? 'XULQJ WKH SUHSDUDWLRQ VWDJH , KDG D JRRG WHDP DQG ZRUNHG XQGHU JRRG FRQGLWLRQV VR , GLGQÂśW IDFH PDQ\ REVWDFOHV :RUNLQJ DQG FRPPXQLFDWLQJ ZLWK $TXLELUG DQG '- 0DJLN &RRO - ZDV YHU\ HIIHFWLYH LQ terms of both music and cooperation. If I had any obstacles, it was probably my eagerness to share my music with other people. Q. Where did you get the inspiration for your music? Is there an DUWLVW ZKR VLJQLÂżFDQWO\ LQVSLUHG \RX" 7KH PXVLF IURP WKH ÂśV DQG ÂśV LV P\ ELJJHVW LQVSLUDWLRQ /HH +\XQ 'R DQG &KDQJ 'XN DUH SUREDEO\ WKH PRVW LQVSLULQJ PXVLFLDQV RI WKDW HUD 7KRVH WZR ZHUH WKH ELJJHVW LQĂ€XHQFHV RQ P\ PXVLF DQG , DOZD\V HQMR\HG OLVWHQLQJ WR WKHLU ZRUN EHFDXVH WKH\ KDG D VWURQJ .RUHDQ WDVWH to them. Furthermore, the instruments in synthesizers, particularly the ‘Orchestra Hit’ touched me and helped me a lot.

Q. Can you tell us about your current private exhibition? 7KHUH LV D FROOHFWLRQ RI P\ DUW WKDW , KDYH EHHQ ZRUNLQJ RQ VLQFH Since the motive of my exhibition is passion, I displayed as many pieces DV SRVVLEOH DQG , DOVR FKRVH D ZLGH YDULHW\ RI ZRUNV 7KHUH DUH PDQ\ PDUEOLQJ ZRUNV DQG , VKRZ WKHVH OLYH WR FRPPXQLFDWH ZLWK WKH YLHZHUV and audience. Q. What are the differences between writing music and painting? , GRQ¶W WKLQN WKHUH LV PXFK GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ WKH WZR W\SHV RI ZRUN WKDW , DP FXUUHQWO\ GRLQJ 7KH VXEMHFWV DQG PRWLYHV DUH WKH VDPH LQ P\ paintings and my music.

Q. What are your plans for the year 2012? , DP SODQQLQJ WR ZRUN RQ D QHZ DOEXP , WKLQN , ZLOO EH DEOH WR UHOHDVH LW HDUO\ LQ WKH \HDU DQG ZRUN RQ QHZ PXVLF LQ WKH VHFRQG KDOI RI WKH \HDU , DP DOVR ORRNLQJ IRUZDUG WR H[SDQGLQJ P\ ERG\ RI DUW DQG KDYLQJ PDQ\ PRUH H[KLELWLRQV 5LJKW QRZ , DP SODQQLQJ WR H[KLELW P\ ZRUNV LQ 0H[LFR Q. What are your goals as an artist and musician? , WKLQN WKDW WKHUH LV D SODFH LQ WKH ZRUOG IRU SHRSOH OLNH PH ZKR H[KLELW ZRUN LQ ERWK PXVLF DQG DUW 0\ JRDO IRU QRZ LV WR FRQWLQXH ZLWK ERWK forms equally. www.facebook.com/sunzkirin

PLEASE STAY / 2011

HERE WE GO NOW / 2011

EDWWOH¿HOG / paint on canvas / 2011

space / paint on canvas / 2011

P\ ¿JXUH LV UHÀHFWHG LQ P\ KHDUW / paint on panel / 2011

skull / paint on panel / 2011

31

art

LISTEN TO THE CITY

$V GLUHFWRU RI WKH SROLWLFDOO\ LQIRUPHG DUWLVW FROOHFWLYH /LVWHQ WR WKH &LW\ (XQVHRQ 3DUNœV DFWLYLWLHV DGGUHVV D ZLGH UDQJH RI LVVXHV )URP JRYHUQPHQW sponsored construction projects to labor and property rights, concern for Korea’s alarming rate of urban development informs her unique artistic practice, one that stands in a category of its own within this country’s contemporary art scene.

(GLWRU $QG\ 6W /RXLV Photographer. Hea-won Kim ,PDJHV FRXUWHV\ /LVWHQ WR WKH &LW\

Q. A lot of words can be used to describe you with regard to your artistic practice: artist, activist, tour guide, publisher, curator. Do you embrace all these terms or is there one in particular with which you associate strongly? $OO RI WKHP , WKLQN :KDW /LVWHQ WR WKH &LW\ LV GRLQJ LV ZRUNLQJ DV DQ organization, as social designers and curators. We wanted to bridge the gaps between art and society and we ended up realizing that art and design can be really helpful to understand what’s going on in today’s ZRUOG %XW ZH DUH DJDLQVW GHÂżQLQJ RXUVHOYHV LQ RQH ZRUG ,W PLJKW EH easier for our participants or observers to understand us if we adopted a single sentence or term, but really we are an organization for society and IRU DUWLVWV /LVWHQ WR WKH &LW\ÂśV ZRUN DQG DFWLYLWLHV DUH D OLWWOH FRQIXVLQJ ZH GR D ORW RI WKLQJV , WKLQN WKDWÂśV JRRG Q. Is the term “activistâ€? appropriate to describe some of the things you do? I know this is a rather loaded term these days, but do you consider your work to be activism? :H ZDQW RXU ZRUN WR EH RQ WKH OLQH EHWZHHQ DFWLYLVP DQG DUW ,Q FDSLWDOLVWLF VRFLHW\ DUWZRUN FDQ EH FRPPRGLÂżHG YHU\ HDVLO\ EXW ZH GRQÂśW ZDQW RXU ZRUN WR EH MXVW PHUFKDQGLVH :H DUH DJDLQVW WKH QRWLRQ RI DUW as a product, so we began developing a new role for art in our society; a new concept of art.

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Q. What about the name of the collective—Listen to the City. What’s the story behind it? 8VXDOO\ FLW\ GHYHORSHUV DQG H[SHUWV WKLQN WKH\ QHHG WR GHFLGH VRPH things for the citizens, and then the city government just decides what WKH\ ZDQW WR GR %XW HYHU\RQH LV OLYLQJ LQ WKHLU RZQ KRPH WKH\ DUH H[SHUWV DERXW WKHLU RZQ OLIHVW\OHV DQG HYHQ WKHLU RZQ DUFKLWHFWXUH²\RX NQRZ ZH XVHG WR EXLOG RXU RZQ KRPHV PDQ\ \HDUV DJR²VR ZH ZDQWHG the name of our organization to propose that they listen to the citizens. Q. How did you get started, personally, working along these lines? I was interested in political issues to begin with, and I was actually trained as a painter and sculptor. At a certain point, I realized that sculpture and painting weren’t really the best media to address these political issues or social problems, and so I decided to change the format RI P\ ZRUN , WKRXJKW LW ZRXOG EH PXFK EHWWHU WR PDNH D PDJD]LQH RU GR VRPH VRUW RI DFWLYLVP 7KHUH LV VR PXFK SROLWLFDO ZRUN LQ WKH DUW ZRUOG W\SLFDOO\ VKRZLQJ LPDJHV RI SROLWLFDO LVVXHV²LPDJHV RI VWULNHV RU RWKHU VWUXJJOHV²EXW QRW GRLQJ DQ\WKLQJ WR KHOS 7KHVH DUWLVWV GRQÂśW DFW :H DUH more interested in actually doing something, rather than just watching or REVHUYLQJ 6R LQ RUGHU WR WUDQVODWH VXFK DFWLYLVP LQWR DUWZRUN ZH ZDQWHG to create a sort of bridge between them.

4 $QG WKDW EULGJH DW OHDVW DW ÂżUVW ZDV 6HRXO 7RXUV" +RZ GLG WKDW project begin? We wanted to reveal the insanity of Seoul and show how the city government destroyed not only its natural beauty, but also some RI LWV QDWLRQDO WUHDVXUHV 7KDQNV WR WKH LQWHUQHW D ORW RI SHRSOH IHHO NQRZOHGJHDEOH DERXW HYHU\WKLQJ WKHVH GD\V 6HRXO IRU LQVWDQFH RU &KHRQJJ\HFKHRQ >DQ KLVWRULF VWUHDP LQ WKH KHDUW RI WKH FLW\@ 7KLV LV RQH EDG WKLQJ DERXW WKH LQWHUQHW :KHQ SHRSOH WKLQN WKH\ DOUHDG\ NQRZ about something, they don’t feel the need to go out and actually see it. We wanted to show the reality of the city and show people what’s really JRLQJ RQ VR ZH GHFLGHG WR PDNH D VRUW RI ³¿HOG WULS´ WR JR VHH ZKDWÂśV happening. What’s happening with Cheonggyecheon, for example, is almost impossible to describe on the internet or through writing; you need to see what’s going on there and how strange it all is. It’s much HDVLHU WR DFWXDOO\ WDNH SHRSOH WKHUH 4 %ULHĂ€\ ZKDW LV KDSSHQLQJ DW &KHRQJJ\HFKHRQ" :K\ GR \RX think it’s strange? Originally, there were approximately 10,000 street vendors who had small businesses in the area, but the city government evicted them ZLWKRXW DQ\ FRPSHQVDWLRQ RU DOWHUQDWLYHV IRU UHORFDWLRQ 7KHQ WKH\ destroyed the real stream and replaced it with a layer of rubber, followed E\ VWRQHV DQG VDQG 7KH ZDWHU Ă€RZLQJ WKHUH WRGD\ LV QRW UHDO VWUHDP water; it’s tap water. If they were to restore the river and follow the FRUUHFW SURFHVV LW ZRXOG KDYH WDNHQ WHQ \HDUV EXW >IRUPHU 6HRXO PD\RU@ /HH 0\XQJ EDN QHHGHG WR ÂżQLVK LW LQ WZR \HDUV LQ WLPH IRU WKH QH[W presidential election [which he went on to win]. During the construction, WKH\ XQHDUWKHG LPSRUWDQW UHPDLQV IURP WKH -RVHRQ G\QDVW\²EULGJHV HPEDQNPHQWV DQG RWKHU H[DPSOHV RI KLVWRULFDO FLYLO HQJLQHHULQJ However, restoring these remains properly would have required further GHOD\V VR WKH\ ZHUH GHVWUR\HG LQVWHDG 7KH FLW\ JRYHUQPHQW LQVLVWHG WKDW the project was about restoring history and nature, but it was all a lie.

DOUHDG\ EHHQ GHYHORSHG DQG H[SORLWHG 7KH )RXU 5LYHUV SURMHFW LV the result: they are systematically destroying all the country’s rivers. 7KHVH ULYHU SURMHFWV DOO KLJKOLJKW WKH ZLGHVSUHDG FRUUXSWLRQ VXUURXQGLQJ such large-scale development in Korea. For example, during the Cheonggyecheon development, the regulations regarding the maximum height of the surrounding buildings were changed to allow them to be built even higher. Considering that the city government initiated the SURMHFW IRU WKH VDNH RI SURWHFWLQJ WKLV KLVWRULF DUHD RI WKH FLW\ WKH\ VKRXOG have instead imposed even stricter limitations on the height of buildings. As a result of the change in regulations, land prices in the area went up. Despite then-Vice Mayor Yangun Jae being arrested for bribery DQG VHQWHQFHG WR ÂżYH \HDUV LQ SULVRQ /HH 0\XQJ EDN >ZKR KDG EHFRPH president] released him after serving only two years. He subsequently became a supervisor of the Four Rivers development project. Of course, WKLV LV MXVW D IUDJPHQWDU\ H[DPSOH RI FRUUXSWLRQ 7KH FRQVWUXFWLRQ companies made a lot of money from their contracts for the project as ZHOO 7KH SUREOHP WKRXJK LV WKDW QDWXUH KDV EHHQ GHVWUR\HG ZH FDQÂśW buy it with money. Q. How and why did the river become the point of access to your politically-driven art practice? 7KH ULYHU LV D IXQGDPHQWDO SDUW RI RXU XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WKH ZRUOG 7KH DLU WKH VXQ WKH PRRQ WKH ULYHU WKH VRLO²WKHVH DUH WKH EDVLFV <HW WKH desire for wealth has become the most important thing and people don’t UHDOO\ FDUH DERXW WKH EDVLF WKLQJV DQ\PRUH 6R WKH TXHVWLRQ RI RXU ZRUN LV Âł:KDW DUH WKH EDVLF YDOXHV"´ , DOZD\V ZRQGHUHG ZKHQ GRLQJ D ULYHU SURMHFW RU D FLW\ SURMHFW Âł:KDW LV WKHLU YDOXH DVLGH IURP PRQH\"´ ,Q Korea, it’s really unbelievable that our government would get rid of all WKH ULYHUV LQ WKH FRXQWU\ LWÂśV FUD]\ 6R ZH ZDQWHG WR WDON DERXW WKLV EDVLF word and to share the meaning of the river with other people.Our team is showing what we have in this society; besides money, there is nothing left over.

Q. You’ve recently devoted a lot of attention to the more recent Four Rivers development project as well. Does this connect at all with your research on Cheonggyecheon? &KHRQJJ\HFKHRQ ZDV WKH ÂżUVW FDVH RI ÂłJUHHQ ZDVK´ LQ .RUHD /HH 0\XQJ EDN OLNHG LW VR PXFK KH GHFLGHG WR GR LW DOO RYHU WKH FRXQWU\ especially after he and the country’s big business conglomerates [chaebol] realized that the rivers were the only areas left that hadn’t

Q. In addition to rivers, Listen to the City has increasingly directed its focus toward ERQD ¿GH urban development projects in Seoul. The Dongdaemun Design Plaza initiative, which has seen the rights of street vendors and other small business owners scuttled in the name of redevelopment, has been the focus of much of your recent work. What has been Listen to the City’s approach to this particular issue?

‘space morae’ at Duriban (Hongdae, Seoul) / 2011

Claes Oldenburg / 2010 / performance, single-channel video / 8 min

33

34

Memorial for Buddist Monk Munsu VHOI LPPRODWHG E\ WKH 1DNGRQJ ULYHU SHUIRUPDQFH 7 VKLUWV DW 1DNGRQJ 5LYHU *XPL &LW\ 6RXWK .RUHD

We did research on the Dongdaemun Design Plaza project for a long WLPH WU\LQJ VRUW RXW WKH KLVWRU\ RI 'RQJGDHPXQ 0DUNHW DQG WKH SURFHVV RI LWV WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ +LVWRU\ PHDQV PDNLQJ D VWRU\ ULJKW" 6R ZH ZDQWHG to tell the story of these people and what happened to them; we wanted WR DFNQRZOHGJH WKHLU KLVWRU\ $FWXDOO\ WKHUH ZDV QR KLVWRULFDO UHVHDUFK about what happened there, so we put together a history of normal SHRSOH SHRSOH ZLWKRXW DQ\ SRZHU 7KHVH VWUHHW YHQGRUV DQG SRRU WHQDQWV²WKH FLW\ JRYHUQPHQW ZDQWHG WR JHW ULG RI WKHP 7KH\ NLQG RI ORRN GLUW\ DQG VR WKH FLW\ GHFLGHG WKH\ ZHUH WKH ÂżUVW WKLQJ WKH\ QHHGHG WR PRYH RXW 7KHUH ZDV QR UHDVRQ WR OHDYH D UHFRUG RI WKHP WKH\ WKRXJKW so there’s nothing; it’s the same as so many of the old areas in Seoul. Q. This research is currently included in Artsonje Center’s “City Within the Cityâ€? exhibition, which focuses on issues of urbanization and others central to your work. Listen to the City’s project, however, is somewhat isolated and removed from the rest of the exhibition. Is there any reason for that? 2XU ZRUN GRHVQÂśW QHHG WR EH LQVLGH D PXVHXP DFWXDOO\ :H DUH XVLQJ WKH JURXQG Ă€RRU²YLVLWRUV GRQÂśW QHHG WR SD\ IRU WKH JURXQG Ă€RRU VR ZH OLNHG LW²DQG HYHU\RQH ZKR FRPHV WKH ERRNVWRUH WKHUH FDQ DOVR VHH RXU ZRUN in that setting. Honestly, our project is completely different from the other SLHFHV LQ WKH VKRZ 7KH SURFHVV LV GLIIHUHQW ,WÂśV DOPRVW DV LI ZH DUH GRLQJ our own exhibition outside of the museum, and we are using the space WKHUH DV DQ LQIRUPDWLRQ VSRW 7KLV ZRUNV ZHOO IRU XV VLQFH RXU DSSURDFK WR DUWZRUN LV TXLWH GLIIHUHQW IURP WKH QRUP Q. So you separated your work from the rest of the exhibition? 1RW UHDOO\ EXW NLQG RI 3HRSOH FDQ DFFHVV RXU ZRUN PRUH HDVLO\ WKLV ZD\ :H ZDQWHG WR XVH LW DV D SODWIRUP VRPHWLPHV RXU ZRUN ORRNV

LQWHUHVWLQJ EXW VRPH .RUHDQ SHRSOH GRQÂśW OLNH LW EHFDXVH WKH\ GRQÂśW ZDQW WR NQRZ DERXW LW /LIH LV WRXJK HQRXJK LW VHHPV VR D ORW RI SHRSOH GRQÂśW HYHQ UHDG WKH QHZVSDSHU %XW $UWVRQMH &HQWHU LV NLQG RI D UHOD[HG place to see an exhibition. Even people who aren’t really interested in WKH SUREOHPV ZH DGGUHVV FDQ UHWKLQN ZKDW KDSSHQHG WR 'RQJGDHPXQ with regards to space and place. Q. Let’s talk about your plans for the future. How do you move forward from here? :H UHDOL]HG LWÂśV QRW HDV\ WR PDNH PRQH\ DV DQ DUWLVW $OWKRXJK ZH GRQÂśW OLNH WKH FDSLWDOLVWLF PRGHO RI VRFLHW\ ZH DUH OLYLQJ LQ LW &UHDWLYH MREV FRPH ZLWK UHDOO\ EDG FRQGLWLRQV²YHU\ ORQJ KRXUV DQG YHU\ OLWWOH SD\²VR ZH ZDQW WR RUJDQL]H D ODERU XQLRQ IRU DUWLVWV 7KDWÂśV RQH RI WKH UHDVRQV WKDW , TXLW EHLQJ D SDLQWHU 7KH JDOOHULVWV GRQÂśW WHOO \RX ZKR ERXJKW D ZRUN WKH\ GRQÂśW WHOO \RX WKH SULFH LW VROG IRU ,I ZH PDNH D ODERU JURXS WKHQ ZH can get the power to force them to have a more transparent process. I WKLQN WKLV LV WKH ÂżUVW VWHS WRZDUG JHWWLQJ ULG RI FRUUXSWLRQ LQ WKH DUW ZRUOG Artists are poor, but they are very important in society. Other people DUH MXVW XVLQJ WKHP OLNH D VWRFN RSWLRQ WKRXJK WKH\ WKLQN RI DUW DV MXVW money. Q. Will this labor group be a Listen to the City project? ,W FDQ EH SDUW RI LW EXW LW QHHGV WR EH VHSDUDWHG IURP /LVWHQ WR WKH &LW\ (YHQ LI VRPH SHRSOH GRQÂśW OLNH /LVWHQ WR WKH &LW\ WKH\ QHHG WR DJUHH RQ this, especially now. We have a new mayor now, and he seems left-wing, EXW HYHQ KH GRHVQÂśW NQRZ ZKDWÂśV JRLQJ RQ ZLWK DUWLVWV DQG WKH DUWV :H need to create something to get some power. www.listentothecity.org

Left image [Design Olympics] Designing a Better Dongdaemun Design Park than Zaha Hadid / 2011 / Open performance advertisement poster

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Every Dictator comes in applauses of the public, then they often goes spoils when they are enjoying the power. So we have to wait for new generation who can defeat them, although they also can go bad. I call them, ‘Happy Alternative Functional Youths.’

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photography

PHOTOGRAPHER HAL

FLESH LOVE LV D VHULHV SKRWRJUDSKV RI D FRXSOH LQ D TXLOW YDFXXP FRPSUHVVHG EDJ E\ 3+272*5$3+(5 +$/ 7KLV VXPPHU LQ 6DQ 'LHJR FLESH LOVE ZDV DZDUGHG ¿UVW SODFH DW WKH $UW RI 3KRWRJUDSK\ 6KRZ

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Q. How did you conjure the idea of putting models in a vacuum packed bag? I have been shooting couples trying to express their love since 2004. 0\ DWWHQWLRQ KDV EHHQ IRFXVHG RQ WKH DFW RI ÂľDGKHVLRQÂś 7KURXJK WKH concept of ‘adhesion’, I feel that I can visualize the deep love between the couples on a different level. I used the bathtub as a setting in which to photograph the couple because of the bathtub’s oblong shape. I felt WKH FRXSOH FRXOG EHQHÂżW IURP EHLQJ LQ D FORVHU VSDFH $OVR EHFDXVH LW is a mundane object found in every household, I found a certain charm in it. I have published three of the series: 3LQN\ .LOOHU 3LQN\ .LOOHU '; &RXSOH -DP )/(6+ /29( was really the next step. I experimented with the idea for about six months. Eventually, I released the new series. 3KRWR VKRRWV DUH DIIHFWHG E\ OLJKWLQJ EDFNJURXQG FRORU DQG PDQ\ elements in environment, and through these shoots many new ideas KDYH FRPH WR PH DQG , ORRN IRUZDUG WR WU\LQJ WKHP RXW LQ P\ IXWXUH projects. Q. What does FLESH LOVE mean? $W ÂżUVW , XVHG WKH QDPH FRESH LOVE IRU WKLV VHULHV )RU WKLV ZRUN people are put into a vacuum bag. Since they cannot breathe inside it, I KDYH WR JHW WKH VKRW ZLWKLQ ÂżYH VHFRQGV $V D UHVXOW HDFK SRVH LV XQLTXH DQG QHYHU WR EH UHSHDWHG LQ H[DFWO\ WKH VDPH ZD\ DJDLQ 7R FDSWXUH WKHVH VSHFLDO PRPHQWV PHDQV VR PXFK WR PH DV D SKRWRJUDSKHU 7KH SURFHVV LV VLPLODU WR IUHVK SHULVKDEOH IRRGV ZKLFK DUH SDFNDJHG LQ D VXSHUPDUNHW %XW RQH GD\ , PDGH WKH PLVWDNH RI W\SLQJ Âľ)/(6+Âś LQVWHDG RI Âľ)5(6+Âś , IRXQG WKH PLVWDNH TXLWH IXQQ\ DQG GHFLGHG WR NHHS LW OLNH that. Q. Can you talk us through the process of capturing these moments DQG H[SODLQ VRPH RI WKH GLIÂżFXOWLHV \RX IDFH" After the models are set inside the vinyl bag, using a vacuum cleaner, RQH RI DVVLVWDQW PHQ VXFNV WKH DLU RXW RI WKH EDJ $IWHU WKH YLQ\O EDJ LV YDFXXP SDFNHG WKHUH LV RQO\ DERXW WHQ VHFRQGV WR FDSWXUH WKH LPDJH I have to start pressing shutter as soon as the air is out of the bag. I get about two chances to capture the image. I’m always tense about the potential danger involved, because this process involves the possibility

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RI D OHWKDO DFFLGHQW , PDNH D VWULFW SRLQW RI SXWWLQJ P\ DVVLVWDQW WKURXJK an emergency life saving course. We always prepare portable oxygen LI WKH\ KDYH GLI¿FXOW\ EUHDWKLQJ DQG LFH WR FRRO GRZQ LI WKHLU ERGLHV overheat. I guess this project explores both love and death. Q. How do you plan their poses? &RQFHSW PHDQV ³ORYLQJ DQG EHFRPLQJ RQH´ 6R , WKLQN KRZ WKH PRGHOV FRXOG MRLQ WRJHWKHU LQ WKH EHVW ZD\ 7KH VKDSH WKH\ PDNH WRJHWKHU GHSHQGV RQ WKH VRIWQHVV DQG XQHYHQQHVV RI WKHLU ERGLHV , ORRN DW WKHLU ERGLHV OLNH D SX]]OH DQG VRPHWLPHV LW IHHOV PRUH OLNH DFUREDWLFV Q. It seems that models for this work has unique color and fashion. How do you think about colorfulness and fashion as art elements for FLESH LOVE ? And how do you feel when you stand in front of them arranged in such a strange way? I sense feelings of eroticism, cuteness, and a pop vibe in the visual sense when coming across these poses. Color is always very important factor for color photos. Sometimes I put my images with cheap lollipop FDQG\ RU ¿JXUHV LQ EOLVWHU SDFN ZKLFK DUH VROG DW 1DNDQR EURDG ZD\ , naturally chose the models with the characteristics mentioned above. I WKLQN WKLV VKRZV WKH FRQWHPSRUDU\ FXOWXUH LQ 7RN\R $QRWKHU SRLQW LV WKH difference between nudity and fashion. I feel that fashion photos can show us temporary times and culture scene. Particularly with Japanese people, as they seem to devote themselves to their choices in such H[WUHPHV %XW , IHHO WKDW QXGLW\ LV D WLPHOHVV WKLQJ Q. How do you plan to progress this series? I plan to continue with FLESH LOVE IRU WKH WLPH EHLQJ 0\ ZRUNV KDYH EHHQ UHFRJQL]HG LQ )UDQFH DQG 86$ PRUH WKDQ -DSDQ %XW WKHUH DUH PDQ\ FRXQWULHV ZKHUH , KDYH QRW VKRZHG \HW VR , ZRXOG OLNH WR EULQJ P\ ZRUN $VLD .RUHD RI FRXUVH EHLQJ D YHU\ LPSRUWDQW SDUW RI $VLD www.photographerhal.com www.tosei-sha.jp

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Editor. Anna Choi Photographer. Jun O Hwang

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Q. What does your brand name DIMITO mean? ,W LV GHULYHG IURP WKH /DWLQ ZRUG Âł'LPLWWR ´ EXW ZH GHOHWHG RQH Âł7 ´ 'LPLWWR PHDQV ÂłWR EUHDN´ RU ÂłWR OHDYH ´ :H GHFLGHG WR QDPH RXU EUDQG ',0,72 WR GHSDUW IURP RXU PXQGDQH GDLO\ OLYHV DQG HQMR\ VQRZERDUGLQJ /DWHU ZH IRXQG RXW WKDW ',0,72 LV DOVR D /DWLQ QDPH IRU PHQ 7KH RWKHU GD\ D foreigner named Dimito actually contacted us and said he wanted to buy our clothes. Q. Your slogan is: “Positive Mind.â€? Can you explain more about your slogan? :H P\ FR ZRUNHUV DQG , KDG XSV DQG GRZQV ZKLOH ZRUNLQJ WRJHWKHU ,W ZDVQÂśW HDV\ IRU XV WR ZRUN ZLWK HDFK RWKHU :H FDPH XS ZLWK WKH VORJDQ LQ RUGHU WR RYHUFRPH DOO WKH REVWDFOHV DQG FRQĂ€LFWV ZLWK D SRVLWLYH DWWLWXGH :H QHHG WR NHHS DQ RSWLPLVWLF DQG SRVLWLYH PLQGVHW LQ RUGHU WR provide high quality products to our customers. Q. What made you start a fashion brand exclusively for snowboarding? , WRRN D JUHDW LQWHUHVW LQ VQRZERDUGLQJ ZKHQ , ZDV D MXQLRU LQ KLJK VFKRRO At the time, I was dreaming of becoming a respected snowboarder, but, unfortunately, I wasn’t talented in sports. However, I still wanted to pursue a career related to snowboarding. So I majored in visual design in FROOHJH DQG , GHVLJQHG WKH FORWKHV , ZDQWHG WR PDNH %HIRUH JUDGXDWLQJ , YLVLWHG PDQ\ GHVLJQHUV WR VKRZ P\ VNHWFKHV 7KHQ , JRW D SRVLWLRQ IRU WKH ÂżUVW WLPH DW D QHZO\ ODXQFKHG VQRZERDUG IDVKLRQ EUDQG 6LQFH WKH company was in its beginning stage, I was in charge of a variety of things IURP GHVLJQ WR PDUNHWLQJ 7KDQNV WR WKH H[SHULHQFHV , ZDV DEOH WR KDYH ZLGHU SHUVSHFWLYHV LQ YDULRXV ÂżHOGV DQG ZRUN ZLWK PDQ\ GLIIHUHQW SHRSOH harmoniously. Q. How did you recruit your co-workers as a brand director? A year ago, one of my friends named Sung-jun Huh and I launched ',0,72 , FKRVH WKH RWKHU VL[ VWDUWLQJ PHPEHUV DQG DVNHG WKHP WR ZRUN with me. All of them accepted my offer because they were all crazy about VQRZERDUGLQJ (YHQ WKH SHRSOH LQ RXU ÂżQDQFH DQG VDOHV GHSDUWPHQWV HQMR\ VQRZERDUGLQJ , GLGQÂśW KDYH WR VZHHW WDON WKHP LQWR ZRUNLQJ ZLWK me because all of them joined voluntarily as we shared the same dreams DQG JRDOV ',0,72 KDV JURZQ WUHPHQGRXVO\ EXW ZH DUH VWLOO ZRUNLQJ LQ D OLEHUDO HQYLURQPHQW VLQFH ZH VWLOO HQMR\ ZRUNLQJ WRJHWKHU EHFDXVH ZH love what we do. Q. People enjoy snowboarding only in the winter. What do you do in other seasons? Winter is the busiest season for us because snowboarding is a winter sport. However, we are always busy in other seasons. We are constantly ZRUNLQJ WR GHYHORS QHZ SURGXFWV DQG HYHQWV EHFDXVH ZH DUH DOVR dealing with other lifestyle items. We are planning to expand our product lines to produce year-round items people need in all four seasons. I predict our customers will be able to use our new products in two \HDUV LQFOXGLQJ VXUÂżQJ DQG VZLPPLQJ HTXLSPHQW RWKHU ZLQWHU VHDVRQ products, as well as everyday clothing and accessories. Q. The colors and textures of DIMITO are very impressive. What do you consider most when choosing colors and textures for your products? ',0,72 SXUVXHV VOLJKWO\ WRQHG GRZQ FRORUV RU H[DJJHUDWHG FRORUV UDWKHU WKDQ GHHS KHDY\ FRORUV :KHQ ZH ÂżUVW ODXQFKHG ZH PL[HG Ă€XRUHVFHQW neon colors with pastel colors to give mystic hues. In our second season, ZH PL[ DQG PDWFKHG WUHQG\ FRORUV VXFK DV EODFN EURZQ DQG EHLJH ZLWK WKH ÂżUVW VHDVRQÂśV SURGXFWV $V , ZRUNHG IRU DERXW \HDUV LQ WKH VQRZERDUGLQJ IDVKLRQ ÂżHOG , QDWXUDOO\ EHFDPH DQ H[SHUW ZKR LV DEOH WR SLFN WKH FRORUV VQRZERDUGHUV ZDQW ,Q P\ SHUVSHFWLYH FRORUV DUH PRUH LPSRUWDQW WKDQ GHVLJQ ZKHQ PDNLQJ VQRZERDUGLQJ SURGXFWV , WKLQN FUHDWLQJ RXU RZQ EUDQG FRORU LV WKH YLWDOLW\ RI WKH EUDQG ',0,72 LV

EHVW NQRZQ IRU LWV XQLTXH FRORUV EXW ZH DOVR FRQVLGHU RWKHU GHWDLOV Since snowboard fashion requires functionality, our subsidiary materials are also uniquely designed. We try to content our customers with carefully designed details. Q. It seems like DIMITO is related not only to clothing, but also sports, music, public art, graphic design, party culture, and many other different genres. Other than snowboarding, I was interested in music when I was \RXQJHU +RZHYHU , VWXFN WR P\ RULJLQDO JRDO WR SXUVXH P\ FDUHHU LQ the snowboarding business. Music was still a part of my life though. Fortunately for me, I was able to interrelate with various musicians DQG '-V ZKLOH ZRUNLQJ LQ WKH VQRZERDUGLQJ EXVLQHVV , JHW YLFDULRXV satisfaction through my musician friends. I can easily relate to other artists and musicians because we share many things in common. In fact, it is hard to draw a line between art, music, and sports because they are LQ WKH VDPH FDWHJRU\ 7KXV LW VHHPV QDWXUDO IRU PH WR EH LQWHUHVWHG LQ PDQ\ GLIIHUHQW ÂżHOGV 4 , FDQ ÂżQG YHU\ LQWHUHVWLQJ DQG XQLTXH LPDJHV RQ WKH KRPHSDJH of DIMITO’s “Visualizeâ€? category. <RX PD\ WKLQN ',0,72ÂśV GHVLJQV DQG WKH EUDQG QDPH LWVHOI DUH YHU\ \RXQJ DQG Ă€DVK\ +RZHYHU , GRQÂśW ZDQW WR PDNH P\ EUDQG WRR OLJKW 7KHUHIRUH , SXW D ORW RI HIIRUW LQ JUDSKLFV DQG YLVXDOV ZKHQ PDNLQJ LFRQV and logos. I prefer images with unique stories in them rather than the LPDJHV WKDW KDYH EHHQ PDGH WR IXOÂżOO RXU QHHGV , WKLQN RXU EUDQG KLVWRU\ will mean a lot later down the line. In order to show people how my brand KDV SURJUHVVHG LQ HDFK VWHS LW WRRN ,ÂśP DSSO\LQJ PHDQLQJ WR HDFK YLVXDO image. Q. DIMITO has various supporting programs for snowboarders. Please tell us more about it. 7KHUH DUH DERXW VQRZERDUGHUV ZKR DUH FRQWUDFWHG ZLWK ',0,72 Some of them belong to the national team, and others are amateurs who DUH DV JRRG DV SURIHVVLRQDOV ',0,72 LV RQO\ RQH \HDU ROG EXW ZH DUH LQYHVWLQJ D ORW RI PRQH\ LQ WR VXSSRUW WKHP 7KH VQRZERDUGHUV ZKR JHW VXSSRUW IURP ',0,72 DUH SURXG RI ',0,72 ,W ZLOO KHOS XV SURPRWH RXU EUDQG WKLV ZLQWHU LQ VQRZERDUG VFHQHV , KRSH WR VHH ',0,72 DQG RXU DWKOHWHV ZKHUHYHU WKHUH LV VQRZ , KRSH ',0,72 ZLOO EH DEOH WR VXSSRUW the national team in participating in the 2018 Winter Olympics, and I KRSH PDQ\ RI WKHP ZLOO ZLQ PHGDOV , ZLOO NHHS VXSSRUWLQJ WKH DWKOHWHV until my dreams come true. Q. What are the future plans that you want to accomplish through DIMITO? About 3 to 4 years ago, Korean snowboarders had to rely on imported sports clothing and equipment. In some ways, I contributed to create a GRPHVWLF PDUNHW RYHU WKH ODVW \HDUV 7KH HIIHFW VSUHDG YHU\ TXLFNO\ more than I thought, and now, people are buying more domestic brand products than imported ones. Compared to 4 years ago, the current GRPHVWLF VQRZERDUGLQJ PDUNHW KDV VHHQ PRUH WKDQ D SHUFHQW JURZWK ,I ZH FDQ NHHS XS WKH FXUUHQW WUHQG SHRSOH ZLOO SUHIHU GRPHVWLF brands over imported ones in a matter of a few years. However, there are many limitations to Korea’s snowboarding industry. For now, I will just FKDOOHQJH P\VHOI WR WKH OLPLW 2QFH ',0,72 UHDFKHV WKH WRS VSRW LQ WKH GRPHVWLF PDUNHW ZH ZLOO WKHQ H[WHQG RXU EXVLQHVV DEURDG ,Q DGGLWLRQ ,ÂśP SODQQLQJ WR SURGXFH RWKHU VSRUWV FORWKLQJ LQ DERXW ÂżYH \HDUV VLQFH ,ÂśP interested in other sports. I’m a very ambitious person, and I’m interested LQ PDQ\ GLIIHUHQW ÂżHOGV ',0,72 LV SHUIHFW IRU PH EHFDXVH , FDQ WU\ PDQ\ GLIIHUHQW WKLQJV LQ YDULRXV ÂżHOGV , KRSH P\ FR ZRUNHUV FRQWLQXH WR HQMR\ WKHLU ZRUN DQG DUH KDSS\ DERXW ZKDW WKH\ DUH GRLQJ www.dimito.com

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art

ROBERT BRADFORD

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KALASHNIKOV FLORA / 110 x 25 x 6 cm

Q. What made you interested in toys as your sculpture material, and when did you start to make this artwork? , VWDUWHG PDNLQJ WR\ VFXOSWXUHV DERXW \HDUV DJR $W WKDW WLPH LQ Cornwall England), I was using a very large ex-cow shed for a studio, and there were boxes stored at one end. In one of the boxes there were plastic toys discarded by children who had grown out of them. I responded to the colours and random juxtapositions of the toys in WKH ER[ DQG GHFLGHG WKDW LI , FRXOG ¿QG D ZD\ RI MRLQLQJ PDQ\ RI WKHP WRJHWKHU WKH\ ZRXOG PDNH YHU\ LQWHUHVWLQJ ODUJHU VFXOSWXUDO IRUPV ,W WRRN PH WZR \HDUV RI H[SHULPHQWLQJ WR ¿QG WKH VWURQJHVW VLPSOHVW DQG PRVW DGDSWDEOH ZD\ RI GRLQJ WKLV $W ¿UVW , ZDV ZRUULHG WKDW WKH UHVXOW PLJKW DSSHDU NLWVFK %XW WKHQ , VWRSSHG ZRUU\LQJ Q. How have you been able to collect so many toys? Do you buy new toys for your work sometimes? $W ¿UVW , XVHG WR\V IURP P\ RZQ FKLOGUHQ DQG IULHQGV¶ FKLOGUHQ %XW ODWHU I needed large quantities, so I began to buy them from car boot sales, (vide graniers in France). It has become a sort of treasure hunt each ZHHNHQG LQ WKH JRRG ZHDWKHU $W WKHVH ³PDUNHWV´ PDQ\ VWDOO KROGHUV ZRXOG KDYH VRPH SODVWLF WR\V 2IWHQ LQ FDUGERDUG ER[HV RQ WKH ÀRRU , VSHQW DQG VSHQG D ORW RI P\ WLPH RQ P\ NQHHV VRPHWLPHV ¿JKWLQJ RII \RXQJ FKLOGUHQ WR JHW WKH WR\V WKDW , PRVW ZDQW 1RZ , XVXDOO\ KDYH WZHQW\ RU VR SODVWLF ER[HV RI WKHP LQ WKH VWXGLR ZDLWLQJ WR ¿QG WKHLU SODFHV RQ WKH VFXOSWXUHV , OLNH XVLQJ WR\V WKDW KDYH D KLVWRU\ RI XVH DQG , UHDOL]H WKDW WKHUH LV LQKHUHQWO\ D NLQG RI FULWLTXH RI FRQVXPHULVP LQ WKH ZRUN +RZHYHU WKH PDLQ FKRLFHV DQG GHFLVLRQV WKDW , PDNH DUH PRUH often based on size, color, shape and form than a particular attitude to VRFLHW\ RU WKH ZRUOG LQ JHQHUDO , OLNH WUDFLQJ FKDQJLQJ IDGV DQG IDVKLRQV LQ WKH ZRUN DQG WR\V UHIHU WR PRVW IRUPV RI KXPDQ DFWLYLW\ $OO RI WKHVH aspects are present more or less in what I do. Often I need pairs of things to create symmetry and will buy new toys where necessary (or if I VHH VRPH SDUWLFXODU WKLQJV WKDW , OLNH RU WKDW FDQ KDYH D VSHFLDO IXQFWLRQ LQ WKH ZRUN Q. You made a shape of a dog-like animal. Does it have a special meaning? , FRXOG QRW PDNH VR PDQ\ LPDJHV RI GRJV LI , GLGQ¶W OLNH WKHP , VXSSRVH 7KHUH PXVW EH D GRJ SDUW RI PH 'RJV DUH DOZD\V SOHDVHG WR VHH XV QR PDWWHU ZKDW PRRG ZH KDSSHQ WR EH LQ 7KH\ KDYH OHDUQHG WKH VNLOO of charming many of us enough to feed them and not have to hunt etc. /LNH WR\V WKH\ FRPH LQ DOO VKDSHV DQG VL]HV IURP GRZQULJKW VFDU\ DQG DJJUHVVLYH WR WKH FKLF RU VLOO\ 7KH\ UHÀHFW XV KXPDQV , WKLQN 7KDW¶V ZK\ Q. Toys are one of the strongest symbols of childhood. What place do you feel they have in the adult world of art and galleries? I used to be a psychotherapist, so the relationship between the forming FKLOG DQG WKH HYHQWXDO DGXOW LQWHUHVWV PH DV GRHV PHPRU\ RU ODFN RI LW

7R\V DUH D OLWWOH VXEYHUVLYH , WKLQN DV LV FKLOGLVKQHVV JHQHUDOO\ 7KH\ DQG LW FDQ PRFN DQG XQGHUPLQH SUHWHQVLRQ RI ZKLFK WKHUH LV TXLWH D ORW of in the art world. I want to communicate simply and directly. And not just to the gallery-going public. I want to touch the heart and the feelings RI SHRSOH QRW MXVW WKH WRS RI WKHLU LQWHOOHFW , KRSH P\ ZRUN FRYHUV RU UHIHUV WR D ZLGH UDQJH RI H[SHULHQFH DQG HPRWLRQV , WKLQN WR\V DUH D JRRG YHKLFOH IRU WKLV 0RVW SHRSOH FDQ ¿QG VRPH SRLQW RI FRQWDFW ZLWK WKH ZRUN (YHQ LI WKH\ KDWH SODVWLF RU MXVW WKLQN LW LV UXEELVK ,W LV 5XEELVK 4 :K\ GR \RX PDNH OLIH VL]H RU ODUJHU WKDQ OLIH VL]HG ¿JXUHV" $QG what have people’s reactions been to your sculptures? ,Q JHQHUDO , SUHIHU WR ZRUN OLIH VL]H RU D ELW ODUJHU ,Q D ZD\ WKH ZRUNV explain themselves. I want the pieces to feel real, a part of life or larger than life. Of course they are art - not life or real, they are substitutes for, or equivalents of, real things in life. Which I hope focuses people on the nature of reality by twisting or confusing it a little. Within each bigger VFXOSWXUDO µUHDOLW\¶ WKHUH DUH ORWV RI OLWWOH VFHQDULRV DQG UHDOLWLHV , OLNH the idea that if one of my sculptures is made up of one or two hundred WKRXVDQG ELWV \RX FDQ QHYHU UHDOO\ NQRZ LW FRPSOHWHO\ 7KLV LV QRW VR ZLWK VWRQH FOD\ EURQ]H HWF , OLNH WKH IDFW WKDW IURP D GLVWDQFH WKH ZRUNV DUH MXVW FRORUHG RU PXOWL FRORUHG VKDSHV 7KHQ ZKHQ SHRSOH FRPH FORVH WKH\ UHDOL]H ZKDW LV JRLQJ RQ ZLWKLQ WKHP , OLNH WKH SURFHVV RI UHODWLQJ VHFWLRQV DQG GHWDLO WR WKH WRWDOLW\ OLQNLQJ PHPRU\ ZKLFK WKH\ XVXDOO\ WULJJHU ZLWK WKH QHZ FRQWHPSRUDU\ ³UHDOLW\´ Q. What concept are you expressing through the plastic artwork? 7KHUH LV QR RQH FRQFHSW LQ P\ ZRUN 'LIIHUHQW SLHFHV KDYH GLIIHUHQW ‘meanings’, and I don’t always use plastic. I have used everything from FXGGO\ WR\V ERRNV ¿UH SODQWV DQG ELWV RI WUHH WR SRW VFRXUHUV FORWKHV pegs and hair brushes. If the material feels right for the job, I’ll use it. %XW , GRQ¶W NQRZ RI DQ\ RWKHU NLQG RI WKLQJ WKDW ZRXOG EH DV YDULHG DQG YDULDEOH DV WR\V WR GR ZKDW , GR 7KDW LV ZK\ WKH\ KDYH VWD\HG FHQWUDO Q. What is the next plan as a sculpture artist? , GRQ¶W XVXDOO\ NQRZ XQWLO LW KDSSHQV , FDPH EDFN IURP EHLQJ ZLWK P\ FDPHO DQG ULGLQJ RQ RQH LQ 4DWDU D PRQWK DJR DQG EHJDQ PDNLQJ D UKLQRFHURV EHFDXVH , ZDQWHG WR GR VRPHWKLQJ YHU\ EXON\ , ZRUN RQ FRPPLVVLRQ DV ZHOO DV PDNLQJ µVSHFXODWLYH ZRUN¶ VR LW RIWHQ GHSHQGV RQ what offers for shows or commissions come in. Next year, I may have PXVHXP VKRZV LQ 4DWDU RU ,WDO\ DQG JDOOHU\ VKRZV LQ )UDQFH +ROODQG and Greece. So, context may affect the next thing. At the moment, I want to cover several species of animals. Maybe one from each continent. A NDQJDURR IRU VXUH %XW PDNLQJ KXPDQ DQLPDOV DOZD\V LQWHUHVWV PH WRR , DP QRW FHUWDLQ RI ZKDW¶V QH[W :KDW GR \RX VXJJHVW" www.robertbradford.co.uk

51

BIG FAIRY / 170 x 80 x 100 cm

52

CHRISTMAS PISTOL / 50 x 35 x 5 cm

)$1&< 61,)) 5 $ / 110 x 60 x 25 cm

SCRUBBERS / each hight 50 cm

53

TOY BOY 40 / 200 x 110 x 80 cm

54

DARK SNIFF / 110 x 60 x 25 cm

POWER ANGEL OF DEATH / 110 x 50 x 30 cm

55

media

Souvenirs from Earth

/DVW 'HFHPEHU D WDOO (XURSHDQ µDUWLVW ORRNLQJ¶ PDQ FDPH WR 6HRXO IRU WKH VHFRQG WLPH LQ OHVV WKDQ PRQWKV WR VKRRW DUW YLGHRV DURXQG WKH FLW\ XWLOL]LQJ µ.RUHDQ GDLO\ FXOWXUH IURP W\SLFDO .RUHDQ VXSHUPDUNHW WR µ3RMDQJPDWFKD¶ DQG .RUHDQ %%4 UHVWDXUDQWV DV WKH EDFNGURS (ORTXHQFH FDXJKW XS with him for an exclusive interview on the future of SFE (Souvenirs from Earth) in Korea and around the world.

Editor. Vincent Sung Photographer: Vincent Sung Images courtesy. ‘Souvenirs from Earth’ (art video images)

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surpriseparty *URXFKHQNR

Q. Marcus, you are a video artist and you founded Souvenirs From Earth in 2006. What is SFE ? 6)( LV WKH ¿UVW LQWHUQDWLRQDO 79 FKDQQHO IRU DUW 1RW DERXW DUW EXW EHLQJ DUW WUDQVIRUPLQJ DQ\ ÀDW VFUHHQ LQWR DQ HYHU FKDQJLQJ SLHFH RI DUWZRUN delivered by international artists. Q. What do you see when you tune into the channel? Mainly video art, but we also have photo shows, contemporary dance, DQG YLGHR FOLSV 7KH DYHUDJH GXUDWLRQ RI D SLHFH LV PLQ DQG WKH URWDWLRQ LV YHU\ PXFK RUJDQL]HG OLNH D PXVLF FKDQQHO Q. Where can we see the channel? :H DUH RQ FDEOH 79 LQ )UDQFH DQG *HUPDQ\ EXW \RX FDQ JHW XV worldwide over the Internet via our homepage sfe.tv. Soon we will be to ,QWHUQHW FRQQHFWHG 79V WDEOHWV HWF 4 +RZ LV WKH FKDQQHO ¿QDQFHG" :H FKRRVH QRW WR WDON RQ WKH FKDQQHO DV LW LV PDLQO\ D YLVXDO H[SHULHQFH ZH GHOLYHU 7KHUHIRUH DV WKHUH LV QR YHUEDO ODQJXDJH WR WKH FKDQQHO LW is a truly international project and an interesting platform for advertisers IURP WKH OX[XU\ SURGXFWV LQGXVWU\ 2Q PRVW QHWZRUNV WKH FKDQQHO ZLOO EH SURSRVHG DV SD\79 ZLWK D VXEVFULSWLRQ IHH Q. How big is the market? %DVLFDOO\ HYHU\ WXUQHG RII ÀDW VFUHHQ LV D EODFN KROH LQ WKH URRP DQG ZH GHOLYHU D GHFHQW FXOWXUDO RXWSXW WR FKDQJH WKDW EODFN KROH LQWR DQ art terminal. You don’t have to be into contemporary art to appreciate the program; the channel has a wide range of fans, including all social classes and ages. It is a universal project.

EH %HFDXVH RI WKLV LW LV KDUG WR VHOO YLGHRV LQ WKH DUW PDUNHW , IRXQG LW PRUH QDWXUDO WR JHW D QXPEHU RI DUW YLGHRV WRJHWKHU DQG PDUNHW LW DV D SURJUDP DV D 79 FKDQQHO UDWKHU WKDQ VHOOLQJ LQGLYLGXDO YLGHRV Q. How did you get into art videos? , VWXGLHG ¿OPPDNLQJ DW &LQHFLWWD LQ 5RPH DQG ¿QH DUWV LQ )UDQFH VR , ZDV D ¿OPPDNHU DQG SDLQWHU ZKHQ , GHYHORSHG WKH FRQFHSW RI ³YLGHR SDLQWLQJ ´ ZKLFK LQ D ZD\ PHOWV WKHVH WZR GLVFLSOLQHV LQWR D QHZ DUW IRUP Q. So SFE is to some extent making a place in history? :HOO LW LV FHUWDLQO\ RQH RI WKH RQO\ SODFHV ZKHUH QRUPDO 79 IRUPDWWLQJ GRHV QRW DSSO\ VR LQ D ZD\ ZH DUH D FRXQWHU FXOWXUH WR WUDGLWLRQDO 79 SURJUDPV 7KLV LV WKH ¿UVW WLPH WKDW \RX FDQ UHDOO\ VHH WKH ULFKQHVV RI video creation around the world. No gallery or museum can offer such an overview. Our catalogue, which includes more than 1,000 artists, is by far the biggest around. We also show long-forgotten video clips from the ¿UVW 079 \HDUV DQG ¿OPV DQG YLGHRV IURP WKH SDVW UHDFKLQJ WR WKH ¿UVW GD\V RI ¿OPPDNLQJ 1R RWKHU SODWIRUP FDQ DFWXDOO\ VKRZ WKHVH SLHFHV EHFDXVH WKH\ GR QRW ¿W DQ\ZKHUH RQ WKH WUDGLWLRQDO VHQVH RI WHOHYLVLRQ Q. The future for SFE... «LV EULJKW $V WKH QXPEHU RI ,QWHUQHW FRQQHFWHG 79V PXOWLSOLHV DQG DV DOWHUQDWLYH SODWIRUPV FRPSHWH PRUH ZLWK ROG VFKRRO 79 QHWZRUNV WR deliver programs to a large number of devices, content is increasingly EHFRPLQJ NLQJ 6)( FDQ FHUWDLQO\ PDNH WKH GLIIHUHQFH ZLWK RXU VWUDQJH VKRFNLQJ VHGXFWLYH DUW SURJUDP www.souvenirsfromearth.tv

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surpriseparty *URXFKHQNR

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cantine / Kreiss

houston / Young-1

kiss / Kilo

59

fashion

by Borre

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Editor. Anna Choi Fashion pictures. เพ Jean Garcin

เพ 0DULH 7DLOOHIHU

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Q. Please tell us about the concept of your fashion line 7KH )LUVW &\FOH. The First Cycle stands for everything I wanted to show to the public, not MXVW WKH ¿QDO SLHFHV DW WKH 3DULV IDVKLRQ ZHHN )RU PH WKH SURGXFWLRQ process is a big part of the collection, so the subtitle of the show explains LW IRU PH ³)URP WKH \DUQ WLOO WKH VKRZ´ )RU PH ORRNLQJ IRU WKH ULJKW \DUQ LV MXVW DV LPSRUWDQW DV WKH ¿QDO SLHFH 0DNLQJ WKH IDEULFV LV WKH HVVHQFH of the collection I made. One cannot exist without the other. Q. How did you get the inspiration for the oversized knitted coats and dresses? , PXVW VD\ , DOZD\V PDGH WKLFN DQG RYHUVL]HG LWHPV 7KH ¿UVW WLPH , FDPH WR WKH IDFWRU\ ZLWK WKH URXQG NQLWWLQJ PDFKLQHV , VDZ WKH IDEULF DQG VDLG , ZDQW WR PDNH D MDFNHW RXW RI LW $QG WKDW ZDV WKH VWDUW RI ZKDW WXUQHG RXW WR EH D ZKROH SURGXFWLRQ SURFHVV WR PDNH LW SRVVLEOH WR XVH WKH WKLFN IDEULFV :H KDG WR FRQVLGHU KRZ WR FDOFXODWH WKH VKULQNLQJ DQG KRZ WR PDNH WKH FRQIHFWLRQ SRVVLEOH DQG WR GR WKLV ZH KDG WR WHVW LW RYHU DQG over again. Q. What made you interested in thickly padded knits? And when did you start to design in this style? )RU PH WKH WKLFN NQLWV DUH UHDOO\ DWWUDFWLYH DQG WKH\ IHHO DPD]LQJ DQG WKH more I tested the more I realized could do with them. So the pieces have evolved over the last 2 years. I’m a designer that fashioned a process out RI WKH PDWHULDO VR LQ WKDW VHQVH , KDYH DOZD\V ZRUNHG LQ WKLV VW\OH 7KH material and technique will always lead me to new projects where the outcomes will be dictated by the materials used. Q. Please introduce us a little about your project 7KH 7H[WLOH/DE. 7KH 7H[WLOH/DE LV SDUW RI 7KH $XGD[ 7H[WLOH 0XVHXP LQ 7LOEXUJ WKH Netherlands. It’s an amazing place where they have all the textile PDFKLQHV \RX FDQ WKLQN RII 7KH EHDXWLIXO WKLQJ DERXW WKH PXVHXP LV WKDW WKH\ JLYH GHVLJQHUV WKH RSSRUWXQLW\ WR ZRUN WRJHWKHU ZLWK WKH technicians, and that leads to new experiments in the textile industry.

7KH RSHQ YLHZ DQG WKH YDVW NQRZOHGJH RI WKH VWDII LQ WKH WH[WLOH PXVHXP DUH WKH SHUIHFW LQJUHGLHQWV WR ZRUN ZLWK DV D GHVLJQHU Q. Please talk us through the process of making designs. In the stop motion animation that I did with the animator Niels Hoebers, I tried to explain the steps of the production process, from choosing WKH \DUQ WKH URXQG NQLWWLQJ PDFKLQH VWHDPLQJ WR ¿QDOL]LQJ WKH SLHFHV We wanted arouse the interests of people that are not interested in the production process and at least have fun watching it. It’s not about only HQWHUWDLQPHQW EXW LW¶V QLFH ZKHQ \RX H[SODLQ D SURFHVV OLNH WKDW DQG encourage the viewers to have fun too. 4 7KLV \HDU \RX KDG \RXU ¿UVW FROOHFWLRQ DW WKH 3DULV )DVKLRQ Week. What were your impressions of the fashion week? )LUVW RI DOO , KDG VR PXFK IXQ ZLWK DOO WKH SHRSOH WKDW KHOSHG PH ,W ZDV DPD]LQJ $QG HYHU\WKLQJ WXUQHG RXW H[DFWO\ DV , ZDQWHG LW WRR ,W ZDV funny to see that press called me ‘mad’ to be showing at the same time DV &KDQHO EXW , QHYHU H[SHFWHG WKDW WKDW ZRXOG EH D SUREOHP 7KH UHDFWLRQV ZHUH VR QLFH , QHYHU WKRXJKW SHRSOH ZRXOG EH WKLV LQWULJXHG E\ someone showing their production process. It was good to see that the WKLQJ , OLNHG WKH PRVW DERXW WKH VKRZ ZDV VR DSSUHFLDWHG Q. What is the next experiment with your fashion designing? ,¶P ORRNLQJ LQWR QHZ SURFHVVHV DQG WDONLQJ ZLWK IDFWRULHV EXW WR SURFHHG with the plans I need way more capital than I can front at the moment. The First Cycle , ¿QDQFHG E\ ZRUNLQJ KDUG DQG WKH PDNLQJ WKH PRVW RI WKH RSSRUWXQLWLHV WKDW WKH 7H[WLOH 0XVHXP JDYH PH DQG , VKRXOG GH¿QLWHO\ QRW IRUJHW DOO WKH KHOS IURP WKH DPD]LQJ SHRSOH WKDW EHOLHYH LQ me. In the future I hope there will be more opportunities for me to have WKH VDPH NLQG RI IUHHGRP VR WKDW ZH FDQ FUHDWH PRUH JUHDW SURMHFWV , ZRXOG DOVR ORYH WR GHYHORS PRUH IRU RWKHU IDVKLRQ EUDQGV %XW , ZLOO EH FRPLQJ RXW ZLWK QHZ ZRUN VRRQ www.byborre.com

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photography

Louis Park

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Editor.Yunhee Kang Photographer. Jun O Hwang ,PDJH FRXUWHV\ /RXLV 3DUN

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Q. You were pretty successful in London. What made you come back to Korea after spending 10 years there? 7KLV LV WKH ÂżUVW TXHVWLRQ SHRSOH DVN PH DIWHU FRPLQJ EDFN WR .RUHD :HOO WKHUH LV QR VSHFLÂżF UHDVRQ IRU P\ FRPHEDFN EXW LW ZDV P\ RULJLQDO SODQ WR FRPH EDFN WR P\ KRPHODQG , MXVW WKRXJKW Âľ,WÂśV WLPH WR JR EDFN Âś 6RPH SHRSOH DVN PH LI , SUHIHU ZRUNLQJ LQ /RQGRQ EHFDXVH /RQGRQ LV VXFK a wonderful city, but it all depends on your mindset. I had a lot of fun ZRUNLQJ DV D VW\OLVW LQ .RUHD LQ WKH SDVW WRR Q. The theme of your photo exhibition is “Boy.â€? Why are you so interested in boys? , WKRXJKW D ORW DERXW WKH WKHPH IRU P\ FRPHEDFN H[KLELWLRQ 7KHQ , GHFLGHG WR FKRRVH D WRSLF WKDW , FRXOG H[SUHVV WKH EHVW , WKLQN WKH PRVW beautiful thing is the human body; the body lines of females, especially, are indescribably beautiful. However, I was more attracted to boys with WKHLU LPSHUIHFW EHDXW\ WKDQ JLUOV ZLWK SHUIHFW EHDXW\ %R\V DUH PDOHV EXW WKH\ DUH QRW \HW IXOO\ PDWXUHG DQG , OLNH WR H[SUHVV WKHLU LPSHUIHFWLRQ LQ my pictures. Q. Boan Inn used to be an old inn, and now it is used as a gallery. :K\ GLG \RX SXW WKH SLFWXUHV RI :HVWHUQ PRGHOV KHUH" , ÂżQG LW pretty interesting. :KHQ , ÂżUVW VDZ WKLV SODFH , FDPH XS ZLWK WKH LGHD RI FRPELQLQJ /RQGRQÂśV SRVW PRGHUQ VHQVH ZLWK .RUHDÂśV PRGHUQ EXLOGLQJV , WKRXJKW LW would create an interesting vibe, so I set the date for my exhibition. As I expected, it created a special vibe, and I received good reactions from WKH DXGLHQFH , WKLQN LW LV LPSRUWDQW WR KDYH D VSHFLDO PRRG IRU P\ ZRUN and exhibitions. Q. Is mood the most important factor you take into consideration when taking pictures? <HV :KHQ WDNLQJ SLFWXUHV RI D SHUVRQ LW LV KLV RU KHU YLEH QRW KLV RU KHU ORRNV WKDW , ZDQW WR H[SUHVV 7KHUHIRUH , WKLQN \RX VKRXOG KDYH \RXU RZQ XQLTXH OLIHVW\OH LQ RUGHU WR EHFRPH D JRRG PRGHO %HLQJ D JRRG PRGHO LV QRW MXVW DERXW ORRNLQJ JRRG QRU KDYLQJ D JRRG SRVWXUH 6R ZKHQ , WDNH SLFWXUHV , GRQÂśW UHDOO\ SURYLGH P\ PRGHOV ZLWK VSHFLÂżF GLUHFWLRQV , WKLQN WKH\ ORRN WKH PRVW EHDXWLIXO ZKHQ UHOD[LQJ SRVLQJ QDWXUDOO\ 6R , REVHUYH D PRGHO FDUHIXOO\ ÂżUVW EHIRUH VWDUWLQJ DQ LQWHUYLHZ RU FRQYHUVDWLRQ , WU\ WR ÂżJXUH RXW ZKR KH RU VKH LV E\ ORRNLQJ DW WKHLU FORWKLQJ KDELWV DQG EHKDYLRUV , SHUVRQDOO\ GRQÂśW OLNH WKH VPHOO RI FLJDUHWWHV DQG , GRQÂśW HYHQ VPRNH %XW , OLNH WDNLQJ SLFWXUHV RI VPRNLQJ models because of the atmosphere. I love the facial expressions of the PRGHOV ZKHQ WKH\ EORZ D FORXG RI VPRNH DQG WKH DXUD RI VPRNH Q. You seem like a very sensitive person. People say that my pictures are lyrical. Photos automatically reveal the character of the photographer, and I can’t help but express my delicate and sensitive characteristics through my pictures. Compared to my SUHYLRXV ZRUN P\ FXUUHQW SKRWRV KDYH EHFRPH PRUH VLPSOH DQG GULHU $W ÂżUVW WKH\ ZHUH D ORW PRUH VHQVLWLYH DQG ORYHO\ ,ÂśYH HYHQ EHHQ WROG WKDW WKH\ DUH ÂłJLUOLVK´ , WKLQN P\ SKRWRV DUH QRZ ÂłER\LVK´ $Q\ZD\V ,ÂśYH learned over the years that controlling my emotions allows me to express more things.

Q. Why did you add painting to your photos? How did it start? 2QH GD\ ZKHQ , VDZ D SKRWR , WKRXJKW Âľ3DLQWLQJ ZRXOG PDNH WKH SKRWR ORRN PRUH KDUPRQLRXVÂś DQG VR , GLG LW , DGG SDLQWLQJV RQ VRPH SKRWRV DQG OHDYH WKH RWKHUV WKH ZD\ WKH\ DUH , WKLQN KLJKO\ RI WKH JHQHUDO structure, harmony, and mood. 4 0RVW RI \RXU SKRWRV DUH EODFN DQG ZKLWH ,V WKHUH DQ\ VSHFLÂżF reason for that? 7KH FRQFHSW RI WKLV H[KLELWLRQ LV ÂľSRUWUDLW Âś , SHUVRQDOO\ WKLQN EODFN DQG white photos are the best way to create portraits. Q. You were a fashion stylist. What made you become a photographer? ,ÂśYH ZRUNHG DV D VW\OLVW LQ .RUHD IRU DERXW VHYHQ \HDUV $V , WXUQ , ZDQWHG WR WDNH D EUHDN DQG OHDUQ VRPHWKLQJ QHZ WR UHÂżOO P\ HQHUJ\ DQG HQKDQFH P\VHOI %HFDXVH , WUDYHOHG DEURDG D ORW IRU EXVLQHVV WULSV , ZDVQÂśW DIUDLG RI OLYLQJ DEURDG 6R , GHFLGHG WR VWXG\ LQ /RQGRQ 7KH VFKRRO , DWWHQGHG LQ /RQGRQ RIIHUHG ERWK IDVKLRQ VW\OLQJ DQG SKRWRJUDSK\ DV PDMRUV 6LQFH P\ MRE ZDV EHLQJ D VW\OLVW LW ZDVQÂśW YHU\ GLIÂżFXOW IRU PH WR OHDUQ SKRWRJUDSK\ DW WKH VDPH WLPH , ZDV DEOH WR WDNH IDVKLRQ FDWDORJV DQG EH LQYROYHG LQ VW\OLQJ 7KLV DOORZHG PH WR EH PRUH Ă€H[LEOH As a matter of fact, the number of photographers who are also directing their whole fashion shoots is increasing in Europe these days. I still consider myself a fashion director rather than a photographer. After all, photos are the means to express fashion. Q. Don’t you want to work on other projects other than photography? I’m actually preparing for other things. I released some simple video clips at the exhibition. I’m also operating my own homepage and upload articles there, but it is under construction at the moment. I’m LQWHUHVWHG LQ H[SUHVVLQJ WKLQJV LQ YDULRXV ZD\V DQG ,ÂśG OLNH WR SURFHHG LQ collaborations with other artists. Q. It seems like you are interested in human beings. Do you actually enjoy interacting with others? Yes, I do. I love hanging out with people. I always say to my friends, ZKLOH KDYLQJ D GULQN ZLWK WKHP Âł/HWÂśV WU\ WR EH WKH SHUVRQ ZKR ZLOO EH UHPHPEHUHG HYHQ \HDUV ODWHU ´ , WKLQN EHLQJ DOLYH LQ RWKHU SHRSOHÂśV memories is the most meaningful thing in my life. Q. Why do you hang out with young people often? , HQMR\ VSHQGLQJ WLPH ZLWK FUHDWLYH EULOOLDQW \RXQJ DUWLVWV 7KHUH DUH D ORW of talented young artists in Korea, but unfortunately, there aren’t many ZD\V WR SURPRWH WKHP ,ÂśG OLNH WR KHOS WKHP PDNH WKHLU GUHDPV FRPH true. Q. What are your future plans? , ZLOO NHHS ZRUNLQJ RQ P\ IDVKLRQ FDWDORJ SURMHFWV DQG FROODERUDWLRQ projects with various companies. I will hold my personal exhibition in the QHDU IXWXUH DJDLQ 1RZ WKDW ,ÂśP EDFN WR .RUHD , ZLOO HQMR\ PDQ\ WKLQJV here and mingle with many people. I will lead a happy life. www.imlouis.com

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MAX 17

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music

THE STRIKERS

7KH 6WULNHUV DQ DFNQRZOHGJHG PHORGLF 6N SXQN EDQG UHOHDVHG WKHLU QHZ DOEXP ³6FUHDPLQJ <RXWK´ DIWHU D ¿YH \HDU KLDWXV (ORTXHQFH WDONHG WR WKH band’s vocal and bassist Ahn Kyung-sun about their new album and their music.

Editor. Yunhee Kang Photographer. Jun O Hwang ,PDJH FRXUWHV\ 7KH 6WULNHUV

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4 ,W WRRN \RX ÂżYH \HDUV WR UHFRUG DQG UHOHDVH \RXU VHFRQG DOEXP :KDW KDYH \RX EHHQ GRLQJ RYHU WKH ODVW ÂżYH \HDUV" Each member of the band was preparing for the next album, while doing personal projects. I was playing music with the Copy Machine with the EDQG /D]\ %RQH DQG MRLQHG WKH 6WULNHUV ODWHU 7KHQ , SHUIRUPHG FRQFHUWV DFURVV -DSDQ DQG ZURWH VRQJV IRU WKH QHZ DOEXP ,W WRRN XV D IXOO WZR years to release the new album. We put a lot of effort in it. Q. Can you tell us a little more about your concerts in Japan? 7KH 6WULNHUV EHORQJV WR WKH 8QLRQ :D\ FUHZ DQG WKH PHPEHUV RI WKH band got together because we love a variety of sub-cultures, including SXQN 7KH 8QLRQ :D\ EHFDPH DFTXDLQWHG ZLWK -DSDQÂśV LQGLH ODEHOV and got some opportunities to perform in Japan. Since we didn’t have VSRQVRUV RXU VFKHGXOHV ZHUH SUHWW\ WLJKW EHFDXVH ZH FRXOGQÂśW Ă€\ WR Japan frequently. So we performed around 25 times a month across the country. It was pretty hard and tiring, but we had a ball. Q. Your band is well versed in melodic Sk8 punk. How is melodic Sk8 punk different from regular punk? 0HORGLF 6N SXQN LV RIWHQ OLVWHQHG WR ZKLOVW VNDWLQJ RQ WKH VWUHHWV <RX GRQÂśW QHFHVVDULO\ KDYH WR VNDWH WR OLVWHQ WR LW EXW PHORGLF 6N SXQN LV D SDUW RI WKH VNDWLQJ FXOWXUH DQG LQFOXGHV IDVKLRQ DQG OLIHVW\OH 0HORGLF 6N SXQN IHDWXUHV VPRRWK PHORGLHV DQG IDVW WHPSRV Q. Melodic Sk8 punk is not really widely listened to in Korea. What about in Japan? 0HORGLF 6N SXQN LV QRW D SRSXODU JHQUH RI PXVLF EXW PXVLF ORYHUV in Japan enjoy various genres of music compared to their Korean FRXQWHUSDUWV 7KHUH DUH FRXQWOHVV SRSXODU ORFDO EDQGV DFURVV -DSDQ DQG music cultures are set equally in every county of the country, which are D ORW ELJJHU WKDQ +RQJGDH :H JRW WKH FKDQFH WR LPSURYH VLJQLÂżFDQWO\ ZKLOH SHUIRUPLQJ LQ -DSDQ ZKHUH WKH FRPSHWLWLRQ LV ÂżHUFH 1RZ SXQN ORYHUV LQ -DSDQ NQRZ RXU QDPH Q. The lyrics of the songs in your new album are mostly English. Is there any particular reason for this? :H DUH FODVVLFDO PHORGLF 6N SXQN EDQG 0XVLF IDQV ZKR DFNQRZOHGJH our originality are all over the world. We are trying to sing in English in the hope of letting many music lovers enjoy our music, regardless of their QDWLRQDOLWLHV ,Q IDFW RXU (QJOLVK VNLOOV DUH QRW WKDW JUHDW VR ZH VSHQG D ORW RI WLPH Âż[LQJ RXU O\ULFV Q. The title of your new album is ‘Screaming Youth.’ However, some people may think you guys are not young. Of course I think three of you are still young. Do you consider yourselves young? 3XQN PXVLF LWVHOI LV \RXQJ VR ZH FDPH XS ZLWK WKH WLWOH ZLWKRXW PXFK thought. Our music itself is young and we try to act young on the stage

ZKHQ SHUIRUPLQJ ,ÂśP WKH ÂżUVW JHQHUDWLRQ LQ WKLV ÂżHOG VR , EHORQJ WR DQ ROGHU JHQHUDWLRQ %XW DUHQÂśW , VWLOO \RXQJ" , ZLOO TXLW P\ EDQG ZKHQ , UHDFK the age when I cannot scream and run around the stage. Q. Your band has a strong image of naughty boys since you are doing punk rock, combined with street culture. But I feel that you guys take life seriously whilst being aggressive and violent. 0RVW VNDWHUV DUH YHU\ QLFH 7KH\ HQMR\ WKH WKULOO RI H[WUHPH VSRUWV EXW WKH\ DUH YHU\ LQQRFHQW DQG QDwYH LQVLGH 7KH\ DOVR WDNH WKHLU OLYHV seriously. Our music also contains the agonies of life that everyone can easily relate to. Q. Your band is in the sub-culture category. Don’t you wish to proceed to the mainstream category in order to communicate with a larger number of people? 2I FRXUVH ZHÂśG OLNH WR FRPPXQLFDWH ZLWK PRUH SHRSOH DQG OHW WKHP HQMR\ our music, and I’ve never given up my hope. I just don’t want to dilute our originality to appeal to the public. In fact, it is wrong to distinguish WKH PDMRU FXOWXUH IURP LQGLH , WKLQN GLYLGLQJ PDMRU PXVLFLDQV DQG LQGLH PXVLFLDQV LV PHDQLQJOHVV , WKLQN DOO PXVLFLDQV DUH SDUW RI D KXJH PHGLD FKDQQHO 7KH\ VD\ WKDW WKH GHPDQG RI GRPHVWLF PXVLF LV ORZ EXW WKH media decides the demand. For example, music programs include only RQH EDQG WR SURYLGH DQ DVVRUWPHQW RI YDULRXV JHQUHV DQG VD\ Âł2QH LQGLH EDQG LV JRRG HQRXJK ´ Q. You are already acknowledged as a top band in Korea. What was the focus on your new album? &RPSDUHG WR WKH SUHYLRXV RQH RXU QHZ DOEXP LV PRUH UHÂżQHG DQG polished. Personally, I put a lot of effort into it and spent two years, and, LQ D VHQVH P\ ZKROH \HDU FDUHHU WR PDNH LW , DPHQGHG HDFK VRQJ PDQ\ WLPHV DQG ZHQW RYHU WKH ZHDN SRLQWV WR PDNH WKHP EHWWHU , KRSH WKLV DOEXP FDQ EH WKH VWDQGDUG RI PHORGLF 6N SXQN LQ .RUHD ,ÂśP YHU\ FRQÂżGHQW LQ RXU DOEXP , KRSH PDQ\ \RXQJ SXQN NLGV HQMR\ RXU PXVLF and hopefully the general public can enjoy and relate to it as well. Q. Have you got any gigs coming up in the future? In Korea, we will be playing at small theaters and we will also have a WRXU RI -DSDQ LQ WKH ÂżUVW KDOI RI WKH \HDU ,Q RXU HDUO\ GD\V ZH KDG WR DVN people if we could hold a concert, but now people are inviting us to play FRQFHUWV ÂżUVW 6LQFH RXU QHZ DOEXP LV D ZRUN IURP WKH KHDUW ZH ZLOO WU\ our best to spread it to more people. Q. How long do you think the Strikers will last? ,ÂśYH QHYHU WDONHG DERXW LW ZLWK P\ PHPEHUV EXW , JXHVV ZH ZLOO NHHS GRLQJ LW XQWLO ZH WKLQN ZH DUH WRR ROG WR SOD\ RQ WKH VWDJH www.thestrikers.co.kr

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studio visit

VAKKI

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(GLWRU *L6HRN &KR Photographer. Jun O Hwang

Q. Please introduce yourself for our readers. &XUUHQWO\ , DP ZRUNLQJ DV DQ ,QWHUIDFH GHVLJQHU ,¶P ZRUNLQJ RQ ' JDPH DSSOLFDWLRQ SURMHFWV ,¶P DOVR ZRUNLQJ RQ P\ SHUVRQDO SURMHFWV , love exploring new things. I consider myself an interesting woman. Q. You are creating your artwork using a variety of methods and PHGLD :KDW PDGH \RX MXPS LQWR WKLV ¿HOG" , DOZD\V ORYHG PDNLQJ WKLQJV VLQFH , ZDV D FKLOG , XVHG WR SURGXFH VKRUW ¿OPV PXVLF YLGHRV DQG VRQJV DV ZHOO DV FKDUDFWHUV $OO RI WKHVH FDPH WR PH QDWXUDOO\ EHFDXVH WKH\ ZHUH YHU\ LQWHUHVWLQJ WR PH 7KHUH ZHUH QR VSHFLDO UHDVRQV WR VWDUW PDNLQJ WKHP +RZHYHU P\ WKRXJKWV EHFDPH PRUH VSHFL¿F DV , JUHZ ROGHU DQG , ZDQWHG WR H[SUHVV P\ thoughts in various ways. I also wanted to communicate with people WKURXJK P\ ZRUN Q. Your productions are witty and cheerful. Are you a witty and cheerful person, too? I love something cheerful and pleasant. As I told you earlier, I’m a pretty LQWHUHVWLQJ ZRPDQ , JXHVV P\ FKDUDFWHU QDWXUDOO\ UHÀHFWV RQ P\ ZRUN 0DQ\ RI P\ WKHPHV DUH GDUN DQG KHDY\ EXW , ORYH WR H[SUHVV WKHP LQ humorous and witty ways, rather than serious and heavy ways. 4 <RXU SURGXFWLRQV VHHP ROG IDVKLRQHG EXW ÀDVK\ DQG JURWHVTXH at the same time. From where do you get your inspiration? 7KH LPDJHV \RX FDQ VHH LQ P\ FROODJH DUH IURP ROG PDJD]LQHV DQG DGYHUWLVHPHQWV 7KHUHIRUH \RX PD\ IHHO OLNH WKH\ DUH ROG IDVKLRQHG ,Q

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WKH ¶V ¶V DGYHUWLVHPHQWV WKHUH ZHUH QR WHFKQLFDO JLPPLFNV UDWKHU they used raw images to encourage consumption. I often use these DGYHUWLVHPHQWV¶ PHWDSKRUV DQG UHDO LPDJHV EHFDXVH , ¿QG WKHP YHU\ interesting. I experience new visual experiences in between the familiar and strange images. My graphic images are also creating patterns from these experiences. Q. You are also working as a VJ. Please tell us more about it. ,¶P XVHG WR ZRUNLQJ RQ LPDJHV WKDW UHÀHFW VRFLDO LVVXHV ZKHQ ,¶P QRW ZRUNLQJ IRU D VSHFLDO VKRZ RU YHQXH , ZDQW WR WDON DERXW WKH LVVXHV of our society experiences, rather than expressing my feelings to the music’s beat with simple motions. I’m trying to express my thoughts and feelings through visual images. Q. Are there any special methods you use to create your artwork? )LUVW RI DOO , WKLQN D ORW DERXW WKH WKLQJV ,¶P LQWHUHVWHG LQ , DOZD\V observe the things and living organisms around me carefully. I always have a lot of curiosity about them, and I feel excited as I learn about them. As I imagine the objects, they create stories in my imagination. I FDQ VHH P\ LPDJLQDWLYH LPDJHV LQ WKH VWRULHV DQG , PDNH WKHP FRPH WR OLIH WKURXJK P\ DUWZRUN 6LQFH , ZDQW WR VKRZ WKHP LQ PRUH LQWHUHVWLQJ ways, I’m using a variety of media. 4 :KDW LV WKH PRVW GLI¿FXOW SDUW" 'LVWULEXWLQJ WLPH LV WKH PRVW GLI¿FXOW SDUW (YHQ ZKHQ , KDYH VSHFL¿F SODQV , DOZD\V ODFN WLPH VR , KDYH WR WKLQN DERXW XVLQJ P\ WLPH ZLVHO\

Q. You have a lot of cute dolls and fancy things in your house. Why do you collect these things? , XVXDOO\ WDNH VRPH WKLQJV IURP WKH SODFHV , YLVLW , ORYH YLVLWLQJ QHZ SODFHV DQG WUDYHOLQJ DURXQG 7KHUHIRUH , HQGHG XS FROOHFWLQJ VR PDQ\ different things. Interestingly, these things unexpectedly go well with each others as I display them in one place. Q. When did you start using the workroom? , PRYHG LQWR WKH ZRUNURRP WZR \HDUV DJR GXULQJ WKH KRW UDLQ\ VHDVRQ Q. Can you tell us some of good things about the Workroom? &XUUHQWO\ ,¶P XVLQJ WKLV ZRUNURRP DV P\ UHVLGHQFH DQG ZRUNURRP because the structure of the space meets both purposes. My residence DQG ZRUNLQJ SODFH LV FOHDUO\ VHSDUDWHG DQG , OLNH WKH ZLQGRZ DUHD (DFK room has a different atmosphere. My cats are also happy because this SODFH UHFHLYHV ORWV RI QDWXUDO OLJKW 7KHUH DUH DOVR WZR KXJH VWRUHKRXVHV ZKHUH , FDQ VWRUH P\ ELWV DQG SLHFHV ,¶P LQWR FRRNLQJ WKHVH GD\V DQG P\ NLWFKHQ LV YHU\ VXLWDEOH IRU FRRNLQJ EHFDXVH LW LV FRQQHFWHG ZLWK windows. I often invite my friends over for dinner parties. Q. Your workroom is beautiful and well-decorated. How does the URRP LWVHOI LQÀXHQFH \RXU ZRUN" 7KDQNV IRU \RXU FRPSOLPHQW %XW LI \RX WDNH D FORVHU ORRN DW WKLV SODFH it is not really decorated. Many objects are out of order and sync. If I UHDOO\ GHFRUDWHG P\ ZRUNURRP LW ZRXOG EH ÀDVKLHU , JXHVV FRPIRUWDEOH VHWWLQJV PDNH PH PRUH FDOP DQG VWDEOH ZKHQ ,¶P ZRUNLQJ

4 <RX KDYH WZR FDWV +RZ GR WKH\ ¿W LQ ZLWK \RXU ZRUNVSDFH" 6R IDU ,¶YH QHYHU NHSW DQ DQLPDO DW KRPH 7KLV ZDV EHFDXVH , WKRXJKW WKH\ ZRXOG GLH EHIRUH PH DQG WKDW ZRXOG PDNH PH VDG 2QH GD\ RI ODVW \HDU , GHFLGHG , ZDQWHG WR NHHS D FDW 6LQFH , JRW P\ ¿UVW FDW P\ OLIH SDWWHUQ KDV FKDQJHG VLJQL¿FDQWO\ DQG WKDW KDV KHOSHG PH VHH WKLQJV from different angles. I wanted to have good relationships with all living FUHDWXUHV WKURXJKRXW P\ OLIH $OVR , EHFDPH PRUH ÀH[LEOH DQG VWDUWHG enjoying my life more. Previously, I was always busy and conscious QRW WR ZDVWH DQ\ RI P\ WLPH , JXHVV P\ KRUPRQHV KDYH FKDQJHG 7KH second cat was a stray from the street. Strangely enough, the stray cat IROORZHG PH DQG WDONHG WR PH ZKHQ , VDZ LW RQ WKH VWUHHW , DOVR NHHS WZR VQDLOV 7KH\ ODLG D ORW RI HJJV DQG WKHUH DUH VR PDQ\ EDE\ VQDLOV LQ P\ house now. Q. What are you currently working on? ,¶P ZRUNLQJ RQ PXVLF YLGHRV DQG SDLQWLQJV &XUUHQWO\ ,¶P WU\LQJ WR ¿QDOL]H WKHP DQG , KRSH HYHU\WKLQJ ZLOO JR VPRRWKO\ $OVR ,¶P ZRUNLQJ RQ VRPH projects using the microscope that I bought in an attempt to see the small world with more broad vision. Q. What do you want to try in the future? , ZDQW WR ZRUN RQ PRUH G\QDPLF SURMHFWV ,¶G OLNH WR SURGXFH LQWHUHVWLQJ LQVWDOODWLRQV DQG PRELOH VWUXFWXUHV LQ IXQ IRUPDWV , DOZD\V ZRUN DORQH EXW ,¶G OLNH WR ZRUN ZLWK RWKHUV ZKR VKDUH WKH VDPH YLVLRQ , KDYH www.playvakki.com

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“Will You Come Again Tomorrow?” ¶ ¶¶

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The End of The World / 7’20’’ / 2010

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Woman / 5’45’’ / 2010

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Tuna can woman / Acrylics on Canvas / 2011

The two tomatoes that she threw away / Acrylics on Canvas / 2011

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journalism

DONGMI LEE

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Editor. Yunhee Kang Photographer. Jun O Hwang

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Q. Congratulations on your new book, ‘Itaewon Freedom.’ Why did you decide to write it? Itaewon is my favorite place. I’ve been coming here for 10 years, and I’ve got many regular places that I go. I’ve become attached to this place. %\ FKDQFH , KHDUG RQH SXEOLVKHU ZDV SODQQLQJ WR SXEOLVK D ERRN DERXW Itaewon. I didn’t care much about other places, but since it was about Itaewon- I personally wanted to write it. Q. There are many places people can hang out. Like Hong-Dae or Chong-Dam. Why do you like Itaewon so much? ,WÂśV RSHQ WR HYHU\RQH $ ORW RI FXOWXUHV DUH PL[HG LQ WKHUH 7KRVH DUH WKH GLVWLQFWLYH IHDWXUHV RI ,WDHZRQ ,WÂśV QRW DZNZDUG LI VRPHWKLQJV DUH in the club crowed with 20 somethings. You can see children and old men in a trendy cafĂŠ. I used to hang out in Hong-dae, but as I got older I EHJDQ WR IHHO XQFRPIRUWDEOH WKHUH , QHYHU IHOW OLNH WKDW LQ ,WDHZRQ 7DNH +RPRVH[XDO +LOO DV DQ H[DPSOH ,WÂśV D EDFNVWUHHW IXOO RI JD\ EDUV DQG FOXEV 7KHUH DUH D ORW RI VH[XDO PLQRULWLHV IURP YDULRXV EDFNJURXQGV DUH all gathering together, and they form their own society. Q. Do you have any favourite gay bars or clubs that you often go? I used to go to ‘G bar.’ It was the hottest spot on Homosexual Hill, but it shut down and I feel very sad about that. Couple of years ago, , ZDWFKHG D WUDQVJHQGHU VKRZ LQ &OXE 7UDQV , ZDV VXUSULVHG DW WKHLU GUDPD DQG DUWLVWU\ , UHDOO\ HQMR\HG LW ,ÂśP GUDZQ WR WKH IDFW WKDW WKH\ ORRN OLNH RUGLQDU\ PHQ LQ WKHLU RUGLQDU\ OLYHV EXW WKH\ EHFRPH YHWHUDQ VKRZ JLUOV ZKHQ WKH\ WDNH WR WKH VWDJH RI WKH 7UDQV %DU ,WÂśV QRW RQO\ VH[XDO PLQRULWLHV EXW DOVR D ORW RI WUHQG\ SHRSOH OLNH DUWLVWV DQG GHVLJQHUV FRPH WR ZDWFK WKH VKRZ :KHQ , VD\ Âľ7UDQV 6KRZ Âś \RX PLJKW WKLQN WKDW LWÂśV DQ erotic show, but it is a performance full of laughs, tears, and emotions. 2QH RI P\ JD\ IULHQG VDLG WKDW WKH VKRZ LQ 7UDQV LV ÂłWKH KLJKHVW TXDOLW\ WUDQV VKRZ LQ WKH ZRUOG ´ +H VDLG .RUHD VKRXOG SUHVHUYH LW DQG SURPRWH LW as a cultural product. Q. Recently, we have seen a lot of fancy restaurants and lounge bars spring up in Itaewon. What do you think about these changes? 7KH\ DUH KHOSLQJ WR FKDQJH WKH LPDJH RI ,WDHZRQ .RUHDQ SHRSOH DOZD\V WKRXJKW LW ZDV GDUN DQG GDQJHURXV :KHQ VRPHRQH VDLG KH or she usually hung out in Itaewon, we assumed that they were a bit RGG %XW WKHVH GD\V ,WDHZRQ KDV EHFRPH WKH KRWWHVW SODFH LQ 6HRXO <RX FDQ ÂżQG PDQ\ IDQF\ UHVWDXUDQWV ORXQJH EDUV DQG FOXEV 7KH difference between Itaewon and other popular spots in Seoul is that we can see the balanced harmony between luxurious culture and sub culture. Sometimes I get worried that are losing the unique ‘Itaewonatmosphere’ as the capital of major companies comes gushing in, but ,ÂśP DOZD\V UHOLHYHG ZKHQ ÂżQG QHZ SODFHV WKDW IHHG WKDW KXQJHU , KDYH IRU underground culture. Q. Can you give us any recommendations from your book? 7KHUH DUH PDQ\ H[RWLF UHVWDXUDQWV IURP YDULRXV FXOWXUHV LQ ,WDHZRQ Âľ=HOHQ Âś WKH RQO\ %XOJDULDQ UHVWDXUDQW LQ .RUHD Âľ3HWUD Âś WKH ,VODPLF restaurant which only uses halal food and doesn’t sell alcohol. ‘Spain Club’, where you can taste Jamon with the best fresh ham. ‘Sortino’s’ is an authentic Italian restaurant. In fact, Italian food is a bit salty for

.RUHDQV 7KH\ÂśYH KDG D ORW RI FRPSODLQWV DERXW WKH DPRXQW RI VDOW LQ WKHLU meals, but they never change their recipes. So, people have no choice EXW WR DFFHSW LWV Ă€DYRU 7KHUH DUH WZR FDIpV WKDW , ZDQW WR UHFRPPHQG DV ZHOO WKH ÂżUVW RQH LV Âľ7DNH RXW 'UDZLQJ Âś ,W LV WKH DOWHUQDWLYH SODFH IRU DUWLVWV ZKLFK NHHSV ZLWK WKDW IDPLOLDU LPDJH RI D WUDGLWLRQDO FDIp $QG WKH VHFRQG LV Âľ6SDFH **XXOO Âś 7KLV SODFH LV D K\EULG VSDFH ZKHUH FXVWRPHUV can’t really decide whether it’s a creative space, an exhibition or an art shop. Q. Through detailed information and fun episodes in your book, I get the strong impression that you do know the places you write about very well. How do you feel that this familiarity helps the book’s credibility as the ‘must have’ guide to Itaewon? I hate prejudice. I want to convert the negative-prejudices that people have on Itaewon. Of course it’s getting better nowadays, but people FRQWLQXH WR WKLQN ,WDHZRQ LV D VWUDQJH GDUN SODFH 7KLV PLJKW VRXQG VWUDQJH LQ LWVHOI EXW , WKLQN 89ÂśV VRQJ Âľ,WDHZRQ )UHHGRPÂś KDV PDGH SHRSOH VWDUW WR WKLQN GLIIHUHQWO\ RI ,WDHZRQ 7KH WLWOH RI P\ ERRN LV DOVR Âľ,WDHZRQ )UHHGRPÂś DQG , WKLQN WKDW WKLV LV WKH JHQHUDO PHVVDJH RI WKH ERRN , ZDQW SHRSOH WR ORRN DW ,WDHZRQ DV LW LV ZLWKRXW SUHMXGLFH ,Q WKH ERRN WKHUH DUH VRPH SUHFLRXV SODFHV WKDW , GRQÂśW ZDQW WR VKDUH EHFDXVH I am afraid that if a large number of people visiting them might ruin the DWPRVSKHUH %XW , ZURWH DERXW HYHU\ SODFH WKDW , NQRZ VR WKDW SHRSOH FDQ enjoy Itaewon without prejudice. Q. Are there any other places that you want to introduce? 7KHUH DUH JRRG SODFHV EXW ,WDHZRQ LV WKH RQO\ SODFH WKDW , NQRZ everything about. It’s very odd but some of cities that I am really drawn to VWDUW ZLWK WKH OHWWHU Âľ% Âś %HUOLQ ZKLFK ZDV WKH EDFNJURXQG RI P\ ODVW ERRN DQG %DQJNRN %XHQRV $LUHV LV D FLW\ , GHVSHUDWHO\ ZDQW WR JR WR DQG ZULWH about. Q. It seems like you really enjoy traveling to cities. I used to cover stories about the hottest or trendiest places, and most trends in Seoul are coming from overseas. So I naturally started introducing hot spots abroad. A life of leisure in a rural area would be JUHDW EXW , WKLQN WKHUH LV VR PXFK IXQ WR EH KDG LQ FLWLHV ,Q WKH FLW\ SHRSOH IURP GLIIHUHQW EDFNJURXQGV DUH IRUPLQJ YDULRXV FXOWXUHV DQG WKLV interests me a lot. Q. You like people, don’t you? <HV , OLNH WR VHH SHRSOH EXLOGLQJ FXOWXUHV DQG HQMR\LQJ WKHP WRJHWKHU 0\ IDYRULWH SODFHV LQ ,WDHZRQ DUH OLNH WKDW , OLNH WKH RZQHUV RI WKH SODFHV WKH IRRG WKH LQWHULRU DQG WKH ZKROH DWPRVSKHUH 7KHVH DUH YHU\ important, but in the end, it comes down to the people I communicate with. If the place is owned by a good person and has good customers, WKH\ FDQ PDNH WKHLU RZQ XQLTXH FXOWXUH Q. What are your plans for the future? I want to continue to write. I don’t want to write just about travel, though , ZLOO WU\ WR SXW P\ VXEMHFWLYH YLHZV LQWR WKH ERRNV , ZULWH , VHH P\VHOI ZULWLQJ WRZQ JXLGHV ÂżOOHG ZLWK LQIRUPDWLRQ IRU HQMR\LQJ WKH SODFH ,Q WKH IXWXUH , ZRXOG OLNH WR ZULWH D WUDYHO HVVD\ IXOO RI FRQWHPSODWLRQV

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Illustrator. Sngoog Choi Editor. Anna Choi

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(GLWRU *L6HRN &KR Photographer. Jun O Hwang

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Q. Your drawings embrace the grotesque, and leave us with a strong impression. What is the motive behind making these drawings? 7KHUH¶V QR VLQJOH PRWLYH ,W KDV HYROYHG DQG FKDQJHG DV WLPH KDV SDVVHG :KHQ , ZDV D VWXGHQW , ZRXOG ZRUN RQ DEVWUDFWLRQ DQG SHUIRUPDQFH , XVHG WR VSHQG WZR \HDUV PDNLQJ WZR VFXOSWXUHV *RLQJ through those processes, I am here now. My worries, pains, and hopes might have changed shapes, but the original identity was not changed FRPSOHWHO\ ,¶YH DVNHG TXHVWLRQV DERXW IHDU DQG KRUURU VLQFH , ZDV \RXQJ , FDQ VD\ WKDW P\ ZRUN UHSUHVHQWV WKH WLPH IRU VHHNLQJ DQVZHUV WR WKRVH TXHVWLRQV , FKRRVH WKLV ZRUN DV LW LV DERXW IDFLQJ WKRVH µPRQVWHUV¶ LQ P\ OLIH 7KLV LV ZKHUH , DP QRZ DQG , ZDQW WR WDON DERXW WKLV WKURXJK my drawings. Q. In most of your drawings we can see the combination of body parts, with the hands being particularly impressive. What is the meaning of all this? ,Q P\ ZRUN KDQGV DUH D GLVWLQFWLYH IHDWXUH DVLGH IURP RWKHU IHDWXUHV RI WKH ERG\ 7KH PRVW GLVWLQFW DVSHFWV RI KXPDQ FLYLOL]DWLRQ DQG V\VWHPV are in the evolving intelligence and functions. And this happens because of using hands. Hands have evolved closely with the human brain and created civilization and the systems of operation. Human hands are clearly excellent tools. Among those functions as tools, I have focused on KDQGV EHLQJ XVHG µZHDSRQV¶ :HDSRQV DUH IRU ERWK DWWDFN DQG GHIHQVH %XW ZKDWHYHU WKH\ DUH EHLQJ LV XVHG IRU ZH ZLOO KDYH VRPHRQH HOVH¶V EORRG RQ RXU RZQ KDQGV /LNH WKLV ZH GHIHQG RXUVHOYHV IURP IHDU DQG ZH DWWDFN IRU VXUYLYDO )RU WKLV SURFHVV ZH DVVXPH RWKHUV DUH PRQVWHUV DQG ZH WU\ WR SURWHFW RXUVHOYHV %XW WKDW SURWHFWLRQ EHFRPHV DQ DWWDFN DQG WKH DWWDFN KXUWV QRW RQO\ XV EXW LW KXUWV RWKHUV DV ZHOO Q. Most of your drawings are monotones. What’s the intention using this color scheme? It has symbolic meaning. I’ve learned how I can see things with my RZQ SHUVSHFWLYH WKURXJK ¿OPLQJ SLFWXUHV ZLWK D PRQRFKURPH FDPHUD :H FDQ VHH DOO FRORUV RI WKH ZRUOG RQ WKH YLHZ ¿QGHU RI WKH FDPHUD but photographers need to see it as light. It’s not easy to differentiate EHWZHHQ ZKDW , VHH DQG ZKDW , LPDJLQH , VHH FRORU DV UHÀHFWLRQ DQG SURMHFWLRQ RI OLJKW DQG , WU\ WR ¿QG DQ HVVHQWLDO µOLJKW¶ WKDW , PLJKW RYHUORRN or lose while a physical phenomena happens. As a symbolic expression RI ¿QGLQJ VRPHWKLQJ , DFWXDOO\ VHH , XVH PRQRWRQHV LQ P\ GUDZLQJV Q. Monsters, fear and horror are among the things that you draw. Have you ever been haunted by any of these things? 7KH VXEWLWOH RI P\ H[KLELWLRQ ODVW VXPPHU ZDV µH[LVW EXW QRW H[LVW ¶ 7KH WUXWK RI IHDU FDQ H[LVW VRPHWLPHV EXW PRVW RI WKH WLPH , WKLQN LW¶V MXVW a fear of something that has not happened yet. I’m not afraid of my PRQVWHUV 7KH\ DUH ZHDN 7KLV ZHDNQHVV WULHV WR H[SUHVV SDLQ DJRQ\ DQG GHVLUH E\ WZLVWLQJ WKHLU IDFHV KDQGV DQG ERG\ %XW WKH\ QHYHU MXPS out from the drawings and strangle or bite people. I am familiar with WKHP , DP WKH FUHDWRU RI WKH PRQVWHU LQVLGH PH 7KH\ DUH QRW WKH WKLQJV that I am afraid of, but I do need to face them directly.

represent a ‘written’ story. I draw and write. I tell a story by drawing and ZULWLQJ µ'UDZLQJ¶ LV MXVW IRU PH ,W¶V P\ SHUVRQDO DUW %XW µZULWLQJ¶ LV P\ desire for communication. Also when I tell my story, I become curious about other people’s stories. 4 'R \RX HQFRXQWHU DQ\ GLI¿FXOWLHV ZRUNLQJ RQ WKHVH SURMHFWV" 7KH ¿QDQFLDO DVSHFW LV DOZD\V D WRXJK WKLQJ WR RYHUFRPH EXW , JXHVV LW¶V not just me but just all artists- especially young artists, are struggling ZLWK WKDW 7KH ELJ TXHVWLRQ LV FDQ ZH PDNH D OLYLQJ RQO\ E\ VHOOLQJ RXU DUWZRUN" ([KLELWLRQV WKHPVHOYHV FDQ EH D SDLQ ,W¶V EH\RQG D SOHDVDQW H[SHULHQFH :KLOH , DP SUHSDULQJ IRU DQ H[KLELWLRQ LW LV KDUG WR ZRUN RQ RWKHU SURMHFWV , VRPHWLPHV IHHO OLNH , GRQ¶W ZDQW WR EH GRLQJ WKLV :RUNLQJ RQ D SURMHFW RU GUDZLQJ D SLFWXUH LV LQ¿QLWHO\ MR\IXO SURFHVV DQG is an action of pleasure and amusement, even though drawing itself is SDLQIXO %XW ZKLOH , SUHSDUH DQ H[KLELWLRQ , FDQ¶W GUDZ 6RPHWLPHV , QHHG to postpone drawing and consider it as something which is no longer a SULRULW\ 0RUHRYHU WKH WKLQJV WKDW , QHHG WR ZRUN RQ WR HDUQ D OLYLQJ DQG , SXW P\ WLPH DQG HIIRUW LQWR FDQ EH SDLQIXO 7KH SUREOHP LV WKDW ZKHQ , DP in that situation, the only thing I want to do is draw. It might be true what SHRSOH VD\ DERXW PH , PLJKW EH WKH µ*RO EDQJ¶ SDLQWHU Q. You’ve got bachelors and a Masters degree in New York. What was life like New York? Do you think that your work has been affected by this period of your life? ,W ZDV ZRQGHUIXO WLPH IRU PH , ZDV KDSS\ IUHH DQG IXO¿OOHG , FKRVH WKLQJV ZLWKRXW KHVLWDWLRQ DQG , ZRUNHG WKURXJK P\ OLIH DV , KDG SODQQHG it. When I had an idea, I put it into action the following day. Sometimes it IHOW PRUH OLNH PDQXDO ODERU DQG WKH ZRUNORDG , SXW RQ P\VHOI ZRXOG KDYH EHHQ LOOHJDO LI VRPHRQH KDG EHHQ HPSOR\LQJ PH %XW , KDG QR FRPSODLQWV about that. Even though I had my parents and family there to help me, , FKRVH QRW DVN WKHP IRU DQ\WKLQJ , ZDV FRPSOHWHO\ SRRU FRPSOHWHO\ content being in the lowest class of society. And I believe that it was at that I became who I am. Q. What stimulates your creativity? When I see other artist’s paintings I become so eager to draw pictures that occasionally I catch a cab and go straight home. At those moments, ,¶P ¿OOHG ZLWK MHDORXV\ HQY\ DQG KRSH Q. Do you have anything that bugs you while you work? µ'UDZLQJ¶ LWVHOI JLYHV PH IXO¿OOPHQW $IWHU , GHFLGHG WR H[KLELW P\ ZRUN WKH LQWHQWLRQ RI P\ DUW KDV EHHQ IRFXVHG RQ µFRPPXQLFDWLRQ ¶ It is consistent and continuous. I try not to push my language, but WR XQGHUVWDQG RWKHU SHRSOH¶V , KRSH WKDW P\ ZRUN FDQ LPSO\ PRUH metaphors, and be understood easily at the same time. Pain, desire, loneliness, and anxiety are not so different from one another, and are ERUQ IURP WKH VDPH HVVHQFH RI VDGQHVV 7KHUH DUH VR PDQ\ ZRUGV DQG ODQJXDJHV WKDW DUH GLI¿FXOW WR XQGHUVWDQG , ZDQW WR H[SUHVV P\ IHHOLQJV in an understandable language. Finding that common language that transcends conventional speech and communication is probably the PRVW GLI¿FXOW WKLQJ DERXW FUHDWLQJ WKH NLQG RI DUW , VWULYH WR FUHDWH

Q. You recently published the book ‘Nightmare Diary.’ Could you tell us about the book? I dream a lot at night and I have been recording them for a long time. 0RVW RI P\ GUHDPV DUH YHU\ GLP 7KH\ DUH GDUN VWLOO ORQHO\ DQG VFDU\ 7KHVH DUH P\ QLJKWPDUHV 7KRXJK ZULWLQJ GRZQ WKRVH QLJKWPDUHV sometimes brings me joy and can sometimes be a record of my personal OLIH %XW LW LV PRUH OLNH D SURFHVV WKDW FRQ¿UPV WKDW QRQH RI WKHVH WKLQJV DUH UHDO WKDW WKH\ DUH MXVW GUHDPV 7KURXJK WKLV SURFHVV , VDYHG P\VHOI IURP WKH µFDQ¶W VOHHS EHFDXVH RI QLJKWPDUHV¶ VLWXDWLRQ 1LJKWPDUHV or dreams cannot be separated from the real world. It is part of my XQFRQVFLRXVQHVV 7KH\ PDNH XS RI P\ OLIH 2QH GD\ , ZDQW WR SXEOLVK WKHVH ZULWLQJV ZLWK VRPH RI P\ DUW ZRUN :LWKRXW UHDOO\ WKLQNLQJ DERXW LW , SXEOLVKHG WKH ERRN µ7KH 0RQVWHU 1LJKWPDUH 'LDU\ ¶ ,W GRHVQ¶W PDNH DQ\ VHQVH LI \RX WU\ WR ¿QG DQ\ ORJLF RU VWRU\ LQ WKH ERRN ,W LV MXVW D pure record of my nightmares.

Q. What are your plans for 2012? I am battling with the idea of ‘giving shape to plane level.’ I am still WKLQNLQJ DERXW KRZ , FDQ ¿QLVK FRQYH\ WKLV LGHD ,W LV JRLQJ WR EH KDUG EXW IXQ , DOVR KDYH D FKDQFH WR H[KLELW P\ ZRUN DEURDG 6R , DP WKLQNLQJ DERXW KRZ , FDQ HQMR\ LW ,¶YH QHYHU WDNHQ DQ\ VKRUW FXWV LQ P\ OLIH DQG , never expected to. I always accepted a long way round as blessing and VRPHWKLQJ ZKLFK ZRXOG PDNH PH D VWURQJHU DUWLVW , PLJKW DUULYH ODWH RQ WDNLQJ WKH SDWK ,¶YH FKRVHQ EXW , WKLQN , FDQ VHH DQG GLJHVW PRUH , KRSH WKDW LQ , FDQ NHHS ZDONLQJ WKLV SDWK DQG H[SHULHQFH PRUH WKLQJV

Q. Could you please tell us about your artistic style? , XVH SDSHU DFU\O SHQ DQG LQN IRU P\ GUDZLQJV 8VLQJ SHQV FDQ KHOS WR

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Q. What is your goal as an artist? I want to be happy. And though I am sure that there are many ways to grasp happiness, drawing is where mine comes from. So I hope that HDWLQJ VOHHSLQJ PHHWLQJ QHZ SHRSOH ZRUNLQJ EHLQJ VLFN EHLQJ KHDOWK\ DQG OLYLQJ D OLIH ZRXOG EULQJ PH KDSSLQHVV WRR ,W¶V QRW HDV\ %XW WKDW¶V OLIH

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hands bug / Acrylic, pen on paper / 2011

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casque1 / Acrylic, pen on paper / 2011

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feMALE Deer / Acrylic, pen on paper / 2011

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standarded / Acrylic, pen on paper / 2011

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enforced insight / Acrylic. pen on paper / 2011

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hand cought in the time of the space / Acrylic, pen on paper / 2011

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art

DONGHYUN SON Donghyun Son draws western pop icons in an Oriental style. Welcome to his world of art.

Editor. Anna Choi Images courtesy. Gallery2

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also study the actor. And if the character is a real person, then I also ZRXOG VWXG\ WKHLU OLIH )RU PH P\ ZRUN LV µWUDQV PLQG¶ SURFHVV ,W reproduces not only the shape, but also the mind. 4 :KDW DUH WKH GLI¿FXOWLHV ZKHQ \RX EOHQG WKH 2ULHQWDO WHFKQLTXHV with the Western icons? For me, it was natural to draw Oriental paintings with western icons, so I QHYHU UHDOO\ HQFRXQWHUHG DQ\ GLI¿FXOWLHV , MXVW KDG IXQ Q. Your work makes people re-think traditional Oriental paintings. As an Oriental painters, what do you think about present oriental paintings? , GRQ¶W WKLQN WUDGLWLRQDO 2ULHQWDO SDLQWLQJV DUH ROG IDVKLRQHG 7KH\ FDQ KDYH LQ¿QLWH SRVVLELOLWLHV , WKLQN ZH FDQ ZRUN ZLWK WUDGLWLRQDO WKHRU\ RI painting. Or, we can also build our own theory. 4 ,V WKHUH DQ\ ¿JXUH RU VXEMHFW WKDW \RX ZDQW WR GUDZ" :KDW DUH your plans for the future? %HFDXVH , KDYH EHHQ ZRUNLQJ RQ D SRUWUDLW VHULHV IRU D ZKLOH WKHUH PLJKW EH D ORW RI FKDQJHV WR WKH SURMHFW HYHQ DV , NHHS ZRUNLQJ RQ WKHP , DP WKLQNLQJ DERXW GUDZLQJ ODQGVFDSHV RU SLFWXUH GUDZQ ,QGLDQ LQN , FDQ¶W explain it with language or writing. www.gallery2.co.kr

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7KH 3RUWUDLW RI WKH 7HHQDJH 0XWDQW 1LQMD 7XUWOH 5DSKDHO / 2008

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Portrait of the King / we’ve almost theret / 2008

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Editor. Snil Yom Photographer. Jun O Hwang

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Q. Please tell us about your current jobs. , µP D PHGLD DUWLVW ZKR LV DFWLYHO\ ZRUNLQJ RQ DUW SURMHFWV ,7 DQG education. I participated in small to medium sized group art projects DERXW ¿YH WLPHV LQ ,¶P DOVR ZRUNLQJ LQ WKH ,7 ¿HOG DQG ,¶P FRRSHUDWLQJ ZLWK RWKHU GHYHORSHUV WKURXJK FRQIHUHQFHV DQG ZRUNVKRSV RQ WKH WHFKQLTXH FDOOHG µ+70/ ¶ ZKLFK LV D KRW LVVXH DW WKH PRPHQW ,Q WKH ,7 ¿HOG ,¶P ZRUNLQJ XQGHU WKH WKHPH ³$JLOH ´ DQ LQWHUQDWLRQDO movement that pursues humanity and productivity at the same time. Also, I sometimes consult organizations. I’m also experimenting with KRZ WR VKDUH DQG OHDUQ DERXW FXOWXUHV VXFK DV +DFNDWKRQ +DFNLQJ 0DUDWKRQ $QG ,¶P ZRUNLQJ ZLWK WKH $UW &HQWHU 1DEL WR SUHSDUH IRU media art project events and recently, I also participated in Google .RUHD¶V +DFNDWKRQ HYHQW &XUUHQWO\ ,¶P WHDFKLQJ µ,QWHUDFWLYH 0HGLD¶ DW 9LVXDO &RPPXQLFDWLRQ 'HVLJQ GHSDUWPHQW LQ .RRNPLQ 8QLYHUVLW\ DQG ‘Developing educational contents’ at the graduate school of dancing. In DGGLWLRQ , HVWDEOLVKHG D NLQGHUJDUWHQ DQG WHDFK DQ H[SHULPHQWDO FODVV FDOOHG µ+HDOWK\ PHGLD¶ DIWHU VFKRRO , KHOS SHRSOH IURP NLQGHUJDUWHQHUV WR JUDGXDWH VFKRRO VWXGHQWV DQG RI¿FH ZRUNHUV XVH QHZ PHGLD LQ KHDOWK\ ways. In the process, I also help them to meet, learn, and grow together.

$ IRUHVW RI ¿UHÀLHV ,¶YH GLVSOD\HG WKLV SURMHFW WKH PRVW RI DOO P\ ZRUN 7KH ¿UVW VWHSV ZHUH made spontaneously in about two hours after I came up with ideas for WKH SURMHFW $OWKRXJK LW GRHVQ¶W FRQWDLQ DQ\ LPSRUWDQW PHVVDJHV 7KH\ love this project because it is stereotypical media art (the images change according to the reactions of the audience) in Korea and it also shows EHDXWLIXO LPDJHV ,W ORRNV SUHWW\ JRRG ZKHQ , ¿OO WKH H[KLELWLRQ VSDFH ZLWK VHYHUDO VFUHHQV 7KH PRYHPHQWV RI WKH DXGLHQFH VFDUH RII WKH YLUWXDO ¿UHÀLHV DQG PDNH WKHP À\ DZD\ ZLWK VRXQG , ORYHG WKLV SURMHFW EXW DOVR LW VSDUNHG WR WKLQN DERXW P\ OLPLWDWLRQV DV D FUHDWRU

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I contributed columns to the media art webzine ‘Alice on’ from 2006. I started my columns with technology and ended with the relations with QHZ PHGLD DQG HGXFDWLRQ KWWS DOLFHRQ WLVWRU\ FRP )RU ,%0 'HYHORSHUZRUNV , FRQWULEXWHG DUWLFOHV LQ DERXW P\ H[SHULPHQWV LQ HGXFDWLRQ ZKLFK ZDV LQVSLUHG E\ WKH $JLOH FXOWXUH LQ ,7 7KH FRQWHQW included my opinions and experiences to let the artists and designers NQRZ WKH QHFHVVDU\ VNLOOV ZKHQ ZRUNLQJ RQ QHZ PHGLD SURMHFWV 0\ experiments in college classrooms are also in a line with these articles. (http://limnm.tistory.com/1)

3URMHFW , 3URMHFW , ZDV D ZRUNVKRS DQG GLVSOD\ WKDW , SDUWLFLSDWHG LQ E\ DFFLGHQW DW WKH $UW &HQWHU 1DEL ZKLOH , ZDV ZRUNLQJ LQ WKH FRPPXQLW\ FDOOHG ,13 (Interactivity and Practice), in which artists, developers, researchers, and curators interchange each other’s ideas. It was my debut as an artist. , SDUWLFLSDWHG LQ WKH SURMHFW IRU WKH ¿UVW WKUHH \HDUV 6. JURXS¶V VRFLDO contributing team, university students’ group Sunny (http://www.besunny. FRP WKH $UW &HQWHU 1DEL DQG RWKHU DUWLVWV WRRN D SDUW LQ WKH SURMHFW IRU IRXU \HDUV DERXW WKUHH PRQWKV SHU \HDU ,Q P\ ¿UVW \HDU , YLVLWHG OHVV IRUWXQDWH WHHQDJHUV LQ SRRU QHLJKERUKRRGV DQG ZRUNHG ZLWK WKHP HYHU\ ZHHN , ZDV WKHLU PHQWRU DQG KHOSHG WKHP WR FUHDWH WKHLU RZQ ZRUN pieces. In my second year, I spent time with teenagers who escaped from North Korea. It wasn’t easy to create displays with them because it ZDV RXU ¿UVW DWWHPSW +RZHYHU WKH H[SHULHQFHV KHOSHG D ORW ODWHU SXUVXH my career. .NXP 1DEL 'UHDPLQJ %XWWHUÀ\ It was an experiment to produce an interactive play with a drama company Sadari (http://www.sadari.org/), which allowed children to participate in the play at the exhibition hall. Using some interactive WHFKQLTXHV VXFK DV PDFKLQH YLVLRQ ZH SURGXFHG EDFNJURXQGV VXFK DV ÀRZHU JDUGHQV ¿HOGV DQG XQGHUZDWHU ZRUOGV LQWHUDFW ZLWK PRWLRQV RI FKLOGUHQ $OVR ZH FUHDWHG D FKDUDFWHU FDOOHG µ7KH &DWHUSLOODU¶ 7KHQ ZH FRPELQHG WKH WZR LPDJHV WR VKRZ KRZ 7KH &DWHUSLOODU EHFDPH WKH EXWWHUÀ\ DQG DOORZHG WKH DXGLHQFH WR SDUWLFLSDWH LQ WKH VWRU\ PDNLQJ SURFHVV :KLOH ZRUNLQJ RQ WKH SURMHFW , FRXOG WKLQN D ORW DERXW WKH components of plays, the roles of actors, and the participation of the DXGLHQFH 7KH FROODERUDWLRQ ZRUN ZLWK 6DGDUL KHOSHG PH D ORW WR OHDUQ how to incorporate technology into stories.

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I made plans and created the software to produce real-time images, my brother made the hardware and physical computing to create glittering images that react to sensors, and my wife made the ceramic ware WKDW ORRNHG OLNH DQ RFDULQD , ZDQWHG WR EULQJ EDFN WKH PHPRU\ RI RXU childhood when we blow dandelions. I also made it possible to blow the GDQGHOLRQV LQWR WKH DLU E\ VHQGLQJ WH[W PHVVDJHV /HW DORQH WKH XQLTXH features of the project, it was our family project.

/(76 It was a social-cultural experiment project conducted by the ‘sustainable creators’ group,’ which was sponsored by the Ministry of Culture and 7RXULVP , ¿UVW FDPH LQWR FRQWDFW ZLWK /(76 /RFDO (QHUJ\ 7UDGLQJ 6\VWHP DW WKH DOWHUQDWLYH SURJUDPPLQJ ODQJXDJH IHVWLYDO LQ WKH ,7 culture. I wanted to visualize the things we can learn and teach each other because I was impressed by the creators, who shared information ZLWK HDFK RWKHU LQ IXQ ZD\V ,¶G OLNH WR LQFRUSRUDWH WKLV SURFHVV LQWR RWKHU ¿HOGV LQFOXGLQJ ,7 )RUWXQDWHO\ , FRXOG JHW VSRQVRUVKLS DQG SURFHHG ZLWK WKH PRQWK H[SHULPHQW <RX FDQ FKHFN RXW WKH SURFHVV DQG UHVXOWV DW http://balsang.cc/ . Q. What made you to become an ‘artist’? , FDPH LQWR FRQWDFW ZLWK D 3& LQ DQG LW KDV EHHQ D SDUW RI P\ OLIH since then. I was into Computer Graphics after graduating high school DQG ,¶YH EHHQ ZRUNLQJ LQ GLJLWDO FUHDWLRQ DW %%6 XQWLO , ZDV LQ P\ PLGGOH 20s. I majored in Applied Physics (I was not good at math and physics but interested in them, so i wanted to learn more about them when i enter a university.) and science education. However, I chose to build my career LQ SURJUDPPLQJ LQ ZKHQ , VDZ 3L[DU¶V 7R\ VWRU\ , ZDV IDVFLQDWHG E\ WKHLU 6KDGLQJ /DQJXDJH LW¶V D SURJUDPPLQJ ODQJXDJH WKDW FDQ H[SUHVV natural phenomenon. In 2005, I was teaching rapid prototyping

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to the UI researchers at a conglomerate. It was about how to fast prototype software products that are user-interactive and the tools I used at the time were creative tools such as Flash’s Action Script and Processing. All of a sudden, I was wondering how Processing was used LQ GRPHVWLF PDUNHW , JRRJOHG LW DQG IRXQG WKH $UW &HQWHU 1DEL , YLVLWHG the center and met with curators and artists. I ended up beginning my exhibitions with INP and the Project i while socializing with them. For the ¿UVW WZR \HDUV , ZRUNHG ZLWK SURIHVVLRQDO DUWLVWV DOO WKH WLPH EHFDXVH RI P\ ODFN RI DUWLVWLF EDFNJURXQG 'XULQJ WKDW SHULRG , H[SHULHQFHG D ORW RI FROODERUDWLRQ ZRUN DQG OHDUQHG PDQ\ WKLQJV DERXW WKH SURFHVV LQFOXGLQJ the good and bad points. It was a very important experience for me and it KDG D ORW RI LQÀXHQFH RQ P\ ZRUN ODWHU GRZQ WKH OLQH 4 :KDW DUH \RXU VSHFL¿F GUDZLQJ WRROV" 7KH SURJUDPPLQJ ODQJXDJH LV RQH RI WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW WRROV &XUUHQWO\ ,¶P OHDUQLQJ DQG XVLQJ -DYD6FULSW IRU P\ ZRUN EXW SUHYLRXVO\ , XVHG & 2WKHU WKDQ & , XVHG WR XVH RWKHU ODQJXDJHV VXFK DV MDYD F F , WKLQN programming languages have the power to intervene into virtual reality. ,W LV OLNH VD\LQJ ³7KHUH VKDOO EH OLJKW ´ DQG OLJKW FRPHV LQWR H[LVWHQFH ,W is the process of translating my ideas into a language that the computer FDQ UHDOL]H WR VKRZ YLVXDO PRYLQJ LPDJHV 7KH SURJUDPPLQJ ODQJXDJH LV D PHGLXP DQG WRRO WKDW PDNHV PH IHHO OLNH DQ DUWLVDQ ZKR H[SUHVVHV KLV LGHDV ZLWK DWRPLF ELWV %HVLGHV WKH SURJUDPPLQJ ODQJXDJH LV XVHG YHU\ RIWHQ LQ P\ GDLO\ OLIH DQG LW VRPHWLPHV DIIHFWV WKH ZD\ , WKLQN Q. What is the main theme that you express with this tool? ,W LV DERXW KHDOWK\ LQWHUDFWLRQ DQG FR HYROXWLRQ 7KLV PHVVDJH LV QRW UHDOO\ H[SUHVVHG WKURXJK P\ ZRUN VKRZQ DW WKH H[KLELWLRQ KDOOV EXW LQ WHUPV RI P\ VRFLDO DFWLYLWLHV DQG HGXFDWLRQ ,¶P ZRUNLQJ ZLWK WKDW WKHPH SUHWW\ RIWHQ ,¶P LQWHUHVWHG LQ PDNLQJ WHFKQRORJ\ DQG PHGLD LQWHUFKDQJH positive energy between people rather than focusing on faster, bigger, PRUH SRZHUIXO DQG XQEDODQFHG JURZWK , GRQ¶W WKLQN , KDYH D JLJDQWLF calling; I’m just trying to do the things I can do well by interacting with the SHRSOH DURXQG PH 7KLV LV ZK\ ,¶P LQWHUHVWHG LQ WKH SURMHFWV IRU WKH IXWXUH generations and I love experimenting under the themes meeting other artists, learning, and growing.

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Q. Is teaching university students different from teaching kindergarteners? 7KH SURFHVV LV WKH VDPH EXW GHOHJDWLRQ RI SRZHU LV GLIIHUHQW ,¶P SDUWLFXODUO\ WU\LQJ WR NHHS HDFK JURXS¶V FKDUDFWHULVWLFV LQ PLQG ZKHQ teaching – be it an individual, a small group, or large group. Doing documentation all of the results, retrospectives visually has become P\ KDELW ZKLFK , OHDUQHG ZKLOH WHDFKLQJ NLQGHUJDUWHQHUV , XVH WKH same methods of helping students to broaden their horizons. I also DFNQRZOHGJH WKH ]RQH RI SUR[LPDO GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH OHDUQHUV DQG PDNH curriculum in which their social interaction enriches their learning. As for NLQGHUJDUWHQV WHDFKHUV KDYH PRUH UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV ZKHQ VXSSRUWLQJ WKHLU students. However, it is very possible for college students to visualize their own learning process and realize their own strength. Since I can GHOHJDWH DXWKRULW\ WR WKH VWXGHQWV HDFK VWXGHQW FDQ WDNH UHVSRQVLELOLW\ of their own personal growth and development. However, the basic idea behind it is the same – helping students to help each other to live their lives to the fullest. Of course it is important to invest in more time for the future, but it is important to help them enjoy their lives, rather than forcing WKHP WR VWXG\ VRPHWKLQJ WKH\ DUH QRW LQWHUHVWHG LQ 7KH VDPH JRHV IRU teachers and professors. Q. You are an artist and educator. What is it like to work both jobs? 0\ H[SHULHQFH DV D PHGLD DUWLVW LQ .RUHD LV DFWLQJ OLNH D VWUDWHJ\ WR DWWUDFW PRUH SHRSOH¶V DWWHQWLRQ ,¶YH EHHQ NQRZQ DV D XQLTXH FUHDWRU LQ DUW ,7 DQG VFLHQFH , KDG D FKDQFH WR PHHW D YDULHW\ RI SHRSOH DV D media artist and it helped expand my horizons. However, these days, ,¶P DOVR WKLQNLQJ DERXW WKH PHDQLQJ RI P\ ZRUN RQFH DJDLQ ,W LV DOZD\V IXQ WR ZRUN OHDUQ DQG H[SHULHQFH PDQ\ WKLQJV LQ P\ ¿HOG EXW WKH\ GRQ¶W DOZD\V ¿W ZLWK P\ YLVLRQ RI OLIH , WKLQN ,¶P H[KDXVWHG GXH WR P\ ZRUN HWKLF DQG GRLQJ WRR PDQ\ H[KLELWLRQ SURMHFWV , IHHO VRPH NLQG RI HVWUDQJHPHQW /RRNLQJ EDFN WKH HGXFDWLRQDO H[SHULPHQWV RYHU WKH ODVW WZR \HDUV , ZDV IXOO RI HQHUJ\ DQG , FRXOG IXOO\ FRQFHQWUDWH , IHOW OLNH , ZDV GHVWLQHG WR ZRUN LQ HGXFDWLRQ ¿HOG ZKLOH GRLQJ WKH H[SHULPHQWV +RZHYHU QRZ , IHHO OLNH , VKRXOG WDNH D PRPHQW WR ORRN EDFN RQ WKH SDVW UDWKHU WKDQ KLW WKH DFFHOHUDWRU 7KLV GRHVQ¶W PHDQ WKDW ,¶P JRLQJ WR TXLW P\ MRE DV D PHGLD DUWLVW DQG HGXFDWRU :KDW , QHHG IRU QRZ LV WR WDNH D rest to regain my creative energy and reorganize my thoughts to

incorporate my various experiences and put them together to create EULGJHV EHWZHHQ WKHP ,Q VKRUW ,¶G OLNH WR IRFXV RQ FUHDWLQJ WKH QH[W stepping stone to jump further.

Q. Lastly, please open your programming source to our readers. I’ve introduced the sources for One processing projects. It is already RSHQ RQ WKH ZHE <RX FDQ DOVR ¿QG RXW WKH PHDQLQJ RI WKLV ZRUN IURP WKH DUWLFOH µ3DUWLFOHV 3HRSOH DQG 2UJDQL]DWLRQV¶ KWWS MDQFKL LQ "S

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2UJDQL]LQJ &ULWHUV KWWS ZZZ RSHQSURFHVVLQJ RUJ YLVXDOV "YLVXDO,' class Critter extends Particle { ÀRDW ] ÀRDW GLU GLUBKHDG YBGLUBKHDG Critter() { } void Update() { super.Update(); YBY[ Y[ YBY\ Y\ GLU DWDQ YBY\ YBY[ 3, YBY[ YBY\ YBGLUBKHDG DWDQ Y\ Y[ 3, GLU GLUBKHDG YBGLUBKHDG GLUBKHDG FRQVWUDLQ GLUBKHDG 3, 3, YBGLUBKHDG GLUBKHDG } void DrawCritter(PGraphics pg) { ÀRDW W DJH ] UBYLVXDO DEV UBYLVXDO VLQ W SKDVH

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Q. You are known in Korea for your video clip ‘EOLQG’. Can you please tell us about that? blind imagines a parallel-universe version of Japan which also suffered D QXFOHDU FULVLV EXW ZDV OHVV OXFN\ WKDQ LWV UHDO ZRUOG FRXQWHUSDUW ,W¶V D place where fallout readings are part of the weather forecast and gas PDVNV DUH DV XELTXLWRXV DV EODFN VXLWV DQG *XFFL EDJV , ZDQWHG WR H[SUHVV SHRSOH¶V DPELYDOHQFH 7KLV LV D VHULRXV IHDWXUH ¿OP WKDW UDGLDWHV hope at the same time. Q. What made you to produce this video? 2EYLRXVO\ WKH GLVDVWHU LQ )XNXVKLPD ZDV WKH FDWDO\VW 6LQFH ,¶YH EHHQ OLNH PDQ\ SHRSOH VKRFNHG E\ QXFOHDU SODQW H[SORUDWLRQ 2Q $SULO , ZHQW WR 1HZ <RUN IRU D GLJLWDO GHVLJQ WRXUQDPHQW FDOOHG &XW 3DVWH DV D PRWLRQ JUDSKLFV GHVLJQHU , VSHQW ZHHNV WKHUH ZLWK P\ IULHQGV , ZDV DVNHG DERXW WKH VLWXDWLRQ LQ )XNXVKLPD DQG KRZ VHULRXV LW ZDV 2QH RI P\ IULHQGV HYHQ DVNHG PH WR PRYH WR *HUPDQ\ , ZDWFKHG WKH 79 QHZV EURDGFDVWV HYHU\GD\ LQ 1HZ <RUN 7KHQ , FDPH EDFN WR -DSDQ Everything became normal again, and I felt the differences between WKHUH DQG KHUH %XW SHRSOH DUH VWLOO OLYLQJ LQ )XNXVKLPD 7KDW PDGH PH DQJU\ DQG , FRXOGQ¶W VWRS P\VHOI IURP PDNLQJ WKLV PRYLH , GRQ¶W WKLQN WKDW LW FRXOG FKDQJH HYHU\RQH¶V PLQG %XW ,I , GLG QRWKLQJ WKHQ QRWKLQJ ZRXOG FKDQJH ULJKW" Q. What do you think about nuclear issues caused by the earthquakes? I personally believe that the development of nuclear power is XQQHFHVVDU\ 7KH IDFW WKDW WKH -DSDQHVH JRYHUQPHQW KDV DOUHDG\ allowed the development of 54 nuclear power plants is unsettling enough. I have been living near 54 potential nuclear bombs without UHDOL]LQJ KRZ TXLFNO\ P\ OLIH FRXOG EH LQ GDQJHU $QG WKLV IDFW PDNHV PH QHUYRXV DQG DQJHUV PH WKH PRUH , WKLQN DERXW LW 0\ OLIH KDV EOLQGHG P\ eyes to see this fact, and I came to my senses when this catastrophic HYHQW WRRN SODFH , WKLQN WKH PHVVDJH IURP WKH ¿OP ³7XUQLQJ DZD\ IURP WRGD\¶V UHDOLW\ ZLOO EOLQG RXU IXWXUH´ KDV KDG D JUHDW LQÀXHQFH RQ P\ WKLQNLQJ EHFDXVH DOWKRXJK ZH FDQ QRW FKDQJH WKH SDVW ZH FDQ OHDUQ from it and guide our future in the right direction. Q. Recently, you have released a new project called ‘Social 0.0 lab’ with the team you’ve worked with before on ‘EOLQG’. Can you tell us a bit about this team? 7KLV ZRUN LV 0RWRUROD¶V 9LUDO &P 7KH FRQFHSW RI WKLV SLHFH ZDV ³(YHU\WKLQJ LV LQWHUFRQQHFWHG EXW WKH\ FKDQJH´ 7KH ¿QDO GHFLVLRQ LQ PDNLQJ WKLV SLHFH ZDV GRLQJ D FROODERUDWLYH ZRUN ZLWK 'RPPXQH the Japanese internet broadcasting agency. Very exclusive members SDUWLFLSDWHG LQ WKLV SLHFH RI ZRUN 7KH JURXS ZDV FKRVHQ GXH WR WKHLU RULJLQDOLW\ DQG LQÀXHQFH LQ WKH FXOWXUDO OLIH LQ -DSDQ (YHU\ PHPEHU ZDV DVNHG WKH IROORZLQJ TXHVWLRQ ³+RZ ZRXOG \RX GHVFULEH D IXOO OLIH"´ 7KH PHPEHUV ZHUH WR DQVZHU WKH TXHVWLRQV DQG WKHQ DVN WKH VDPH TXHVWLRQ to the people who are watching the video. Most have said, they are living D VDWLV¿HG OLIH ZLWK PRVW RI WKHLU QHHGV PHW $QG \HW ZKDW LV WKLV IHHOLQJ RI HPSWLQHVV ZH IHHO ZLWK RXU OLYHV" +RZ ZRXOG RXU OHYHOV RI VDWLVIDFWLRQ change when we face the political problems, or the development of QXFOHDU SRZHU" 7KLV ¿OP GRHVQ¶W JLYH XV WKH DQVZHUV WR WKHVH TXHVWLRQV EXW WKURXJK LW ZH FDQ ORRN EDFN LQWR RXU OLYHV DQG WKLQN PRUH Q. Social 0.0 lab was made as a promotion video for Motorola. However, it is very interesting because it talks about modern people who are addicted to social media. How did you come up with the idea? , ZDV ORRNLQJ IRU ZKDW ZH ODFN LQ RXU JHQHUDWLRQ DQG , FDPH WR WKLV LGHD ZKHQ , ZDV WKLQNLQJ DERXW ZKHUH ZH DUH KHDGLQJ LQ RXU OLYHV %XW QRZDGD\V WKH SDUDGLJPV DUH FKDQJLQJ VR TXLFNO\ LQ RXU OLYHV DQG ZKDW

people have been pursuing is slowly changing and they have lost their VHQVH RI ZD\ %XW LQ WKH PLVW RI DOO WKLV , ZDV KRSLQJ WR ¿QG DQ DQVZHU WR DOO WKHVH SUREOHPV DQG WKDW LV ZK\ , ZDQWHG WR PDNH WKLV ¿OP 4 :KDW ZDV PRUH GLI¿FXOW ± SURGXFLQJ SURPRWLRQDO YLGHR FOLSV RU personal movies? And in which one did you put more effort? 0DNLQJ RU SURGXFLQJ D ¿OP LV QHYHU HDV\ 7KLV SLHFH ZDV JLYHQ WR PH and my point of view and the direction which I have decided to follow IRU WKLV ZRUN ZRQ¶W FKDQJH µ3URGXFWLRQ FRQGLWLRQV¶ DUH YHU\ LPSRUWDQW and choosing the best conditions to produce something is of paramount LPSRUWDQFH 6RPH GLUHFWRUV JHW DQJU\ E\ WKH IDFW WKDW WKH ZRUN FRPSOHWHG LV QRW ZKDW WKH\ ZHUH H[SHFWLQJ %XW SURGXFLQJ VRPHWKLQJ LV MXVW OLNH D PDNLQJ D EDE\ 7KH ZRUN LV OLNH P\ RZQ FKLOG VR , FDQ¶W DVVHUW such absurdity. So all in all, the result is my responsibility and I should DOZD\V FKDOOHQJH P\VHOI IRU D JUHDWHU RXWFRPH , GRQ¶W ZDQW WR PDNH excuses for not doing my best. Q. The cast for Social 0.0 lab are mainly very powerful people in Japanese culture. What kind of messages do you want to deliver using their voices? 7KH PHVVDJH LV WR WKLQN DERXW ZKDW DQ µDEXQGDQW OLIH¶ LV ,Q WKH JHQHUDWLRQV WR FRPH ZH ZLOO KDYH WR WKLQN DERXW WKH SUREOHPV WKDW ZH ZLOO be facing, and how we will be living our lives. For example, I am living in 7RN\R DQG , ZLOO RQO\ HDW IRRG WKDW KDV EHHQ SURGXFHG LQ WKH (DVW DUHD %XW ,¶P QRW VXUH LI LW¶V UHDOO\ VDIH 7KLV LV D SUREOHP EHFDXVH SHRSOH DUH still living in those dangerous areas, and the government and the media are trying to avoid this fact. So, I hope to open the eyes of the public in the hope of pushing them to face their own situations even when the government and the media have turned their heads away. 4 7KHQ ZKDW¶V \RXU GH¿QLWLRQ RI DQ µDEXQGDQW IXWXUH VRFLHW\¶" 7KH -DSDQHVH FXOWXUH LV ULFK ZLWK VHUYLFHV DQG LQIRUPDWLRQ 6RPH SHRSOH WKLQN WKDW LW LV DEXQGDQW EXW RWKHUV WKLQN WKDW LW LV ODFNLQJ LQ LWV RZQ ZD\V and the inconvenience is abundant. Some claim, it is richening but the VDFUL¿FHV PDGH DUH XQDEOH WR EH VHHQ DQG VRPH HYHQ FODLP WKDW RXU OLYHV DUH SK\VLFDOO\ LUUDWLRQDO 7KURXJK WKLV ZRUN , ZDV DEOH WR PHHW D ORW RI GLIIHUHQW NLQGV RI SHRSOH ZLWK D ORW RI GLIIHUHQW SRLQWV RI YLHZ 7KLV ¿OP ZRQ¶W JLYH \RX DQ DQVZHU WR \RXU SUREOHPV EXW , KRSH LW ZLOO JUHDWO\ DIIHFW \RXU ZD\ RI WKLQNLQJ %XW RQH WKLQJ WKDW , KDYH UHDOL]HG LV WKDW ³KDSSLQHVV´ LV QRW OLYLQJ DQ RUGLQDU\ OLIH ZLWKRXW DQ\ SUREOHPV ,Q this generation, our happiness is not simply just being happy with our individual lives, the environment, the culture is also a great contributor to our ‘full’ lives. So therefore, I believe that an education system and in a FXOWXUH WKDW KHOSV XV H[SHULHQFH DQG WKLQN PRUH DERXW WKHVH SUREOHPV LV closer to what we can call an abundant life. Q. In general, your works contain strong social messages. What will your next project be? ,¶P QRW GHOLEHUDWHO\ PDNLQJ ¿OPV ZLWK VWURQJ PHVVDJHV $OWKRXJK VD\LQJ that, I have portrayed and stressed the importance of the message in WKH ¿OPV ,¶YH PDGH EHFDXVH , DP DOZD\V XQFRQVFLRXVO\ WKLQNLQJ DERXW WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ WKH VRFLHW\ WKH FRXQWU\ WKH LQGLYLGXDOV 7KLV idea of contemplating life has never escaped from my head, ever since I was into philosophy in high school. I hated the fact that a person’s LGHQWLW\ DQG SHUVRQD DUH FUHDWHG E\ WKH DPELHQFH DQG LQÀXHQFH RI WKH environment. So in order to exist on my own I have studied philosophy, DQG KDYH IRXQG P\ DQVZHUV WKHUH 7KH PRUH , JHW LQWR PDNLQJ WKLV ¿OP the more educated and profound I have become. I also believe that one RI WKH UHDVRQV , DP OLYLQJ LV WR SURGXFH D ¿OP RI VLJQL¿FDQW LPSRUWDQFH 2QH GD\ , KRSH WKDW , ZLOO ¿QLVK LW DQG VKRZ LW WR WKH ZRUOG www.keep-ie-real.jp

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FUKUSHIMA PHOTO COLLECTION BY TOSHIFUMI TANIUCHI 7KH *UHDW (DVW -DSDQ (DUWKTXDNH GHVWUR\HG WKH )XNXVKLPD 1XFOHDU SODQW FRPSOH[ 'XH WR WKH OHDNDJH RI UDGLDWLRQ UHVLGHQWV ZLWKLQ D NP UDGLXV RI WKH SRZHU SODQW ZHUH HYDFXDWHG E\ WKH JRYHUQPHQW 7KH ODQG LV QRZ GHVHUWHG 7RVKLIXPL 7DQLXFKL HQWHUHG WKH UDGLDWLRQ ]RQH DQG VWDUWHG WR WDNH SKRWRJUDSKV RI WKH ODQG DIWHU WKH HDUWKTXDNH

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TOSHIFUMI TANIUCHI Q. What encouraged you to enter the restricted zone? 7KHUH DUH FXUUHQWO\ PDQ\ DQWL QXFOHDU PRYHPHQWV LQ -DSDQ 6RPH use data to protest nonnecessity, while I wanted to record and tell what is really going on in an abandoned town that a nuclear accident created. I do not intend to demonstrate vocally, but I’m determined to straightforwardly convey my message of reality to the world by using my photos. Q. What was the most impressive phenomenon of the area? $VLGH IURP WKH IDFW WKDW LW ZDV OLNH EHLQJ LQ D VFL ¿ PRYLH ZKDW ZDV WUXO\ VKRFNLQJ LV WKDW WKH WRZQ FDQ QHYHU EH WKH VDPH DV LW ZDV SUH 5HVLGHQWV ZLOO QHYHU EH DEOH WR FRPH EDFN 7KRXJK VORZO\ EXW VXUHO\ VRPH RI WKH RWKHU GLVDVWHU UHJLRQV DUH RQ WKHLU ZD\ EDFN WRZDUGV UHFRQVWUXFWLRQ E\ FOHDQLQJ ZUHFNDJHV DQG ¿QGLQJ PLVVLQJ SHRSOH WKH UHVWULFWHG NP ]RQH KDGQ¶W EHHQ WRXFKHG IRU D PRQWK DIWHU WKH GLVDVWHU EHFDXVH RI WKH UDGLRDFWLYH FRQWDPLQDWLRQ 7KH WRZQ ZLOO VORZO\ WXUQ LQWR D ZHDWKHUHG DUHD )RU WKH ¿UVW WLPH LQ P\ OLIH , IHOW VFDUHG IDFLQJ D WRZQ where people can no longer reside. I feel the need to get the message out that your town can be the next to come. Q. Could you tell us a little about shot selection? 7KHUH ZDV DOZD\V D VXEMHFW LQ HYHU\ SLFWXUH DQG WKH LPDJH , VWULYHG WR GHSLFW ZDV FOHDU %XW WKLV ZDV OLNH DQ DVVLJQPHQW JLYHQ IURP D ZKROH GLIIHUHQW ¿HOG ,W ZDV VWLPXODWLQJ 3UHVVLQJ WKH VKXWWHU EXWWRQ WR FDSWXUH DQ RUGLQDU\ ORRNLQJ WRZQ ZKHUH WKH VRXQG RI WKH ZLQG DQG P\VHOI ZHUH RQO\ VRXQGV WKDW H[LVWHG ZDV HHULH ,W ZDV GLI¿FXOW WR IRFXV RQ FKRRVLQJ a motif. You may have experienced being in an empty town, perhaps on 1HZ <HDU¶V 'D\ LQ GRZQWRZQ 7RN\R EXW , ZDQWHG WR H[SUHVV VRPHWKLQJ different from that, the invisible fear as I feel them. Q. How long will you continue this project? As long as possible because this is something people should not forget. , LQWHQG WR UDQGRPO\ HQWHU WKH DUHD DQG WDNH WKH WLPH WR UHFRUG LW 7KH place will be grassy next summer, weeds will run rampant and ivy may climb a building wall and may turn into a scene from a Ghibli movie.

7KH XQNHPSW EXLOGLQJV ZLOO VXUHO\ PDLQWDLQ WKDW GHVRODWH IHHO LQ WKH DWPRVSKHUH %XW ZKDW , DP WU\LQJ WR VD\ LV WKDW WKLV LV D WRZQ WKDW VWLOO exists, and I want to announce this as a report of what a nuclear disaster would bring forth. Q. Do you not worry for your own health? I enter the town for a day or two at a time, armed with a protective suit, ERRWV PDVNV D JRJJOHV DQG D *HLJHU FRXQWHU 7KH DLU UDGLDWLRQ OHYHO is not too high, but I particularly worried about inhaling dust. Internal radiation exposure is what I fear the most. When I went near the reactor LQ SODQW LQ $SULO WKH *HLJHU FRXQWHU UHDGLQJ EHFDPH LQFDOFXODEOH , UDQ WR WKH FDU DQG ÀRRUHG LW (YHU\WKLQJ HOVH LV D ORW VDIHU , JXHVV 7KRXJK , DOZD\V PDNH VXUH WR PRQLWRU WKH OHYHOV RI UDGLDWLRQ ,¶P H[SRVHG WR Q. What are your aims within the documentary photography genre? $V , GLG 8\JKXU SURMHFW , JRW VRPH DZDUGV DV GRFXPHQWDU\ ZRUNV EXW , GR QRW FDWHJRUL]H P\ ZRUNV , MXVW WDNH SKRWRV DQG VKRZ WKHP WR SHRSOH , ¿QG ZD\V WR HIIHFWLYHO\ GR WKDW EXW LW¶V DV VLPSOH DV WKDW )RU WKDW UHDVRQ P\ ZRUNV SHUKDSV EHORQJ WR WKH ¿QH DUW JHQUH , EHOLHYH LQ the power of photography, in a way that someone’s life could be saved RU KROG D SRWHQWLDO WR FKDQJH WKH ZRUOG 7KLV LV ZK\ P\ LQWHUHVWV KDYH VKLIWHG WR VRFLDO FRQFHUQV DQG DFWLYLVP LQ UHFHQW \HDUV 0\ ZRUNV PD\ KDYH WKH SRWHQWLDO WR VDYH VRPHRQH , NQRZ WKLV PD\ VRXQG LPSUXGHQW EXW WKDW WKRXJKW WXUQHG LQWR D IDQWDV\ ZLWKLQ PH 7KLV LV ZK\ P\ VXEMHFW FDUULHV D PRUH GLUHFW PHDQLQJ WKDQ HYHU EHIRUH 7KRXJK , DP VWLOO QRW sure if this is a challenge, but it is clear that I’ve become more focused RQ WKH VRFLDO LVVXHV )URP WR 7DQLXFKL IROORZHG WKH SHRSOH RI 7KH 8\JKXU $XWRQRPRXV 5HJLRQ ,Q KLV PDVWHUIXO FROOHFWLRQ KH FDSWXUHG WKH YDQLVKLQJ HWKQLFLW\ DQG WKHLU FXOWXUH E\ DGGLQJ WKHLU '1$ WR LQN <RX FDQ FKHFN KLV ZRUNV RQ WKH ZHE www.tony-gogo.com

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POJANGMACHA PROJECT 7KH SRMDQJPDFKD SURMHFW KDG LWV ÂżUVW SRS XS VWRUH H[KLELWLRQ WKLV PRQWK DQG KRSHIXOO\ WKHUH ZLOO EH PDQ\ PRUH WR FRPH LQ WKH IXWXUH ,Q WKLV PRQWKÂśV LVVXH WKH SURMHFW IRXQGHUV WDONHG WR (ORTXHQFH DERXW WKH DUFKLWHFWXUDO LGHDV EHKLQG WKLV SURMHFW

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3RMDQJPDFKD LV D PRELOH NLWFKHQ PDFKLQH WKDW LV FRPPRQO\ IRXQG scattered around Korean streets, acting as small independent vessels WKDW RSHUDWH VRPHZKHUH EHWZHHQ D UHVWDXUDQW DQG D EDU 7KH\ DUH SDUW of the invisible fabric of the city and form an integral part of Korean street culture. 7KH\ DUH W\SLFDOO\ GLYLGHG LQWR WZR IRUPV WKH GD\ ZDJRQV VHUYLQJ D YDVW array of fried and traditional dishes, and the night wagons, with their SODVWLF VNLUWV DQG GRGJ\ OLJKW ¿WWLQJV WKDW DFW DV PRELOH .RUHDQ SXEV Pojangmachas today represent an alternative way to experience the city. We live in a time when most of the city’s existing fabric is more often than QRW HUDVHG DQG GHPROLVKHG WR PDNH ZD\ IRU QHZ ODUJH XUEDQ SURMHFWV which simply dilute the city of its original DNA. Pojangmacha for us is a tool that allows us to understand the city from a micro

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perspective, where intimacy, routines and daily life form the core of modern dwelling in a metropolis. 2XU SURMHFW GRHV QRW VHHN WR UHLQYHQW WKH SRMDQJPDFKD RU HYHQ UHEUDQG WKLV WUDGLWLRQDO XUEDQ DUWLIDFW UDWKHU E\ DQDO\]LQJ LWV ÂłPRGXV RSHUDGL´ we want to fabricate a new form of micro architecture, that transforms the way we conceive buildings and vessels can adapt to the city. Micro architecture in our view has the power to act as a sort of urban acupuncture, treating the ailments of the city not by surgically removing organs (buildings) but by relieving its stresses via precise interventions. Pojangmachas operate within the forgotten corners of the city, in the interstices that we don’t normally associate with any useful program, this combined with their 100% practical and functional architecture results in a beautifully poetic composition that recaptures the lost human scale of WKH FLW\ 7KLV SURMHFW VHHNV WR H[SORUH WKLV SRHWLF WHQVLRQ

We began by researching the existing typology of pojangmachas that were already in operation within in our metropolis. We tried to understand by H[SHULHQFLQJ GRFXPHQWLQJ DQG E\ WDNLQJ DSDUW WKH H[LVWLQJ IDEULF RI ZKDW PDNHV XS WKH SRMDQJPDFKD DQG WKHQ UHDGMXVWLQJ DQG UHDVVHPEOLQJ WKH existing language. 2XU ¿UVW GHVLJQ ZDV GHYHORSHG E\ WKH FRQFHSW RI GLVVHFWLQJ WKH H[LVWLQJ SRMDQJPDFKD DQG VHSDUDWLQJ LW WKURXJK WKH NLWFKHQ ZKHUH WKH LQ EHWZHHQ VSDFH EHFDPH D FLUFXODWLRQ URXWH IRU WKH SXEOLF 7KLV FLUFXODWLRQ URXWH WKDW FXWV VWUDLJKW WKURXJK WKH NLWFKHQ DUHD EOXUV WKH ERXQGDU\ EHWZHHQ SXEOLF VSDFH DQG SULYDWH NLWFKHQ DUHD ZKHUH LQWLPDWH LQWHUDFWLRQ ZLWK WKH FKHIV FDQ EH KDG JLYLQJ DQ DWPRVSKHUH ZKLFK LV YHU\ PXFK SUHVHQW LQ WKH RULJLQDO pojangmachas.

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$V ZHOO DV RSHUDWLQJ LQGLYLGXDOO\ WKHVH YHVVHOV FDQ DOVR EH DVVHPEOHG DUUDQJHG WRJHWKHU WR RSHUDWH LQ YDULRXV FRQ¿JXUDWLRQV RI PL[HG XVH SURJUDPV to cater for various events and needs, forming a larger structure that can be travel to any sites, any size and open up, engaging and catering to the urban metropolis at an intimate, micro level. %\ FROODERUDWLQJ ZLWK RWKHU SURIHVVLRQDOV DQG RWKHU GHVLJQHUV ZH ZLVK WR PDNH WKLV D FRPPXQLW\ SURMHFW ZKHUH LW FDQ FRQQHFW ZLWK VRFLHW\ DW PXOWLSOH OHYHOV &XUUHQWO\ ZH KDYH FROODERUDWHG ZLWK -LKR -HRQ D FKHI ZKR KDV JLYHQ XV KLV LQSXW IRU WKH ¿UVW YHVVHO¶V NLWFKHQ IURP D FKHI¶V SRLQW RI YLHZ DV ZHOO DV GHYHORSLQJ D PHQX IRU RXU SRMDQJPDFKD :H DOVR KDYH 8GR /HH D '- ZKR LV H[SORULQJ WKH PLGGOH DJHG .RUHDQ PXVLF VFHQH DQG WR EULQJ LW XS WR GDWH VR WKDW LW FDQ EH SHUIRUPHG DW RXU YHVVHO $QG UHFHQWO\ ZH KHOG D ZRUNVKRS ZLWK XQLYHUVLW\ VWXGHQWV IURP .HLP\XQJ 8QLYHUVLW\ WR GHVLJQ tables for the pojangmacha.

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World Exhibitions (GLWRU $QG\ 6W /RXLV

Seoul City Within the City For its only group exhibition of 2011, ArtSonje brings together 18 artists and artist collectives in an examination of the state of the city as a conceptual entity, especially with regard to history, population, and geography. 12 November 2011 – 15 January 2012 ArtSonje Center http://artsonje.org/ Joris Laarman Dec 13, 2011 - Jan 20, 2012 .XNMH *DOOHU\ VSDFH ZZZ NXNMHJDOOHU\ FRP TV Commune 79 &RPPXQH explores the implications of television in art and society via the ZRUN RI 1-3 DQG KLV contemporaries as ZHOO DV DUWLVWV OLYLQJ DQG ZRUNLQJ WRGD\ 6HSWHPEHU ¹ -DQXDU\ 1DP -XQH 3DLN $UW &HQWHU KWWS ZZZ QMSDUWFHQWHU NU Choi Dae Jin: Human Work 7DNLQJ WKH WKHRULHV RI .DUO 0DU[ DQG +DQQDK Arendt as its jumping-off point, Choi uses sculpture, installation and mural to assert KLV RZQ LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI ZRUN DQG ODERU LQ D stirring and deeply person exhibition. 24 November – 31 January $OW 6SDFH /223 http://galleryloop.com/ Lim Eung-Sik: Father of Korean Photography 7HQ \HDUV RQ VLQFH WKH GHDWK RI .RUHDœV quintessential realist photographer, MoCA Korea honors the anniversary in this largeVFDOH UHWURVSHFWLYH ZKLFK IDLWKIXOO\ UHÀHFWV WKH life and times of ordinary Koreans throughout the twentieth century. 21 December 2011 – 12 February 2012 National Museum of Contemporary Art, 'HRNVXJXQJ $QQH[ KWWS ZZZ PRFD JR NU Tell me Tell me: Australian and Korean Art 19762011 A joint exhibition venture between NMOCA Korea and MCA Sydney, WKLV VKRZ ORRNV DW WKH FRQYHUJHQFHV DQG departures in contemporary art of Korea and

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$XVWUDOLD EHJLQQLQJ ZLWK WKH DUULYDO LQ RI VHYHUDO VLJQL¿FDQW .RUHDQ DUWLVWV LQ 6\GQH\ 1RYHPEHU ¹ )HEUXDU\ National Museum of Contemporary Art KWWS ZZZ PRFD JR NU Five Different Prologues 13 January – 25 February *DOOHU\ 6NDSH ZZZ VNDSH FR NU Whanki Kim 6 January 6 – 26 February Gallery Hyundai www.galleryhyundai.com Reviewing Korean Sculpture: amplitude and vibration 'HFHPEHU ¹ )HEUXDU\ SOMA Museum http://www.somamuseum.org/ David LaChapelle in Seoul 22 November 2011 – 26 February 2012 Seoul Arts Center http://www.dlcseoul. com :RUN LQ SURJUHVV .DUO /DJHU¿HOG photography exhibition A retrospective of the photography of fashion GHVLJQHU .DUO /DJHU¿HOG ZKRVH LPDJHV KDYH been part and parcel of Chanel ads for over a quarter century. 13 October 2011 – 18 March 2012 Daelim Contemporary Art Museum http://daelimmuseum.org PPP by 275c Exhibition 6ZHHW :LW 6:L7 6:L7 &DPRXÀDJH 3DWWHUQ $UWZRUN Collection 11 February 2012 – 11 March 2012 &2/$ *DOOHU\ www.gallerycola.com

New York Roni Horn 'HFHPEHU Âą -DQXDU\ Andrea Rosen Gallery www.andrearosengallery.com Jeff Wall: New Photographs 'HFHPEHU Âą -DQXDU\ Marian Goodman Gallery www.mariangoodman.com

Maurizio Cattelan: All 4 November 2011 -22 January 2012 Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum www.guggenheim.org Trisha Brown 'HFHPEHU -DQXDU\ 6LNNHPD -HQNLQV &R ZZZ VLNNHPDMHQNLQVFR FRP Peter Liversidge: Where We Begin 8 December 2011 – 28 January 2012 Sean Kelly Gallery ZZZ VNQ\ FRP Beverly Fishman 10 December 2011 – 28 January 2012 Galerie Richard www.galerierichard.com Sherrie Levine: Mayhem 10 November 2011 – -DQXDU\ Whitney Museum of American Art www.whitney.org Myong Hi Kim: Borrowed Landscape 12 January – 25 February Art Projects International www.artprojects.com Clifford Owens: Anthology 13 November 2011 -12 March 2012 MoMA PS1 www.momaps1.org

London Paul McCarthy: The King, The Island, The Train, The House, The Ship 16 November 2011 – 14 January 2012 Hauser & Wirth www.hauserwirth.com London Art Fair /RQGRQ $UW )DLU WKH UK’s largest art fair IRU 0RGHUQ %ULWLVK and contemporary art returns, with over 100 galleries featuring the great names of the 20th century alongside exceptional recent ZRUN IURP OHDGLQJ ¿JXUHV DQG HPHUJLQJ WDOHQW 18 January - 22 January %XVLQHVV 'HVLJQ &HQWUH ,VOLQJWRQ ZZZ ORQGRQDUWIDLU FR XN

The Mystery of Appearance 7 December 2011 – 18 February 2012 Haunch of Venison www.haunchofvenison.com Lygia Pape: Magnetized Space 7 December 2011 – )HEUXDU\ Serpentine Gallery www. serpentinegallery.org

dealers from around the globe a platform IRU WKH H[KLELWLRQ RI YLQWDJH PDVWHUZRUNV contemporary photography, as well as video DQG PXOWLPHGLD LQVWDOODWLRQV 7KLV H[FLWLQJ juxtaposition creates the character that is photo l.a. 12 January – 16 January Santa Monica Civic Auditorium www.photola.com LA Art Show: Modern & Contemporary 18 January – 22 January /$ &RQYHQWLRQ &HQWHU www.laartshow.com

aida rubio gonzalez: la vida es un sueno 15 December 2011 – 20 February 2012 Rosenfeld Porcini www.rosenfeldporcini.com Zarina Bhimji -DQXDU\ ¹ 0DUFK Whitechapel Art Gallery www.whitechapel.org

Glenn Ligon: AMERICA 23 October 2011 – 22 January 2012 /RV $QJHOHV &RXQW\ 0XVHXP RI $UW /$&0$

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James Welling: Wyeth -DQXDU\ ¹ )HEUXDU\ :DNR :RUNV RI $UW ZZZ ZDNR DUW MS Wang Yahui: Pick up a leaf when it falls 20 January- 25 February 2012 7RPLR .R\DPD *DOOHU\ 7RN\R ZZZ WRPLRNR\DPDJDOOHU\ FRP Ken Matsubara: The Sleep Water -Meling Frozen MemoriesKen Matsubara dissolves our sleeping PHPRULHV MXVW OLNH WKH\ DUH IUR]HQ DW WKH ERWWRP RI RXU KHDUWV LQ KLV ZRUNV PDGH RI antique objects. 3 February – 4 March 2012-01-13 MA2 Gallery www.ma2gallery.com Bettina Rheims: Made in Paradise 26 March – 15 May 7RN\R 0HWURSROLWDQ Museum of Photography www.syabi.com

Danny First: Peaceful Solitude 7 January – 18 February Maloney Fine Art ZZZ PDORQH\¿QHDUW FRP

Beijing Wang Qiang: Venus Hotel 20 November 2011 – 15 January 2012 :KLWH 6SDFH %HLMLQJ www.whitespace-beijing.com

Weegee: Naked Hollywood 13 November 2011 – 27 February 2012 02&$ ¹ 7KH 0XVHXP of Contemporary Art (Grand Avenue) www.moca-la.org

Huang Ying: My Mirrored Realm 31 December 2011 – 16 January 2012 7RGD\ $UW 0XVHXP www.todayartmuseum.com Henry Hudson: Between A Rock and A Hard Place 20 November 2011 – 30 January 2012 F2 Gallery www.f2gallery.com Hong Hao: As It Is 10 December 2011 – 26 February 2012 %HLMLQJ &RPPXQH www.beijingcommune.com Zhan Wang: My Personal Universe 26 November 2011 – 25 February 2012 UCCA – Ullens Center for Contemporary Art www.ucca.org.cn

Los Angeles Tom Knechtel 3 December 2011 – 10 January 2012 Marc Selwyn Fine Art ZZZ PDUFVHOZ\Q¿QHDUW FRP photo l.a. 2012 Continuing the discourse on photography’s SODFH LQ WKH ¿QH DUWV SKRWR O D SURYLGHV

Tokyo Yoko Ono 10 December 2011 – 28 January 2012 7RPLR .R\DPD *DOOHU\ 7RN\R www. WRPLRNR\DPDJDOOHU\ com Nobuko Tsuchiya: We are living in a time machine 18 November 2011 – 28 January 2012 6&$, WKH %DWKKRXVH www.scaithebathhouse.com Aki Eimizu 'HFHPEHU ¹ -DQXDU\ MA2 Gallery www.ma2gallery.com Ryoko Aoki 10 December 2011 – 4 February 2012 7DNH 1LQDJDZD ZZZ WDNHQLQDJDZD FRP

Bangkok Lady Image: Artist: Anchalee Arayapongpanich 7KH H[KLELWLRQ Âł/DG\ ,PDJH´ SUHVHQWV paintings inspired by the artist’s experience with all the media in WRGD\ÂśV VRFLHW\ VXFK DV PRYLHV FRPLF ERRNV RU HYHQ RQOLQH VRFLDO QHWZRUNV January 26, 2012 - March 4, 2012 $5'(/ *DOOHU\ RI 0RGHUQ $UW www.ardelgallery.com M L Toy Xoomsai An exhibition to honour the pioneer of nude photography in 7KDLODQG Âł1RW SRUQRJUDSKLF PDQ WKH\ÂśUH QXGHV ´ 0 / 7R\ÂśV QXGHV DUH PXFK PRUH WKDQ SLFWXUHV RI QDNHG PRGHOV WKH\ DUH DFWV RI GHÂżDQFH DJDLQVW WKH SRZHU RI the fascist state and its imposed social order. 7KH\ UHĂ€HFW WKH DUWLVWÂśV FRXUDJH WR SXEOLFO\ H[SORUH WKH EHDXW\ RI 7KDL ZRPHQ WKH PRGHOVÂś FRQÂżGHQFH LQ WKHLU ERGLHV DQG 7KDL PDOH fantasies concerning the opposite sex. 7 January – 26 February 2012 ZZZ NDWKPDQGX ENN FRP

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㢰⺴⤠G㝫㡸G㇠⤠G─㙸␘⏼⏈G䓬㡴G㙸⏼␘UGⳘ㫵⽸♈㝘⇌G㹠㜵㡸G㠸䚨G㛺⏈G㙸㢨䊐㡸G㇠⤠G㢰≸㜄G 䚐G▄GⶼG㥉⓸G㢰⺴⤠G㵲㙸␘⏼⏈Gᷱ㟤⏈G㢼㫴⬀SG䓽㋀G㢨┍䚌⮨㉐G㟤㜤䢼G⬌㜄G☐⏈Gᶷ㡸G⸨⮨G ㇠⏈G䓬㢨␘UGẠ㥐⇌G㝠☐䑜㊌㢨G⯜㜠G㢼⏈Gḧ㡸G㉔䝬䚌⏈G䓬㡴G㙸⏼␘UG┍≘㜄G䚐GᵐG㙝G㢼⏈G ㈩㡸G㐐ᴸ㢨G╌⮨G☘⤠㉐GẠᷱ䚌ḔGᴴ⏈G䓬㢨ḔSG㨰㠸㢌G㾐Ạ☘ḰG㝫㡸Gⵈ⃬ᶤ⇌G㙸ⶸ㫴G㝫SG㾐ẠG 㙸ⶸ㫴G㝫G☥㡸G㢹ḘG䚐␘ G xUG㢰ⵌ㤵㡰⦐G㢀㙹㜄G㣙⪨⪰GẠ⺸䚐␘UG␭㐔㢌G㢀㙹G㣙⪨⏈Gⱨ㛻㢨⢰G䚌ᷔ⏈ᴴf _WS`W≸␴㤵㢬G㐐␴㤵G㉥䛙㡸G⾰⋇ḔG㛌ὤ䚔G㍌G㛺㡸G☣G䚌␘UG⇌⏈GἬG␭㐐㢌G⡜ᶤ㟨Gᵄ㥉☘㡸G ␨㡴G⊬⣌☘㡸G䚌⥘ḔG⊬⥙G㩅㢨␘UGầ㢨G㣙⪨G䚌⇌⪰G㥉䚌㣄⮨G㸽㸽䚐Gᵄ㍌㉥㡸G㫴␀G␸㏘G 㢀㙹㢨␘UG xUG␭㐔㢌G㢀㙹SGⳘ㫵⽸♈㝘SG⽸㪠㛰G☥㜄㉐G⸩Ḕ㤵㢬G⏄⇀㡸G⬂㢨Gⵏ⏈␘UG㢨⤠䚐G⸩Ḕ㤵㢬G ⵝ㐑㡰⦐G䖐䜸䚌⥘⏈Gᶷ㡴Gⱨ㛻㢬ᴴfGἬG䖐䜸Gⵝ㐑㢌G㢨㡔⏈Gⱨ㛻㢬ᴴf ㇰ䔠㐐␴⢰⏈G⬄㢨G㢼␘UG⾕⾕䚐G䜸㐘G⚀ⱬ㜄G㜤㚔Gᷤ䝰G㡕㙸⪰G䔠ὤ䚐␘⏈G⬄㢬⒤SGἬ⤤G 䜸㐘㡸G㢨ᷜ⇰G㍌G㢼⏈Gᶷ㡴G⡜ᶤ㟨G㇠⣅ḰG㥉㜨㢨⢰ḔG㈑ᴵ䚐␘UG⇨ᴴG㛨⥬㡸G⚀㢬G_WS`W≸␴G ⬘㷨㜄㉐⏈G㇠⣅ḰG㥉㜨㢨G㫴Ἴ⸨␘G㩅㟈䚐G㨰㥐⦐㉐G⺴ᴵ╌㛼␘ḔG㈑ᴵ䚐␘UG⇌⏈G⸩Ḕ㤵㢬G ⽸㨰㛰SG㇠㟨☐⪰G䋩䚨GἬG㐐㤼㢌G⡜ᶤ㟨Gᵄ㥉☘㡸G䖐䜸䚌ḔG㢼␘U xUG㐔㢬Gᴴ㍌⦐㒜G㚜ⷈ㡸G㨴⽸䚌⮨㉐G㛨⥘㟨G㥄㢨G㢼㛼⇌f 㨴⽸䚌⏈G┍㙼㜄G㠀⇍G㦿㡴G䐴㠀䆠ḰG㦿㡴G䞌ᷱ㡰⦐G㛨⥘㟨G㥄㡴G䏭ⷸ䢼G㛺㛼␘UGh 㢌G kqGt Gj GqG㝴G䚜‌G㣅㛹㡸G䚌⮨㉐G㋀䋩⓸G㠄䞐䚌㜴ḔSG㢀㙹㤵G㝸㉥⓸㜄㉐⓸G⬀㦥ᵄ㢨G ⋆㚌␘UG㢀㙹㡸G㇠⣀☘㜄᷀G⾜⫠G☘⥘㨰ḔG㐪㡴G㦤ⵈ㐠㢨GἬ⇌⫼G䣌☔G㥄㢨⢰⮨G䣌☔G㥄㢨⢰G䚔G ㍌G㢼ᷔ␘U xUG㛨♈㉐G㜵ᵄ㡸G㛯⏈ᴴfG㣅㛹㜄G㜵ᵄ㡸G㨰⏈G㙸䐤㏘䏬ᴴG㢼⏈ᴴf _¥`W≸␴㢌G㢀㙹㢨G⇌㜄᷀G⬂㡴G㜵ᵄ㡸G㨴␘UG㢀㙹㤵㡰⦐Gᴴ㣙G␢ḔG㐪㡴GⳘ㫴㊌☘G❄䚐GἬG 㐐␴㜄G䞐┍䚼⒌G◴㏘㢌G㢨䜸⓸⇌G㣙⒉㢨␘UGἬ☘㢌G䚐ạ㤵㢬G⏄⇀㢨G㣌GⱯ㛨G⇌⏈G⊬⣌☘㡸G 㦿㙸䚌ḔSG⇌㜄᷀G㜵ᵄ㡸G㨴␘UG❄䚐G ¡ SG G GḰGᵍ㡴G㇠㟨☐☘㢨G⇌㢌Gᴴ㏨㡸G ⶹ㵜᷀G䚌ḔSG㣅㛹㜄G␴䚐G㜨㥉㡸G⺼㛨G≗⏈␘UG xUG䜸㣠G㜨ḔG㢼⏈Gᵐ㢬㤸㡸G㋀ᵐ䚨␠⢰U YWW\≸⺴䉤G䜸㣠ᾀ㫴㢌G㣅㛹☘㢨G㢼␘UG㜨㥉㡸GGᵉ㦤䚌ḔG㐪㛨SG⸨䋩㢌G㤸㐐㜄G⽸䚨GἬ⫰⓸G ⬂㢨Gᶬ㛨G▄㛼ḔSG␘㛅䚐G㏘䇴㢰㢌GἬ⫰☘㡸G㤸㐐䚨G▄㛼␘UG⫼⽈⫵G㣅㛹☘㢨G⬂㡴⒤SG㜼⪰G ☘㛨G㫴≘㢬ᴸ㡰⦐G⺼⫠⏈G⫼⽈⫵G㣅㛹㡴GḴᵑ☘Ḱ㢌G㋀䋩㡸G㠸䚨G⢰㢨⽀G䓌㢬䐹㡸G䚌⮨㉐G⇌㝜G 㣅㛹㢨␘U xUG▄ᴴ㫴G㢰㡸G䚌ḔG㢼␘UG㢀㙹㡸G䚔G⚀㝴SGG⴬㍔G䚔G⚀G㛨⛘G㵜㢨ᴴG㢼⏈ᴴf ⇨ᴴG䖐䜸䚌Ḕ㣄G䚌⏈G㇠⣅ḰG㥉㜨㢨⢰⏈G㨰㥐⏈Gⷴ䚜㢨G㛺␘UG⬘㷨⬀G␘⪰G㄄㢨㫴G䆤G㵜㢨⏈G 㛺␘U xUG㐔≸SGYWXY≸㢌G᷸䟁㢨⇌G⯝䖐⏈Gⱨ㛻㢬ᴴf 㢀ⵌ䞐┍㡸G㞉㉥䢼G䚔G㜼㥉㢨␘UG≸㸼㜄G㐔⸨ᴴG⇌㝘ḔSG䟸ⵌὤ㜄⓸G㢀㙹㣅㛹㡸G㉔⸨㢰G㍌G㢼㡸G ᶷ㢨␘U ❄䚐G㢨㥐G⫽G㣅㛹㡸G㐐㣅䚌⏈G㤾㡴G㣅ᴴ⦐㉐G㤸㐐Gḩ⯜㜄⓸G⬂㢨G㢅⯜䚌⥘ḔG㨴⽸G㩅㢨␘UG㙸㫵G 䞉㥉ㇵ䈐⏈G㙸␀⒤SG⮉㐐䂈㜄㉐㢌G㤸㐐⓸Gὤ䟁G㩅㢨␘U xUG㣅ᴴ⦐㉐VGᴴ㍌⦐㉐G␭㐔㢌G⯝䖐⏈f 㢀㙹ḰG䟀䞈⪰G┍㐐㜄G䚌⏈G⇌Gᵍ㡴G㇠⣀☘㜄᷀⓸GἬG⇌⪸㢌G㜡䚔㢨G㢼㫴G㙾ᷔ⏈ᴴf ⃬㨴䢼G㢀㙹ḰG䟀䞈G㣅㛹☘㡸G⸅䚽䚨G⇌ᴴᷔ␘U

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kptp{v xUGkptp{v⢰⏈G⽀⣐☐⮹㡴Gⱨ㏜G⡯㢬ᴴf 㠄⣌⏈G⢰䐨㛨㢌G˄k ˅㢬⒤G㜠ὤ㉐G{ ⪰G䚌⇌G⿄␘UG⢰䐨㛨Gk ⏈G˄ᾜ㫴␘SG ⺴⤠⡜⫠␘˅G䝭㡴G˄⛔⇌ᴴ␘˅⢰⏈G⡯㢨␘UG 㟤⫠⏈G㢰ㇵ㡸GᾜḔG㢰ㇵ㡸G⛔⇌㉐G ㏘⊬㟤⸨☐⪰G䇴ḔSG㉐䚅㡸G䚐␘⏈G˄㢰䇼˅ 㢨⢰⏈G㢌⴬⦐G㢨G㢨⪸㡸G㫴㛼␘UGἬ⤤⒤G ⇌㩅㜄G㚀Ḕ⸨⏼G{⪰G⾴Gkptp{v⏈G␜㛨⏈G ⢰䐨᷸G⇜㣄㢌G㢨⪸㢨㛼␘UG㐘㥐⦐Gkptp{v ⢰⏈G㢨⪸㡸Gᴴ㫸G㞬ạ㢬㜄᷀G㜤⢱㢨G㝴㉐G 㟤⫠G㝫㡸G㇠ḔG㐪␘ḔG䚼⒌G㜄䙰㋀☐⓸G 㢼㛼␘UGG

xUGw Gt ⢰⏈G㏠⦐ᶨ㡸G㇠㟝䚌ḔG 㢼⏈⒤SG㢨ᶷ㡴G㛨⛯᷀G䚨㉐G㥉䚌᷀G ╌㛼⏈ᴴf 㝘⣟┍㙼Gᵍ㢨G㢰G䚨㞈⒌G㇠⣀☘ḰG㉐⦐G ⺴♞䢼ḔGᾜ㫴⮨㉐G㫴Ἴᾀ㫴G䣌☘᷀G㞈␘UGἬ⤻㫴⬀G㠠⬀䚌⮨G▙ἴ᷀G▙ἴ᷀Gὁ㥉㤵㢬G⫼㢬☐⦐G 㢨G⽀⣐☐⪰GↀḔGᴴ⸨㣄⏈G⫼㢀㜄㉐G⬀☔G㏠⦐ᶨ㢨␘UG㟤⫠ᴴGὁ㥉㤵㢨㛨㚰G␘⪬G㇠⣀☘⓸G 㟤⫠㢌G⽀⣐☐⪰Gὁ㥉㤵㡰⦐G⹄㨸G㍌G㢼␘ḔG㈑ᴵ䚐␘U xUG㏘⊬㟤⸨☐⪰G㩅㐠㡰⦐G䑜㊌G⽀⣐☐⪰G㐐㣅䚌᷀G═G᷸ὤ⏈Gⱨ㛻㢬ᴴf Ḕ☥䚍ẄGY䚍≸G⚀⺴䉤G㏘⊬㟤⸨☐⪰G∼ⱨG㦿㙸䚼␘UG⇜☘㢨G㟤⤠⤠G⸨⏈G⭿㫸G㏘⊬㟤⸨☐G ㉔㍌ᴴG╌ḔG㐪㛼㫴⬀SG㟨┍㐔ᷱ㢨GἬ⬀䆰G㦿㫴G㙾㚌⒌GᶷGᵍ␘UGἬ⣌⓸G㢨㯱G⺸㚰㜄㉐G㢰㡸G䚌ḔG 㐪␘ḔG⏌G㈑ᴵ䚼␘UG␴䚍㜄㉐G㐐ᴵ♈㣄㢬㡸G㤸ḩ䚌⮨㉐G⇨ᴴG⬀☘ḔG㐪㡴G㝫㡸G㏘䀴㾡G䚨㝘␘ᴴG 㦬㛹G㫵㤸㜄GἬ⫰㡸Gᴴ㫴ḔG㜠ὤ㤴ὤG㢰䚔Gḧ㡸G㵲㙸␘⊈␘UGἬG䟸G⇨ᴴG㷌㢀G㢰䚌᷀G═G䟀㇠ᴴG ἬG␭㐐Gㇼ⦐G㈑ὨG㏘⊬㟤⸨☐G䑜㊌G⽀⣐☐㜴␘UG㸼㵱ὤ㢌G䟀㇠㜴ὤG⚀ⱬ㜄G⇌⏈G♈㣄㢬㄄⬀G

㙸⏼⢰G䑜㊌SG⫼䀴䐹G☥G␘ⵝ⮨㡸G⬕㙸㚰G䚼␘UGἬG⒉⺸㜄G㫴ἼG⇨ᴴG␘ⵝ⮨㜄G㢨䚨⓸⪰Gᴴ㫴ḔSG 㜠⤠G㇠⣀☘㡸G⯜㙸G㢰㡸G㫸䚽䚌⏈G㜡䚔㡸G䚔G㍌G㢼᷀G═GᶷGᵍ␘UG xUG⽀⣐☐㢌G♈⤽䉤⦐㉐G䚜‌G㢰䚌ḔG㢼⏈G㇠⣀☘㡸G㛨⛯᷀G⯜㡸G㍌G㢼㛼⏈ᴴf X≸G㤸SG⇌㝴G䛼㉥㨴㢨⢰⏈G㾐ẠᴴG䚜‌G♈⴬䋔⪰G㐐㣅䚼␘UGἬ⫠ḔGἬG㞬㢌G㝘䘼⮘ⶸG㜠㉣G⮹㡴G ⇨ᴴG㫵㥅G䚐G⮹G䚐G⮹G㋄㡸G⇨ⴴ㛨G♈⴬䋔㢌G㐑ẠᴴG╌ὤ⪰G㥐㙼䚼␘UG⇌⏈GⱰ⦔G⮘ⶸ☘G⯜▄G ㏘⊬㟤⸨☐ᴴG∼ⱨG㦿㙸㉐G⯜㢬G㾐Ạ☘㢨␘UG㐠㫴㛨G㣠ⱨḴ⫠⇌G㜵㛹GḴ⥜G㢰㡸G䚌㐐⏈G⺸☘⓸G ㏘⊬㟤⸨☐⪰G㫄Ὠ␘UGᵍ㢨G㢰䚌ὤG㠸䚨GἬ☘㡸G㉘☑䚨㚰䚼ὤG⸨␘⏈G⯜▄G㫴Ἴ㢌G♈⴬䋔㝴G ᵍ㡴G䟀㇠⪰G⃼℈㞈ὤG⚀ⱬ㜄G㏘㏘⦐G⯜㜴␘UG♈⴬䋔⏈G䜸㣠Gἐ⯜ᴴGₘG䆠᷀G㉥㣙䚌ḔG㢼㫴⬀SG Ἤ⤻␘ḔG♥♥䚌ḔGἐ㥉䞈═G䟀㇠Gᵍ㫴⏈G㙾␘UG❄GἬ⤻␘ḔG䚍㈑┍㙸⫠Gᵍ㡴G㙸⫼㻈㛨GἬ⨭⓸G 㙸⏼␘UG㦿㙸㉐G⯜㢨ḔSG㫄ᶵ᷀G㢰䚔G㍌G㢼⏈G㢨ㇵ㤵㢬G䐴㡸G㢨⨜ḔG㢼␘ḔG㈑ᴵ䚐␘UG xUG㏘⊬㟤⸨☐⏈Gᷜ㟬G䚐G㐐㫀㜄Gᴴ㣙G㢬ὤᴴG㢼⏈⒤SG␘⪬G᷸㤼㜄⏈G㛨⛘G㢰㡸G䚌⏈ᴴf 䜸㣠ᾀ㫴⏈G㏘⊬㟤⸨☐Gㇵ䖼㢨G㨰㢨ὤG⚀ⱬ㜄G䟀㇠ᴴGᷜ㟬㡸G㩅㐠㡰⦐G㟨㜵╌ḔG㢼␘UGἬ⤠⇌G ᷜ㟬G㢨㞬㜄⓸G䚡ㇵGⵈㆌ␘UG㟤⫠ᴴG㻈Ạ䚌⏈Gⵝ䛙㡴G⢰㢨䘸㏘䇴㢰G㙸㢨䊐㡸G▄⨜G␘⨜⏈Gᶷ㢨ὤG ⚀ⱬ㜄G㫴㋁㤵㡰⦐Gㇼ⦐㟨Gㇵ䖼ḰG㢨ⷘ䏬G☥㡸G㨴⽸䚌ḔG㢼␘UG⇌㩅㜄⏈G㇠⣀☘㢨G㢰G≸G⇨⇨G 䙸㟈⦐G䚌⏈G㙸㢨䊐☘㡸G␘⨜⮨㉐SG㢰G≸G┍㙼G㥉㐔㛺㢨G㡔㟝䚐Gㇵ䖼㡸G⬀☐⏈Gᶷ㢨G⯝䖐㢨␘UGY ≸G㥉⓸G䟸㜄⏈G㉐䚅㢨⇌GⱰ⊴㢨㝴GḴ⥜═G㜠⪸G㐐㫀Gㇵ䖼ḰG㏘⊬㟤⸨☐SG㏘䇘㝴Gᵍ㡴Gᷜ㟬G㐐㫀G ㇵ䖼SGἬ⫠ḔG䓽㋀㜄G㢹㡸G㍌G㢼⏈G㢌⪌⇌G㙹㉬㇠⫠Gㇵ䖼G☥⓸G㣌Gᵊ㻤㥬G㢼㡸Gᶷ㡰⦐G㜼ㇵ═␘UG xUG♈⴬䋔Gㇵ䖼☘㢌Gㇽᵄ㢨⇌G䊁㏘㸄ᴴG⬘㟤G㢬ㇵ㤵㢨␘UG♈⴬䋔⬀㢌GㇽḰG䊁㏘㸄⪰G⬀☘G⚀G 㩅㥄㡸G▄⏈Gᶷ㡴Gⱨ㛻㢬ᴴf 䞈⥘䚐G㠄ㇽ㢨G⌼㜄Gᴴ㣙G㣌G⡸ὤ⏈G䚌㫴⬀SG♈⴬䋔ᴴG㈑ᴵ䚌⏈G䞈⥘䚜㡴G㫸䚐G㠄ㇽG⸨␘⏈G㇨㬑G 䚐G䋘㢨G␘㟨╌ᶤ⇌G㝘ⶸ═Gㇽ㢨␘UG㢀㐑㡰⦐G♤㫴⮨SG⇔G㢀㐑⸨␘⏈G㇨㬑G㢩䣀G㢀㐑㢨G㇠⣀☘㢨G 䢕㍌䚌ὤ㜄G㎱␘UG⤤㾡䚼⒌G㷟G㐐㫀㜄⏈G䝉ṅㇽḰG䑀㏘䊈G䋘㡸Gⵤㇽ䚌㜠G㝘ⱌ䚐G⏄⇀㡸G㇨⥬␘UG Ἤ⫠ḔG㢨ⶼG▄Gⶼ㬬G㐐㫀㜄⏈G㜠ὤ㜄G⽈⣍SG⽀⢰㟨SGⷔ㢨㫴G☥G䏬⥀♈䚐G䀠⤠⪰Gⴭ㏘G⬘㾡䚌㜴␘UG ㏘⊬㟤⸨☐G䑜㊌G⺸㚰㜄㉐GXW≸G㥉⓸G㢰㡸G䚌⮨㉐SG㇠⣀☘㜄᷀G㦿㡴Gⵌ㢅㡸G㛯⏈Gㇽ㜄G␴䚨G ㈑ᴵ䚔G㍌G㢼㛼␘UG㇠⣀☘㢌G⌼㜄Gᴴ㣙G⭰㤴G⡸⥘⮨G⭿㫸G♈㣄㢬㡸G䚌⏈Gᶷ⓸G㩅㟈䚌㫴⬀SG ㇽᵄ㢌G㉔䈑㢨G⒈㟥G㩅㟈䚌␘UG⽀⣐☐㢌G䏭㬉㤵㢬G䀠⤠⪰G⬀☐⏈Gᶷ㢨GḛG⽀⣐☐㢌G㈑⮹⥙ḰG ᵍ␘ḔG㈑ᴵ䚐␘UG♈⴬䋔⏈G㢰␜Gㇽᵄ㢌G䏭㉥㡰⦐G㇠⣀☘㢌G㐐㉔㡸Gↀ㫴⬀SGἬG㞬㜄⓸G㐘㥐⦐G 㝫㡸G㢹㛨⹘㡸G⚀G⏄↸G㍌G㢼⏈G♈䊀㢰䚐G⺴⺸ᾀ㫴G㐔ᷱ㡸G⬂㢨G㘤ḔG㢼␘UG㏘⊬㟤⸨☐G䑜㊌㡴G ♈㣄㢬㡴GⱰ⦔G⠤㛨⇐Gὤ⏙㉥⓸Gᷬ⽸䚨㚰䚌ὤG⚀ⱬ㜄G⺴㣄㣠G䚌⇌䚌⇌㜄⓸G⓹㣄㤵㢬G♈㣄㢬㡸G 䚐␘UGᶽ㡰⦐G☘㛨⇌㫴G㙾⏈G♈䊀㢰☘㢨GḔᵑ☘㜄᷀G㣈㣈䚐Gᵄ┍㡸G㨸G㍌G㢼⓸⦑G⊬⥙䚌ḔG㢼␘UGG xUG♈⴬䋔⏈G␜㍐䢼G㝫㄄⬀G㙸⏼⢰G㏘䔠㽔SG㢀㙹SG␴㩅㜼㍔SG㜵ㇵSGἬ⣌䙱G♈㣄㢬SG䑀䐤ⱬ䞈GG☥G ␘㛅䚐G㣙⪨㜄GḴ㐠㡸G⸨㢨⏈GᶷGᵍ␘U ㏘⊬㟤⸨☐㄄⬀G㙸⏼⢰SG㢀㙹⓸G∼ⱨG䚌ḔG㐪㛼⒌G㛨⫤G㐐㤼㢨G㢼㛼␘UGἬ⤠⇌G㢰␜G⇌㢌G⯝䖐⪰G ㏘⊬㟤⸨☐GḴ⥜G㇠㛹㡸G䚌⏈Gᶷ㡰⦐Gᷤ㥉䚼ḔSG㢀㙹㜄G␴䚐G⃼㡴G䓰㾌㫴⏈G⯯䚼␘SGἬG䟸㜄⓸G ᷸㋁G⴬⥜㢨G⇜㙸㢼㛼⏈⒤SG㏘⊬㟤⸨☐G⽀⣐☐⪰G䚌⮨㉐⓸G␘㛅䚐GⳘ㫴㊌ḰG♈㥐㢨☘Ḱ㢌G Ẅ⪌ᴴGᴴ⏙䚼␘UG⇌⏈GἬG㾐Ạ☘㡸G䋩䚨G␴⫠G⬀㦥㡸G䚌ḔG㢼⏈GᶷGᵍ␘UG⒈㟥㢨G㜼㷨⏙G⺸㚰㢌G ㇠⣀☘㡴G㉐⦐GẄᵄ䚌ὤᴴG㎠㟨GᶷGᵍ␘UG⴬㍔SG㢀㙹SG㏘䔠㽔G☥㢨G䚐G㟬䇴⫠G㙼㜄G㢼ḔGἬG᷸ᷱ⪰G ⇌⌸ὤᴴG㛨⥩␘UGἬ⣌㉐G♈⴬䋔㜄㉐G㢨⤤G㜠⤠G⺸㚰㜄GḴ㐠㡸Gᴴ㫴ḔG䟸㠄䚌ḔG㢼⏈Gᶷ㡴G∼ⱨ⇌G ␭㜤䚌␘⏈G⏄⇀㢨G☔␘UG xUG䝼䓌㢨㫴㜄㉐G} ¡ ⢰⏈G㾨䊀Ḕ⫠⪰G⸨⮨G⬘㟤G㣠⴬㢼⏈G♈⴬䋔⬀㢌G㢨⴬㫴☘㡸G⸰G㍌G 㢼␘UG ♈⴬䋔⢰⏈G⽀⣐☐⮹㢨⇌G䋕䋕G䎴⏈G♈㣄㢬㡸G⸨⮨Gṽ㣙䢼G㤾ḔG㛨♈⦐G䎼㫴G⯜⪰GᶷGᵍ㡴G ⏄⇀㢨G☔␘UGἬ⤠⇌G㤼␴Gᴴ⸁㫴⬀㡴G㙾㡴G⏄⇀㡸G㨰ḔG㐪␘UGἬ⣌㉐GἬ⣌䙱㢨⇌G⽸㨰㛰G ⺴⺸㜄㉐⏈G㙸㢨䂌SG⦐ḔG䚌⇌䚌⇌㜄⓸G㢌⴬⪰Gᴴ㫴ḔG⬀☔␘UG␜㍐䢼G䙸㟈㜄G㢌䚨G⬀☐⏈G 㢨⴬㫴⸨␘⏈GἬG㙼㜄G㏘䋔⫠ᴴG␨㡴G㢨⴬㫴⪰G㉔䝬䚐␘UG⇌㩅㜄G⽀⣐☐ᴴG⒈Gⵐ㤸䚌⮨GἬ┍㙼G 㑇㙸㝜G䢼㏘䋔⫠ᴴG㩅㟈䚨㫼Gᶷ㢨␘UG㢨G⽀⣐☐ᴴG␜᷸ⷸ⦐G㛨⛘G䢼㏘䋔⫠⪰G㫴⏼ḔG㞈⏈㫴⪰G 䠋⇔G⸨㜠㨸G㍌G㢼ὤG㠸䚨㉐G⯜☔G⽸㨰㛰㤵㢬G⺴⺸㜄G⡯㡸Gᴴ㫴ḔG㫸䚽䚌ḔG㢼␘U xUG♈⴬䋔⏈G㏘⊬㟤⸨☐G㉔㍌☘㜄᷀G␘㛅䚐G䟸㠄㡸G䚌ḔG㢼⏈⒤SG㢨㜄G␴䚨G㢨㚰ὤ䚨G␠⢰U ♈⴬䋔㝴G᷸㚱㡸G䚐G㏘⊬㟤⸨☐G㉔㍌☘㢨G㏘Ɒ␘㉣G⮹G㥉⓸G㢼␘UGạᴴ␴䖐G㉔㍌⓸G㢼ḔG䘸⦐G ⯯㫴㙾㡴G㙸⫼㻈㛨G㉔㍌☘㢨G㢼␘UG♈⴬䋔ᴴG㈑Ὠ㫴GX≸Gⵊ㜄G╌㫴G㙾㚌㫴⬀SGἬG㥉⓸G㢬㠄㢌G ⢰㢨⒈☘㡸G䟸㠄䚌ḔG㢼␘⏈Gᶷ㡴Gṽ㣙䢼G⬂㡴G䍠㣄⪰G䚌⏈Gᶷ㢨⢰ḔG㈑ᴵ䚐␘UG♈⴬䋔㢌G䟸㠄㡸G ⵏ㡰⮨㉐G㏘⊬㟤⸨☐⪰G㫄ὤ⏈G㉔㍌☘㢨G♈⴬䋔㜄G␴䚨G㣄ὁ㐠㡸Gᴴ㫴ḔG㦿㙸䚨㨰ḔG㢼␘UG ⒉⺸㜄G㏘⊬㟤⸨☐G㐔㜄㉐G♈⴬䋔ᴴG㝠Gᷜ㟬㜄G䞉㐘䢼G㣌G㚀⥘㫴᷀G╔GᶷGᵍ␘UG㛨♈ᴴ⇌G⌼㢨G 㢼⏈Gḧ㜄⏈G♈⴬䋔㝴G♈⴬䋔㢌G㉔㍌☘㢨G㢼ὤ⪰Gὤ␴䚐␘UGYWX_≸G┍᷸㝠⫰䙱G⚀G㟤⫠⇌⢰G ạᴴ␴䖐䐴㜄G♈⴬䋔ᴴG䟸㠄䚌⏈G⢰㢨⒈ᴴG㵬ᴴ䚌ḔSGἬG⢰㢨⒈ᴴG⮈␠㡸G♤᷀G═␘⮨GἬᶷG⬀䆰G ⇨ᴴG䚌⏈G㢰㜄G㢼㛨㉐G⒈G㢨ㇵ㢌G㜵ṅ㢨G㛺㡸GᶷGᵍ␘UG xUG㟤⫠⇌⢰㢌G㏘⊬㟤⸨⒈☘㡴G㉬᷸㤵㡰⦐G㛨⏄G㍌㨴㜄G㢼⏈ᴴf 㟤⫠⇌⢰㜄㉐G┍᷸G㝠⫰䙱G㡔㾌ᴴG䞉㥉═G䟸⦐G㟤⫠⇌⢰㢌G┍᷸G㏘䔠㽔G㍌㨴㢨G⋆㙸㥬㚰䚐␘⏈G ⺸㠸ὤᴴG㦤㉥╌ḔG㢼␘UGἬ⤠⇌G㏘⊬㟤⸨☐⏈G㞬ạ㜄㉐G㐐㣅═Gⱬ䞈㢨ὤ⓸䚌ḔSG䚐ạ㡴G㞬ạG ⸨␘G⌼㢨G㝘⏈G㐐ὤᴴGṽ㣙䢼G㬛␘UGἬ⤤G㜨㙹䚐G䞌ᷱ㦤ᶨ㜄㉐G㟤㠈䚌᷀G⬀☘⥘⮨G㐐ᴸ㢨G㦤ἼG 䙸㟈䚌㫴G㙾㡸ᾀG㈑ᴵ═␘UG㙸㫵ᾀ㫴⏈G㉬᷸㤵㢬G㍌㨴㡴G㙸⏼㫴⬀SG┍᷸G㝠⫰䙱㡸G᷸ὤ⦐G䜸㣠G 㟤⫠⇌⢰⓸G┍᷸G㏘䔠㽔⺸㚰㢌G㡔㋀≸☘㡸G㡕㉥䚌⏈G⒤㜄G㐠䜼㡸Gὤ㟬㢨ḔSG⾔⪬G㐐㢰G⇨㜄G 㟤⫠⇌⢰G㉔㍌☘⓸G㉬᷸㤵㢬G㍌㨴㢨G╔Gᶷ㢨⢰ḔGὤ␴䚌ḔG㢼␘UG xUG㚒㡰⦐G♈⴬䋔G⽀⣐☐⪰G䋩䚨G㢨⨜ḔG㐪㡴G᷸䟁㡴Gⱨ㛻㢬ᴴf ZS[≸G㤸ᾀ㫴⬀G䚨⓸Gạ⇨㜄㉐G㚕㊌G㏘䔠㽔㢌G㢌⪌⇌G㣙⽸G☥㡸G㍌㢹G⽀⣐☐㜄G㢌㦨䚼␘UG㛨⛯᷀G ⸨⮨GἰGXW≸G┍㙼G⇨ᴴG㻈㫸䚨㞈⒌G㢰☘㢨G㢨G⺸㚰㜄㉐㢌Gạ⇨G⓸⬘㏘䐥G⽀⣐☐G⻄㡸G㢰㡰䇠G㍌G 㢼㛼␘ḔG㈑ᴵ䚐␘UGἬG㜵䛙㢨Gṽ㣙䢼G⾜⫠G㤸䑀╌㛨㉐SG䜸㣠⏈G㍌㢹⽀⣐☐G⸨␘Gạ⇨G⽀⣐☐㢌G 䑄⬘㍌⣽㢨G⋆㙸㦀␘UG[≸G㤸㜄G⽸䚨Gᶤ㢌GⵥGⵤG㢨ㇵ㢌G㉥㣙⪔㡸G⸨㢬␘UG㫴ἼG㻈㉬⦐G⸬␘⮨G 䛙䟸G⮻G≸G㢨⇨㜄Gạ⇨⽀⣐☐ᴴG㍌㢹⽀⣐☐⸨␘G㇠⣀☘㜄᷀G㟤㠈䚌᷀G㢬㐑╔G㍌G㢼㡸GᶷGᵍ␘UG Ἤ⤠⇌G㟤⫠⇌⢰㜄㉐G㏘⊬㟤⸨☐G㣙⪨⦐G㢨⨤G㍌G㢼⏈G㢰☘㡴G䚐᷸ᴴG㢼␘UG㢰␜㡴GἬG㺐Ḕ㾌㢌G 䚐᷸ᾀ㫴G㺐␴䚐G⓸㤸䚨G⸰G㈑ᴵ㢨␘UGạ⇨G㏘⊬㟤⸨☐G㐔㜄㉐G♈⴬䋔ᴴG㺐Ḕ㢌G㠸㾌ᾀ㫴Gᴴ᷀G ╌⮨G䛙䟸㜄⏈Gἴ⦐ⷀG⫼䀴䐹㡸G㥐␴⦐G䚔G᷸䟁㢨␘UG❄SG␘⪬G㏘䔠㽔G㦹⯝㜄⓸GḴ㐠㢨G㢼㛨㉐G\ ≸G㥉⓸G䟸㜄⏈G␴㩅㤵㢬G㏘䔠㽔G㢌⪌⪰G㤸ⵌ㤵㡰⦐G␘⨤G᷸䟁㢨␘UG㠄⣌G⇌⏈G㟉㐠㢨Gṽ㣙䢼G ⬂ḔG䚡ㇵG㜠⤠G⺸㚰㜄GḴ㐠㡸G▄ḔG㢼␘UG㫴Ἴ㢌G♈⴬䋔⏈G⇨ᴴGᴴ㫸G␘ⵝ⮨㢌G⏙⥙㡸G䓰㾔G㍌G

㢼⏈G♥G⬒⏈G㢰㢨␘UG⇌㝴G䚜‌䚌⏈G㇠⣀☘⓸G⇌㷌⤰G㢨G㢰㜄㉐G䚽⸩㡸G⏄↰ὤ⪰Gⵈ⢴␘UG G

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G xUG⤤⒌㜄㉐G㉥ḩ㤵㢬G䚽⸨⪰G⸨㢨␘GXW≸G ⬀㜄G䚐ạ㡰⦐G─㙸㝜G㢨㡔ᴴG㢼⏈ᴴf 䚐ạ㜄G㝘⏼G㇠⣀☘㢨Gᴴ㣙G⭰㤴Gᶨ≘⏈G 㫼ⱬ㢨GἬᶷ㢬⒤UUU䏭ⷸ䚐G㢨㡔ᴴG 㢼␘ὤ⸨␘⏈G㠄⣌Gὤᴸ㡸G㥉䚨▄ḔG ⇌ᴸGᶷ⓸G㙸⏼㫴⬀G㜵㜵G䚐ạ㡸G⛔⇔G ㈑ᴵ㡰⦐G⇌ᴸGᶷ㡴G㙸⏼㛼ḔSG˄㢨㴘G╌⮨G 䚐ạ㜄G─㙸ᴼG⚀ᴴG╄␘˅⏈G㈑ᴵ㢨G☘㛨㉐G ─㙸㞈␘UG⤤⒌㜄㉐G㈑䞐䚌␘G㉐㟬㜄㉐G 㢰䚌⥘⮨G␩␩䚌㫴G㙾ᷔ∄ḔGⱰ㛨⸨⏈G 㢨☘⓸G⬂㡴⒤G␘G㣄ὤ䚌ὤG⇌⪸㢬GᶷGᵍ␘UG 䚐ạ㜄㉐G㏘䇴㢰⫠㏘䏬⦐G㢰䚔G␭㐐㜄G ṽ㣙䢼G㣠ⵀ᷀G㫴⇼␘U

xUGỴạG㇠㫸㤸㢌G㨰㥐ᴴGiv ␘UG䏭ⷸ䢼G ㋀≸㜄GḴ㐠㢨G⬂㡴G㢨㡔ᴴG㢼⏈ᴴf Ỵạ㤸㡸G㛨⛘G㨰㥐⦐G䚔ᾀGḔⴰ䚌⮨㉐G⇌⪰G ᴴ㣙G㣌G䖐䜸䚌ḔSG⇨ᴴGᴴ㣙G㣌G䖐䜸䚔G㍌G㢼⏈Gᶷ㡸G䚨㚰ᷔ␘ḔG㈑ᴵ䚼␘UG⇨ᴴGᴴ㣙G㙸⪸␩␘ḔG ㈑ᴵ䚌⏈Gᶷ㡴G㢬ᴸ㢌G㐔㷨⦐G䏭䢼G㜠㉥㢌Gḕ㉔㡴G㢨G㉬ㇵGⱨ㛻⸨␘G㙸⪸␩␘ḔG㈑ᴵ䚐␘UG 䚌㫴⬀GἬG㝸ⷱ䚐G㙸⪸␘㟴G⚀ⱬ㜄G㝘䢼⥘G⇌㜄᷀⏈G⴬㝸㉥㢌G㙸⪸␘㟴㡸Gᴴ㫸G㋀≸㢨G䢙⴬⦡᷀G ␘ᴴ㝜␘UG⇜㣄㢨⮨㉐⓸G㙸㫵G㝸㤸䚐G⇜㣄⏈G㙸␀SG⺼㝸㤸䚜㢨G㨰⏈G⓹䏭䚐G⺸㠸ὤ⪰Gㄐ㛨⇨⏈G ㋀≸㡸G␨㙸⇨⏈G㣅㛹㡸G㦿㙸䚐␘U xUG㝘⣌═G㜠Ḵ㢨㛼␘ᴴGᵘ⤠⫠Gḩᴸ㡰⦐G㇠㟝╌ḔG㢼⏈G⸨㙼㜠Ḵ㜄G㉐㛅G⯜⒬☘㢌G㇠㫸㢨G ᶬ⥘㢼⏈Gᶷ㢨G㣠⴬㢼␘U 㢨Gḩᴸ㡸G㷌㢀G⸨⏈G㍐ᴸG䚐ạ㢌Gἰ␴Gᶨ㻉ⱰḰG⤤⒌㢌G⯜⒌䚐Gᵄᴵ㢨G㻝─䚌⮨G䢙⴬⦐㟨G ᷤḰᴴG⇌㝠Gᶷ㢨⢰⏈G㈑ᴵ㜄Gⵈ⦐G㤸㐐G㢰㥉㡸G㣕㚌␘UG㜼ㇵ␴⦐G㠸䏬㢼ḔG䏭ⷸ䚐G⺸㠸ὤᴴG 䝉㉥╌㛼ḔGḴ⣀ᵑ㢌Gⵌ㢅⓸G㦿㚌␘UG㠄⣌G㣅㛹㢨ᶨG㤸㐐ᶨG䏭ⷸ䚐Gⱨ☐ᴴGⱯ㛨⇌㝘⏈Gᶷ㡸G 㩅㟈䚌᷀G㈑ᴵ䚐␘U xUG㇠㫸㜄㉐Gᴴ㣙G㩅㟈䚌᷀G㈑ᴵ䚌⏈Gᶷ㢨Gⱨ☐㢬ᴴf Ἤ⤻␘UG㢬Ɒ㇠㫸㡸G㵁㡸G⚀㜄⓸G䖐䜸䚌ḔG㐪㡴Gᶷ㡴G㞬⯜㣄㷨⢰ὤG⸨␘⏈G䚐G㇠⣀㢨Gㄐ㛨⇨⏈G ⺸㠸ὤ␘UG⚀ⱬ㜄G䠀⪡䚐G⯜⒬㢨G╌ὤG㠸䚨㉐⏈G㞬⯜⇌G䔠㪼ᴴG䠀⪡䚐Gᶷ㡸G≌㛨㉐㉐G㣄㐔⬀㢌G ㇽ㢨G㢼⏈G⢰㢨䘸㏘䇴㢰㡸Gᴴ㥬㚰G䚐␘ḔG㈑ᴵ䚌ὤ⓸G䚐␘UG㇠㫸㹠㜵㡸G䚔G⚀㜄⓸G⯜⒬☘㜄᷀GⷸG 㫴㐐⪰G⇨⫠㫴G㙾⏈␘UG㣄㜤㏘⤱᷀G㎠ḔG㢼㡸G⚀SG㢼⏈GἬ␴⦐㢌G⯜㏩GἬG㣄㷨⪰Gᴴ㣙G㙸⪸␩␘ḔG ㈑ᴵ䚐␘UGἬ⣌㉐G㷌㢀G⯜⒬㢨G㝘⮨G㢬䉤⼤⪰G䚌ᶤ⇌G␴䞈⪰G⇌⌸ὤG㤸㜄G㦤㟝䢼GḴ㵤⺴䉤G䚐␘UG ἬᴴG㢹㡴G㝫㢨⇌G㏩Ḵ㤵㡰⦐G䚌⏈G䚽┍G☥㜄㉐GἬG㇠⣀㢨G㛨⛘G㇠⣀㢬㫴ᴴGㄐ㛨G⇌㝘ḔG⇌⏈G Ἤᶷ㡸G㍐ᴸ䔠㵝䚌⥘ḔG⊬⥙䚌⏈Gᶷ㢨␘UGᵐ㢬㤵㡰⦐G␨ⵤG⇸ㇼ⪰G㦿㙸䚌㫴⓸G㙾ḔG䢕㜤ᴴ⓸G 㙸⏼㫴⬀G␨ⵤ⪰G䙰㟤ḔG㢼⏈G⯜⒬☘㢌G⯜㏩㢨G㇠㫸㜄G⬂㡴Gᶷ⓸Gⱨ☐G⚀ⱬ㢨␘UG␨ⵤ㜤ὤ⪰G ⇨ㄐ⏈G㍐ᴸ㢌G⯜⒬㢌G䖐㥉㢨⇌G㜤ὤ㢌G㙸㟤⢰SGἬGḩὤG㋁㜄G␨ὨGⱨ☐⪰G㦿㙸䚐␘UG xUGṽ㣙䢼G㉠㉬䚐Gᵄ㉥㡸G㫴⏼ḔG㢼⏈GᶷGᵍ␘U ⇨G㇠㫸㡸G⇨G㇠㫸㷌⤰G⏄↰᷀G䚌⏈Gᶷ㢨Gⵈ⦐G㉐㥉㉥㢨␘UG㇠⣀☘㢨G⇨G㇠㫸㜄㉐⏈G␘G㉐㥉㤵㢬G ᵄ㉥㢨GⱯ㛨⇐␘ḔG䚌⒈⢰UG㵁⏈G㇠⣀㢌G⇨⮨㢨Gⵈ⦐G☐⤠⇔G㍌ⵊ㜄G㛺⏈Gᶷ㢨G㇠㫸㢬⒤SG⇨ᴴG 㠄⣌Gṽ㣙䢼G㉠㉬䚌ḔGᵄ㉥㤵㢬G㉥ᷝ㢨␘G⸨⏼G㛨㮈G㍌G㛺⏈GᶷGᵍ␘UGⵈ⅄Gᶷ㢨G㢼␘⮨G㷌㢀㜄G ⽸䚨GἬ⣌⓸G㐠䙀䚌ḔGᶨ㦤䚨㫸G䓬㢨⢰⏈Gᶷ㢨␘UG㷌㢀㜄⏈G䠜㙠Gᵄ㉥㤵㢨ḔG⤠⽈⫠䚼␘UG㐠㫴㛨G 䚌␘⏈G⬄⓸G☘㛼␘UG㫴Ἴ㡴G ⢰ḔG䚨㚰G䚔ᾀfG㛨㭀ᶨGḰ䚌᷀G㬅㛨≗⏈Gᶷ⸨␘⏈G 㤼㥐䚌⏈Gᶷ㢨G⒈G⬂㡴Gᶷ㡸G䖐䜸䚨㨴␘⏈Gᶷ㡸G㚀᷀G╌㛼␘U xUG㇠㫸㜄G䓌㢬䐹㡸G⒈䚐Gᶷ㢨G⌼㜄G⡼␘UG㛨⛯᷀G㐐㣅═G㣅㛹㢬ᴴf ㇠㫸㡸G♥G⹘㡸G⚀G˄㤴ὤ㜄G䓌㢬䐹㡸G䚌⮨G⒈G㦤䞈⦐㟨G⏄⇀㢨G⇌ᷔ␘˅⢰⏈G㈑ᴵ㢨G☘㛨㉐G 䚐Gᶷ㢨␘UG⚀ⱬ㜄G䓌㢬䐹㡸G䚌⏈G㇠㫸⓸G㢼ḔGἬ␴⦐G▄⏈G㇠㫸⓸G㢼␘UG䚌⇌䚌⇌㜄G㢌⴬⪰G █␘ὤ⸨␘⏈G㤸㥐㤵㢬GẠ⓸㝴G㦤䞈SGⱨ☐⪰G㩅㐐䚌⏼ᾀU xUG㣅䖼㢨Gᶤ㢌G␘G䢅ⵥ㢨␘UG㢨㡔ᴴG㢼⏈ᴴf 㢨ⶼG㇠㫸㤸㢌G䀜㉽㡴G 㢨␘UGᵐ㢬㤵㡰⦐G㢬Ɒ㇠㫸SGἬG㩅㜄㉐⓸G ⏈G䢅ⵥ㢨GἬG ㇠⣀㡸Gᴴ㣙G㢬ᴸ␩᷀G㣌G䖐䜸䚨G㨴␘ḔG㈑ᴵ䚐␘U xUG㠄⣌⏈G䑜㊌G㏘䇴㢰⫠㏘䏬㜴␘UG㛨⛯᷀G㇠㫸㡰⦐G㝢ὤ᷀G╌㛼⏈㫴GẵἼ䚨G䚌⏈G㇠⣀☘㢨G㢼㡸G ᶷGᵍ␘UG ạ⇨㜄㉐G㏘䇴㢰⫠㏘䏬⦐G^≸㜠ᴸG㢰䚌⮨㉐GZW␴G㸼ⵌ㢨G╌⏼G䡨㐑GᷬG㣠㻝㤸㢌G㐐ᴸ㡰⦐G ㇼ⦐㟨Gḩ⺴⪰G䚨㚰ᷔ␘⏈G㈑ᴵ㢨G☘㛼␘UG㠀⇍G㻐㣙㡸G㣄㨰G␘⏼⏈G㢰㡸G䚌␘G⸨⏼G㞬ạ㜄㉐G ㇠⏈Gᶷ㜄G␴䚐G▄⥘㟴⓸G㛺㛼ὤG⚀ⱬ㜄G㡔䚍㡸Gᴴὤ⦐G䚼␘UG⇨ᴴG㫸䚍䚐G⤤⒌㢌G䚍Ẅ⏈G 䑜㊌Ḱ㜄G㏘䇴㢰⫵ḰG㇠㫸㤸ḩ㢨G㢼㛼⏈⒤G㠄⣌G㏘䇴㢰⫠㏘䏬ᴴG㫵㛹㢨␘G⸨⏼G㏘䇴㢰⫵G 㤸ḩ㡸G䚌⮨㉐G┍㐐㜄G㇠㫸㡸Gⵤ㟤⏈Gᶷ㢨G㛨⥩᷀G⏄
㫴㫴G㙾㚌␘UG䑜㊌G䞈⸨G㇠㫸㡸G㵁㡰⮨㉐G ┍㐐㜄G⇨ᴴG㏘䇴㢰⫵㜄GḴ㜠䚌ḔG⸨䋩㡴G㜄♈䉤☘㢨G䚌⏈G㢰ᾀ㫴GḴ⫠䚌␘⸨⏼G⒈G㢰Ḵ㉥G㢼᷀SG 䖐䜸䚌⥘Ḕ㣄G䚌⏈Gᶷ㡸G㡔㜤䚌᷀Gゅ㙸G⇰G㍌G㢼㛼␘UG㐘㥐⦐G㫴ἼG㡔⤱㜄㉐⏈G䑜㊌G䞈⸨⪰G㵁㡸G ⚀G䔠䋔Ἤ⣌䒰☘㢨G㤸㷨㤵㢬G♈⤽䉤G㜡䚔㡸G䚌⏈Gᷱ㟤ᴴG⏌㛨⇌ḔG㢼␘UG㜵䞈⦐G㾌⮨Gᵄ⓹㢌G 㜡䚔㢨⢸ᾀfG㫴Ἴ⓸G⇌⏈G⇨ᴴG˄䔠䋔Ἤ⣌䒰˅⢰⏈G㈑ᴵ⸨␘⏈G˄䑜㊌G♈⤽䉤˅⢰⏈G㈑ᴵ㢨Gᵉ䚌␘UG ᷤạG㇠㫸⓸G䑜㊌㡸G䖐䜸䚌⏈G㍌␜㢬G㉼㢨␘U xUGἬ⤻␘⮨G䑜㊌㇠㫸G㞬㜄G␘⪬G㇠㫸㡸G䚔G㈑ᴵ㡴G㛺ᷔ␘U ⇌⏈G㐐㣅⺴䉤G㫴Ἴᾀ㫴SGἬ⫠ḔG㚒㡰⦐⓸G䑜㊌᷸䋩㜄G㢼⏈G㇠⣀㢨␘UG㍐㍌㜼㍔㡸G䚌ḔG㐪␘⏈G ㈑ᴵ㡴G䚨G⸬㤵G㛺␘U

133

xUG㇠㫸G㞬㜄G␘⪬G㣅㛹㡸G䚔G㈑ᴵ㡴G㛺⏈ᴴf ᷸㋁G䚨㉐G㨴⽸㩅㢨␘UG㤸㐐㜄㉐⓸Gᴸ␜䚌ὤ⏈G䚌㫴⬀G㜵ㇵGㇵ㜵㡸G䚼ḔSG䜸㣠⏈G㣔㐐G㩅␜G ㇵ䈐㢬⒤G䝼䓌㢨㫴⓸G㟨㜵䚌⮨㉐G㫵㥅Gὤ㇠⓸G㝠⫤␘UG␘㛅䚐Gⵝ㐑㡰⦐G䖐䜸䚌⏈Gᶷ㜄GḴ㐠㢨G ⬂ḔG䏭䢼G␘⪬G㜼㍔ᴴ☘ḰG䚜‌G䂐⢰⸨⤼㢨㊌G䚌⏈Gᶷ㜄GḴ㐠㢨G䆠␘UG

ᶷ⓸G㚔⬘䚌㫴G㙾⇌UG⌸Ạ⏈G⮈㢨㤴SG⌸Ạ⏈G㢬♈⦐GẠⷸ䚌⏈Gᶷ㡴GⳘ㫴㊌G㣄㐔㢨⢰ὤ⸨␘⏈Gᶤ␴G ⴬♈㛨G㵸≄㢨⢰ḔG㈑ᴵ䚐␘UGạ⇨㜄G⵨☐㢀㙹㢌G㍌㟈ᴴG㤵␘Ḕ⏈G䚌㫴⬀SGᷤạGἬG㍌㟈G㣄㷨⪰G ⴬♈㛨ᴴG㥉䚐␘UG㢨⪰䊀⮨G㢀㙹䘸⦐Ἤ⣜㜄㉐GẠㇽG⬒㻈ὤ㟝㡰⦐G⵨☐G䚌⇌⪰G≗ḔG˄㢬♈⵨☐⏈G 㢨G㥉⓸⦐G㻝⺸䚌␘˅⢰ḔG㥉䚨ⶸ⫤␘U

xUG㱽G㛌ὤ⪰G☘㛨⸨⮨G㢬ᴸ㜄G␴䚐GḴ㐠㢨G䆠ḔGẄ⪌䚌⏈Gᶷ㡸G㫄ὤ⏈GᶷGᵍ␘U ㇠⣀☘ḰG㛨㟬⫠⏈Gᶷ㡸G㦿㙸䚌⏈⒤G㍔㣄⫠㜄㉐G䚡ㇵG䚌⏈G⬄㢨G㢼␘UG˄㫴ἼG㢨G㍔㣄⫠⪰G㐡㜠G≸G 䟸G㈑ᴵ䚼㡸G⚀Gὤ㛩G㋁㜄G⇜⏈G㇠⣀㢨G╌㣄˅ḔUG㇠⣀㢌Gὤ㛩G㋁㜄G㦨㣠G䚌⏈Gᶷ㢨G㢬㈑㜄㉐Gᴴ㣙G 㢌⴬G㢼⏈G㢰㢨⢰ḔG㈑ᴵ䚐␘U

xUG㢨⴬Gạ⇨㜄㉐⏈G㢨G⺸㚰㜄㉐G㺐Ḕ⦐G㢬㥉㡸GⵏḔG㢼␘UGἬ⤻␘⮨G㢨ⶼG㚜ⷈ㜄㉐G⯝䖐⦐Gㇰ㡴G ᶷ㡴Gⱨ㛻㢬ᴴf 㫴⇐GⶼG㚜ⷈ㜄G⽸䚨G䠜㙠G㉬⥜╌㛨㫴ḔG␘☠㛨㦀␘UGᵐ㢬㤵㡰⦐⏈G㢀㙹G㢬㈑GX\≸㡸SG⵨☐⦐G 㛌ὤ䚌⮨GY≸㜠⪰G⁽G㵸㠀G㛸㷡⇐Gḩ㡸G☘㜠G㣅㛹䚐G㚜ⷈ㢨␘UGḕG䚌⇌ᴴG㝸㉥╌⮨G⮻G㐡Gⶼ㢨ḔG ㍌㥉SG⸨㝸G㣅㛹㡸G䋩䚨G㝸㉥⓸⪰G⋆㜠ᵈ␘UG㢨G㚜ⷈG㣄㷨ᴴG␴䚐ⴰạG Gz _G 㢌G 㢨G╌㛼㡰⮨G㦿ᷔ␘UGἬ⬀䆰G㣄㐔⓸G㢼␘UG㤾㡴G䓅䆠䇘☐☘㢨G⬂㢨G☘㛨㨰⮨G㦿ᷔḔG⬘⏼㙸⪰G ≌㛨㉐G⬂㡴G㢨☘㜄᷀G㟤⫠㢌G㢀㙹㡸G㚀⫨G㍌G㢼⏈G᷸ὤᴴG╌⮨G㦿ᷔ␘U

xUG㤾㡴G㾐Ạ☘ḰG⬂㢨G㛨㟬⫤␘ḔG☘㛼␘U 䏭䢼G㵱㢌㤵㢨ḔGⵌ㬑㢨⏈G㤾㡴G㜼㍔ᴴ☘ḰGẄ⪌䚌⏈Gᶷ㡸G㫄Ὠ␘UG㟤⫠⇌⢰㜄⏈G㣠⏙㢨G㵜ḔG ≌㾌⏈G㤾㡴G㜼㍔ᴴG㾐Ạ☘㢨G⬂㡴⒤GἬᶷ㡸G㚀⫨G㍌G㢼⏈G䋩⦐ᴴG⬂㡴GᶷGᵍ㫴G㙾㙸G㙼䇴ᾑ␘UG ⇨G㜡⣽㢨G╌⏈G䚐GἬ☘㡸G㢨ↀ㛨G㨰ḔG㐪␘U xUG㚒㡰⦐㢌G᷸䟁㡸G⬄䚨G␠⢰U 㜠⤠G⬘㷨㝴G䑜㊌G䞈⸨G☥㡴G᷸㋁G㫸䚽䚔Gᶷ㢨ḔSGὤ㛹ḰG䚜‌Gㇵ䖼㜄G⇨G㣅䖼㡸G⒈䚌⏈G 䂐⢰⸨⤼㢨㊌⓸G㛌ὤᴴG⇌㝘ḔG㢼␘UGᵐ㢬㤸⓸G⭬㫴㙾㡴G⴬⣌㜄G❄G䚔G᷸䟁㢨␘UGἬ⫠ḔG䚐ạ㜄G Ỵạ䚼㡰⏼ᾀG㢨ḧ㜄㉐G㫄ὬG㍌G㢼⏈Gᶷ☘㡸G⌸⫠⮨㉐G㇠⣀☘ḰG㛨㟬⫨G㜼㥉㢨␘UG㫄ᶵ᷀G㇠⏈G ᶷ㢨G㦿␘UG

xUG㚒㡰⦐Gḩ㜤᷸䟁㢨G㛨⛘ᴴU 䚐ạ㜄㉐⏈G㦤Ἤ⫼䚐G㋀Ἥ㣙㢌Gḩ㜤☘㢨G⮻GᵐG㣕䜴㢼ḔSG㝠G㸼㜄G␘㐐G㢰⸬G䍠㛨⪰G䚔G㜼㥉㢨␘UG 㤸㜄⏈G⌸ᴴG⺼⤠G㨰㫴G㙾㙸⓸G㟤⫠ᴴG⭰㤴G㵲㙸ᵈ␘⮨SG㢨㥐⏈GἬ㯱㜄㉐G㟤⫠⪰G㚀㙸⸨ḔG⭰㤴G 㸼㷡䚐␘UGἬ⫠ḔG䟀㐠㢌G㚜ⷈ㢨⏼⬀䆰G⬂㡴G㢨☘㜄᷀G␘ᴴᴴὤG㠸䚨G␘ᴵ⓸㜄㉐G⊬⥙䚔Gᶷ㢨␘U xUG⵨☐G㏘䏬⢰㢨䀘㏘⏈G㚒㡰⦐G㛰⫼⇌G⒈G㢨㛨ᴼGᶷGᵍ⇌f ⮘ⶸ☘㢨⣅G♥䢼GἬ⤤G㛌ὤ⪰G䚨G⸬G㤵㡴G㛺⏈⒤SG㟤⫠ᴴGⱨ␴㜄G㉐ὤG⏍㛼␘ḔG㈑ᴵ䚌ὤG 㤸ᾀ㫴⏈G᷸㋁G䚌㫴G㙾ᷔ⇌U

W^YTW^Z

{ Gz xUG\≸㢨⢰⏈GₘGὨG䉴㡸G▄ḔGY㬅㢨Gⵐ⬘G ╌㛼␘UGἬ┍㙼Gⱨ㛻㡸G䚌⮤G㫴⇼⇌f ␘⪬G㾐Ạ☘㡴G䏼䏼㢨G㣄ὤG㢰㡸G䚌⮤G 㢀㙹㡸G㨴⽸䚌ḔG㢼㛼ḔSG⇌⏈G⵨☐G ⤼㢨㫴⸬ḰG㾨䙰⭬㐔㜄㉐G䞐┍䚌␘G⇌㩅㜄G 䚝⪌䚼␘UGἬG䟸㜄G㢰⸬Gᴵ㫴⪰G─⮤Gḩ㜤㡸G 䚌⮤G㢀ⵌG㣅㛹㡸G䚼␘UG㢀ⵌ㡴GY≸㡸Gᶤ㢌G ⁽G㵸㠀G㣅㛹䚼␘UGㇵ␭䚐Gḩ㡸G☘㜴␘UG

xUG㢰⸬㜄㉐㢌Gḩ㜤G䍠㛨⏈G㛨⛯᷀G 㢨⨸㦀⏈㫴fG ⵨☐G㏘䏬⢰㢨䀘㏘⏈G䓅䆠⪰G⽸⦣SG␘㛅䚐G 㣙⪨㢌G㉐⽀G䀠㸄Gⱬ䞈⪰G㠸䚨Gⱽ㾐G 㡔⏼㝜㠜㢨G䆠⨜G㋀㋁㢨␘UG㡔⏼㝜㠜㢨ᴴG 㢰⸬㢌G㢬♈G⤼㢨⽈ḰG㾐⺸㡸G㑇㡰⮨㉐G 㢰⸬㜄㉐Gḩ㜤䚔Gὤ䟀ᴴG㈑ᷰ␘UG♤⦐G ㏘䔤㉐⏈G㛺ὤG⚀ⱬ㜄G㜠㡔⦐㟨G㢰㥉㡸G 㬘G㍌G㛺㛨㉐G䚐GⶼG≌㛨ᴴ⮨G䚐G␠㜄GY\䟀Gᴴ⣽Gḩ㜤䚌⮤G㤸ạ㡸G─㚌␘UGㇵ␭䢼Gⶸᶤ㟨G 㢰㥉㢨㛼㫴⬀G㣠⴬㢼㛼␘U xUG Gz _G 㜄G㥉䋩䚐G䐴㢨␘UG Gz _G ⏈G㢰ⵌG䓅䆠㝴G㛨⛯᷀G␘⪬ᴴf ㎱᷀G⬄䚌⮨GὬᶤ⫠㜄㉐G㏘䀴㢨䏬G䇴⮨㉐G☗⏈G䓅䆠⢰ḔG㈑ᴵ䚌⮨G═␘UG⁡G㏘䀴㢨䏬⪰G䇼G䙸㟈⏈G 㛺㫴⬀G䑜㊌G☥G⢰㢨䘸㏘䇴㢰G㣄㷨⪰G㙸㟤⪨⏈G㏘䀴㢨䏬Gⱬ䞈㜄G㋁䚨G㢼⏈SG㏘䏬⫠䏬G䀠㸄G㩅G 䚌⇌␘UG㡔⥘䚐G⮐⦐♈㝴G⾔⪬G䊐䔠ᴴG䏭㬉㢨␘UG xUGạ⇨⏈G Gz _G G㙠㢨G≇㫴G㙾␘UG㢰⸬㡴G㛨⛘ᴴf Gz _G G㣄㷨ᴴG␴㩅㤵㢬G㣙⪨⏈G㙸⏼㫴⬀Gὤ⸬㤵㡰⦐G␘㛅䚐G㣙⪨㢌G㙠㢨G䚐ạḰ⏈G ⽸Ẅ⓸G㙼G╌᷀G䆠␘UG䞁␴⸨␘G䆤Gἐ⯜㢌G㙠㢨G㤸ạ㢌GᴵG㫴ⵝ⫼␘Gⵐ␠䚨G㢼ḔGἬG㫴㜡㜄㉐G 㢬ὤᴴG⋆㡴G⦐䀠⵨☐ᴴG㍌⓸G㛺㢨G⬂␘UGἬ⤤Gḧ㜄㉐Gḩ㜤㡸G䚌␘G⸨⏼Gᷱ㣵㐠G⽸㏫䚐Gᶷ㢨G ㈑ᷜG⒈G㾌㜨䚨㦀ḔGὤ⣽⓸G㦿㙸㦀␘UG㢨㥐⏈G㢰⸬G⇨㜄㉐G䓅䆠㜄GḴ㐠G㢼␘G䚌⏈G㇠⣀☘㡴G㟤⫠G ⵨☐㢌G㢨⪸㡸G㙸⏈G㥉⓸㢌G㢹㫴⪰Gᵊ᷀G╌㛼␘U xUGạ⇨㜄G─㙸㝴G\≸G⬀㜄Gⵐ⬘䚐G㚜ⷈ㜄㉐G㥐㢰G⌼㜄G⡸⏈Gᶷ㡴Gᴴ㇠ᴴGᶤ㢌G㜵㛨⦐G 㢨⨜㛨㦀␘⏈Gᶷ㢨␘UG㢨㡔ᴴG㢼⇌U 㟤⫠⏈G㥉䋩G Gz _G ⪰G䚌⏈G⵨☐㢨␘UGἬ⤤G㝘⫠㫴≄⫠䐤⪰G㚀㙸⸨ḔG㵲⏈G㢨☘㡴G 㤸㉬᷸㜄G䒰㥬G㢼␘UG㟤⫠㢌G㢀㙹㡸Gạ㤵G⺼ⱬ䚌ḔG⬂㡴G㢨☘㢨G☘㛨㩠㡰⮨G䚌⏈G⫼㢀㜄Gᴴ㇠⏈G ╌⓸⦑G㜵㛨⦐G㘤⥘ḔG䚐␘UG㇠㐘G㟤⫠ᴴG㜵㛨⪰GἬ⤻᷀G㣌G䚌⏈G䓬㡴G㙸⏼⢰G㉿㢨G⯜㜠G㙽㙸G ᴴ㇠⪰G⡣㛨GḔ㾌⮨㉐G⊬⥙㡸G⬂㢨G䚐␘U xUG㚜ⷈG䇴㢨䏴㢨G˄ G ˅␘UGⷸ⦐G㙼G㤾㣊㙸fG⢰ḔGⵌⱬ䚌⏈G㇠⣀☘⓸G㢼㡸GᶷGᵍ␘UG Ɒ⦔G⇨ᴴG⸨ὤ㜈G㤾㫴⬀UG㏘㏘⦐G㷡㻌㢨⢰ḔG㈑ᴵ䚌⏈ᴴf 䓅䆠G㣄㷨ᴴG㤾㡴G㢀㙹㢨⏼ᾀSG㇠㐘G䆤GḔⴰG㛺㢨G㥉䚐G㚜ⷈG䇴㢨䏴㢨␘UG㟤⫠G㢀㙹G㣄㷨⓸G㤾㡸G ㄄G㙸⏼⢰Gⱨ␴㜄㉐㢌G㚕㊌SG㜄䐤䏐☐G㣄㷨㜄㉐G㤾㢀㢨G☐⤠⇌㚰G䚐␘ḔG㈑ᴵ䚐␘UG㢨㯱㜄㉐⏈G ⇨ᴴGᶤ㢌GX㉬␴⢰SG㜤㣙㣄㜄G㋁䚌ὨG䚌㫴⬀G㙸㫵G㤾㫴G㙾㡴ᴴfGⱨ␴㜄㉐G⠤ḔG㋀⫠㾌ḔGἬ⤤G ᶷ㡸G⯯䚌⏈G⇌㢨ᴴG╌⮨G⵨☐㜄㉐GⱰ⤠⇌㚰ᷔ␘ḔG㈑ᴵ䚌ḔG㢼␘UG xUG㏘䏬⫠䏬䀠㸄㝴G䚝㸄㫸G䓅䆠⢱㢨⢰G㙹┍G㢨⴬㫴ᴴGᵉ䚐⒤SG˄ⱨ㦤ᶨG␘G⺴㍌ḔG⸨㣄˅㢌G ⏄⇀⸨␘⏈G㫸㫴䚌᷀GḔⴰ䚌ḔG㢼␘⏈G⏄⇀㢨Gᵉ䚌␘U ㏘䀴㢨䏬G䇴⏈G㚔☘G⸨⮨G␴⺴⺸G㵝䚌␘UG㢩㏘䏬⫰G㏘䔠㽔⢰G㏘⫨㡸G㫄ὤ⮨㉐⓸G㋁㡸G⸨⮨G ㍐▙㢨␘UG㷡㻌㢨⢰⮨G⌸Ạ⇌G䚔Gⷉ䚐GḔⴰ☘㡸G䚌⏈G㫸㫴䚐G㷡㻌☘㢨␘UG㟤⫠G㢀㙹㜄⓸G㫸㫴䚌᷀G ㇪㡸G␘㐐G䚐GⶼG─㙸⸨᷀G䚔SG⌸Ạ⢰⓸Gḩᵄ䚔G㍌G㢼⏈GḔⴰ㢨G⊭㙸☘㛨G㢼␘U xUG㉐⽀䀠㷌㜄G㋁䚨G㢼⏈⒤SG⒈G⬂㡴G㢨☘ḰGẄ⪌䚌ὤG㠸䚨G⮈㢬㏘䏬⫰㡰⦐G㫸㻐䚌⥘⏈G㈑ᴵ㡴G 㛺⏈ᴴf ␭㜤䢼G⬂㡴G␴㩅ḰG㋀䋩䚌ḔG㟤⫠G㢀㙹㡸G㚀⫠ḔG㐪ḔSGἬᶷ㡸G䚐Gⶼ⓸G䔠ὤG䚐G㤵G㛺␘UG␘⬀G⒈G 㣌G⭭䢼ὤG㠸䚨G㝘⫠㫴≄⫠䐤⪰G䢠㉑㐐䇘⥘G䚌㫴G㙾㡸G㄄㢨␘UG㇠㐘G⮈㢨㤴㝴G㢬♈⪰GẠ⺸䚌⏈G

134

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}hrrp

xUGᴸ␜䚐G㣄ὤG㋀ᵐ⪰G⺴䇵䚐␘U 䜸㣠Gp ♈㣄㢨∼⦐G㢰䚌ḔG㢼␘UGZk㟝G n G ☥㡸G⬀☐⏈G䘸⦐㥑䏬⪰G 㫸䚽䚐␘UGG䏼㢨G⇌⏈G␴⦐Gᵐ㢬G㣅㛹⓸G䚐␘UG 䝬ὤ㐠G㈑ὤ⏈Gᶷ㜄G␴䚨G䈄Ạ䚌⏈Gᶷ㡸G 㦿㙸䚐␘UG㣠ⵀ⏈G㜠㣄⢰ḔG㈑ᴵ䚐␘U G xUG␘㛅䚐Gⵝ㐑SGG⬘㷨⪰G䋩䚨G㣅㛹㡸G 㫸䚽䚌ḔG㢼⏈⒤SG㣅㛹㡸G㐐㣅䚌᷀G═G᷸ὤ⏈G ⱨ㛻㢬ᴴf 㛨⫨G⚀⺴䉤Gⱨ㛬ᴴ⪰G⏌G⬀☘㛨㞈␘UG ␜䓬G㜵䞈⢰⒌㫴GⳘ㫵⽸♈㝘SG㢀㙹SG㿄⫡䉤G 䢙⴬⦐㟨Gᶷ㡴Gⱨ㛻㢨☔G⬀☘㛼␘UGἬG⇌㢨㜄G 䚔G㍌G㢼⏈Gᶷ☘㡸G⬀☘㛨G㞈ὤG⚀ⱬ㜄SG ⇌㜄᷀G㣅㛹㡴G⬘㟤G㣄㜤㏘⤱᷀G㢨⨜㛨㦀␘UG 䏭ⷸ䚐G᷸ὤᴴG㢼㛼⒌Gᶷ㡴G㙸⏼␘UG␘⬀G 㐐ᴸ㢨Gᴼ㍌⦑G㈑ᴵ☘㢨GẠ㷨䞈G╌㛨GᵈḔSG ⇨ᴴG⬄䚌ḔG㐪㡴Gᶷ☘㡸G⒈G␘㛅䚌᷀G䖐䜸䚌ḔG㐪㛼␘UGἬ⫠ḔG㣅㛹㡰⦐G㇠⣀☘ḰG㋀䋩䚌Ḕ㣄G 䚌⏈G㟉ẠᴴG㥄㵜Gᵉ䚨㦀␘U G xUG␭㐔㢌G㣅㛹㜄㉐⏈G㠸䏬㝴G㡔䃀䚜㡸G⏄↸G㍌G㢼␘UGG␭㐔㡴GἬ⤤G㇠⣀㢬ᴴf 㡔䃀䚐Gᶷ㡸G㦿㙸䚐␘UG㙸ᾀ⓸G⬄䚼☣㢨G⇐Gₘ⇌G㣠⴬㢼⏈G㇠⣀㢨␘UGἬ⤠䚐G⇌㢌G⮨☘㢨G 㣄㜤㏘⤱᷀G㣅㛹㜄GⱯ㛨G⇌⏈GᶷGᵍ␘UG㨰㥐☘㡴G㋀㞬═Gᶷ☘SG㇠䟀㤵㢬Gᶷ☘ḰGᵍ㡴G㛨▕ḔG ⱨᶤ㟨Gᶷ☘㢨G⬂㫴⬀SGἬ⤠䚐Gᶷ☘㢨Gⱨᶵ᷀G䖐䜸╌⏈Gᶷ⸨␘G䚨䚍㤵㡰⦐G䖐䜸╌⏈Gᶷ㡸G 㦿㙸䚐␘U G xUG㣅㛹☘㢨G⸩Ḕ㤵㢨ḔSG䞈⥘䚌⮨㉐⓸GGἬ⦐䊀㏘䆠䚐G⏄⇀㢨G☘ὤ⓸G䚐␘UG㢨⤠䚐G㣅㛹㡴G 㛨♈㉐G㜵ᵄ㡸Gⵏ⏈ᴴf 㨰⦐G䚌⏈G⁨⢰㨰G㣅㛹㜄㉐G㇠㟝╌⏈G㢨⴬㫴☘㢨G㝏⇔㢌G㣕㫴SGṅḔ㜄㉐G㵲㙸⸰G㍌G㢼⏈G 㢨⴬㫴☘㢨ὤG⚀ⱬ㜄G⸩Ḕ㤵㢨⢰⏈G⏄⇀㢨Gᵉ䚌᷀G⏄
㫴⏈GᶷGᵍ␘UG_¥`W≸␴㢌GṅḔ⪰G⸨⮨G 䊀䆠⏼䀠㤵㢬G⸨㦤㣙㾌ᴴG㛺⏈Gㇵ䈐㜄㉐G⬀☘㛨⇬Gs 㢨⴬㫴☘㡸G㢨㟝䚨G⬂㡴G㋀⽸☘㡸G㢨ↀ㛨G ⇨Ḕ㣄G䚌㜴␘UG㢨⪰G䋩䚨G⸨㜠㫴⏈G㡴㡔㢌G㋁㇡㢸☘SG㢨⴬㫴㢌G㍐㍌㉥☘㢨G䢙⴬⦡᷀G⏄
㥬G⬂㢨G ㇠㟝䚐␘SG㜼⪰G☘㛨SG㜠㉥䞈㣙䖼GṅḔ㜄G䚐G㜠㣄ᴴG㙸⪸␩᷀G⸨㜠㚰G䚌⏈G㢨⴬㫴㜄Gᷜ☐⣅㢨㢌G 䉬㢨GḰ䚌᷀G⸨㢨⏈Gᷱ㟤G㢨⪰G䔠䋔㈩㡰⦐G㥉⫠G䚌㫴G⯯䚐Gᶷ㢨⢰☔㫴SG㋁㝫G⽀⣌㢨㫴㛨GṅḔ㜄G 㡔▄ᴴGἬ␴⦐G⽸㸄G⸨㢨⏈GᶷḰGᵍ㢨G㛨㮈G㍌G㛺㢨G⸨㜠㫴⏈G⫠㛰G㢨⴬㫴☘㡴G⇌㢌G㦿㡴G㋀㣠ᴴG ═␘UG㢨⤻☣G㢩㍍䚐GᶷGᵍ㫴⬀G⇣㉔G㢨⴬㫴☘G㇠㢨㜄㉐G⇌⏈Gㇼ⦐㟨G㐐ᴵ㤵㢬Gᷱ䜌㡸G䚌᷀G ═␘UGἬ⣌䙱G㣅㛹G❄䚐G㢨⤠䚐G㜼☘ḰGᵍ㢨G⇣㉔Gᷱ䜌㜄㉐G⏄
㫴⏈G䑜䉨☘㡸G㨰⦐G⬀☘ḔG㢼␘UG 㛨⛯᷀G⸨⮨GḰ㣙╌ḔGᶤ㬇═G㢨⴬㫴☘㢨G㟤⫠G⌼㜄⏈G␭㜤㐐G╌㛨G㞈ὤG⚀ⱬ㜄SG䝭㡴G㥉䝉䞈═G 㢨⴬㫴⪰G㟈Ạ䚌⏈G♈㣄㢬G㣅㛹㡸G䚌⏈G⇌㢌Gㇵ䞝☘㢨G㢨⤤G㋀㣠㜄G␴䚐G⦐⬑㡸G䇘㠀G⇌ᴴ⏈GᶷG ᵍ␘U xUG}qG䞐┍⓸G⃬㨴䢼G䚌ḔG㢼⏈⒤SG}qG䞐┍㡸G䋩䚨G㢨㚰ὤ䚌ḔG㐪㡴Gᶷ㢨G㢼⏈ᴴfG 䏭ⷸ䚐G㌰⇌Gḩ㜤㢨G㙸␀Gḩᴸ㜄㉐G䙀⤼㢨⪰G䚔G⚀㜈GἬG㐐㥄㜄G㢰㛨⇌ḔG㢼⏈G㇠䟀㤵㢬G㢨㎼㜄G ␴䚐G㢨⴬㫴G㣅㛹㡸G䚨㞈␘UG␜㍐䢼G⯜㊌⬀㡰⦐G㢀㙹G⽸䏬㜄G⬒㻤G䖐䜸䚌ὤG⸨␘⏈G䜸㣠G⇨ᴴG ㇨ḔG㢼⏈G㇠䟀㤵㢬Gⱬ㥐㜄G⒈G㛌ὤ䚌ḔG㐪㛼␘UG⇌⏈G㜵ㇵ㡰⦐GἬᶷ㜄G␴䚨Gㇵὤ䚔G㍌G㢼⏈G 㣄⫠⪰G⬀☘㛨G⇌㙸ᴴḔ㣄G䚼␘U GG xUG␭㐔G㣄㐔⬀㢌G䏭ⷸ䚐G㣅㛹Gⵝ㐑㢨G㢼␘⮨Gⱨ㛻㢨G㢼⏈ᴴf ⭰㤴G䝬ὤ㐠㢨G☐⏈G㇠Ɒ☘㜄G␴䚐GḔⴰ㡸G䚐␘UG⇌⏈G⏌G⇨G㨰㠸㜄G㢼⏈G㇠ⱰG䝭㡴G㈑⮹㷨㜄G ␴䚨G㡔㐠䢼GḴ㵤䚐␘UG⇌⏈G䚡ㇵGἬG㇠Ɒ㜄G␴䚨G⬂㡴GẵἼ㫑㡸Gᴴ㫴ḔG㢼ḔSGἬGẵἼ㫑㡸G 㚀㙸ᴴḔG䈄Ạ䚌⏈GḰ㥉㜄㉐G㉘⤼㢸㡸G⏄↴␘UG㇠Ɒ㡸GㇵㇵG䚌␘G⸨⮨G㛨⏄G㍐ᴸSGGㇵㇵ䚌⒌G ᶷ☘㢨G㜤ᷤGḔ⫠⪰G⬀☘㛨G⇌㙸ᴴḔSGἬG㙼㜄㉐G㏘䋔⫠ᴴG䇸㈑䚐␘UGἬG㏘䋔⫠G㋁㜄㉐Gㇵㇵ㢌G 㢨⴬㫴☘㢨G⇌㜨╌ḔG⇌⏈GἬᶷ㡸G㣅㛹㡰⦐G㝢Ὠ␘UGἬ⫠ḔG⇌⏈GἬG䖐䜸☘㡸G⸨␘G䢙⴬⦐㟨G ⵝ㐑㡰⦐G⸨㜠㨰ὬG㠄䚨㉐G␘㛅䚐G⬘㷨㜄G␴䚐G㐐⓸⓸G䚌ḔG㢼␘U

xUG㣅㛹㡸G䚔G⚀G㛨⥘㟨G㥄㡴Gⱨ㛻㢬ᴴf 㐐ᴸG⺸ⵤ⪰G䚌⏈Gᶷ㢨Gᴴ㣙G㛨⥩␘UG᷸䟁㡴G㢼⒈⢰⓸G㐘䚽㡰⦐G㝢ὤὤ㜈G㐐ᴸ㤵㢬G㥐㚱㢨G⬂㙸G 㣅㛹G㐐ᴸ㡸G㛨⛘G㐑㡰⦐G⺸ⵤ䚔G㫴⪰G⭰㤴G㈑ᴵ䚐␘U G xUG䟀㇠G㈑䞐㡸G䚌⮤Gᵐ㢬G㣅㛹☘㡸G㫸䚽䚌⏈Gᶷ㢨G䣌☘㫴⏈G㙾㡴ᴴf 㡕㷨㤵㡰⦐⇌G㥉㐔㤵㡰⦐G䣌☔Gᶷ㡴G㇠㐘㢨␘UG䚌㫴⬀SGᵐ㢬㣅㛹㡴G䚌ḔG㐪㛨㉐G䚌⏈Gᶷ㢨ὤ㜄G 㨰㠸G㾐Ạ☘㜄᷀G䣌☔Gᶷ㡸G㣌G䖐䜸䚌㫴G㙾⏈␘UG㐘G㈑䞐㡴G䚐⫼♈⦐G䙰G䉤㫴⏈G㤸㣵䉤㜄㉐G㨱㡸G ᶷGᵍ㢨G㢰䚌ḔSG㬅㜄G㝴㉐G˄␴䚐ⴰạG⬀㉬˅⢰ḔG㞬㾌⮤G㣅㛹㡸G㐐㣅䚐␘U xUG㬅㜄GỴ㜠㟨G㢬䝉☘SG䞈⥘䚌Ḕ⓸G␘㛅䚐G㣕┍㇠⏼G☥G⬂㡴GⱰᶨ☘㢨G㢼␘UG㢨⤠䚐GⱰᶨ㡸G ⯜㡰⏈G䏭ⷸ䚐G㢨㡔ᴴG㢼⏈ᴴf ⸨䋩G㛨⛘G㣙㋀㜄Gᴴ⮨GἬG㣙㋀㜄G㢼⏈GⱰᶨ☘㡸Gᴴ㫴ḔG㝘⏈G㏩㉥㢨G㢼␘UG⇣㉔Gḧ㡸Gᴴ⏈Gᶷ㡸G 㦿㙸䚌ḔSG㢨ḧG㤴ḧG─㙸␘⏼⏈Gᶷ㡸G㦿㙸䚐␘UGἬ⤠␘G⸨⏼G㢨⤤㤴⤤G㣕┍㇠⏼GⱰᶨ☘㢨G⬂㢨G ⯜㢨᷀G╌㛼␘UGἬ⤤⒤G␘⪬Gḩᴸ㜄㉐Gᴴ㫴ḔG㝜Gᴵᴵ㢌GⱰᶨ☘㢨G䚐GẤ⒤㜄G⯜㢨⮨G㢌㞬⦐G㣌G 㛨㟬⫠⏈Gᷱ㟤ᴴG⬂␘U xUG㢨G㣅㛹㐘㡴G㛬㥐⺴䉤G㇠㟝䚌ḔG㢼⏈ᴴf 㣠㣅≸G⬘㟤G⒙ḔG⽸ᴴG㝘⏈G㜠⪸㜄G㢨G㣅㛹㐘⦐G㢨㇠㞈␘U xUGᶤ㨰㝴G㣅㛹㐘⦐G㇠㟝䚌ḔG㢼⏈SG㢨Gḩᴸ㢌G㣙㥄㡸G㋀ᵐ䚨␠⢰U 㫴ἼG㣅㛹㐘㡴Gᶤ㨰㝴G㣅㛹㡸G䚜‌G㇠㟝䚌ḔG㢼⏈⒤SGἬ㜄Gᶬ⬒⏈GẠ㦤㢨␘UGᶤ㨰ḩᴸḰG 㣅㛹ḩᴸ㢨G⮹䞉䢼G⇌⍔㥬G㢼㛨G㦿ḔSG㵱㢌G㠸㾌⇌G⏄⇀㢨Gḩᴸ⫼␘G␠⢰㉐G㦿␘UG䚻㇨㢨G㣌G ☘㛨㝴㉐GḔ㛅㢨☘⓸G㦿㙸䚌ḔSG⇌㢌G㣕␘䚐G㋀䖼㡸G㥉⫠䚔G䆤G㵱ḔᴴGYᵐG㢼⏈Gᶷ㢨G㣙㥄㢨␘UG 㟈㫌㡴G㟈⫠㜄G⾔㥬㢻⏈⒤SG㾐Ạ☘㜄᷀G㟈⫠⪰G䚨㨸⚀㜄⓸Gḩᴸ㢨G⺸⫠╌㫴G㙾ḔG㵱㡰⦐G 㜤ᷤ╌㛨G㢼㛨G⺴㜀㢌GẠ㦤ᴴG⬌㜄G☔␘U xUG㣅㛹㐘㡸G㢨ㆌ᷀G㣌G⃬⮤⋇㚌␘UG㣅㛹Gḩᴸ㡴G␭㐔㢌G㣅㛹㜄G㛨⛘G㜵䛙㡸G⴬㾌⏈ᴴf 㢨ㆌ᷀G⃬⮤⋇㚌␘⢰ḔG⬄䚨㩌㉐GḔ⬍␘UG䚌㫴⬀SG㣄㉬䢼G⸨⮨G⃬⮤㫸GᶨG㙸⏼␘UG㥐⭿␴⦐G䍡䍡G Ɒᶨ☘㢨G⇌㜨╌㛨㢼ḔG㥐⭿␴⦐Gⵤ㾌╌㛨G㢼␘UG㣅㛹㐘㡸G⃬⮸㡰⮨G㙸⫼⓸G⒈G㟈⢴䚼㡸ᶷ㢨␘UG 㝘䢼⥘G䓬㙼䚌᷀G⸨㜠㫴⏈G㣅㛹ḩᴸ㢨G⇌⪰G㦴G㵜⺸䚌ḔG㙼㥉╌᷀G⬀☘㛨G㨰⏈Gᶷᵍ␘U xUG㬅㜄GḔ㛅㢨⪰GY⫼⫠⇌G䇘㟤ḔG㢼␘U 㫴Ἴ G㇨㙸㝘⮨㉐G㈑⮹㷨⪰G䇘㠀⸬G㤵㢨G㛺␘UG㸼☥䚍ẄG㚒㜄㉐G䑀⏈GἬG䢈䚐G⸅㙸⫠G䚐⫼⫠G 䇘㠀⸨㫴G㙾㚌␘UG㢨㡔⏈G⇌⸨␘G⭰㤴G㨱⏈␘⏈G㈑ᴵ㢨G㐟ḔGⱨ㉐㠔⏈⒤SG㣅≸G㛨⏄⇔Gᵅ㣄ὤG Ḕ㛅㢨⪰G䇘㠀㚰Gᷔ␘⏈G㈑ᴵ㢨Gⶼ㮁G☘㛼␘UG 㷟ⶼ㬬GḔ㛅㢨⪰G䇘㟤ὤG㐐㣅䚐G䟸⦐G㤵㫴G㙾㡴G㈑䞐G䑜䉨㢌Gⷴ䞈ᴴG㢼㛼ḔG␘⪬G㐐ᴵ☘㡸Gᴴ㫼G ㍌G㢼⏈Gὤ䟀ᴴG╌㛼␘UG㟤㉔G㇨㙸ᴴ⏈G┍㙼G⬂㡴G㈑⮹㷨㝴G㦿㡴GḴ᷸⪰G㡔㫴䚌Ḕ㣄G䚌⏈Gⵈ⣜㢨G 䀘㦀␘UGἬ⫠ḔG㐐ᴸ㡸G㯰ᵐG㘤⏈G⒤㜄GἽἽ䚼⒌G⇨ᴴSG㦤ἼG⒈G⺴☐⤠㠀㫴ḔG㜠㡔ᴴG㈑ὤὤG 㐐㣅䚼␘UG㙸⫼⓸G䝬⪨⯠㢌Gⷴ䞈ᴴG㈑ὨGᶷGᵍ␘UGἬ⫠ḔG⇌⭬㫴G䚐G⫼⫠⏈GὬ㜄㉐G⒤⫠ḔG㞈␘UG 㢨ㇵ䚌᷀GἬGḔ㛅㢨ᴴG⇌⪰G㦬㦬G㰇㙸㝘⮤G␴䞈⪰Gᶬ㛼⒈⣠␘UGἬ⫠ḔSG䜸㣠G␠䑱㢨G▄G⫼⫠⓸G 䇘㟤ḔG㢼␘UG␠䑱㢨☘㢨G㚀㡸G⇧㙸㉐G㙸㨰G⬂㡴Gㇼ↰G␠䑱㢨☘㢨G㢼␘UG xUG㵱㣅G㟉Ạ⪰G㣄Ἥ䚌⏈Gᶷ㡴Gⱨ㛻㢬ᴴf 㵱㣅G㟉Ạ⪰G㣄Ἥ䚌⏈Gᶷ☘㡴G㙸㨰G⬂␘UG㨰㠸㢌G㇠ⱰSG㨰㠸㢌G㾐Ạ☘SG⇨ᴴG⸨ḔG㢼⏈G㣄⨀☘SG 㢨⴬㫴☘SG⇨ᴴG䚌⏈G㈑ᴵ☘G☥☥UG 㟷ὤ᷀G☘⫨G㍌⓸G㢼ᷔ㫴⬀SGᴴ㣙G⇌⪰G㣄Ἥ䚌ḔG㢼⏈GᶨG⡜ᶤ㟨G⇌㢌G⡜ᶤ㟨G㐠㣙Gᵍ␘UGᴴ⬀䢼G 㢼㡰⮨G㋁㜄㉐G⡜ᶤ㟨Gⱨ㛬ᴴᴴG㝠⢰㝴㉐G㛨㮈G㨸G⯜⪨ᷔ␘UG㛨㮈G⚄G㟤㟬䚨㫴ὤ⓸G䚐␘UGᷤạG 㵱㣅G㟉Ạ⪰G㣄Ἥ䚌⏈Gᶷ㡴Gⵈ⦐G⇌G㣄㐔㢬GᶷGᵍ␘UG㉬⺴㤵㡰⦐G⸨⮨G⇨ᴴG⸨⏈GᶷSG⇌㢌G 㨰㠸㜄㉐G㢰㛨G⇌⏈G㢰☘㜄G㢌䚨㉐G㣄ἭG␭䚌⏈Gᷱ㟤⓸G⬂␘UG G xUG㟈㫌G㫸䚽䚌ḔG㢼⏈G㣅㛹㡴Gⱨ㛻㢬ᴴf 㐐㣅㡴G䚼㫴⬀G␘⪬GG䘸⦐㥑䏬☘㜄Gⴴ⥘㉐G↑⇨㫴G⯯䚐GⳘ㫵⽸♈㝘SGἬ⫰G☥㢨G㢼␘UG䜸㣠⏈GἬG 㣅㛹☘㡸G⫼ⱨ⫠䚌⏈G㩅㢨⮤SG㣌G↑⇼㡰⮨G㦿ᷔ␘UG❄䚐G㦵㡴G㉬ㇵ㡸G⒈G䆠᷀G⸨ḔG㐪㡴G㻝┍G䚌㜄G Ạ㢹䚐G䜸⴬ᷱ㡸G㢨㟝䚐G㣅㛹☘㡸G㫸䚽䚌ḔG㢼␘UG G xUGㇼ⦡᷀G⓸㤸䚨⸨ḔG㐪㡴G㣅㛹㢨G㢼␘⮨f 㣅㛹㢌GḰ㥉GἬ⫠ḔGᷤḰⱰ㢨G䜸㣠⸨␘G⒈G␘㢨⇌ⴭ䚐GḰ㥉SG䝉䈐㜴㡰⮨G㦿ᷔ␘UG㣠⴬㢼⏈G䝉䈐㢌G ㉘㾌G㣅㛹㢨⇌SG㟴㫵㢨⏈GẠ㦤㢌G㉘㾌Ɒ⓸G⬀☘ḔG㐪␘UGἬ⫠ḔG⏌G䝰㣄G㣅㛹㡸G䚌⏈G㏘䇴㢰㢬⒤G ⫼㢀G⬒⏈G㇠⣀☘ḰG䚜‌G䘸⦐㥑䏬⪰G㫸䚽䚨⸨ḔG㐪␘U

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k Ts xUG˄㢨䈐㠄G䘸⫠⒘˅G㻐ᴸ㡸G㻉䚌䚐␘UG㛨⛯᷀G ⇌㝜G㵹㢬ᴴf 㥐㢰G㣄㨰GᴴḔG㦿㙸䚌⏈G┍≘ᴴG㢨䈐㠄㢨␘UG XW㜠≸G㤸⺴䉤G㣄㨰G☐⇌☘ὤG㐐㣅䚼ḔG 䚌⇌▌G␜Ḝ㬅☘㢨G⏌㛨⇌⮨㉐G㢨G┍≘㜄G ␴䚍G㚔㵝㢨G㡔␠⫠Gᵉ䚨㦀␘UGἬ⤤⒤G 㻐䑄㇠㜄㉐G㢨䈐㠄㜄GḴ䚐G㵹㡸Gὤ䟁䚌ḔG 㢼␘⏈G㋀㐑㡸G㟤㜤䢼G㥅䚌᷀G╌㛼␘UG␘⪬G 㫴㜡㢨⮨G⯤⢰⓸G㢨䈐㠄㜄GḴ䚐G㵹㢨⢰⮨G ⇨ᴴG㘤ḔG㐪␘ḔG㈑ᴵ䚌⒌G㵜㜄G㜤㢨G ␳㚌␘U

ᾀ䓌㜄⏈G㛨⫤G㙸㢨⺴䉤G⊬㐔㇠ᾀ㫴G␘㛅䚐G㜤⥭㽩㢨G㙽㙸G㢼␘UG䞁␴G㚒⓸G㣄㨰G☐⇌☘㛼㛼㫴⬀G ⇌㢨⪰G⭭ḔG⇌⏼G㢨㥐G⇨ᴴG㢼㡰⮨G㙼G╔GḧGᵍ␘⏈G㢨㫼ᵄ㡸G㩌㉐G⺼䓬䚌␘UGἬ⤤G⮨㜄㉐G 㢨䈐㠄㡴G㣄㡔⦡␘UG㢨䈐㠄㢨G⌸Ạ㜄᷀⇌G㜨⥘G㢼⏈Gḧ㢬Gᶷ㡸G⸨㜠㨰⏈G␴䖐㤵㢬Gḧ㡰⦐G˄ ᷀㢨䣄˅㡸G⾰G⋇㡸G㍌G㛺␘UG᷀㢨ⵈSG䆨⤱G☥㢨G☘㛨㵠G㢨GḜ⯝㜄⏈G᷀㢨SG⤼㪼⽸㛬SGⵈ㢨SG 䏬⣐㏘ᾀ㫴Gạ㤵㡸G⺼ⱬ䚐G␘㛅䚐G㉥㤵G㋀㍌㣄☘㢨G⯜㜠☘⮤GἬ☘⬀㢌G䑀⢰␘㢨㏘⪰G㢨⨜ḔG 㢼␘UG xUG㣄㨰Gᴴ⏈G᷀㢨ⵈ⇌G䆨⤱㢨G㢼⇌f 㠄⣌GnG G⢰⏈G᷀㢨ⵈ⪰G㣄㨰Gᵈ㛼␘UG䚐G⚀G˄⊰␘˅䚌⏈G㚔☘㡴G␘G⯜㜠☘⒌Gḩᴸ㢨㛼⏈⒤G 㫴Ἴ㡴G㛺㛨㥬㉐G㙸㎠㟨Gḧ㢨␘UG⮻G≸G㤸㜄G㷌㢀㡰⦐G䆨⤱G˄䏬⣐㏘˅㜄㉐G䏬⣐㏘㥔⒈G㌰⪰G⸬G 䟸G㌰ᴴG⸨㜠㨰⏈G☐⢰⫼㝴G㜼㍔㉥㜄Gᾐ㬑G⊴⢴G䟸G㫴Ἴᾀ㫴G㫄ᷜG㵲ḔG㢼␘UG䓽㋀㜄⏈G䓽ⷈ䚐G ⇜㣄㢌G⯜㏩㢨㫴⬀G㌰⪰G㠸䚨G⸩㣙㡸Gᵊ㻤G㢹⏈G]⮹㢌Gⷔ䊀⣅G˄㛬⏼˅☘㢨G䓰㾌⏈G㌰⪰G⸨ὤG㠸䚨G ㉥㋀㍌㣄⏈GⱰ⦔G㜼㍔ᴴ⇌G♈㣄㢨∼G☥G␘㛅䚐G㫵㛹Ấ㢌G䏬⥀♈䙰䙀☘㢨G⯤⥘☔␘UG䏬⣐㏘㌰⢰ḔG ˄㚰䚐G㌰˅⪰G⛔㝠⫠ὤG㐡ㇵ㢨㫴⬀G㟷㢀ḰG⌼ⱰSGᵄ┍㢨G䚐G⒤G㉒㢬Gⱨ␴⏈G㵜⢰⫠G㜼㍔㜄Gᴴᾑ␘UG ⬘ⶼG┍䚽䚌⏈G᷀㢨㾐Ạ⏈G˄㉬᷸G㛨⏄G䏬⣐㏘䆨⤱㡸Gᴴ⓸G㢨⬀䚐G㝸㉥⓸㢌Gⱨ␴ᴴG㛺␘˅⮤G ⱬ䞈ㇵ䖼㡰⦐G⸨㦨䚨G䇘㠀㚰G䚐␘ḔG㨰㣙G䚔G㥉⓸␘UG xUG㺐ἰG㢨䈐㠄㡴GḔἽG⤼㏘䋔⣅㢨⇌G⢰㟨㫴ⵈᴴG㋁㋁G☘㛨㵜⮤G⾔⪨᷀Gⷴ䞈䚌ḔG㢼␘UG㢨⤤G ⷴ䞈㜄G␴䚨G㛨⛯᷀G㈑ᴵG䚌⏈ᴴf ⬒␘UGὤ㦨㜄G㢨䈐㠄㢨⢰ḔG䚌⮨G㢀㾜䚌ḔG㠸䜌䚐G┍≘⢰⏈G㢬㐑㢨Gᵉ䚼␘UG㨰⦐G⊬⏈G┍≘ᴴG 㛨♈∄⏈G㫼ⱬ㜄G˄㢨䈐㠄˅㢨⢰ḔG␴␩䚌⮨G㢨ㇵ䚐G㐐㉔㡸G⸨㢨⏈G㢨☘㢨G㢼㡸G㥉⓸㜴␘UG䚌㫴⬀G 㺐ἰ㜄⏈G㉐㟬㜄㉐Gᴴ㣙G˄䚟˅䚐G㫴㜡㡰⦐GἽ⺴ㇵG䚌ḔG㢼␘UG㍌㨴Ἵ㢌G⤼㏘䋔⣅ḰGᴴ㣙G㣌⇌ᴴ⏈G ⢰㟨㫴ⵈSG䆨⤱㢨G⯜▄G⯜㜠G㢼␘UG䚌㫴⬀G㢨⤻᷀G˄⤡㊈⫠˅䚐Gḧ☘㢨G☘㛨㉐⓸G㷡␨┍㢨⇌G ᴴ⦐㍌ὬG☥ḰGẠ⺸╌⏈G⬘⥙㡴G˄⤡㊈⫠˅㝴G˄㛬⒈Ἤ⢰㟨☐Gⱬ䞈˅ᴴGḩ㦨䚐␘⏈Gᶷ㢨␘UG␴ὤ㛹G 㣄⸬㢨G☘㛨㵜ḔG㢼⏈Gᶷ㡸G⸨⮨G㢨䈐㠄G䏭㡔㢌G㥉㼜ᴴG㇠⢰㫼Gᾀ⹄G㟤⥘╌ὤ⓸G䚌㫴⬀SG❄G䚐G䁔G ◫Ḝ⯝㜄㉐⏈G␴㙼ⱬ䞈ḩᴸ㡸G㫴䛙䚌⏈Gḩᴸ☘⓸Gㇼ⦡᷀G㈑ᷜ⇌ḔG㢼㛨G㙸㫵㡴G㙼㐠㢨␘UG xUG㵹㜄G㋀ᵐ═G⤼㏘䋔⣅ḰGᾀ䓌G㩅G⮻Gḧ㡸G㻈㷐䚨G␠⢰U 㢰␜G㢨䈐㠄㜄⏈G㢰㵁㢨G☘㛨㝜G␘㛅䚐Gạᴴ㢌Gⱬ䞈⪰Gⵈ䈉㡰⦐G䇸䇸䚐G⇨ḩ㡸Gᵊ㻌G㢨ạ㤵㢬G ⤼㏘䋔⣅㢨G⬂␘UG䚐ạ㜄㉐G㡔㢰䚌᷀G⺼ᴴ⫠㙸G㢀㐑㡸G⬏⸰G㍌G㢼⏈G⤼㏘䋔⣅G˄㥘⥀˅SG 㢨㏠⣀Ẅ㜄㉐G䛼㟝䚐G㤼㵜㜄G♤⢰G⓸㇨䚐GḔὤ㝴G㐑㣠⨀⬀㡸G㇠㟝䚨G㢀㐑㡸G⬀☘ḔSG㡜ⷉ㜄G ♤⢰G㍔㡴G䑄⬘䚌㫴G㙾⏈G㩅┍G⤼㏘䋔⣅G˄䓌䏬⢰˅SG㺐ḔἽG┰㫴G◫␘⫠㇨㡸G㢨㟝䚨G⬀☔G䚌⯱㡸G ⬏G⸰G㍌G㢼⏈G˄㏘䓌㢬G䆨⤱˅G☥㢨G␴䖐㤵㢨␘UG㢨䇼⫠㙼G⤼㏘䋔⣅G˄㋀⪨䐤⊬㏘˅⏈G㜠䇴G䚐ạ䞈═G 㢨䇼⫠㙼G⤼㏘䋔⣅Ḱ⏈G␘⪨᷀G㥉䋩㡸G䖐ⵝ䚌⏈G⟑㐠G㢼⏈G㬅㢨␘UG㇠㐘G㢨䇼⫠㙸G㢀㐑㢨G 䚐ạ㢬㢌G㢹㜄⏈G㬐᷀G⏄
㥬G㢩㍍䚌㫴G㙾㡴G㢨☘㢨G⭭ὤ㜄⏈G䣌☔G⺴⺸㢨G㢼⏈⒤G㢨Gḧ㡴GἬG ᴸG㍌⬂㡴G䆨⤼㢸㡸Gⵏ㡰⮨㉐⓸G㢨䇼⫠㙸㢌Gᴸ㉬ὤ⪰GἬ␴⦐G㡔㫴䚌⮤GᷤạGἬG⬏GἬ␴⦐⪰G ㋄␌☘㜄᷀G㢬㥉ⵏḔ㚰G⬄㚌␘UGᾀ䓌⦐⏈G˄ᾀ䓌⦐G㠸㣙䚐G㣅ᴴ☘㢌G␴㙼ḩᴸ˅㡸G䖐ⵝ䚌⏈G˄䊀㢨䆠G 㙸㟷G☐⦐㢽˅ḰG㙸䐤㏘䏬G㺐㥉䞈ᴴG˄㵱㣅G⤼㫴⒌㐐SG㤸㐐㣙SG㙸䏬㍁G☥Gἐ㥉䚔G㍌G㛺⏈G䝰㉥ḩᴸ˅㡸G ⯝䖐⦐G⬀☔G˄㏘䓌㢨㏘G⃴˅G☥㡸G㻈㷐䚐␘UG xUG㵹㡸G㢱␘G⸨⮨G♈䊀㢰䚐G㥉⸨㝴G㠸䏬G≌㾌⏈G㢰䞈G☥㜄㉐G㤴㣄G⸬㢬㢨G㐘㥐⦐G㫄ᷜG㵲㙸G 㣌G㚀ḔG㢼␘⏈G⏄⇀㡸Gᵉ䚌᷀Gⵏ⏈␘UG㢨⤻᷀G㣄㐔㢌G䝼GἬ⢰㟨☐⪰Gἴ⦐G㜢㛨G⬂㡴G㢨☘㜄᷀G ㋀ᵐ䚐␘⏈Gᶷ㡴G⸬㢬㜄᷀G㛨⛘G㢌⴬㢬ᴴfG ὤ⸬㤵㡰⦐G⇨ᴴG㥐㢰G㐟㛨䚌⏈GᶷG㩅G䚌⇌ᴴG˄䓬ᷠ˅G㢨␘UG⇌⏈G⇨ᴴG㇠⣅䚌⏈G┍≘㢬G㢨䈐㠄㢨G ˄㦿㫴G㙾㡴G䓬ᷠ˅㜄G㑇㜠G⸨㜠㫴⏈Gᶷ㡸GᾜḔG㐪␘UGⱰ⦔Gᴼ㍌⦑GἬG㢨⴬㫴ᴴG㦿㙸㫴ḔG㢼ὤ⏈G 䚌㫴⬀G㙸㫵⓸G㢨䈐㠄㡸G˄㣌G⯜⪨ᷔḔGⱨ㉐㟨Gḧ˅㡰⦐G㈑ᴵ䚌⏈G㇠⣀☘㢨G⬂⒈⢰UG㦴G㟷ὤ␘ḔG 䚔G㍌⓸G㢼⏈⒤G⇌⏈Gᴴ㍌G˄|}˅ᴴG˄㢨䈐㠄G䘸⫠⒘˅㡸G⺴⪬Gᶷ㢨G␴㩅☘㢨G㢨䈐㠄㡸G⒈G䓬䚌ḔG ὁ㥉㤵㡰⦐Gⵏ㙸☘㢰G㍌G㢼⏈G᷸ὤᴴG╌㛼␘ḔG㈑ᴵ䚐␘UG⇨G㵹G㥐⯝⓸G❅ᵍ㡴G˄㢨䈐㠄G䘸⫠⒘˅G 㙸␀ᴴUG⬄GἬ␴⦐G㇠⣀☘㢨G㣄㡔⦐㟨G㢨䈐㠄㡸G䓬ᷠG㛺㢨G㣄㡔⦡᷀Gⵈ⢰⸨⮨G㦿ᷔ␘UG⇌G䝰㣄⬀G 㚀ḔG㐪㡸G㥉⓸⦐G㋀㩅䚐G㙸㫴䏬☘㡸G㋀ᵐ䚌⮨㉐G∼ⱨG⬂㡴G㢨☘㢨G㵲㡸ᾀG㟤⥘╌⏈Gᶷ⓸G ㇠㐘㢬⒤GἬ⣌⓸G䓬ᷠG㛺㢨Gⵈ⢰⸨⮨G㦿ᷔ␘⏈G⫼㢀㢨G⒈G䆠⏼ᾀG⇜ὴ㛺㢨G㋀ᵐ䚼␘UG xUG㋀ᵐ䚌ḔG㐪㡴G❄G␘⪬G┍≘ᴴG㢼␘⮨f 䚐ạ㡴G㙸㫵G⯜⪨ᷔ␘UG㦿㡴Gḧ㢨G⬂ὨG䚐⒤G⇨ᴴG㢨⤻᷀G㋁㋁☘㢨G㚀ḔG㢼⏈Gḧ㡴G㢨䈐㠄G ㄄㢨⢰UUUἬ⤤⒤G㟤㜤䢼G⇨ᴴG㦿㙸䚌⏈G⓸㐐G㩅G㏘䓔⫵㢨Gi⦐G㐐㣅䚌⏈Gḧ㢨G⬂␘UG⮻G≸G㤸G㵹㡸G ⇬Gc␘㐐Gⷔ⪰⫤e㢌Gⷔ⪰⫤㢨⇌Gⵝ䂉G☥UUUSGᴴ㣙GᴴḔG㐪㡴Gḧ㢨㣄G⁡G㵹㡰⦐G⇨ḔG㐪㡴Gḧ㡰⦐⏈G ⺴㜄⊬㏘㙸㢨⤼㏘ᴴG㢼␘U xUG⓸㐐㜠䚽㡸G㡔⓹G㦿㙸䚌⏈GᶷGᵍ␘UG 㠄⣌⏈G㣕㫴㜄㉐Gᴴ㣙G䚟䚐GḧSG䏬⥀♈䚐Gḧ㡸G㼜㣠䚌⏈Gᶷ㡸G⬂㢨G䚼㛼␘UGἬ⤤⒤GᷤạG㉐㟬㢌G 䏬⥀☐⏈G␴⺴⺸G䚨㞬㜄㉐Gᶨ∼㝘᷀G╌⏼ᾀSG㣄㜤㏘⤱᷀G䚨㞬㢌G䚟G㏘䑓㡸G㋀ᵐ䚌⏈Gᶷ㡰⦐G 㝢ᷜᴴ⮨㉐G䚨㞬G⓸㐐⪰G㋀ᵐ䚌⏈Gἴ㡸G㘤᷀G╌㛼␘UG㜠㡔⦐㟨G㐐Ḝ⓸G㦿ὤ⏈G䚌㫴⬀G⓸㐐⏈G ␘㛅䚐G㇠⣀☘㢨G⯜㜠☘㛨G␘㛅䚐Gⱬ䞈⪰G䝉㉥䚨Gᴸ␘⏈G㥄㜄㉐G㣠⴬㢼␘UG xUG㠄⣌G㇠⣀㡸G㦿㙸䚌⇌G⸨␘U Ἤ⤻␘UG⓸㐐㢌G⾔⪬G㡔䚽㡸G⬀☘㛨⇨ḔG˄䚟㏘䑓˅㡸G㵲㙸G⯜㜠☐⏈G㢨⏈Gᷤạ㜄G⯜☔G㇠⣀㢨⏼ᾀUG ⌸ẤᴴᴴGἬ⤤Gⱬ䞈⪰G⬀☘㛨⇨ḔSG㇠⣀☘㢨G⯜㜠☘㛨G䚜‌G㫄ὤ⏈G⯜㏩㢨G㦿␘UG㢨䈐㠄㜄㉐G ᵐ㢬㤵㡰⦐G㦿㙸䚌⏈Gᴴ᷀☘⓸Gᷤạ㜈GἬGḧ㢌G㟨㜵㣄ᴴG㦿㙸G㫄ᷜG㵲⏈Gḧ㢨G␴⺴⺸㢨␘UG 㢀㐑㢨⇌G㢬䊀⫠㛨SG㤸㷨㤵㢬G⺸㠸ὤ⓸G㩅㟈䚌㫴⬀Gᷤạ㜄GἬGḧ㜄㉐G⇨ᴴG㋀䋩䚌⏈Gᶷ㡴G ㇠⣀㢨⏼ᾀUG㦿㡴G㇠⣀㢨G㟨㜵䚌⏈Gḧ㜄⏈G㦿㡴G㋄␌☘㢨G㵲ḔGἬG⬀㢌Gⱬ䞈ᴴG⬀☘㛨G㫸␘UG xUG㚒㡰⦐G᷸䟁䚌ḔG㢼⏈G㢰㡴f ᷸㋁䚨㉐Gἴ㡸G㘤ḔG㐪㡴Gᶷ㢨G⇨G㋀⬑㢨␘UG⁡G㜠䚽Gἴ⬀G㘤⥘⏈G㈑ᴵ㡴G㛺␘UG˄㢨䈐㠄G䘸⫠⒘˅ 㡴G⇨G㨰Ḵ㢨G☘㛨ᴴὨG䚼㫴⬀Gὤ⸬㤵㡰⦐G㇠⣀☘㢨G㢱ḔG㢨䈐㠄㡸G㫄ὤ⏈⒤G䙸㟈䚐G㥉⸨☘㡸G ᴴ☑G㵸㟨G˄┍≘G㙼⇨㉐˅㢌G㉥ᷝ㢨㛼␘⮨G㚒㡰⦐⏈G㜠䚽㫴㜄㉐㢌G㇠ㇽ㡸Gᴴ☑G␨㡴G㜄㒸㢨⓸G 㒜⸨ḔG㐪␘UG

xUG䞁␴G㚒㢨⇌G㷡␨┍G☥G⊴Gḧ㡴G⬂␘UG㞐G 㢨䈐㠄㢬ᴴfG ⌸Ạ㜄᷀⇌G㜨⥘㢼⏈GḧSG␘㛅䚐Gⱬ䞈ᴴG 䝰㣠╌㛨G㢼⏈GḧG㢨⢰⏈Gᶷ㢨G␘⪬G㫴㜡ḰG ᴴ㣙GẠ⺸G╌⏈G㥄㢨␘UGYW␴ᴴG㜨ṅ䚌⏈G䆨⤱㜄G[W␴ᴴGᴴ⓸G㤸䜴G㢨ㇵ䚌㫴G㙾ḔG䏬⥀♈䚐G

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㫼G⚀ᴴG㢼⏈ᴴf 㫴⇐G㜠⪸G⇌㢌Gᵐ㢬㤸㢌G⺴㥐⏈G˄㦨㣠䚌⏈SGἬ⤠⇌G㦨㣠䚌㫴G㙾⏈˅G㢨㛼␘UGḩ䔠㢌G㐘㷨⏈G ⚀⦔G㇠㐘㢨ὤ⓸G䚌⇌SG␴⺴⺸㡴G㦨㣠䚌㫴G㙾⏈SG㢰㛨⇌㫴G㙾㡸G㢰㜄G␴䚐G⴬㜤㢌G▄⥘㟴㢨㫴G 㙾㡸ᾀ⢰ḔG㈑ᴵ䚐␘UG⇌⏈G⇌㢌GṨⱰ㢨G▄⥩㫴G㙾␘UGἬ☘㡴G⴬㚱䚌␘UG⴬㚱䚐G⃼䏴ᶤ⫰㡰⦐G Ḕ䋩㡸SGⶼ⌀⪰SGᴼ⬑㡸Gㄐ㛨⇨⮤G㛰ẨḰG㋄㡸SG⯬㡸G⽸䏴㛨G㢨㚰ὤG䚌⥘G䚌㫴⬀GἬ⫰Gⵊ㡰⦐G 䎴㛨⇌㝴G⇌㢌G⯝㡸G㦤⪨ᶤ⇌G⌸Ấᴴ⪰GⱰG㍌⓸G㛺␘UG⇌⏈GἬ☘ḰG㢩㍍䚌␘UGᷤạSG⇨G㙼㜄G 㦨㣠䚌⏈G˄ṨⱰ˅㢌G㵱㦤㣄⏈G⇌G㣄㐔㢨␘UG䓽⮨G㠸㜄GἬ⥘㫸GἬ⫰G㋁㢌GṨⱰ㢌G㵱㦤㨰⏈G⇌G 㣄㐔㢨␘UGἬ☘㡴G▄⥘㟴㢌G␴ㇵ㢨G㙸␀G⇨ᴴG㫵⮨䚌㜠㚰G䚔G␴ㇵ㢸㜄G⺼Ḱ䚌␘U G xUG˄㙹⯱G㢰ὤ˅⢰⏈G㵹㡸G⇨㛼㛼␘UG㢨G㵹㜄G␴䚨G㉘⮹䚨␠⢰U ⇌⏈Gⱨ㍌䚐G⃼☘㡸G⃰␘UGἬ⫠ḔG㝘⣟┍㙼GἬᶷ㡸Gὤ⦑䚌㜠G㞈␘UG␴⺴⺸㢌G⇌㢌G⃼☘㡴GㇽḰG ⾏㢨G⴬㚱䚌␘UG㛨▕ḔSGḔ㟈䚌⮤SG㞬⦡ḔSG˄ⱨ㉡␘U˅GἬ⤻᷀Gⱨ㍌䚐G㙹⯱☘㡸G⃰␘UG㙹⯱㢌Gὤ⦑㡴G ᵐ㢬㤵㢬G㫄ᶤ㟴OfP㡸G㨰ὤ⓸G䚌㜴ḔSG䚌⇌㢌Gὤ⦑㢨G╌ὤ⓸G䚌㜴㫴⬀GἬG㙹⯱㜄㢌G㢩㍍䚨㬄SG Ἤ⫠ḔGἬᶷ㢨G㐘㥐ᴴG㙸␀G⃼㢸㡸G䞉㢬G䚌⏈G䚌⇌㢌GḰ㥉㢨G╌㛨㨰㛼␘UGἬ⦐G㢬䚌㜠G⇌⏈G˄ 㙹⯱㢨G▄⥘㠀˅G㣔☘㫴G⯯䚌⏈Gㇵ䞝㡰⦐⺴䉤G⇌⪰G㛨⏄G㥉⓸GẠ㥐䚔G㍌G㢼㛼␘UG㙹⯱SG⃼㡴Gⷸᵐ㢌G ㉬ㇵ㢨G㙸⏼␘UGᷤạG⇌㢌Gⱨ㢌㐑㢌G㢰⺴㢨␘UG㣔☘㛨G㢼㡸G⚀⏈G❄G䚌⇌㢌SG⇨G㢬㈑㢌GXVZ㢌G ㉬ㇵ㢨⢰⏈G㈑ᴵ㡸G䚐␘UG㛨⏄G⇔SGἬᶷ㡸G⇌㢌G⮻⮻㢌G㣅㛹ḰGⱪ㛨SG䚌⇌㢌G㦤㟝䚐G㩅㛰ᶤ⫰ḰG ᵍ㡴G㋀⫠⦐G㻐ᴸ䚌ḔG㐪㡴G㈑ᴵ㢨G☘㛼ḔSG⸩㣕䚌ᶤ⇌SG᷸䟁㤵㢬G㈑ᴵG㛺㢨GἬ∙GḔ㏘⢴䢼G Ἤ␴⦐G㫸䚽䚼ḔSGἬ⤤GḰ㥉㡸Gᶤ㸄G㉬ㇵ㜄G⇌㝜SG㙸㨰G▄㉐G㛺⏈G㵹㢨G˄ṨⱰ㤸aG㙹⯱㢰˅G㢨␘UG ⱨ㛬ᴴ⪰G㢱㛨⇨⥘G䚌ᶤ⇌G⊰⫠⪰G㵲㡰⥘G䚌⮨GἬ㤴G⬄㢨G㙼G╌⏈G⇨㟝㢰G♤⪸㢨␘UGἬ∙GἬᶷ㡴G ᴴᵄG㛺㢨GḔ㏘⢴䢼Gὤ⦑═G˄㙹⯱㢰ὤ˅㢰G♤⪸㢨␘U G xUG㣄㐔⬀㢌G㣅㛹Gⵝ㐑㡸G㋀ᵐG䚨␠⢰U 㦹㢨㝴G㙸䆠⫨GⱰᵄSG⸰䓐SG䓐SG㢽䆠G☥㡸G㇠㟝䚌ḔG㢼␘UG䙸ὤẠ⦐㉐㢌G˄⸰䓐ḰG䓐˅㢌G㇠㟝㡴G 䙸ὤẠ⦐G˄㘤㜠㫴⏈˅G㢨㚰ὤ⢰⏈Gㇵ㬉㉥㡸G⬀☘㛨G⇨ὤ⓸G䚐␘UG⇌⏈GἬ⫤␘SGἬ⫠ḔG㘨␘UGἬ⫰ḰG 㘴㡸G䋩䚌㜠G˄㢨㚰ὤ˅⪰G䚌⏈Gᶷ㢨␘UG␜㫴G˄Ἤ⫤␘˅⏈G䚽㠸⏈G㫴Ἥ䢼G⇌⬀㢌Gᵐ㢬㤵㢬G䚽㠸␘UG Ἤ⫠ḔG˄㢨㚰ὤG䚐␘˅⏈G㋀䋩㜄G␴䚐G㜨⬑㢨␘UG⇌㢌G㢨㚰ὤ⪰G⵽㛨⇸㡰⦐G䇴㢬㢌G㢨㚰ὤᴴG ẵἼ䚨㫴ḘG䚐␘U xUG㣅㛹㡸G䚌⮨㉐G㛨⥘㟨G㥄㢨G㢼⏈ᴴfG㢼␘⮨SGⱨ㛻㢬ᴴf ㉬᷸㢌G␴⺴⺸㢌G㣅ᴴ☘SG䏭䢼G㤾㡴G㣅ᴴ☘㢨GḔẤ⺸䍠G䚌⏈Gḩ䋩㢌Gⱬ㥐UGᷤạG㣅㛹㢌G 䑄⬘⬀㡰⦐G㈑᷸⪰G㡔㫴䚔G㍌G㢼⏈ᴴ㜄G␴䚐G⺴⺸㢨␘UG⚀⦔G㤸㐐⪰G䚐␘⏈G䚽㠸㣄㷨ᴴGὤ㆜ḰG ᵄ㇠G㢨ㇵ㢌GḔ䋩㢨G╌ὤ⓸G䚐␘UG㤸㐐⪰G㨴⽸䚌ḔSG㫸䚽䚌⏈GὤᴸG┍㙼G㣅㛹㡸G䚌⏈Gᶷ㡴G䣌☘㛨G 㫸␘UG⚀⦔G㤸㐐⪰G˄䚌ὤG㐟␘˅⏈GḔ䋩㡸G⏄↰ὤ⓸G䚐␘UG˄㣅㛹㡸G䚐␘SGἬ⫰㡸GἬ⫤␘˅⏈G䚽㠸G 㣄㷨⏈GくḜ㢨G㖘㐐᷀G㙸䙀㫴㛬㥉Gⱨ䚐㢌Gὤ㆜㢨ḔSG䃀⢱ḰG㡔䢠㢌G䚽㠸㢨ὤ⓸G䚌␘UGOⱰ⦔G⇌㢌G ᵐ㢬㤵㢬G㈑ᴵ㢨␘PG㤸㐐⪰G㫸䚽䚌⏈G㐐ᴸ☘G┍㙼GἬ⫰㡸GἬ⫠㫴G⯯䚌ᶤ⇌SGⱨ㛬ᴴGY㵜㤵㢬Gᶷ㢬G 㛅G◘⦐G⴬⨜㛨G▄㛨㚰G䚌⏈Gㇵ䞝㡴G⇌㜄᷀GḔ䋩㢨␘UG⒈Ấ␘⇌SG㈑᷸⪰G㠸䚌㜠Gⱨ㛬ᴴG❄G␘⪬G˄

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⓿⸨㢨⏈GἬ⫰㢨␘UG䟸㣄⏈GḴ⯜⪰G㘤ḔG㚰⸩O䓽ⴰ㢨G㢹⏈G㝫P㡸G㢹㡴G⯜㏩㡰⦐G㣄㐔㢌G 㐠ㇵ㡸G␨㡰⥘䚐Gⵝ㐑㜄Gᵄ䇸䚐␘U xUG㸼ㇵ㡸G䖐䜸䚌ὤG㠸䚨G㐘㥐⦐G㿄⫡䉤㜄G␴䚨G὾㢨G㚀㙸⸨⏈GḰ㥉㡸Gᶤ㾐␘ḔG☘㛼␘UG㣄㾟G 㣠⴬㢼ḔGᴴ⸁᷀⬀G⸨㢰G㍌⓸G㢼⏈G䑑G㿄⫡䉤☘㡸G὾㢨G㢼⏈G┍㛅G㸼ㇵ䞈⦐G䖐䜸䚌ὤG㠸䚐G㣅㛹G Ḱ㥉㡸G☘⥘G␠⢰UG ⇌⏈GἬ⫰㡸GἬ⫠ὤG㤸㜄G㢨⤤㤴⤤G㦤㇠⪰G䚌ḘG䚐␘UG㠄㣅㣄㜄G㢌䚐G㿄⫡䉤㢌G䇸㈑Gⵤᷱ⺴䉤G ㇨䓨⸨ḔSG㠄㣅㜄㉐GἬG㿄⫡䉤㢌G㜡䚔GἬ⫠ḔG㜤㣅㢰Gᷱ㟤⏈GἬG㜡㇠⪰G㇨䓨⸨ὤ⓸G䚐␘UGⷴ㨰㢌G ᷱ㟤ᴴG㢼⏈㫴SG㢼␘⮨G㛨⛘Gᷱ㟤ᴴG㢼⏈㫴㜄GḴ䚨㉐⓸G㚀㙸⸬␘UGⵤ㟤ᴴG㿄⫡䉤⪰G㣠䜸䚐G ᷱ㟤㜄⏈GἬGⵤ㟤㜄GḴ䚨㉐⓸G㇨䓨⸨ḔSG㐘㦨㢬Ɒ㢌Gᷱ㟤㜄⏈GἬG㢬Ɒ㢌G㇪㜄G␴䚨Gḩ⺴䚐␘UG⇨G 㣅㛹㡴G㢬Ɒ㡸G˄㤸㐔訯蘡˅䚌ὤG㠸䚐GḰ㥉㢨⢰ḔG㈑ᴵ䚐␘UG㪽SG㢬Ɒ㢌G䝉ㇵ㡸G㣠䜸䚌⏈Gᶷ㄄⬀G 㙸⏼⢰G㥉㐔ᾀ㫴G␨㙸⇨⏈G㢰㢨␘U xUG┍㛅䞈GὤⷉḰG㉐㛅G㙸㢨䂌㡸Gᷤ䚝㐐䇘⏈G⒤G㢼㛨㉐G㛨⥘㠔⒌G㥄㢨⇌Gᴴ㣙GḔⴰ㢨G╌㛼⒌G ⺴⺸㡴Gⱨ㛻㢬ᴴf ⇨᷀G㢼㛨㉐G㉐㛅G㙸㢨䂌㡸G㋀㣠⦐G┍㛅䞈⪰GἬ⫠᷀G═G㢰㡴Gṽ㣙䢼G㣄㜤㏘⤠㟨GḰ㥉㢨㛼ὤG ⚀ⱬ㜄SG㛨⥘㟴㢨⇌GḔⴰ⸨␘⏈G㫄ᶤ㟴㢨G㚒㉤␘U xUG␭㐔㢌G㣅䖼㡴G䜸␴㢬㜄᷀G㤸䋩G┍㛅䞈㜄G␴䚐Gㇼ⦐㟨G㢬㐑㡸G⺼⤠㢰㡰䁤␘ḔG㈑ᴵ═␘UG ┍㛅䞈ᴴ⦐㉐G㈑ᴵ䚌⏈G䜸␴G┍㛅䞈㜄G␴䚐Gᷠ䚨⏈Gⱨ㛻㢬ᴴfG ˄㤸䋩˅G┍㛅䞈⢰ḔG䚨㉐G㝏⇔㢌G⇕㡴Gᶷ㢨G㙸⏼␘UG㢨⏈G䜸␴㜄㉐⓸Gⱨ䚐䚐Gᴴ⏙㉥㡸Gᴴ㫴ḔG㢼␘UG 㤸䋩㤵㢬G䞈⦔㜄G㢌ᶤ䚌㜠G㣅㛹䚔G㍌G㢼⏈Gㇼ⦐㟨Gⵝ㐑㢨Gⱨ㍌䢼G㦨㣠䚔G㍌G㢼␘ḔG㈑ᴵ䚐␘UG 䝭㡴G㣄㐔⬀㢌G䞈⦔㡸G㉬㟬G㍌G㢼⏈Gᴴ⏙㉥G❄䚐Gⱨ䚐䚌␘ḔG㈑ᴵ䚐␘U xUG㚒㡰⦐G䞈䔡㜄G␨ḔG㐪㡴G㢬ⱰG䝭㡴G㋀㣠⏈Gⱨ㛻㢬ᴴfGἬ⫠ḔG᷸䟁G㩅㢨㐔G␘㢀G㐐⫠㪼ᴴG 㢼␘⮨G㋀ᵐ䚨G␠⢰UG 䚐G㢬Ɒ㜄G␴䚐G㸼ㇵ䞈G㜤㣅㡸G⮻GⶼG㥐㣅䚌㜴ὤ㜄SG㸼ㇵ䞈G㣅㛹㡴G㫴㋁䚌╌G⬂㡴Gⷴ䞈ᴴG㈑ὬG ☣䚌␘UG㇤㍌䞈⓸GἬ⫠ḔG㐪ḔSG㍌Ⱪ㡰⦐⬀GἬ⫠⏈GἬ⫰⓸G㈑ᴵG㩅㢨␘UG⬄㢨⇌Gἴ⦐G㋀ᵐ䚔G㍌G 㢼⏈G㢰㡴G㙸⏼⢰G㈑ᴵ═␘U

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Ἥ␜G㇠␘⫠㝴㢌G䝅㛹Gᷱ䜌㡴G⇌㢌G㉥㣙㜄G㦿㡴G㣄㛅⺸㢨G╌㛼␘U ⵌ♛⺼㢨㢌G㍦GO G G G͌ ͍ GaGYWW]P ἬG┍㙼Gᴴ㣙G㜠⤠GⶼG㤸㐐⪰G䚼⒌G㣅㛹㢨␘UG㺐㸼㢌G㣅㛹㡴G㙸㢨♈㛨ᴴG⛔㝘⪬㫴GY㐐ᴸ㜠G⬀㜄G 㪽䢙㤵㡰⦐G⬀☘㛼⏈⒤SG㩅㟈䚐G⮈㐐㫴⪰G␨ḔG㢼㫴⏈G㙾㫴⬀Gạ⇨㜄G㋀ᵐ╠⒌G⴬♈㛨㙸䏬㢌G ㏘䊀⤼㝘䇴㢹OḴᵑ㢌Gⵌ㢅㜄G㢨⴬㫴ᴴGⷴ䞈䚌⏈P㤵㢬G㣅㛹㢨ḔSG㢨㆐G㢨⴬㫴⪰G⸨㜠㨰ὤG⚀ⱬ㜄G ㉔䝬╌⏈G㣅㛹㢨G㙸␀ᴴG㈑ᴵ═␘UG㜠⤠ᵐ㢌G㏘䆠⫤㡸GὬ᷀G㜤㣙䚌㜠Gḩᴸ㡸Gᴴ☑G㵸㟤⮨G⏄⇀㡴G ₘG㦿㡴GᶷGᵍ␘UGḴᵑ㢌G㟴㫵㢸㡴Gᴴㇵ㢌Gⵌ♛⺼㢨⪰G⊴⢰G⇔㙸ᴴ᷀G䚌⏈GḰ㥉㜄㉐G㋀⫠㝴G 㢨⴬㫴ᴴG⬀☘㛨㫸␘UG㦿㙸䚌⏈G㣅㛹㢨ὤ⓸G䚌㫴⬀G㵱㣅㣄⦐㉐㢌G䚐᷸⪰G☘㛨⇨⏈G㣅㛹㢨⢰Ḕ⓸G ㈑ᴵ䚌ḔG⚀ⱬ㜄G䞐┍㜄G␴䚐GḔⴰ㢌Gⵐ␜㢨G╌㛨㨴G㣅㛹㢨ὤ⓸G䚌␘UG ⴰ☘⤼Gⵈ⣀䇴ḔG䠜䠜GO G G GaGYWW`P ⇨ᴴGὤ䟁ḰG㋀䘸䏬㠜㛨⪰G⬀☘㛨G㐘㐐ᴸG㜵ㇵ㡸G⬀☘ḔSG㾐┍㈑㢨G䚌☐㠜㛨㝴Gw G j G⺴⺸㡸G⬕㙸G㉰㉐㜄Gⵌ㢅䚌㜠G⾏㢨G⇌⏈G⺴⺸㡸G⬀☘ḔSG㙸⇨ᴴG㝘㾨⫠⇌㝴G㡔㇠䚌᷀G ㈑ὨG⓸㣄ὤG⺴⺸㡸G⬀☘㛼⒌G㣅㛹㢨␘UG㢹㡰⦐Gⵈ⣀㡸G⺼㛨Gⴰ☘⤼⪰G⇔⥘⸨⏈G⊴㢨㢌G㍐㍌䚐G ⊴㢨㤵Gᵄ㉥㡸G㣠㈑㇤G䚌ḔG㐪㛼ḔSG㜠ὤ㜄G㍐㟤⫠⬄⦐GG˄ⵈ⣀˅㢨G㋀㠄㡸G⾀␘⢰⏈G㢌⴬⓸G㢼㡰⏼SG ⱬ㣄⮈㐐㫴⦐G㋀㠄㡸G⸨⇨⓸G㜡㐐Gⴰ☘⤼㙜ᴴG⇔㙸ᴴ᷀G䚌⏈G㐐⓸⪰G䚨⸨㚌␘UG␘⪬ᶨG㵜㾌G 䚌Ḕ㉐⢰⓸Gᴴ㦥㢨G䚜‌G⬀☔G㣅㛹㢨㛼⒌Gᶷ㢨Gᴴ㣙Gὤ㛩㜄G⇜⏈␘U 㚜⫠㏘㝜SGpitGk GὤḔGOYWW]SGYWW`P ⴬♈㛨㙸䏬⪰G㤸ⱬ㤵㡰⦐G␘⨜⏈G㠭㫸㢬G㚜⫠㏘㝜㜄G㜤㣠䚼⒌G䀠⤰㡰⦐GYWW]≸G⺴䉤GὤḔ䚼␘U O aVV U U VY[ZPGὤ㍔㜄G␴䚐G㢨㚰ὤ⦐G㐐㣅䚨㉐G⎨⴬♈㛨㝴GẄ㡕Ḱ㢌GḴ᷸⦐G ⫼ⱨ⫠G䚼ḔSGpitGk 㜄㉐⏈Gp{㢌G㚔㣄㢰Oh Pⱬ䞈㜄㉐G㜵ᵄ㡸G㛯㛨GẄ㡕㢌G 㜵㜡㜄㉐G㐘䜌㡸G䚼⒌G㢨㚰ὤ⦐GYWW`≸㜄GὤḔ䚼␘UGOG aVV U U VXGPG㜼㍔V♈㣄㢬G ⺸㚰㢌G㇠⣀☘㜄᷀G⎨⴬♈㛨G㣅㛹㜄G䙸㟈䚐Gὤ㍔㡸G㤸㍌䚌ὤG㠸䚨GḔⴰ䚌ḔG㐘㷐䚼⒌G⇨㟝☘㢨G ㇵ␭G㍌G␨ᷜ㢼ḔSG㟈㫌㢌G␴䚍㜄㉐㢌GẄ㡕㐘䜌㢨G㢨GὤḔἴ㢌G㜤㣙㉔Gㇵ㜄G㢼␘U sl{zGOYWXWP ⱬṅ⺴㢌G㫴㠄㡸Gⵏ㙸G㫸䚽╌㛼⒌G˄㫴㋁ᴴ⏙䚐G㵱㣅ḩ┍㷨˅䞐┍㜄㉐G㫸䚽╌㛼⒌G㇠䟀ⱬ䞈㤵G 㐘䜌㢨␘UG㺐㸼Gsl{zOs Gl G{ Gz P㡸G㥅䚐Gᶷ㡴Gp{㜵㜡㜄㉐G㢼㛼⒌G ␴㙼㛬㛨㻉㥐O G G G P㜴␘UG㚱ᴸ㢌Gἐ㾍㡸G㫴䇘⮤G㇠⣀☘㢨G ㉐⦐G㚀⥘㨸G㍌G㢼⏈GᶷḰGⵤ㟤ḔG㐪㡴Gᶷ㡸G㐐ᴵ䞈G㐐䇘ḔG㜤ᷤ䚌㜠G㬛㡴G㐐ᴸ┍㙼G㣠⴬㢼᷀G ⵤ㟴㡸G⇌⌸⏈G⯜㏩㡸G⸨ḔG䆤G㢬ㇵ㡸Gⵏ㙸㉐G㢨⪰Gp{⺸㚰G⬀㢨G㙸⏼⢰G␘⪬G⬂㡴G⺸㚰㜄G ㋀ᵐ䚌ḔG㐪㛼ḔSG⫼㾜G㫴㠄㡸Gⵏ㡸G㍌G㢼㛨㉐GXWᵐ㠈G┍㙼㢌G㐘䜌㡸G䚔G㍌G㢼㛼␘UGἬGḰ㥉ḰG ᷤḰ⏈G aVV U G㜄G㣌G㥉⫠╌㛨㢼␘U xUGᵘ⤠⫠㜄㉐G㤸㐐⪰G䚌⏈G㙸䐤㏘䏬ᴴG╌ὤᾀ㫴G⇜␘⪬GḰ㥉㢨G㢼㛼⒌GᶷGᵍ␘UG㋀ᵐ䚨␠⢰UG X`_Z≸G㪼㢀㢌G㛨⫤㐐㤼G⺴䉤Gwj⪰G㥅䚼ὤG⚀ⱬ㜄G䀨䘜䉤⏈G⇌㜄᷀G⬘㟤G㾐ⴴ䚐G㦨㣠㜴ḔSG䏭䢼G Ḕ☥䚍ẄG㢨䟸⦐⏈Gj Gn 㜄G䖭G⾔㫴᷀G╌㛨SGiizG☥㜄㉐G♈㫴䉬G㵱㣅㜄G␴䚐G 䀘Ⳙ⏼䐤G䞐┍㡸GXW␴G䟸ⵌ⺴䉤GYW␴G㩅ⵌᾀ㫴G䚨㞈␘UG䚍㵱㐐㤼㢌G㤸ḩ㡴G㢅㟝Ɒ⫠O㍌䚍㢨⇌G Ɒ⫠☥㢌GḰ䚍㜄GḴ㐠㡸G⬂㢨Gᴴ㫴ḔG㢼㛼㫴⬀G㥉㣅G㣌䚌㫴⏈G⯯䚨㉐SG⒈Gⵤ㠀⸨ḔG㐪㛨G㉔䈑䚐G 㤸ḩ㢨㛼␘P㝴GḰ䚍Ẅ㡕㢨㛼⏈⒤SGX``\≸Gw 㢌G{ Gz ⪰G⬀⇌⮨㉐SG䘸⦐Ἤ⣌ⵁG㛬㛨⦐G 㣄㜤䜸ㇵ㡸G䖐䜸䚌⏈Gz Gs ⢰⏈Gᶷ㜄G⬘⨀╌㛨G⸬ᷝ㤵㢬G䘸⦐Ἤ⣌ⵁ㢌G㉬᷸⦐G ≌㛨㝘᷀G╌㛼␘UGYWW\≸㜄⏈G㛨⛘G␴ὤ㛹㢌G|p⺸㚰G㜤Ạ㠄☘㡸G␴ㇵ㡰⦐G G 㢨⢰⏈G⇨㟝㡰⦐Gᵉ㢌⪰G䚌ḔG㢼㛼␘UG㇠㟝㣄Gㇵ䝬㣅㟝㢨G㢼⏈G㋀䘸䏬㠜㛨G㥐䖼㡸G⾔⪨᷀G 䘸⦐䋔䇴㢨䚅G䚨⸨⏈G㨰㥐㜄G␴䚐Gᶷ㢨㛼⏈⒤SG␭㐐G㇠㟝䚌ḔG㢼⒌G䍨㢨Gm 㢌Gh Gz 㝴G w G㢨⢰⏈G㝘䘼㋀㏘G㵱㣅G⓸Ạ㜴␘UGⱬ☑G㢨Gw 㡸Gạ⇨㜄㉐⏈G㛨⛯᷀G䞐㟝䚌⏈G 㫴ᴴGẵἼ䚌㜠GẠἴ㜄㉐Gᶴㇽ㡸G䚨⸨㚌ḔSGἬG⚀Gⵐᷠ䚌᷀G═Gḧ㢨Gh Gu 㜴␘UGⱨ㣅㥉G 㵲㙸ᵈḔSG䆄⤼㢨䉤⢰㝴G㣅ᴴ⢰⏈G㇠⣀☘㡸G⬀⇌᷀G╌㛼ḔSGἬ☘ḰG㛨㟬⫠᷀G╌⮨㉐G㚒㜄㉐G 㢨㚰ὤ䚐GpuwSG䘸⦐㥑䏬 ⪰G᷸ὤ⦐G㤸㐐⪰G㐐㣅䚌᷀G╌㛼␘UG㷌㢀GY≸ᴸ㡴G㜼㍔㜄G␴䚐Gⵤᷱ㡸G ᴴ㫴ḔG㢼㫴G㙾㚌ὤG⚀ⱬ㢬㫴SG⏌G㜼㍔G☥㢌Gⵤᷱ㡸Gᴴ㫸G⺸☘ḰG䝅㛹㡸G䚌⮨㉐G㣅㛹㡸G䚌⏈G ㇵ䞝㢨G╌㛼␘UG㢨G⚀G䝅㛹㜄G␴䚐Gᷱ䜌㡸G⬂㢨G䚌᷀G╌㛼ḔSG㛨⛘G㣙㥄ḰG㚱㥄㢨G㢼⏈G㫴SG㛬㥐G ㇵ㷌⪰G㨰ḔGⵏ᷀G╌⏈G㫴G☥☥G䝅㛹㢌G␘㛅䚐G㢨㎼⪰G㚀᷀G╌㛨SG㢨G䟸㢌G䞐┍㡸G䓰㾌⏈⒤G䆤G 㜵䛙㡸G㨰㛼ḔSG─㢨䁐G⸰G⚀G㥉⬄G㩅㟈䚼⒌Gᷱ䜌㢨⢰ḔG㈑ᴵ䚐␘U xUGXWWW≸㤸㢌G䞈ᴴ☘㡴G䟀ⷱ㜄Gㇽ㋀⪰Gⵐ⢰GἬ⫰㡸GἬ⥬␘UGYWXX≸⓸㜄G␭㐔㢨G⬀☘ḔG㢼⏈G 㣅䖼㢌G⓸Ạ⏈GẠ㷨㤵㡰⦐Gⱨ㛻㢬ᴴf 䘸⦐Ἤ⣌ⵁ㛬㛨ᴴGᴴ㣙G㩅㟈䚐G⓸ẠG㩅㜄G䚌⇌⢰ḔG⸰G㍌㢼␘UG㟈㫌G㨰⦐Gḩ⺴䚌⮤G㣅㛹㜄G 䞐㟝䚌ḔG㢼⏈G㛬㛨⏈G 㢬⒤G㢨㤸㜄⏈GjJ㢨⢰⏈G㛬㛨⪰G㇠㟝䚌㜠G㣅㛹㡸G䞐㟝䚨G㞈␘UG ἬGⵊ㜄⓸G SG RRSG G☥㢌G⮹⥭䝉G䘸⦐Ἤ⣌ⵁG㛬㛨O G G P⪰G 㨰⦐G␘⨜㛨G㞈␘UG䘸⦐Ἤ⣌ⵁG㛬㛨⏈Gᴴㇵ䜸ㇵ㜄Gᵐ㢹䚔G㍌G㢼⏈G䣌㡸Gᵊ⏈G㛬㛨⢰ḔG㈑ᴵ䚐␘UG ⫼㾌G˄⾏㢨G㢼㡰⢰H˅⢰ḔG㢨㚰ὤG䚌⮨G⾏㢨G㈑ὤ⏈GᶷḰGᵍ㡴G㫄ᶤ㟴㢨Gᶤὤ㜄G㢼␘UG㐐ᴵ㤵㡰⦐G ⸨㢰SGἬ⫠ḔG㇨㙸G㟴㫵㢰GẠ㦤⪰G㈑ᴵ㡰⦐G⛔㝠⫠ḔGἬGᶷ㡸G䀨䘜䉤ᴴG㐘䜸㐐䇠G㍌G㢼⏈G㛬㛨⦐G ⶼ㜡䚌⏈G㣅㛹UG㠄㣄㝴⓸Gᵍ㡴G ⪰Gᴴ㫴ḔG⇨ᴴG䖐䜸䚌ḔG㐪㡴G䚐♴䚐♴GẠ㉥䚨Gᴴ⏈G㣙㢬㢨G═G ὤ⺸㢨G☘᷀G䚌⏈G⬘㷨㢨⮤SG㣅㛹㢌G⓸Ạ㢨␘UG᷀␘ᴴSG㢰ㇵ㛨G␘㢀㡰⦐G㣄㨰G㇠㟝䚌⏈G㛬㛨㢨ὤG ⚀ⱬ㜄Gᴴↈ㡴G㈑ᴵ䚌⏈Gⵝ㐑㜄⓸G㜵䛙㡸Gⵏ㡸G⚀ᴴG㢼␘U xUGἬG⓸Ạ⦐G䖐䜸䚌⏈G␭㐔㢌G㩅㐠G䊀⫼⏈Gⱨ㛻㢬ᴴf ᶨᵉ䚐Gㇵ䝬㣅㟝SGḩ㫸䞈㜄G␴䚐Gᶷ㢨⢰ḔG㈑ᴵ䚐␘UG㢨G⮈㐐㫴⏈G㐘㥐G㤸㐐㣙㜄㉐G⸨㜠㨰⏈G 㣅㛹㡰⦐⏈G㙸㫵G㻝⺸䢼G䖐䜸╌ḔG㢼㫴⏈G㙾㫴⬀SG㇠䟀䞐┍ḰGẄ㡕㢌G⬙⢱㜄㉐⏈GₘG㐘䜌㡸G䚌ḔG 㢼⏈G㨰㥐㢨␘UGㇼ⦐㟨Gὤ㍔ḰG⴬♈㛨ᴴG㣄ὤG㣄㐔㡸G⒈G⾔⪨ḔSG⒈G䆠ḔSG⒈Gᵉ⥙䚌ḔG⺼ἔ䝉㤵㢬G ㉥㣙㡸G䚌㫴G㙾ḔSG㇠⣀ḰG䚜‌G㢰ㇵG㋁㜄㉐G㉐⦐⪰G⓸㟤⮤G䚜‌G␘㢀G㫴䓽㡸G㜠⏈⒤Gὁ㥉㤵㢬G 㜄∼㫴⪰G㨰ḔGⵏ⓸⦑G䚌⏈⒤GḴ㐠㢨G㢼␘UGᶤ㵱䚐G㋀⮹㢌㐑㢨G㢼␘ὤG⸨␘⏈G⇨ᴴG㇨㙸ᴴ⮤G ⬀⇌ḔGㇵ䝬㣅㟝G䚔G㍌G㢼⏈G㇠⣀☘G㥉⓸㜄᷀G⬀㢨⢰⓸G⇨ᴴG㣌G䚔G㍌G㢼⏈G㢰㡸G䚨⸨⏈Gᶷ㢨␘UG Ἤ⤻ὤG⚀ⱬ㜄G␘㢀G㉬␴⪰G㠸䚐G㣅㛹㜄GḴ㐠㢨G㈑ὤḔSG⬀⇜Sⵤ㟴S㉥㣙G☥㜄G␴䚐G㨰㥐⦐G㐘䜌㡸G 䚌ὤ⪰G㫄ᷜ䚐␘SGG xUG␴䚍㜄㉐Gᵉ㢌⪰G䚔⚀㝴G㡔㾌㠄㜄㉐G㙸㢨☘㡸G␴䚔G⚀SG㛨⛘G㵜㢨ᴴG㢼⏈ᴴf 㥅ἰGⵝⷉ㡴G┍㢰䚌㫴⬀SGỀ䚐㢌G㠸㢸㢨G␘⪬GᶷGᵍ␘UGẠ㷨㤵㡰⦐G⓸㤸䚌ḔG㢼⏈G⺸㚰⏈G䚐G 䆨⣌㏘⪰G㈑ᴵ䚔G⚀Gᵐ㢬SG㋀Ἤ⨭SG㤸㷨㢌Gᴵᴵ㢌G㏘䀴㢰G␜㠸ᴴG⯜▄G㇨㙸㢼⓸⦑G䚌⏈Gᶷ㢨␘UG㢨G ᵐ⊄ḰG㢨⪰G㠸䚐G㐘㷐Gⵝⷉ㢬Gὤ⦑㣅㛹㢌Gᴴ㐐䞈G⺴⺸㡴G㡔㙸Ẅ㡕㜄㉐Gⵤ㟤ḔG⯬㜄Gⵤ㢬G㏩ḴG ᵍ㡴Gᶷ㢨␘UG䚍㏩㣄☘㢌Gἰ㥅ⵐ␭㜵㜡㡸G㢬㐑䚨G㨰ḔGᴵᴵ㢌G㫴䓽㡸G㏘㏘⦐G≇䣄G㍌G㢼⓸⦑G

137

⓸㝴㨰⥘⏈G䈐⓸SG䚍㏩㣄☘㢌G㇠䟀㤵Gㇵ䝬㣅㟝㢨GἬ☘㢌Gⵤ㟴㡸G⒈㟥G䗁㟈⦡᷀G䚌⓸⦑GẠ㦤⪰G ㉘᷸䚌⏈Gᶷ㡴G⇨ᴴG㛨⛘GẄ㡕㢌G㽩㠸㜄㉐⇌G┍㢰䚌᷀G䞐㟝䚌⏈Gⵝⷉ㢨␘UG㢨G㫴㠄㢌GḰ㥉㜄㉐G 㡔㾌㠄㢌Gᷱ㟤⏈GẄ㇠ᴴG䚨㚰G䚌⏈G㢰㢨G⒈G⬂␘UG䚌㫴⬀G␴䚍㢌Gᷱ㟤⏈G䚍㏩㣄G㏘㏘⦐ᴴG㣄㐔㢨G 䓰㸄⇨⏈GḰ㥉㡸Gὤ⦑䚌⮤G㣄ᴵ䚔G㍌G㢼⓸⦑G䚌⏈G㢰㢨G㻝⺸䢼Gᴴ⏙䚌␘UG⸨␘G⬂㡴GỀ䚐㡸G 㠸㢸䚔G㍌G㢼ὤG⚀ⱬ㜄SGᴵ㣄㢌G㉥㣙㜄G⒈G㵹㢸㡸G㫴⮨㉐G⸨␘G⇌㙸ᴸG䝉䈐㢌G㐘䜌㡸G䚔G㍌G 㢼␘UG䚌㫴⬀GἬGὤ㤴㜄㉐G㻈Ạ䚌⏈Gⵈ⏈G┍㢰䚌␘UGἬG㐐㤼㡸G䗁㟈⦡᷀G㇨㙸ᴴ⓸⦑G㉐⦐G┉⏈G ᶷ㢨␘UG⴬⣌⪰G㠸䚨G䍠㣄䚌⏈G㐐ᴸ㢨G╔G㍌G㢼⓸⦑G䚌⏈G⺴⺸⓸GⱰ⦔G㩅㟈䚌ᷔ㫴⬀SGἬGḰ㥉㢨G 㛩㫴⦐G䚌ὤG㐟㡴Gḩ⺴⪰Gᵉ㟈G␭䚌⏈Gᶷ㢨G㙸⏼⢰UG䖭G⾔㥬㉐G㫄ᶵḔG䗁㟈⦡᷀G㨰㛨㫸G㐐ᴸ㡸G 㜵㠸䚌⓸⦑G⊬⥙䚌⏈Gᶷ㢨␘UG㢨ᶷ㡴GẄ㇠⇌GẄ㍌㢌G䔠㫴㊌㜄G㢼⏈G㇠⣀㜄᷀⓸G❅ᵍ㢨G㤵㟝╌⏈G ᶷ㢨⢰G㈑ᴵ䚐␘UGG xUG⴬♈㛨G㙸䐤㏘䏬㢨⮨㉐SGẄ㡕㣄㢨␘UG▄Gᴴ㫴⪰G䚔⚀G㛨⛘G㵜㢨ᴴG㢼⏈ᴴf ạ⇨㜄㉐G⴬♈㛨G㙸䐤㏘䏬⦐G䞐┍䚐Gᷱ䜌㡴G⇨G㇠䟀㤵G䔠㫴㊈␑㜄㉐G⸨㣄⮨Gⷀ㡸G㡔㢬䚌⏈G⁷ḰG ᵍ㡴G㤸⣩㢨␘UG㜼㍔SGp{SGḰ䚍SG㡩䚝G☥㢌G㜵㜡㜄㉐GⲈᴴG㐔ὤ䚐Gᶷ㡸G䚌⏈G㇠⣀㡰⦐G⇨Gᴴ㾌⪰G 㣌G䑈㙸㞈ḔSG㣌G㋀⯜㐐䁐G㞈␘ḔG㈑ᴵ䚐␘UG⴬♈㛨㙸䐤㏘䏬⦐G␘㛅䚐Gὤ䟀㜄㉐G␘㛅䚐G㇠⣀☘㡸G ⬀⇠ḔSGἬᶷ㢨G㢬㥅䚐G␘⪬Gᶷ㡰⦐Gⶼ㥬⇌ᴴ⏈G㫄ᶤ㟨Gᷱ䜌㡸G䚨㞈␘ḔG㈑ᴵ䚐␘UG䚌㫴⬀G 㟈㫌㡴G㤸㐐㣙G☥㜄㉐G㣄㐔㢨G㦿㙸㉐G䚐G㣅㛹㡰⦐GḴᵑḰG⬀⇌⏈Gᶷ㢨G⇨᷀G㛨⛘Gᴴ㾌ᴴG㢼⏈G 㢰㢬㫴GḔⴰ䚌⏈Gᷱ㟤ᴴGₘG㢼␘UG⇨ᴴGḩ⺴䚌ḔG㐪ḔG㐘䜌䚌ḔG㐪㡴Gὤ㍔㡸Gᴴ㫴ḔG㣅㛹㡸G䚌⏈G ᶷ㡴G⏌G㣠⴬㢼⏈G㢰㢨㫴⬀SGἬGᶷḰG⇨G㇪㢨G㻈Ạ䚌Ḕ㣄G䚌⏈Gⵝ䛙㢨G㙸㫵G㢰㾌䚌㫴⏈G㙾⏈GᶷG ᵍ␘UGἬG┍㙼㢌G㣚㡴G㤸㐐㜄G㋀⯜╌ὤ⓸G䚼ḔSG⬘∼⫠㫌㜄G⾔㥬G㢼ὤ⓸G䚌␘UG ˅ G ⪰G㘬G⚀㢌GṨ⫠ᵄGᵍ㡴Gᶷ㢨G⏄
㫸␘UGẄ㡕㢌G㜵㜡㜄㉐㢌G㐘䜌㡴G㫴⇐GY≸G㥉⓸⪰G─㢨䁐G⸰G ⚀SGẄ㡕㜄G␴䚨G㈑ᴵ䚌ḔG㐘㷐䚌⏈GḰ㥉㜄G㬅㩅䚔G㍌G㢼㛼ḔSG㜄∼㫴⓸G㻝⺸䚼⒌GᶷGᵍ␘UG㢨G Ẅ㡕㜄㉐㢌G㐘䜌㢨G⇨ᴴG㥉⬄G㬅㩅䚨㚰G䚔G㣅㛹㢨⢴G⏄⇀㡸Gⵏὤ⓸G䚼␘UGἬ⤤⒤G㫴Ἴ㡴Gᶤὤ㜄G ⒈Gᴴ㋁G䓌␠㡸GⵓὤG⸨␘⏈G㫴⇌㝜GḰ㥉㡸G䟀Ḕ䚌ḔG㥉⫠䚌⮤G⫼♈⪰G㦴G⬀☘㛨㚰ᷔ␘⏈G㈑ᴵ㢨G ☔␘UGἬ⤻␘ḔG㙸㜼G䖭G㎠⮨㉐G▄Gᴴ㫴⪰G䞉G⇨⥘⋇ḔG㐪㫴⏈G㙾␘UG⇨G䏭ὤG㩅㜄G䚌⇌⏈G䚌⇌㢌G 䞐┍㢌G㙸㟷䖿㢨G␘⪬Gᶷ㢌G㢬䖿㢨G╌⓸⦑G㜤ᷤ䚌⏈Gᶷ㢬⒤SG㫴ἼG⇨᷀G䙸㟈䚐Gᶷ㡴G㵱㦤㤵G 㜄∼㫴⪰G䟀⸩䚔G㜠ⵥ㡸G⫼⥜䚌ḔSG⴬♈㛨㙸䏬㢨ᶨGẄ㡕㢨ᶨSG␘⪬Gⱨ㛻㢨ᶨGᴸ㜄G䚨㞈⒌G䞐┍㢌G 㡔㇠䚐G⺴⺸ḰG␘⪬G⺴⺸㡸G㦹䚝䚨㉐Gㇵ㠸G㽩㠸㜄㉐G䚌⇌㢌G⬙㡸G㣕㡸G㍌G㢼⏈G㈑ᴵ㡸G㵜⺸䢼G 㥉⫠䚌⏈Gᶷ㢨␘UG㪽SG␘㢀㡸G㠸䚐G⓸㚱㢌G䋔␴⪰G⬀☐⏈Gᶷ㜄G㬅㩅䚌ḔG㐪␘U xUG⫼㫴⫽㡰⦐G␘㛅䚐G㣅䖼G㩅㜄G䚐ᴴ㫴⪰G㋀ᵐ䚨㨰ḔSG䘸⦐Ἤ⣌ⵁ㋀㏘⪰Gḩᵐ䚨␠⢰U 䘸⦐㉬㐥G㣅㛹G⮻Gᴴ㫴⏈G㋀㏘ᴴGḩᵐ╌㛨㢼␘UG

═␘UG㟤⫠⏈G㥉⸨ᴴG≌㾌ḔSGⱰᶨ㢨G≌㾌ḔSG䚡ㇵG⯜☔GᶷḰG㜤ᷤ╌⏈G㇠䟀㜄G㇨ḔG㢼㛨㉐G䚽⸩䚐G 䜸␴㢬㢨⢰ḔG⬄䚐␘UG䚌㫴⬀G㟤⫠ᴴG⏄↰⏈Gḩ䛼䚜㡴Gⱨ㛻㢬ᴴfG㫴ἼG㙼ḔG㢼⏈G㥉㾌⇌G⴬♈㛨SG 㠄㣄⥙Gⵐ㤸G☥㢌G䆤Gⱬ㥐☘G㚒㜄㉐G㫸㥉㡰⦐G㟤⫠㜄᷀G䗁⺴䚐G㇪㡴Gⱨ㛻㢬ᴴfG㢨⤤G㥄㜄G␴䚨G ⯜▄G㈑ᴵ䚨⸨⏈G㣅䖼㢨␘UG␩㡴G㣅䖼㜄G㛺␘UG㟤⫠Gᴵ㣄ᴴG㈑ᴵ䚔G䙸㟈ᴴG㢼␘U xUGz GWUWG 㡴Gt 㢌G䘸⦐⯜㊌㡰⦐㉐G⬀☔G㣅䖼㢸㜄⓸G⺼Ạ䚌ḔSG㋀㊐G⴬♈㛨㜄G㩅⓹G ═G䜸␴㢬㜄G␴䚨GḰᵄ䚌᷀G⊰䚌ḔG㢼⏈Gᶷ㢨G䢙⴬⦡␘UG㛨⛯᷀G㢨⤤G⇨㟝㡸GẠㇵ䚼⏈ᴴf 㐐␴㜄Gⱨ㛻㢨G䙸㟈䚐㫴⪰G㵲⏈GḰ㥉㜄㉐G˄㫴ἼG㟤⫠ᴴG㛨♈⪰G䛙䚨G㇨㙸ᴴ⏈㫴˅⪰Gṽ㣙䢼G 㩅㟈䚌᷀G㈑ᴵ䚌᷀G╌㛼␘UGἬ⫠ḔG㟤⫠ᴴG䛙䚨㚰G䚔Gⵝ䛙㡰⦐㉐G˄䗁⺴䚜˅㢨⢰⏈G䇘㠀☐⪰G ⛔㝠⥬␘UG䑜⤠␘㢸㢌Gⷴ䞈ᴴG㢰㛨⇌ḔG㢼⏈G㫴ἼSG䜸㣠ᾀ㫴G㟤⫠ᴴG䛙䚨G㝜GⱰ㫼㤵㡰⦐G䗁⺴䚐G ㇠䟀⏈G䔠䞈Gㇵ䈐ᴴG╌㛼ḔSG㚒㡰⦐G㫸䚽䚨㚰G䚔Gⵝ䛙㡸G㢷ḔG㢼␘UGἬGᴴ㟨⒤G㇠⣀☘㜄᷀G㢨⤤G 㫼ⱬ㡸G⒌㬄㡰⦐㒜Gⱨ㛬ᴴG䚌⇌㢌G䆤G䚨␩㡸G㛯㡸G㍌G㢼㫴⏈G㙾㡸ᾀGὤ␴䚌㜠G㢨G㣅䖼㡸G⬀☘᷀G ╌㛼␘U xU䘸⦐⯜㊌G㜵ㇵG㥐㣅ḰGᵐ㢬㤵㢬G㜵䞈G㥐㣅G㇠㢨㜄㉐G㛨⥘㠔⒌G⺴⺸㡴Gⱨ㛻㢬ᴴfGἬ⫠ḔSGἬG ㇠㢨㜄㉐Gᴴ㣙G㩅㥄㡸G█G⺴⺸㡴Gⱨ㛻㢬ᴴf 㛬㥐⇌G㜵ㇵ㡸G⬀☐⏈⒤G㢼㛨Gᴸ␜䚐G⺴⺸㡴G㛺㫴⬀SGὤ⸬㤵㡰⦐G䘸⦐⯜㊌㟝G䀘⭬㊐G㣅䖼㢨☔G 㣄㐔㢌G㜵䞈G㣅䖼㢨☔G⇌㢌G㢹㣙㡴Gⷴ䚌㫴G㙾⏈␘UG˄㥐㣅㢌G㦤ᶨ˅㢨⢰⏈Gᶷ㡴Gᵐ㢬㤵㢬G㣅䖼㡸G ⬀☘G⚀㜄⓸G㨰㛨㫴᷀G⫼⥜㢨␘UGἬG㦤ᶨG㩅㜄㉐Gᴴ㣙G㦿㡴Gᶷ㡸G㉔䈑䚌⏈Gᶷ㢨G㩅㟈䚌␘UGᴴↈSG 㣄㐔㢨G㈑ᴵ䚌⏈Gᶷ㷌⤰G㢰㢨G㫸䚽╌㫴G㙾㡸Gᷱ㟤G˄㢨G㣅䖼㡴G⇨G㏘䇴㢰㢨G㙸⏼␘H˅⢰ḔG⬄䚌⏈G ㇠⣀㢨G㢼␘UGἬ⤠⇌G⇌⏈G䀘⭬㊐G㣅䖼㢨☔Gᵐ㢬G㣅䖼㢨☔G⇨ᴴG⬀☘㛨G⇬G㙸㢨㝴Gᵍ㡴Gᶷ㢨ὤG ⚀ⱬ㜄GἬ⤻᷀G⬄䚔G㍌G㛺␘UG♈⤽䉤㢬G㢨ㇵG㣅䖼㢌G㉥Ḱ㜄G␴䚐G㵹㢸㡴G⇌㜄᷀G㢼ḔSG㛬㥐⇌G ᴴ㣙G㦿㡴G㣅䖼㢨G╌⓸⦑G㺐␴䚐G⓸㤸䚐␘UG䚔G㍌G㛺⏈Gᶷ㢨⮨G⬀☘㫴⓸G㙾ḔSG㢰⓸Gⵏ㫴G㙾⏈␘UG ㏘㏘⦐㜄᷀Gⷴ⮹G䚌ḔG㐪㫴⏈G㙾㡰⏼ᾀU xUGz GWUWG 㢌G㿄㏘䐹㡴G㢰⸬Gⱬ䞈᷸㜄㉐G㜵䛙⥙㢨G㢼⏈G㇠⣀☘㢨G㨰⪰G㢨⨜Ḕ㢼␘UG Ἤ☘㢌G䣌㡸G⾀⥘G㤸䚌ḔG㐪㛼⒌G⮈㐐㫴⏈Gⱨ㛻㢬ᴴf ˄䗁⺴䚐G㇪˅㜄G␴䚌㜠GḔⴰ䚨⸨ὤ⪰GỀ㡔䚌⏈G⮈㐐㫴㢨␘UG㚒㡰⦐㢌G㐐␴⏈G㟤⫠ᴴGᴴ㫴ḔG㢼⏈G 㜠⤠Gⱬ㥐㜄G␴䚨G䞉㐘䢼G㈑ᴵ䚨⸨ḔSG㛨⛯᷀G㇨㙸ᴴ㚰G䚔㫴⪰GḔⴰ䚌⏈Gᶷ㢨G㩅㟈䚐G㐐␴␘UG 㜼⪰G☘⮨G˄⇌⏈G⓸䃸㜄G㇨ḔG㢼ḔSGḴ┍㫴ⵝ㜄㉐G㝜G㚰㵸⇌GḔὤ⪰G⭭⏈␘UGἬ⤻㫴⬀GἬᶷ㢨G 㥉⬄⦐G㙼㤸䚐㫴G㢌㐠㏘⤱␘˅⢰⏈G㫼ⱬ㜄㉐G㐐㣅䚨⸨㣄UG㥉⺴⇌G␴䝉G⴬♈㛨G㜄㉐⏈Gⵝ㇠⏙G ⱬ㥐㜄G␴䚨G㛬Ἵ㡸G῰⫠⏈G䓬㢨␘UG䚌㫴⬀G㙸㫵⓸G⇔⫼␘G㝘㜰╌㛨ᴴḔG㢼⏈G㫴㜡㜄㉐G㇠⣀☘㢨G ㈑䞐䚌ḔG㢼␘UGἬ⤤Gᴴ㟨⒤G⬘㢰G㙸ⱨᶷ⓸G㈑ᴵ䚌㫴G㙾ḔG㇠⏈Gᶷ㢨G㥉⬄⦐GṐ㵢㡴Gᶷ㢰ᾀfG 㢨G㣅䖼㡸G䋩䚨㉐G㇠⣀☘㢨Gⱨ㛻㢬ᴴGḔⴰ䚨⸨⏈G᷸ὤᴴG╌ὤ⪰Gⵈ⢴␘U

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COLLECTION

LIE SANG BONG 10 YEARS (ORTXHQFH KDV NHSW WUDFN RI WKH ZRUOG IDPRXV GHVLJQHU /LH 6DQJ %RQJ¶V \HDU FDUHHU :H¶YH WDNHQ H[WUDFWV RI KLV ÀDVK\ SDVVLRQDWH OLIH DQG SXW LW DOO RQ RQH SDJH

Editor. Vincent Sung Concept / Production. Visual Sponge Project Photographer. Vincent Sung Hair Artist. Min Oh 0DNH XS $UWLVW -L HXQ -HRQ (XQML $Q .\RQJ DH +ZDQJ 0RGHOV 7DH <RXQ .LP 6RR .\HRQJ /HH *HQHUDO 0DQDJHU /LH 6DQJ %RQJ &KXQJ &KXQJ /HH 'HVLJQ 6W\OLQJ /LH 6DQJ %RQJ $QQLH (XQZRR 3DUN 139

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2002 FW LOST MEMORIES 7KH ¿UVW 3DULV FROOHFWLRQ ZDV DQ H[SUHVVLRQ RI human life as a watch spring to represent the return RI SDVW GD\V %ODFN ZDV XVHG DV WKH PDLQ FRORU WR JLYH D IHHOLQJ RI DQ ROG EODFN DQG ZKLWH SKRWRJUDSK from the past, and the use of red expressed the VWULNLQJ PRPHQWV WKDW KDSSHQHG GXULQJ WKH SDVW Also, stitch-printing and handmade elements were used to express lost memories. 2003 FW CULTURE MIX ,QVSLUHG E WKH V UHWUR VW\OH WKLV FROOHFWLRQ uses contrast through loose and tight silhouettes to emphasize the sexiness and felinity of a woman’s body. Various prints and pelt techniques were used on wool and leather fabrics to create a unique texture mix of the materials with a color palette of EODFN EURZQ DQG YLROHW 2004 FW MONOCHROME FILM ,QFRUSRUDWLQJ WKH WKHPH RI EODFN DQG ZKLWH RI WKH V WR WKH V FRPELQHG ZLWK WKH V 5RFN DQG 5ROO VH[LQHVV ZDV YHU\ SRZHUIXOO\ VKRZQ LQ WKH FROOHFWLRQ )ULOO DQG OHDWKHU ZLWK IXOO ÀRZLQJ VLOKRXHWWHV PDGH FODVVLF ORRNV LQWR D PRGHUQ FKLF 7KH XVH RI ÀRZHU SULQWV LQ 5RFN DQG 5ROO VW\OHG SLHFHV DGGHG DQ DLU RI NLWVFK WR WKH FROOHFWLRQ 7KH fun mix of various fabrics and shapes maximized the glamorous beauty of women.

2005 FW PUMP UP THE VOLUME )URP WKH PRWLIV RI WKH V V 3XPS 8S the Volume collection literally expressed the exaggerated volume of puff sleeves, shoulder lines DQG VNLUW VLOKRXHWWHV 'HVLUH IRU WKH EHDXW\ WKDW ZRPHQ ZRXOG OLNH WR VKRZ RII ZDV UHYHDOHG RQ VWDJH %ODFN IHDWXUHG DV WKH PDLQ FRORU ZLWK UHG violet, and gold as accent colors. Materials that are VLON\ DQG JOLWWHU\ DQG YHOYHW LQ EHDXWLIXO FRORUV ZHUH XVHG ZLWK ¿QH SULQWHG OHDWKHU 7KLV FROOHFWLRQ VKRZHG a woman who is feminine but strong enough to express herself. 2006 FW MOONLIGHT SHADOW Previously, no one had ever done a collection based on Korea’s national writing script, Hangul, and this RQH DOVR GUHZ LQVSLUDWLRQ IURP WKH %DURTXH DJHV 7KH FROOHFWLRQ LQFRUSRUDWHG D YDULHW\ RI HOHPHQWV including moonlight shadows with a distinctly bluish tint, winter tree prints that appeared in the blue moonlight, and exquisitely drawn Hangul letters by QRWHG .RUHDQ DUWLVW /LP 2N VDQJ DQG VLQJHU -DQJ 6D LN 2007 FW SWINGING EAST %DVHG RQ WKH PRVW IDVKLRQDEOH VLOKRXHWWHV IURP WKH V WKH FROOHFWLRQ IRFXVHV RQ )XWXULVP 0DQ\ of the details were inspired from antique Korean ¿[WXUHV VXFK DV EXWWHUÀ\ KLQJHV DQG VKHOO VKDSHG EXWWRQV 7KH MX[WDSRVLWLRQ RI QHZ DQG ROG ZDV achieved through the use of metallic and plastic materials combined with enamel leathers.

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2008 FW HEAVENLY CREATURES Inspired by Kimera, one of Korean’s treasured singers and world famous pop opera singer, the outstanding structural symmetry combined with asymmetry of the collection is what commands DWWHQWLRQ /D\HUV RI FLUFXODU SLHFHV EHFRPH ÀRZHUV and accordion shapes which represent the harmony RI YROXPH DQG VWUXFWXUH &RORUIXO ÀRZHU HPEURLGHULQJ and leather printing creates the modern Korean mix and match. 2009 FW CAT PEOPLE 7KH FRPSOHWLRQ RI WKLV FROOHFWLRQ UHTXLUHG D ORQJ process of creative endeavors regarding shapes, VWUXFWXUHV DQG PDWHULDOV 7KH PRVW LPSRUWDQW DVSHFW was the strong desire to infuse a Korean motif into WKH FROOHFWLRQ 7KH DYDQW JDUGH FXOWXUDO PL[ UHDFKHV its climax with the combination of traditional motifs such as the structural silhouettes of the exaggerated shoulders, laser cut leather with traditional patterns, DQG OHRSDUG SULQWV FRDWHG RQ SODVWLF ¿OP 7KH FROOHFWLRQ DOVR XVHV D SULQW RI 6KLQ <RRQ ERNœV 0L LQ do, as well as extreme decorations using tassels and a structured silhouette designed with modern tones.

2010 FW INNER CITY LIFE Inspired by strong and chic city women, this collection incorporates architectural silhouette with graphical prints, and adds a futuristic and military WRXFK %\ XVLQJ ZRRO OHDWKHU IR[ IXU VDWLQ DQG ceramic/plastic, it gives contemporary women a city XQLIRUP 7KURXJK D ULEERQ SDWWHUQ LQ EODFN SLQN DQG blue with a Korean mother of pearl the collection reinterpreted urbanity into a trend setter. 2011 FW 1$785( &5($7,9( 63,5,7 7KH VHUHQH IHHOLQJV HYRNHG E\ WKH Ă€XLG JUDFH RI arched lines and curved horizons of Zen imagery has been reinterpreted with a modern twist throughout WKH FROOHFWLRQ )RU /LH VDQJ ERQJ =HQ WDNHV IRUP LQ architectural silhouettes with a feminine form in hues of grayish beige and brown with splashes of gold. 7KH PDVWHU\ RI YROXPLQRXV DQG JHRPHWULF VKDSHV EULQJV WR OLIH D XQLTXH YLVLRQ XWLOL]LQJ ZRRO DQG VLON with a touch of Cloque detailing. 2012 SS DANCHEONG /LH 6DQJ %RQJÂśV LQVSLUDWLRQ IRU 66 FROOHFWLRQ FRPHV IURP WUDGLWLRQDO DUFKLWHFWXUH HOHPHQWV NQRZQ DV Âł'DQFKHRQJ´ ZKLFK LV WKH DUW RI GHFRUDWLYH colors painted on wooden buildings and artifacts IRU WKH SXUSRVH RI VW\OH 7KH FROOHFWLRQ LV DERXW connecting the past, present and future together by going beyond time and spaces with the theme. Splendid patterns with a mix of straight and organic lines create unique graphic images and bright color SDOHWWHV RI SLQN GDUN EOXH DQG OHPRQ \HOORZ 9LYLG FRORUV SDLUHG ZLWK D UHVWUDLQHG VLOKRXHWWH PDNH WKH FROOHFWLRQ VLPSOH DQG IXQ 7KH VKDSHV RI WKH MDFNHWV and dresses were created through playing with the FRORUV RI WKH DUFKLWHFWXUDO HOHPHQWV 7KH WUDGLWLRQDO ORRN RI 'DQFKHRQJ KDV EHHQ WUDQVIRUPHG LQWR PRGHUQ SDWWHUQV DQG SULQWV 7KH XVH RI YDULRXV NLQGV RI VLON KLJKOLJKWV WKH DLU\ PRYHPHQWV RI WKH GUHVVHV along with a mix of jersey and tencel.

Fashion designer

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4 6LQFH WKDW ¿UVW FROOHFWLRQ , SHUVRQDOO\ VDZ GXULQJ 6)$$ EDFN in 1996, you have continued to successfully surprise me with LPSUHVVLYH VHWWLQJV IRU \RXU FROOHFWLRQV ZKHUH GR \RX JHW DOO WKHVH inspirations from? I’m inspired by everything I’m interested in and everything I want.

Q. Could you give us more information about your projects in New York? 1HZ <RUN ZLOO UHPDLQ DV WKH PRVW LQĂ€XHQWLDO IDVKLRQ FLW\ DQG LW LV DOZD\V ÂżOOHG ZLWK QHZ HQHUJ\ 6LQFH 1HZ <RUN LV DQ DWWUDFWLYH FLW\ , GHFLGHG WR VWDUW ZRUNLQJ WKHUH WZR \HDUV DJR

4 , KDG WKH FKDQFH WR YLVLW \RXU SHUVRQDO RIÂżFH RU ODERUDWRU\ DQG VDZ DQ DUUD\ RI REMHFWV WKDW \RX FROOHFWHG ZKLOH WUDYHOLQJ ZKLFK country or place impressed you the most? Where would you wish to live, if not in Seoul? 7KH PRVW LPSUHVVLYH FRXQWU\ ,ÂśYH EHHQ WR ZDV ,QGLD 7KH FRXQWU\ÂśV VWURQJ images and its mysterious culture are still embedded in my head. Each FLW\ KDV D ORQJ DQG XQLTXH FXOWXUH DQG WUDGLWLRQ 7KH PRVW OLYDEOH SODFH for me is Santorini Island in Greece because the weather is warm and QLFH 7KLV LV ZKHUH , FDQ DOVR WDNH D UHVW TXLHWO\ $OVR 6DR 3DXOR LQ %UD]LO 1RUPDQG\ LQ )UDQFH DQG 9HQLFH LQ ,WDO\ DUH P\ IDYRULWH FLWLHV WKDW cherish both modern and ancient civilizations.

Q. What projects were you assigned to the Korea National Tourism Organisation/Seoul City as a “representative of contemporary fashionâ€? abroad? 7KH 0LQLVWU\ RI &XOWXUH 6SRUWV DQG 7RXULVP VXSSRUWV WKH .RUHDQ IDVKLRQ LQGXVWU\ LQ 1HZ <RUN ,ÂśP PDNLQJ SUHVHQWDWLRQV GXULQJ WKH 1HZ <RUN IDVKLRQ ZHHN

Q. Since 2002, you have started to grace Paris’ catwalk with your IDVKLRQ FROOHFWLRQV :KDW ZDV \RXU ¿UVW LPSUHVVLRQ RI WKH IDVKLRQ world in Paris? How different or similar is it to the fashion world in Seoul? , DGPLUH 3DULV DQG LW LV WKH FHQWHU RI ZRUOG IDVKLRQ 3DULV WKLQNV KLJKO\ of creativity and supportd continuous collections, but collections are not considered important in Korea. Seoul has a long way to go before advancing to an international fashion scale. Q. Any particular anecdotes/stories from Paris you would like to share with our readers? Right before boarding the airplane, I heard over the intercom that they ZHUH ORRNLQJ IRU PH DW WKH DLUSRUW $W WKH PRPHQW , UHPHPEHUHG P\ luggage that I had forgotten to bring with me before the departure procedure. When I came out of the departure control center, I realized WKH )UHQFK DLUSRUW VWDII KDG PLVWDNHQ P\ OXJJDJH IRU D SRVVLEOH explosive. Q. Can you tell us more about your artistic projects for the future? , GRQœW KDYH DQ\ VSHFL¿F SODQV IRU P\ IXWXUH SURMHFWV , MXVW WKLQN DERXW WKH LPPHGLDWH QH[W SURMHFW , GRQœW HYHQ KDYH WLPH WR WKLQN DERXW WKH IXWXUH

Q. Tell me more about your travels and your favorite places to visit. I also know some of your friends living in Bali .... , XVXDOO\ JR WUDYHOLQJ WZLFH D \HDU WR WDNH D UHVW 7KH ÂżUVW RQH LV WR UHIUHVK P\ HQHUJ\ H[SHULHQFH D QHZ FXOWXUH RI WKH ZRUOG DQG ÂżOO P\VHOI ZLWK QHZ HQHUJ\ 7KH RWKHU RQH LV WR UHOD[ LQ QDWXUH DQG HPSW\ P\ PLQG , ORYH WR UHOD[ TXLHWO\ XQGHU WKH VXQ LQ %DOL RU RQ EHDFKHV LQ WKH 6RXWK 3DFLÂżF Ocean. Q. Can you give us your ‘bucket list’ (list of all the things you would OLNH WR GR EHIRUH ÂľG\LQJÂś " ,ÂśG OLNH WR EH RQ VWDJH DV DQ DFWRU DQG ORYH XQWLO , GLH Q. Who inspires you in the world of entertainment/fashion? And why? I respect all designers, but I especially admire Vionnet and Yves Saint /DXUHQW 6LQFH , VWLOO KDYH D ORQJ ZD\ WR JR DV D GHVLJQHU , FRQWLQXRXVO\ get inspired by those great designers. Q. Can you give us hints about your next collection’s *F/W 2012 concept/inspiration? What inspired you for the next collection? 6WRQH ZDOOV 7KH ZDOOV ZHUH D SODFH IRU FRPPXQLFDWLRQ ZKHQ , ZDV D OLWWOH ER\ %DFN WKHQ ZH GLGQÂśW KDYH D FDU DQG ZH PHW RXU QHLJKERUV RQ WKH streets, and the stone walls between the houses acted as communication pathways where people shared love with each other. www.liesangbong.com

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Creative ideas travel fast and far – Eloquence NHHSV WUDFN RI WKHP DQG WKH SHRSOH EHKLQG WKHP :H LQWURGXFH FUHDWRUV DQG WKHLU ZRUNV :H WDNH D ORRN EHKLQG WKH VFHQHV DQG WUDFH WKH HIIHFWV of this journey. We share ideas about creators’ OLIHVW\OHV DQG ZRUNLQJ FRQGLWLRQV We see the world through the eyes of creators. Please send your subscription request to, eloquence.creators@gmail.com 7UDQVSHU DFFRXQW Shinhan bank 140-008-087830 TIMESCORE Co.Ltd 120,000KRW for 1 year

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