, Senior Associate, P&T Group
Experts’ opinions on the façade fire safety materials & technologies and norms & standards
Volume 6 | Issue 1
May-June 2023
INDUSTRY SPEAKS
Muzaffer Ahmed Syed, Regional Manager – Firestop, fischer
In an era characterised by towering architectural marvels, we must prioritise not only the aesthetic appeal of buildings but also the safety and well-being of those who live in them.
A crucial issue that needs immediate attention and strict rules is facade fire safety. The tragic building fire accidents in recent years serve as chilling reminders of the dangers that could be present from inadequately constructed or maintained facades. The Torch Tower fire in Dubai and the Grenfell Tower fire in London serve as sobering examples of the disastrous results of ignoring facade fire prevention standards.
Comprehensive regulatory measures must be implemented to prevent disasters in the future. The use of fire-resistant materials and rigorous testing procedures are essential. To ensure that only materials that adhere to strict safety standards are used, fire performance studies should evaluate a facade’s resistance to heat, flame spread, and smoke generation. Prioritising fire safety during the design phase requires architects and engineers to incorporate fire-resistant barriers, sufficient fire breaks, and evacuation mechanisms into their designs. It should be required to conduct routine inspections and maintenance to ensure that facades are free of potential dangers like faulty cladding or degraded fire safety elements. Owners and managers of buildings should be held responsible for adhering to these requirements, and independent audits should add an additional level of scrutiny. It’s also essential to promote a culture of readiness and awareness. Comprehensive training on evacuation methods, fire safety precautions, and the use of firefighting equipment should be provided to tenants, facility management, and emergency responders.
In this edition’s cover story, we dig into the minds of fire safety professionals to reveal the keys to protecting buildings from the wrath of flames. Learn about their enlightening viewpoints on the art of material selection for fire-resistant structures as well as the crucial design strategies that prevent the spread of fires. In addition to encouraging, you to recommend topics that are dear to your heart for upcoming magazine features, we gladly welcome your valuable comments and thoughts on our published works. The route to a safer tomorrow will be illuminated by your voice!
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10 Important Tips for Creating an Effective Façade Lighting Design Using LED Façade Lights
Sanjeev Rawat, Managing Director, Illustrious Technologies
Decoding Embodied Carbon: Unlocking the Path to Sustainable Construction
Maliha Ghouri, Consultant - Climate Change & Carbon Advisor, WSP ME
Unfolding the Responsibility of Every Façade Engineer: Façade Fire Safety
Karim Hariz, Façade Engineer, Saudi Arabian Baytur
Striking a Balance for Sustainable and Fire-Resistant Façades
Dwayne Sloan, Technical Director - Building & Life Safety Technologies, UL Systems
Robert Jutras, Principal Engineer, Building Envelope Performance, UL Systems
Enhancing Façade Fire Safety: Key Elements and Techniques
Experts’ opinions on the facade fire safety materials & technologies and norms & standards
48 Face to Face
Interview with Moemen AbdElkader, Senior Associate, P&T Group
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Industry Speaks
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Project Watch: World’s Largest Media Glass Façade Project
Sanmukh Bawa (Director) & Leo McDowall-Benton (Business Development Director), G-SMATT Europe
Back Cover Courtesy: GLAAM/G-SMATT
Published by: F and F Middle East FZ-LLC Founder: Amit Malhotra
Editorial: Renu Rajaram renu@wfmmedia.com
Interview with Muzaffer Ahmed Syed, Regional Manager – Firestop, fischer DISCLAIMER:
Shefali Bisht editorial@wfmmedia.com
Sales & Operations: Kapil Girotra kapil@wfmmedia.com
Subscription & Circulation: Devagya Behl support@wfmmedia.com
Design & Concept by: Chandan Sharma
SANJEEV RAWAT Managing Director, Illustrious Technologies
Sanjeev Rawat is a distinguished individual with a remarkable background. Armed with a B.Tech in Electronics and an MBA from the prestigious IIT Roorkee, Sanjeev has amassed over 18 years of expertise in various domains including R&D, Manufacturing, Sales, Business Development, Digital Transformation, and Business Strategy. Throughout his career, he has garnered invaluable experience working with renowned multinational corporations such as Toshiba Lighting Corporation and AlcatelLucent. Presently, as the Managing Director of his brainchild, ILLUSTRIOUS Technologies, Sanjeev spearheads the design, manufacturing, and sales of world-class lighting products. His commitment to excellence and passion for innovation has positioned ILLUSTRIOUS as an industry leader. Connect with Sanjeev via his company website at https://illustrious.co.in or reach out to him personally via email at sanjeev@illuled.com or sanjeevraw@gmail.com.
Understanding the architecture of the building, establishing precise lighting goals, taking into account the environment, choosing the appropriate LED fixtures, planning for uniformity and balance, implementing lighting layers, enhancing colour effects, incorporating dynamic lighting control, putting energy efficiency first, and seeing to regular maintenance are all necessary for creating an effective façade lighting design. These methods produce visually beautiful and environmentally friendly lighting options that improve the structure’s appearance.
Consider following tips for effective façade lighting:
Understanding the architecture of the building thoroughly is the
first step in developing an efficient façade lighting scheme. Consider and evaluate the structural components of the building, including its form, materials, textures, curves, and architectural features. Identify prominent characteristics that façade lighting can enhance and highlight.
The lighting design’s success depends on its goals being clearly stated. Establish the main objective of the façade lighting, such as enhancing the building’s beauty, increasing visibility and safety, creating a focal point, highlighting particular architectural features, or communicating a particular message. The entire design process will be governed by these objectives.
The general façade lighting design is heavily influenced by the surroundings. Take into account
the nearby structures, outdoor features, and lighting systems that are already in place. This analysis will make sure that the façade lighting blends in with its surroundings while still standing out, resulting in a positive interaction between the building and its surroundings.
As a result of their energy efficiency, dependability, and versatility, LED façade lights are a popular option. It’s crucial to take a number of aspects into account while choosing LED fixtures. These consist of the lumen output, lumen output angle, colour temperature, colour rendering index (CRI), and IP rating for outdoor applications. Select lighting fixtures that are appropriate for the project’s particular needs and that support the specified lighting goals.
For a façade lighting design to be visually appealing and harmonious, consistency and balance must be achieved. To prevent hotspots
or areas of extreme brightness, consider how the light will be distributed across the façade. If you want to make sure that the lighting design is well-balanced and constant, take into account both horizontal and vertical illumination.
The façade gains depth and visual intrigue by using various lighting layers. You may draw attention to particular architectural features and establish focal points by utilising a variety of lighting techniques and fixtures, such as uplighting, downlighting, grazing, and accent lighting. The façade gains dimension thanks to this layering process, which also gives lighting effects creators more versatility.
The colour capabilities of LED façade lights are a benefit, enabling vibrant and eye-catching lighting effects. To produce eye-catching colour displays or to modify the lighting design for various occasions, think
about including colour-changing LEDs in the design. To highlight architectural details, elicit feelings, or represent the branding of the structure, use colour strategically.
Flexibility and adaptability are provided by including a lighting control system in the façade lighting design. A dynamic lighting control system enables the development of pre-set scenes, timed sequences, or interactive programming, permitting adjustments in lighting effects based on certain occasions or the time of day. This dynamic control broadens the design’s potential and improves the façade lighting’s visual effect.
Energy efficiency and sustainability are crucial factors in any lighting design in a modern, environmentally conscious society. To minimise energy usage and lessen the impact of the building on the environment, choose energyefficient LED fixtures and lighting control systems. To determine the long-term advantages of energyefficient lighting solutions, perform a life-cycle cost analysis. The highest levels of energy efficiency and sustainability can be achieved with proper installation, routine maintenance, and sporadic lighting level adjustments.
Establish a routine maintenance schedule to maintain the façade lighting design’s efficacy. This entails regular examination and maintenance of the LED fixtures, timely replacement of any broken parts, and adjustment of the lighting setup as necessary. Regular upkeep
increases the LED lamps’ lifespan and efficiency while preserving the façade lighting’s aesthetic impact.
In conclusion, using LED façade lights to create an effective lighting design for a façade involves careful planning and a comprehensive strategy. Architects, designers, and lighting specialists may guarantee a successful and effective lighting design that improves visibility, enhances the aesthetics of the building, and produces an eyecatching visual experience by adhering to the ten crucial recommendations listed above.
The basis for the design process is establishing the lighting objectives and comprehending the architecture of the structure. Taking into account the surrounding environment guarantees that the façade lighting melds seamlessly with the surroundings of the building. The ideal performance and intended effects are ensured by choosing the proper LED fixtures and paying attention to the beam angle, colour temperature, and other aspects.
The façade gains depth and aesthetic interest by using lighting
layers, planning for homogeneity and balance, and other design techniques. Lighting designers may build compelling displays and modify the lighting design to meet varied event and branding requirements by maximising colour effects and implementing dynamic lighting control.
The long-term financial gain comes from promoting energy conservation and sustainability through the use of LED lighting fixtures and lighting control systems, in addition to being socially and environmentally responsible. The lighting design will remain effective and efficient over time with the help of routine upkeep and modification.
Professionals may create engaging and impactful façade lighting solutions that raise the building’s aesthetics, engage onlookers, and add to a visually appealing architectural landscape by including these ten suggestions in the design process. Because of their adaptability, energy economy, and dynamic control, LED façade lights enable designers to bring their concepts to life and produce unforgettable lighting effects.
About the Author
MALIHA GHOURI Consultant - Climate Change & Carbon Advisor, WSP Middle East
Maliha Ghouri is a Sustainable Building Advocate, an individual who embodies the spirit of catalysing sustainable transformation. Her expertise and passion lie in driving positive change within the built environment. As a key member of WSP’s Advisory Services, a renowned global consulting firm specializing in engineering and professional services. Her work aligns seamlessly with WSP’s commitment to sustainability and resilience, WSP integrates sustainable practices into their solutions, shaping a more sustainable future for communities worldwide. At WSP, she has found the ideal platform to showcase her expertise and drive sustainable transformation. Her unwavering dedication to fostering sustainability has positioned her as an invaluable catalyst for a greener and more sustainable future.
The construction industry’s carbon footprint is a pressing global concern, with buildings accounting for a signifi-cant portion of greenhouse gas emissions. The article highlights the value of understanding and addressing the embodied carbon in buildings and how crucial it is in reducing their environmental impact. Sustainable material selection, efficient construction techniques, and stakeholders such as designers, developers, and contractors can collectively drive the reduction of embodied carbon and pave the way for a greener and more sustainable future in the built environment.
The construction industry plays a significant role in global carbon emissions, with buildings responsible for a substantial share. Operational energy use and embodied carbon emissions are major contributors, with operational energy accounting for 30-40% and embodied carbon
contributing 11-28% of buildingrelated emissions with the rest of the emission coming from other sources such as transportation, waste generation, and resource. The percentage can vary based on factors such as regional energy sources, building types, and the level of energy efficiency in the building stock. Addressing operational energy efficiency, reducing embodied
carbon, promoting sustainable transportation, implementing effective waste management, and optimising resource use are crucial steps in mitigating the carbon footprint of buildings. By prioritising these areas, the building sector can make significant strides in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and contributing to global climate action.
Operational energy in buildings is often prioritised for reduction due to its immediate impact, direct control, energy efficiency gains, and existing regulatory frameworks. Building owners and occupants can readily implement energy-efficient measures to
achieve tangible reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. However, it is essential to recognise that solely focusing on operational energy overlooks the significant carbon emissions associated with embodied carbon in building materials. Neglecting embodied carbon misses opportunities for substantial emissions reductions. To achieve comprehensive sustainability, it is crucial to adopt a
balanced approach that addresses both operational energy and embodied carbon. This involves promoting energy-efficient design, selecting low-carbon materials, optimising construction practices, and embracing circular economy principles. By considering both aspects, we can maximise the potential for meaningful and longlasting emissions reductions in the building sector.
Embodied carbon in buildings refers to the total amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with the entire life cycle of construction materials used in building projects. It encompasses the carbon emissions released during the extraction, production, transportation, and installation of building materials, as well as the emissions from their eventual disposal or recycling at the end of a building’s life. Embodied carbon takes into account all stages, from the sourcing of raw materials to the manufacturing processes and construction activities. It is an important aspect to consider in sustainable building practices as it highlights the environmental impact associated with the materials used and provides insights into the carbon footprint of a building beyond just its operational energy consumption. By focusing on reducing embodied carbon, we can make significant strides in achieving sustainable and environmentally friendly buildings.
According to research conducted by the Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG), the building envelope can contribute up to 15-20% of a building’s total embodied carbon. This estimate includes materials used for walls, roofs, windows, doors, and other components that make up the envelope. However, it’s important to note that this percentage can vary based on the specific characteristics of the building and its location. The façade, being the protective and visually appealing envelope of a building, presents immense opportunities for adopting innovative strategies that minimise
environmental impact. The type of materials used in the façade is a crucial factor in determining its contribution to embodied carbon. Traditional materials like concrete, steel, and aluminium tend to have higher carbon footprints due to the energy-intensive manufacturing processes involved.
It is important to remember that the embodied carbon of a building is a complex calculation that encompasses the entire life cycle, including material extraction, production, transportation, construction, maintenance, and eventual demolition. While the building envelope plays a significant role, other elements, such as structural systems, interior finishes, and mechanical systems, also contribute to the overall embodied carbon of a building.
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a valuable tool that helps reduce embodied carbon in buildings. By conducting an LCA, hotspots of high carbon emissions can be identified, guiding targeted interventions. LCA enables the comparison of materials based on their embodied carbon, empowering informed choices that prioritise low-carbon alternatives. It also evaluates different design options & construction techniques to minimise carbon emissions throughout the building’s life cycle.
LCA facilitates the optimisation of designs, ensuring energy efficiency and reduced environmental impact. It assesses construction processes, promoting efficient material usage, waste reduction, and the adoption of low-carbon construction methods. Moreover, LCA provides quantifiable data that aids communication with
stakeholders and supports informed decision-making. By utilising LCA, stakeholders can make sustainable choices that lead to significant reductions in embodied carbon, promoting the transition to more environmentally friendly buildings.
The MENA region (Middle East and North Africa) is witnessing a growing market for sustainable materials with low embodied carbon, reflecting an increasing commitment to environmental sustainability in the construction industry. This emerging market offers a range of innovative materials and technologies aimed at reducing the carbon footprint associated with building projects.
Sustainable materials play a crucial role in reducing the embodied carbon of the building envelope. The use of recycled materials, such as recycled steel, concrete, or reclaimed bricks, can significantly lower the carbon footprint by diverting waste from landfills and reducing the need for new material extraction. A sustainable building should be constructed using materials that have minimal embodied energy to help to minimise the environmental impact (greenhouse gas emission, resource depletion, etc.) throughout their life cycle. It is recommended to use materials that have their life-cycle information readily available and are environmentally, socially, and economically preferable.
To promote sustainability and reduce the environmental impact of construction, several alternatives and suggestions can be considered. Within the region, as sustainability consultants, to minimise resource consumption and support recycling
efforts, we have recommended using structural steel with at least 20% recycled content for 50% of the steel components. Similarly, projects can select reinforcement materials with a minimum of 60% recycled content for 20% of the total reinforcement used in concrete structures. When it comes to readymix concrete, in substructures, we can consider replacing 25% of the cement content with fly-ash, to reduce the carbon footprint associated with cement production. It is important to coordinate with the structural engineers to evaluate the impacts alternative materials can have on the desired strength and performance. The specification should be drafted in agreement with the structural design, and material availability, and considering cost impact.
The study on the embodied carbon contribution of glass in various façade systems reveals several key observations. The findings indicate that the embodied carbon of façades can vary significantly, ranging from 160 to 520 kgCO2e/ m2, depending on the design and system type. Glass emerges as a significant contributor to the embodied carbon of façades, often ranking second only to aluminium. Furthermore, the service life of Insulated Glazing Units (IGUs), typically around 30 years, plays a role in the embodied carbon impact of glass, as the replacement of IGUs within the façade’s lifetime adds to its carbon footprint.
The study found that the proportion of embodied carbon attributed to glass can vary significantly across different façade systems, ranging
The 16 façade typologies chosen for the study aimed to represent a broad range of European and United Kingdom designs, providing valuable insights into the embodied carbon implications of glass in façade systems.
from 26% to 60%. These high values highlight both the opportunity and responsibility of the glass industry to assist designers in reducing the embodied carbon of their projects. As other industries undergo decarbonisation, it is anticipated that the contribution of glass to the embodied carbon of façades may further increase. This underscores the importance of the glass industry embarking on its decarbonisation journey to align with broader sustainability goals and support the reduction of embodied carbon in building construction.
EPDs: Empowering Sustainable Choices and Making a Difference in the MENA Region
Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) play a crucial role in reducing embodied carbon in the construction industry. By providing transparent and standardised information about the environmental impact of materials, EPDs enable stakeholders to make informed decisions and prioritise low-carbon alternatives. EPDs contain valuable data on factors such as carbon emissions, energy consumption, and resource depletion throughout a product’s lifecycle.
The MENA region is witnessing gradual growth in the market
for materials with Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs). Green building certifications such as LEED, MOSTADAM, and Estidama Pearl Rating System further drive the demand for environmentally friendly materials and documentation of their embodied carbon. Major developers, architects, and contractors are increasingly looking for products that meet sustainability criteria and provide transparent data on environmental impact. However, there is still a need to encourage more suppliers to provide EPDs, and collaboration and awareness are crucial in this
regard. Raising awareness about embodied carbon reduction and the benefits of EPDs can drive demand and incentivise suppliers to offer sustainable options. Incorporating EPDs as a procurement requirement can also promote the adoption of low-carbon materials by public and private sector organisations.
Transforming Construction Practices: Unveiling the Potential of Prefabrication in Lowering Embodied Carbon
The design and construction techniques employed can also influence the amount of embodied
carbon in the building envelope. Techniques such as prefabrication and modular construction can reduce waste and optimise material usage, thereby lowering embodied carbon. Studies and industry reports suggest that prefabricated construction methods can lead to embodied carbon reductions ranging from 15% to 50% compared to conventional on-site construction. However, it’s important to note that these percentages are approximate and can vary based on projectspecific factors. It is essential to conduct a project-specific LCA to accurately determine the
percentage difference in embodied carbon between prefabricated and conventional on-site construction methods. This assessment considers the unique characteristics and parameters of the project, such as the building design, materials used, transportation distances, energy efficiency measures, and end-of-life considerations. Such an LCA provides a comprehensive evaluation of the environmental impact throughout the entire life cycle of the building and offers a more precise understanding of the percentage difference in embodied carbon.
In the quest to reduce embodied carbon in the construction industry, stakeholders have crucial roles to play. Designers should integrate sustainable principles, whereas developers should set goals and demand transparency. Contractors should be directed to implement efficient practices, and material suppliers should be asked to offer low-carbon alternatives. Collaboration among stakeholders is key. Industry associations,
standards organisations, and governments should establish guidelines, certifications, and policies to promote sustainability. By fulfilling their roles and collaborating effectively, stakeholders can collectively drive the reduction of embodied carbon. Through sustainable design, material selection, efficient practices, and supportive policies, we can contribute to creating an environmentally conscious built environment.
Addressing embodied carbon in building construction is crucial for developers to fulfill their COP28 commitments and contribute to
global climate action. This involves selecting low-carbon materials, conducting life cycle assessments, and adopting energy-efficient designs. Engaging with suppliers, promoting collaboration across the supply chain, and advocating for low-carbon practices enhance their commitment. Transparent reporting of embodied carbon emissions fosters accountability and knowledge sharing. Offsetting strategies and carbon neutrality goals further demonstrate dedication to COP28 objectives and sustainable development. By prioritising these actions, developers can mitigate climate change and pave the way for a greener future.
To conclude, reducing embodied carbon in buildings is a critical step towards creating sustainable
and environmentally friendly structures. Through the adoption of low-carbon materials, strategies such as prefabrication, and the promotion of materials with EPDs, we can make significant progress in reducing the environmental impact of its building sector. With collaboration and commitment from all stakeholders, a greener and more sustainable future for the built environment is within reach. Additionally, incorporating energy-efficient design principles, passive strategies, and renewable energy systems into the façade can help offset operational carbon emissions, making the overall environmental impact of the building envelope more favourable.
About the Author
KARIM HARIZ Façade Engineer, Saudi Arabian Baytur
Karim Hariz is currently working at Saudi Arabian Baytur as a Façade Engineer in charge of completing façade works of the first-ever 5-star Kimpton hotel in the Middle East. He is also working on complex façades which include curtain walls, canopies, and sky bridges where his focus ranges from the physics of building envelopes and the materials being used to the installation works on site.
In 2022, he earned his LEED ® Green Associate™ certificate and joined both the Society of Façade Engineers (SFE) and the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) as an affiliated member.
Why every Façade Engineer should lead by example?
Flicking through paperwork and rushing for approval of submittals are not the case when trying to condense the risk of a catastrophe, particularly in façade fire safety.
Never has there been a time more important than today for façade engineers to be at the forefront in mitigating deficiencies found during the construction phase of a high-rise building that may pose fire-related harm to people and communities.
Stakeholders have a fundamental responsibility as a whole to fully underscore the importance of driving responsible, trustworthy, and ethical work with safeguards that mitigate risks and potential harms to individuals and our society.
As the number of high-rise buildings continues to grow in cities around the world, so too does the importance of Façade Fire Safety.
According to NFPA (National Fire Protection Associate), highrise buildings pose many unique challenges not found in low-rise buildings.
Façade fires in high-rise buildings are extremely dangerous, as they
can spread quickly and be difficult to contain; with hindsight, a Façade engineer’s crucial ongoing effort will help engage other parties in taking a comprehensive approach while collectively committing to ensure consistency in design.
This effort builds on considerable aspects practiced by façade engineers to root out bias in the design drawings and on-site installations.
Façade engineers are able to explore how the technical analysis parameters align with the principles and practices of on-site installation works.
This allows for real-time evaluation which provides critical information that would mitigate many hazards, especially the ones posed by the propagation of fire.
This may include identifying deficiencies found in the design drawings & installation works which will enable the responsible parties to take further steps early in the construction phase.
Also, it is important to consider looking through previous fire incidents to learn from the failures & successes, strengthening the evaluation further and saving the client valuable time and budget.
A performance-based design such as Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) models many different fire scenarios to reach the required level of safety of the high-
rise buildings and façade elements respectively.
The Façade Engineer Blueprint: A Roadmap for Façade Fire Safety in high-rise buildings
From principle to practice, identifying the protective measures includes principles that will advance the façade engineer’s vision of façade fire safety.
The following principles include:
• Fire-resistant materials
According to EN 13501-1
Classification A1 materials used on façades should be noncombustible, adhering to any foreseeable possibility of fire hazards. The number of combustible components contributes to the spread of the fire which includes but is not limited to the supporting & framing systems and their accessories, inner plasterboard skin, sealants, waterproofing membrane, and the infill and cladding material.
The following fire rating standards should be met by ASTM E84.
1. The fire reaction of a material is measured against a number of criteria including seven classification levels:
• Flame spread index (FSI): indicates the speed a flame travels across the surface of a material. Measured between 0-25.
• Smoke Development Index (SDI): measures the smoke a material emits as it burns. Measured between 0-450.
• Fire resistance rating: indicates how long the material can resist as a measure of time (ASTM E119)
• Ignition temperature: the minimum temperature causing self-ignition of a material
• Flaming droplets/particles: small particles of burning material that may ignite other materials
Also, a “Full-scale Façade Fire Propagation Test” can be conducted for non-load bearing façades, rain screens & insulated wall systems as classified by BS 8414-1.
2. Fire barriers and fire stops
Fire barriers and fire stops should be UL-classified material. Their functions are similar but differ in their manner of workability. Their functions are to prevent the spread of fire and smoke that might leapfrog from one story to another. Fire stops in particular are sealants that seal the gaps and openings while fire barriers are physical insulation materials used to block the fire from spreading.
Fire barriers should be placed according to the manufacturing recommendation in a vertical and horizontal fashion to prevent and contain the spread of fire and smoke. Rain screen systems for example as in the figure shown, are cavity-based systems that can rapidly propagate fire in an unpredictable manner if kept uncontained. Here physical fire barriers play their role.
Meanwhile, fire stops are applied on gaps between floor slabs or the façade. The gap must be filled with fire sealants or fireintumescent material that reacts and expands upon contact with heat preventing smoke and fire from one compartment to another.
An accredited third-party body should commission the application of the fire barriers and fire stops and verify that they are maintained in a continuity manner.
The following EI rating standards should be met in accordance with BS EN 13501-1:
• The fire resistance of a material is measured against a number of criteria:
• R – supporting capacity
The capacity of a material’s mechanical fixation to resist fire without losing its structural strength. For example, “R120” implies that for 120 minutes of fire exposure, the system will still retain its structural integrity.
• E – Integrity
The capacity of a material to prevent the passage of fire and hot gases from one compartment to another. The same applies here as “E120”
• I – Insulation
The capacity of a material to prevent heat transfer from one compartment to another.
According to the European classification, the minimum requirement for cavity barriers should have an EI rating of at least 30 minutes.
3. Fire risk assessment
An intrusive investigation and condition surveys should be conducted to identify any unknown defect found during the design and construction phase. These defects may pose a fire risk.
The defects include the midscoordination of joint detailing with adjacent elements, poor installation works, and mechanical detailing in fixing the insulation and façade panels. Not to mention, these defects may compromise the integrity of the fire-resistant material being used.
So, a remediation scheme should be taken into consideration and reported to the construction team to avoid future repetition.
Adopting an early holistic approach with many active parties will ensure workmanship is carried out at utmost quality and efficiency. Closely working with architects, engineers, and fire safety experts will ensure robust adequacy to protect occupants and the building from potentially unavoidable fire incidents.
This aspect demands greater input from specialists such as fire engineers who are eligible to recommend fire safety plans and active systems such as fire sprinklers that have the capability to extinguish flames and cool down hot surfaces. In addition to that, detection and alarm, suppression systems, egress strategy & emergency systems are necessary to implement for highrise buildings.
In conclusion, I believe there is still a lot that needs to be done to further understand the façade fire safety nuisance, especially in high-rise buildings. Going beyond testing the material to checking its interaction with other elements under different circumstances or delivering a smooth collaborative manner between parties will reassure clients (and other parties) that the bespoke solutions are of the highest levels of safety and compliance.
DWAYNE SLOAN
Technical Director, Building and Life Safety Technologies, UL Solutions
Dwayne Sloan is the Technical Director for the Built Environment Division at UL Solutions where he directs the activities of other Principal Engineers and supports regulatory technical leaders. During his 35 years at UL Solutions, Dwayne’s focus has mainly been in the area of reaction to fire – including flammability and other characteristics of building materials and systems, building contents, roofing products and systems, and air ventilation. One of Dwayne’s more recent focus areas is Exterior Façade Flammability where he has written several articles and presented around the world. He is the current Chair of UL’s Fire Council, serves on the NFPA Standards Council, and has been recognised as a Corporate Fellow within the William Henry Merrill Society, named in honour of UL Solution’s founder.
ROBERT JUTRAS
Principal Engineer, Building Envelope Performance, UL Solutions
Robert Jutras is a graduate of École Polytechnique, the engineering department of the University of Montréal, earning a bachelor’s degree in mechanical engineering. He has devoted his career since 1985 to building components testing and evaluation as well as standard and code development. He actively participates at FENESTRATION CANADA, AVFQ, ASTM, CSA, FGIA (AAMA, IGMA), JDMG, NFRC, and ULC. He chairs several committees and task groups under these Associations and Standard Development Organizations. He is also a voting member of the standing committee for environmental separators (Part 5) of the Canadian building code. His responsibilities also include the development of training courses, webinars, and presentations on topics related to his expertise.
In recent years, the building construction industry, including the design and construction of exterior façades, has strongly focused on sustainability needs and environmental factors. Exterior wall design must offer a healthy and comfortable space to live, work and play while using the least energy and also achieving demanding sustainable expectations. Combining this challenge with the fast pace of today’s construction and the need for less costly and easier-to-install designs, we find that new materials (and combinations of materials) are constantly being introduced into exterior wall assemblies. Let’s not forget that these exterior assemblies must also be aesthetically pleasing. With the challenging balance of these demands, the need for these “sustainable” exterior façades to also have adequate fire-resistant performance is often left out of the discussion.
In recent years, major progress has been made in achieving exterior façades with improved sustainable attributes. Some examples include the use of:
• Insulation and other materials to achieve improved thermal properties – towards lower energy use for buildings
• Exterior wall component materials with low volatile organic compounds
• Recycled content in exterior wall component materials
• Photovoltaic (solar panels)
• Low-carbon building materials
These and other sustainable efforts have complimented the design and implementation of exterior wall construction focusing on building envelope performance
and comfort for a building’s inhabitants.
Alongside the growing attention on sustainability, building envelope performance considerations include attributes such as thermal performance, air leakage, water vapor
permeability, resistance to water penetration, UV resistance, sound transmission properties, wind load resistance, etc. In most areas, these performance characteristics are driven by local codes and regulations.
Table 1 lists some of the more popular test standards and their respective title.
ASTM E283 International
Standard test method for determining the rate of air leakage through exterior windows, skylights, curtain walls, and doors under specified pressure differences across the specimen
ASTM E331 International Standard test method for water penetration of exterior windows, skylights, doors, and curtain walls by uniform static air pressure difference
AAMA 501.1:1994 and CWCT Section 7 – dynamic water penetration (Onsite also)
International and United Kingdom (U.K.)
Water penetration of windows, curtain walls, and doors using dynamic pressure
ASTM E330 International
Standard test method for structural performance of exterior windows, doors, skylights, and curtain walls by uniform static air pressure difference
AAMA 501 International Methods of Test for Exterior Walls
Several sections of CWCT documents The U.K. Centre for Window and Cladding Technology
AS/NZS 4284 Australia and New Zealand
EN 12153
Europe
EN 12155: Europe
EN 12179
Europe
Testing of building façades
Curtain walling air permeability test
Curtain walling water tightness test under static pressure
Curtain walling resistance to wind load
Table 1: Building envelope test methods
Examples of pre-construction exterior wall systems built to evaluate air and water resistance and structural, thermal, and seismic performance
The result of these building envelope performance demands is the use of insulation products with higher thermal properties, increased use of water resistive barriers, air and vapor barriers, use of rainscreen systems, and adequate verification of structural adequacy.
These standards and procedures are used frequently in architectural specifications, and tests are usually performed on pre-construction mock-ups to assess the wall’s expected performance.
The exterior façade industry continues to explore new materials and methods of construction to meet the demands of a sustainable and comfortable environment. We see retrofit construction on existing buildings, the use of buildingapplied photovoltaic (solar) panels (BAPV), and green façades using natural foliage. Additionally, there are now adaptive façades, such as dynamic shadings, active ventilation systems, and chromogenic façades that automatically change colors.
With the intense focus on sustainability, achieving comfort for the occupants, and the introduction of newer technologies, exterior wall fires are still occurring globally at a concerning rate. Since the Grenfell Tower tragedy in London, there has been a renewed emphasis on understanding the fire testing requirements for compliance of exterior façades globally. There have also been adjustments to testing standards and code changes in many countries to strengthen fire performance compliance. Regulatory reform has advanced
in many countries to ensure that roles and responsibilities are better defined.
Many prominent full-scale exterior wall fire test methods are solidly embedded into codes and regulations. For example, in the United States (U.S.), the International Building Code (IBC) and NFPA 5000 refer to NFPA 285 as the main fire test method for evaluating fire spread on exterior walls. Recent changes in NFPA 285 address testing of joints and seams and clarify the window detail for the tested assembly. In addition, Annex B was added to this standard outlining detailed guidelines for engineering decisions for
substituting components and materials based on an actual NFPA 285 test.
One remaining challenge is that several varying methods are implemented in different countries that may not have the same scope or deliver the same outcomes. It is essential to understand the methods used to qualify a product or system to ensure it is suitable for use in exterior wall construction.
Table 2 lists some test methods and the countries where they are typically enforced. This is not intended to be a comprehensive list, as other methods are being developed.
Test Method Country Fire Source11
Several years ago, fire protection specialists set out to examine this balance of sustainable façade design fire-resistant performance. Specifically, the Fire Protection Research Foundation published a report called Fire Safety Challenges of “Green” Buildings and Attributes (2020)10. Green building design elements that could lead to increased fire safety hazards were identified in the report, and best practices for mitigating fire risks were explored. Based on this study, fundamental recommendations were put forth to advance the idea that buildings and
communities could be Sustainable and Fire Resistant (SAFR). The recommendations include:
• Integration of “green” (sustainable) attributes of buildings into fire incident reporting systems
• More robust and appropriate test methods for the assessment of material and system performance
• Integration of fire performance considerations into sustainable materials and technologies
• Strong risk and performance assessment methods and tools where data are lacking.
• Better tools for holistic design
and performance assessment
• Transition to more holistic, sociotechnical systems approaches for building regulatory systems
• Further development and outreach advocating for SAFR building concepts
Note: The above fundamental SAFR recommendation is from the Fire Protection Research Foundation report, Fire Safety Challenges of Green Buildings (2012)11 and Fire Safety Challenges of ‘Green’ Buildings and Attributes (2020)
To strike a balance between sustainable and fire-resistant construction, it is imperative to know that the installed systems comply with the most current model codes and standards. There’s an increased use of combustible materials and components to meet these demands, which means achieving fire-resistant design requires careful attention to the products used and how they are installed.
The Grenfell Inquiry Phase 1 Report12 states, “The widespread use of combustible rainscreen cladding panels and insulation on the exterior of buildings and the introduction of new kinds of building materials in external walls may have increased the risk of similar fires, but improvements in the regulations relating to fire safety and the requirements for testing and certification of materials, which will be a particular focus of attention in Phase 2, should be capable of mitigating that risk in the future.”
Toward this objective, UL Solutions uses a certification approach to demonstrate compliance with one of the prominent fire test standards in the U.S., NFPA 285. This public
database illustrates complete wall system designs and details how individual components are evaluated as part of a system. This approach meets the needs of manufacturers, architects, specifiers, and code officials by providing an accessible, no-cost, and up-to-date method of determining compliance with a code. The illustrated designs within the UL Solutions certification reflect the precise details of a compliant assembly.
Certified wall systems and components are published in the Product iQTM online database in the categories Exterior Wall Systems and Exterior Wall System Components. Examples of wall system components available through Product iQ include various types of cladding, insulation products (including foamed plastic), water-resistive barriers, air-resistive barriers, laminates, sheathing, and composite panels.
• NFPA 285. Standard Fire Test Method for Evaluation of Fire Propagation Characteristics of Exterior Wall Assemblies. NFPA, 2019
• BS 8414-1. Fire performance of external cladding systems-Part1: Test methods for non-loadbearing external cladding systems applied to the face of a building. BSI 2015
• ISO 13785-2. Reaction-to-fire tests for façades –Part 2: Large-scale test. ISO, 2002
• AS 5113. Fire propagation testing and classification of external walls of buildings, 2016
• JSA JIS A1310. Test method for fire propagation over building façades, 2019
• LEPIR II Test. Large-scale Fire Performance testing of construction systems for façade CECMI (French committee for the evaluation and the classification of products and elements of construction as a regards fire hazard – under the French Ministry of Internal Affairs directives), 2013
• SP FIRE 105. Issue 5. Large-scale testing of façade systems. SP Boras Sweden, 1994
• CAN/ULC-S134. Standard Method of Fire Test of Exterior Wall Assemblies. Underwriters
• Laboratories of Canada, 2013
• FM 4880, Class 1 Fire Rating of Insulated Wall or Wall and Roof/Ceiling Panels, Interior Finish Materials or Coatings, and Exterior Wall Systems FM Approvals, 2010
• Meacham, B and McNamee, M. Fire Safety Challenges of “Green” Buildings and Attributes. Quincy, MA. The Fire Protection Research Foundation, 2020
• Meacham, B; Poole, B; Echeverria, J; Cheng, R; Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Fire Safety Challenges of Green Buildings. Quincy, MA. The Fire Protection Research Foundation, 2012
• Greenfell Tower Inquiry Phase 1 Report; https://www.grenfelltowerinquiry.org.uk/phase-1-report
A crucial component of building design and construction is façade fire safety, which aims to reduce the chance of flames spreading to a structure’s façade. Making sure proper fire safety measures are in place is crucial given the rising popularity of high-rise buildings and complex building façades.
One of the most vulnerable aspects of building design is the façade. Because the majority of the populace is unaware of the material’s performance, they frequently misunderstand the importance of façade design, particularly in limiting or spreading fire spread. Fire safety has traditionally been overlooked in favour of beauty, energy efficiency, cost, and other factors. However, in light of current market trends, this has progressed beyond only the aesthetic aspect and now plays a larger role in light conveyance, acoustical execution, and efficacy.
Multiple components make for a well-designed façade fire safety system. To prevent the spread of fire, it is important to choose and use fire-resistant materials like insulation and cladding. To improve the fire performance of these materials, fire-resistant coatings, and treatments can be used.
Effective compartmentalisation is further important. To stop the spread of flames both vertically and horizontally, this entails installing fire breaks, such as fire-resistant barriers, into the façade.
It is about the universal understanding of the reality that any possible fire threats can only be mitigated when façade systems, materials, and testing are given the attention they deserve. The emphasis should be on a comprehensive approach to examining the performance of façade materials, components of façade design for fire safety, fire testing of façade materials, compartmentalization, and much more.
The formation of smoke is reduced and safe evacuation is made possible by adequate ventilation systems and smoke control technologies.
The efficiency of façade fire protection elements must be regularly checked and maintained. Building owners and managers should carry out thorough fire safety plans, hold fire drills, and instruct residents on emergency procedures.
The opinions and ideas of subject-matter experts are featured in this cover story. We sought to collect their thoughts on things like façade fire safety, laws and regulations, appropriate materials, the best approach to build a fire-safe façade, and so on.
Overall, a strong façade fire safety plan includes a combination of compartmentalisation, ventilation systems, fire-resistant materials, and maintenance procedures. We can improve a building’s resilience and save lives and property in the event of a fire by following to strict fire safety regulations.
Alexander Castellanos Head of Fire and Life Safety, WSP - Middle East
Mahmoud Ihab Fire Engineer, Vortex Fire Safety Consultancy (Dubai)
Alessandro Massarotto Founder, Frame
Façade fire safety, of the impact thereof of fires on façade, can generally be viewed from a series of points. The key elements which in my experience are the major factors are social responsibility, quality of build and fire ignition source, and combustibility of the façade. However, the underlying risk will generally lead to the façade construction and combustibility. Consequently, considering all the variables associated with façade fires, mitigating risk is a comprehensive solution or approach, says Alexander Castellanos, Head of Fire and Life Safety, WSP - Middle East.
Consultancy (Dubai) believes that the UAE and the Middle East share many of the same leading causes of fires within buildings. Unattended cooking is a leading cause of fires in the region, the kitchen will usually be the source of a fire in a residential building. This is accelerated due to the presence of many flammable materials within kitchens. Another source of fire in buildings is electrical appliances, and due to the developed state of Middle Eastern countries, there is a higher dependency on electrical appliances. Fires may arise due to faulty wiring, overloaded circuits, or improper installation. A third cause of fires can be attributed to smoking and especially hookah or shisha, which are usually smoked on balconies and if not disposed of properly, can easily lead to a large spread fire.
“Common causes of fire risks I have seen in buildings are the use of combustible material in façade and inadequate compartmentation between floors. It was common practice in Europe to consider safe buildings with combustible materials used in the façade and improper detailing at floor-to-floor interfaces. Now things are changing, and the risk of unsafe buildings related to fire performance is very low”, says Alessandro Massarotto, Founder, Frame.
For new buildings, the risk mitigation starts at the design level where consultants must specify materials fire for purpose based on the size of a project and occupant characteristics. We have to be technical in how we approach fire risk mitigation as this should be through meeting the requirements of the local fire code or benchmarking to international code standards when it is identified that a local code may
have gaps, advises Alexander. When it comes to our region – the applicable codes such as UAE Fire Code, Saudi Building Code, or NFPA Standards that govern fire safety requirements in various countries in the region comprehensively provide a series of performance requirements for façades in terms of fire safety.
According to Mahmoud, design systems play a major role in providing a fire-safe building and increasing the odds of survival in the event of a fire, God forbid. Various systems are implemented with the key focus of preventing, detecting, containing, and controlling the fire. Fire design systems range from passive systems such as compartmentation and fire stop and fire sealants, to active fire systems such as sprinklers and fire detection and alarm systems.
The façade designer shall be aware of local regulations and have international experience to specify suitable materials and technical solutions to avoid fire spread in the building. Fire suppressing systems, materials used, and design must be fully coordinated to make sure that the risk of fire spreading is reduced as much as possible, believes Alessandro.
An aspect of façade fire safety and fire safety in general is social awareness and social responsibility which is a subject matter for which we can aim to raise more awareness. Some codes and standards have taken initial steps to achieve awareness by governance by prohibiting grills and cooking equipment on balconies of high-rise buildings. However, governance is only one step and there are a few other opportunities in which we can improve – such as fire safety professionals raising awareness. In the end, is about highlighting and bringing information to the public activities or habits that knowingly or unknowingly impact the risk of fire, notes Alexander.
Mahmoud explains that passive fire protection methods are designed to provide the building with fire-resistive properties that help contain and limit the fire spread within a building, without requiring any human intervention or action. These systems aim to reduce the spread of heat and smoke and allow more time for evacuation and firefighting operations. Some of the passive fire protection systems include:
• Structural fire resistance
• Fire compartmentation
• Perimeter and cavity fire barriers
• Fire stoppers and fire sealants
• Control of interior finishing, contents, and furnishing
Active fire protection methods are methods that provide a triggered response to a fire. A fire event must take place to activate these protection methods. Active measures are designed to detect, control, and combat the fire. Different active protection measures work in tandem to limit the spread of a fire and allow occupants a safe path to evacuate. Some active fire protection methods are:
• Fire detection and alarm systems
• Emergency lighting and exit signage
• Automatic sprinkler system (or alternate fire suppression systems)
• Fire hose reels and standpipe systems
• Smoke control systems
• Emergency Voice evacuation systems
Active fire protection is a group of fire protection systems that require some action or motion to initiate the system in the event of a fire. Examples are fire extinguisher or fire suppression systems which are automated through an alert or a signal. Passive fire protection is based on the design of the building itself, providing compartmentation, reducing the fire spread, and using non-combustible materials. The intent is to protect human life and limit the impact of damage to buildings and their contents, notes Alessandro.
While fenestration design is primarily guided by architectural and aesthetic reasons, they still play a role in the design of a fire-safe building. Fire doors play a key role in providing compartmentation between two areas while still allowing access. Some buildings include smoke vents and windows which aid smoke clearance, increasing visibility for evacuating occupants and increasing the odds of a safe evacuation, opines Mahmoud.
The façade designer shall be aware of the specific interfaces and allowable materials for their system. Again, coordination with other trades like fire engineers and active fire suppression systems needs to be properly carried out, believes Alessandro.
According to Mahmoud, fire testing involves two important aspects: reaction to fire and fire resistance. However, these aspects are often misunderstood. Reaction to fire tests assesses how a material contributes to the growth of a fire. Materials and systems are classified into different classes, such as Class A1, A2, B, C, and D, based on their performance in these tests. On the other hand, fire resistance tests evaluate a material or system’s ability to prevent the passage of fire, smoke, and temperature from one side to the other. The fire resistance classification includes a time value, such as 15, 30, 60, or 90 minutes, indicating the duration for which the material or system met the specified parameters.
In building design, fire-resistant elements like compartmentation walls, floors, fire-stopping systems,
and fire doors are required to withstand fire for a specified period. They are designed to prevent the spread of fire and protect occupants. On the other hand, materials such as interior finishes, floor coverings, and façade systems are assessed for their reaction to fire classification, determining their contribution to fire growth.
According to Alessandro, the reaction to fire of materials and fire resistance of the façade and structural components are two different things. The first one provides the combustibility classification of the material and considers the time needed to ignite, droplets caused by the ignition of the material, and smoke production. This is classified according to EN 13501 in Europe.
The classification of materials in the event of a fire looks like: A-s1-d0 where:
• The first letter is the combustibility class. A is non-combustible whereas E is a combustible material.
• sx indicates the smoke creation during combustion. The higher the number “x”, the more the smoke is produced.
• dx indicates the number of droplets produced during fire. The higher the number “x” the higher the droplets created during combustion.
Fire resistance is a different concept and provides resistance to a build-up in case of a fire. Is classified in Europe as, for example, REI60.
• R stands for the mechanical resistance of the component – for how long this will stay in place
• E is the resistance to the emissivity of the higher temperature in the other rooms. The build-up shall not provide temperature transfer from emissivity through the build-up.
• I am insulation, which is the same as emissivity but is related to the final insulation of the product.
• 60 is the number of minutes for which all the parameters above are to insulate or withstand the fire event.
Build-ups may not have all the parameters and usually, the time increases in rates of 30 minutes (30, 60, 90, 120..)
- Alessandro Massarotto, Founder, Frame
Scenarios Causing an Internal Building Fire to Spread to the External façade & Protection Method to Control Fire
Alexander believes that part of the awareness concerning the risk of fires on façades must be around understanding under what circumstances a severe fire can occur and for the general public to have a broad idea of the behaviour of fire in façades. The first step is being aware of the potential of a building façade to be a risk. For example, façades that are fully glazed, solid metal, and concrete/blockwork/brick pose a low risk. While others are made of composite panels with combustible elements, combustible insulation, or partially combustible materials which in conjunction with an ignition source can grow into a significant fire. Unlike building interiors, there is currently little to no means of protecting these exterior façades from fire (the inside of a highrise building is generally protected with a sprinkler system). Consequently, when a façade element is ignited and remains unattended, the façade fire can
grow and spread throughout the building exterior with no means to control it. In cases where the building is beyond the reach of fire department ladders, there remain limited fast-response options to fight such fires.
According to Mahmoud, several factors can lead to the propagation of a fire from an internal source to the external façade and eventually to other floors within the building. Unprotected openings in walls and the nature of the interior finishing of a building can allow a fire to extend beyond its source towards the periphery of a building, specifically during flashover. Once it reaches the periphery, the fire can break out of external windows through balconies and shattered windows, then use the combustible façade cladding materials to traverse to different floors, in what is known as the “leapfrog effect”. This is especially prominent when the façade material does not comply with the reaction to fire requirements and the perimeter and external cavities are not fire sealed properly.
To limit the possibility of the above happening, the façade assembly of any building must be carefully designed and tested to ensure it is non-combustible or limited combustible and will limit the spread of a fire. Limitations and control on the type of materials used on a façade, combined with proper compartmentation and protection of penetrations and joints, can help prevent an uncontrolled spread of fire. Many local codes in the Middle East are currently enforcing competent façade requirements, and many authorities will require that all materials used in the façade to be tested, listed, and approved before installation. The UAE, particularly Sharjah, identified the dangers of using aluminium composite façades and is leading a campaign to replace this façade on all buildings with a safer material.
A fire in a room can easily spread to the façade. To limit these events, proper closures and fire stopping shall be provided in the external façade envelope. Using non-combustible materials surely helps to limit the event of fire spreading from internal rooms to the external façade, opines Alessandro.
Perimeter fire barriers play a critical role in the prevention of fire spread from floor to floor. These systems are installed at the periphery of the building, particularly at the point where the floor slab meets the building’s external walls. Perimeter fire barrier closes the gap created at that interface and allows to contain the fire on a single floor to limit the damages and the danger to unaware occupants, says Mahmoud.
Alessandro believes that perimeter fire barriers are extremely important as they are the main system to stop the spreading of fire between floors and rooms. Firestopping between the façade and the concrete slab will provide a barrier in locations that are not protected and will avoid fire spread between different areas of the building.
The selection of materials during construction and fitout can heavily impact the rate of fire spread and the fire safety of a building. The requirements of NFPA and local codes are intended to restrict the spread of fire over the surface forming the interior portions of the building. Different occupancies will have different limitations on the properties of the material, in terms of its ability to
spread flames and produce smoke. Interior finishes are also classified based on how much energy they would provide per cm2, and all materials selected shall comply with the imposed limitations by the local code and by international standards, explains Mahmoud.
Alessandro explains, materials used in façades, in principle, shall be non-combustible, at least class A2 when possible. Anyway, it is important to understand the actual risk for each type of building. Smaller components that will not lead to fire spread throughout the building may be considered (i.e., thermal breaks, silicones, etc) as they are needed to achieve other performances in the building envelope. Also, the final use of the building and magnitude of damage in case of a fire shall be considered (specifying non-combustible materials for a 1-story high small shed may not make sense).
Façade Openings, Ventilators,
and its Spread
Ventilated façade systems are typically designed with an air gap. If a flame enters this gap, it can rapidly spread within the confined space, leading to sustained fire behind the façade panel that may go unnoticed externally. To mitigate this risk, it is recommended to incorporate cavity fire barriers at regular intervals. These barriers help reduce the vertical spread of fire within the cavity.
Certain façade lighting fixtures emit intense heat and light. Improper installation of such fixtures and wiring on the façade can cause the façade materials to heat up. Therefore, it is important to exercise caution when installing electrical fixtures on the façade. Whenever possible, the fixtures and wiring should be separated from the façade by installing them on independent supports, advises Mahmoud.
Façade openings may help let the smoke leave the building. There are some systems that allow windows to open in case of a fire to let the smoke exit the building, helping people trapped in. Sprinkler systems can stop the fire in case of a specific event, but I do not believe that there are specific systems that can prevent fire and its spread. Only the correct design of interfaces and use of materials will help with this, notes Alessandro.
The first thing to ensure when designing a façade and choosing materials is to limit the choice to non-
combustible or limited combustible materials. The materials are evaluated based on their flame spread rating, heat release rate, and smoke development rates. Façade materials also are evaluated based on their ignition resistance, insulation, and thermal insulation. There are many different test standards for testing the effectiveness of a façade element in limiting fire spread, each with a particular procedure used to mimic how the material would behave in an active fire scenario. Some examples of these test standards are ASTM E84 “Standard of Test of Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials”, EN 13501 (Fire classification of construction products and building elements), and ASTM D1929 (Standard Test Method for Determining Ignition Temperature of Plastics), says Moahmoud.
However, testing each material used in the façade and providing that they pass the criteria is not sufficient, the façade assembly must be tested as a whole to ensure that the particular combination of materials does indeed prevent fire spread along the building exterior. NFPA 285 (Standard Fire Test Method for Evaluation of Fire Propagation Characteristics of Exterior Wall Assemblies Containing Combustible Components), he adds.
Current Fire Safety Codes for Buildings
Fire incidents that propagated throughout the façade have led to a review of the use of materials and façade fire safety regulations in the region. In specific, the UAE Fire Code has set one of the highest standard levels of safety with respect to the performance of materials to be utilised in façades. It must be highlighted that codes do not necessarily ban specific materials, but rather require façade materials to a certain level of performance with respect to their ability to ignite or allow fire propagation by requiring materials to be tested in accordance with internationally recognised standards. The code evaluates the type of building, use, and height, and based on that building characteristic it sets specific fire safety requirements where for example super tall buildings must meet some of the most rigorous tests available. We can comfortably assess that the regional codes are at the forefront of comprehensive requirements to mitigate the risk of façade fire, says Alexander.
“I think the local codes in the region came a long way since the beginning of the new millennium.
Many countries are moving towards creating their own codes rather than completely depending on international codes, to better suit their local conditions and operation methods. Fire engineering is becoming a more prominent topic in the region and accordingly, there is a better understanding of fire and how to combat it. What’s also pleasing to see is that authorities are now strictly enforcing their code requirements, while still maintaining clear communication with consultants and contractors to better enhance the fire safety of buildings”, says Mahmoud.
“I work mainly in the UK and European markets. While the UK got probably too strict in terms of materials performance requirements, some other countries like France and Italy are in the right way of defining the performance needed and understanding the correlation between risks and magnitude of damage”, notes Alessandro.
Design systems are essential for making sure that structures are fire-safe. Consultants and designers must specify materials that withstand fire and adhere to national or international fire guidelines. The building design should take into account both passive fire protection measures like compartmentation, fire stoppers, and fire sealants, as well as active fire protection measures like sprinklers and fire detection and alarm systems.
The design of windows, doors, and other openings in a building’s envelope, or fenestration, also contributes to fire safety. Smoke vents, windows, and fire doors can help rid the area of smoke, improve visibility for evacuating people, and offer a secure escape path.
Buildings’ interior and exterior materials have a big influence on how safe they are from fire. The selection of materials that adhere to the necessary fire safety classifications and requirements for noncombustible or minimally combustible materials is crucial. Materials should be tested for fire response and fire resistance to determine how they will respond to a fire and how well they will withstand the passage of flames, smoke, and heat.
“Early conversations with client, architect, and fire consultant are always key for successful selection of façade materials”
OSAMA ALSHEIKH Senior Façade Engineer, Meinhardt (UK)
• Could you please explain some of the common causes of fire safety in buildings in England? How can fire risks be reduced?
Causes of fire safety issues vary largely according to the building size, design, and use. The most relevant issue
for the façade design is the use of combustible material in the external walls and the correct specification and the construction of cavity barriers and firestopping.
As façade engineers we want to make sure materials and cavity barriers in the façade are specified and constructed in line with the applicable building regulations in the UK and any detailed recommendations from the appointed fire engineer. If we are able to interpret and apply the guidance correctly and detail the façade in a way to meet these requirements, we can help to reduce the fire risks in the building.
• Please explain the role of design systems in fire-safe buildings.
If I understand this correctly you are referring to the regulations and standards that are used in the design and construction of fire-safe buildings. In England, these are stipulated in the UK building regulations and the building safety act.
“Approved Document B: Fire Safety” is the main document that provides guidance and requirements for achieving fire safety standards in buildings. Recently in the UK, a new piece of legislation called “The Building Safety Act” was introduced to further improve the fire safety of buildings. The act introduces measures and processes that need to be implemented by building professionals and building owners to ensure that building occupants are safe in the event of a fire.
• What is the role of fenestration design in firesafe buildings?
There are a number of key aspects that need to be considered in the design and the construction of the façade to ensure we can contribute to, in the façade and the fenestration industry to fire-safe buildings:
• Accessibility and evacuation: External emergency windows and doors need to be correctly specified
by the façade engineer in line with the fire engineer’s strategy, the accessibility requirements, and the fire building regulations requirements.
• Fire-resistant façade design: Façade that is adjacent to escape routes may need to be fireresistant to protect these routes. Also, it may be required to restrict fire spread between adjacent buildings by a fire-resistant external wall.
• Cavity barriers, fire-stopping, and compartmentation: the building regulations in England require buildings to be designed and constructed so that the hidden spread of fire and smoke in the event of a fire is controlled. This requires careful consideration of the cavity barrier locations and construction within the façade. Generally, in the UK, cavity barriers are required to have 30 minutes of integrity and 15 minutes of insulation.
• External fire spread on the façade: There are certain rules in the building regulations that require the façade to resist the fire spread in the same building and to adjacent buildings. There are specific requirements related mainly to the
• combustibility of the façade materials that could apply to each building based on its height, use, and position. The role of the façade engineer here is to correctly specify and detail the façade according to these rules.
• Smoke vents: Façade design need to consider smoke ventilation and control in the event of a fire. Correct specification and detailing for these components by the façade engineer are very important for a fire-safe building.
• What are the passive & active fire-safe protection methods?
In relation to the façade design, I believe you would consider all the processes and actions taken during the façade design and construction within the “passive fire protection”. I think the main difference between passive and active methods is that passive methods are built in the building façade and structure, and they do not require “activation” like fire alarms, or sprinkler systems which are classified as “active” systems.
• Reaction and fire resistance: How are materials classified in the event of a fire?
“Reaction to fire” refers to the response of the material to a heat source in terms of combustibility, spread of flame, and release of heat. Materials are classified as shown below.
In addition to the above classes, two other letters are added to the classification: “S” which refers to smoke production, and “D” which refers to flaming droplets.
droplets
The reaction to fire classification is normally based on small-scale tests and is relevant when the combustibility of façade material is being specified. In the UK, the type and the height of the building will determine the minimum reaction to fire classification to be achieved.
On the other hand, “Fire resistance” refers to the ability of the façade to resist a fully developed fire. For a nonloadbearing façade, there are two criteria that need to be achieved when specifying these systems; Insulation (prevent transfer of heat), and Integrity (prevent passage of flame and smoke).
Fire resistance of the façade is relevant when an external wall specified by the fire engineer needs to restrict fire spread between buildings or protect escape routes. Fire resistance is usually determined by largescale laboratory tests.
• What scenarios could cause an internal building fire to spread to the external façade and other parts of the building? What protection measures are in place to control fire?
Internal fire coming from the building can break through the openings in the façade and ignite combustible façade materials and then spread further
inside façade cavities if there are no cavity barriers provided around openings and at compartmentation lines. This can lead to horizontal and vertical fire spread within the façade, potentially causing additional internal fires in other parts of the building. Fire can also spread internally through the junction (the gap) between the façade and the building structure (floor slab or compartment wall).
Again, controlling fire spread in the façade requires careful selection and detailing of the materials of the façade, considering the combustibility of the façade materials and the construction, and fixing of cavity barriers and fire stopping.
Figure 5: Curtain wall fire stopping detail (source: siderise.com)
• What is the importance of ‘perimeter fire barrier systems in the prevention of fire spread?
As mentioned earlier, fire-stopping detailing at the junction between the façade and floor slab is extremely important to maintain the fire resistance at the compartmentation and prevent fire spread internally through the façade. Firestopping is usually required to have the same fire resistance as the floor slab (or the structure at the junction for example shear wall). However, the fire engineer should always be consulted for these requirements.
In order to ensure fire stop contributes to the fire safety of the building and its occupants, it needs to be correctly tested to BS EN 1364-4 and classified in accordance with BS EN 13501-2.
• Brief about the choice of materials considering fire safety. The choice of materials will be determined by the regulations and guidance regarding the fire safety of façades. However, insurers and warranty providers may have additional requirements that will influence the selection of the façade materials. Early conversations with the client, the architect, and the fire consultant are always key for the successful selection of façade materials.
• Please throw some light on aspects such as façade openings, ventilators, and other façade designs that would help to prevent fire and its spread.
I think one of the important issues with regard to façade design around openings is the fitting of the cavity barriers. Incorrect detailing, specification, or installation of these will increase the risk of fire spread.
Façade designers need to consider how cavity barriers can be mechanically fixed and how they are detailed and interact around metal rail framing and other elements in the build-up of the façade. Also, consideration should always be given to any gaps that can result from tolerances and might be left without adequate fire sealing. Robust quality control on the construction sites and engagement with the cavity barrier product manufacturers are the main keys to a successful installation.
• What do you think about the current fire safety codes for buildings in the UK?
I think that historically ambiguous building regulations and a lack of industry guidance led to misunderstandings and misinterpretations regarding the fire performance requirements for façades in the construction industry. However, in recent years, fire safety regulations have undergone significant developments, including the introduction of a ban on the use of combustible materials in highrise buildings. Currently, there is ample guidance available from organisations such as the Centre for Window and Cladding Technology (CWCT) and the Society of Façade Engineering (SFE) regarding the fire performance of façades and the considerations of façade design that help façade engineers make informed design decisions.
“The materials’ fire rating and fire-resistant criteria shall be crossed checked with the FLS engineers during selection”
Moemen AbdElkader Senior Associate, P&T Group, RIBA
Moemen AbdElkader is a Senior Associate - Architect | RIBA, in P&T Group. P&T group was first established in Hong Kong in 1868, and offers a full range of architectural, structural, and mechanical engineering, planning, and project management services, with full support from in-house interior and graphic design divisions. Moemen had contributed to the long journey of implementing an experience with various numbers of projects in the Middle East, and Africa, which are emphasized by diversity in playing the role of his team members that participated positively in the elaboration of his overall experience & career in Architectural Design. He is a Former Teacher Assistant in the Faculty of Engineering, Architecture Department, October 6 University
• Please tell our readers about your design practice.
Architectural design is one the most essential design practices that has a vital interaction with our daily life. We live in homes that are designed by architects and go to offices, schools, hospitals, malls, hotels, etc. which are all designed by architects. Hence, architecture is playing a vital role in our lives. Even though we are hired by our clients we always need to remember that we are designing for humans after all.
• Could you please tell us about your journey in the field?
Even before knowing the meaning of architecture, it has been always my passion to be an architect. Since my early ages, my parents had noticed that I was more oriented to construction and imaginary games, enjoying drawing and sketching. Once graduated from the School of Architecture, I was qualified to be a Teacher Assistant in the same school due to my honoured grades during the five years of architectural study. A few years later, I came to Dubai and started my real Architectural practice. Dubai is deemed as the
gate that I passed through to see the whole world. I have been involved in the design of many projects with professional architects beyond the UAE boundaries. Nevertheless, I joined P&T Group 11 years ago, and since then, I have been given the responsibility to lead mega-scale projects in the Middle East and Africa, in collaboration with professional P&T team members throughout our branch in Dubai.
• Why did you think of becoming an architect?
I was lucky enough to be loving what I do. Some people spend their whole lives trying to find themselves in a profession they love. In my first year at college, I found out that I can spend endless hours sketching in the studio without feeling time passing. Hence, I realised that I was on the right path
• What do you enjoy most about your profession?
Thinking as the building user! When designing a school, you have to think like a kid or a teacher, designing a healthcare facility, while thinking like a patient, doctor, nurse, etc. Sometimes the commercial
aspect overwhelms our profession. Thus, we have to always remember that we are designing for humans, that will stay in those buildings for around 80% of their lives.
• How do you go about choosing materials for the façade and cladding?
The building envelope is like the human skin that filters the undesirable elements and interacts positively with the surrounding context. It has visual and environmental aspect that affects the design efficiency from both psychological and physical perspectives, respectively. Our skin characteristics change according to the region, and so does the building façade. Thus, involving energy modelling at early design stages plays a vital role in the shape, design, material, and specifications of the façade envelope.
• What do you think is the role of a Facade in the Sustainability Enhancement of a building?
In my opinion, the façade plays more than 60% in enhancing the energy efficiency of a building.
Coordinating the MEP efficiency with our engineers will be meaningless if the wrong façade is specified. The façade maintains the optimum heat gain, noise level, daylight, air/water tightness, and views. Hence, providing internal spaces at an adequate comfort level for the building users.
• Please tell us about your favourite projects in which you were involved.
Dubai Commercity - It is the first free zone in the MENA region dedicated to the e-commerce business.
DAFZA – the client – advised dividing the project into 2 phases, each phase is subdivided into three main zones; The Business cluster consists of six office buildings with external shaded courtyards, the logistics cluster is a free zone light industrial units that accommodate a class B storage type, and the social cluster which is a public resilient space with two multifunctional buildings that acts as a transition element between the business and the logistic clusters. Phase 1 is completed in 2020, whilst Phase 2 is currently under construction.
• Where is the architectural industry heading (globally or in the country where you work)?
Architecture is one of the fundamental seven arts and will remain. However, like many other industries, architecture has been affected by the globalisation, the world wide web, and Artificial Intelligence, and will continue to be impacted by many others in the future. We have to admit that architecture is a profitable business, with continuously upgrading tools. Nevertheless, the complexity of the human in which the buildings are made would be the only criteria that maintain the humanistic aspect of the architectural industry.
• Please explain the role of design systems in fire-safe buildings.
There are four main design systems or elements that shall be considered in any safe building:
• Detection; smoke and fire detection systems
• Alarms and Notifications; through public address and voice alarm systems
• Suppression; such as sprinklers, extinguishers, hose reels, and foam suppression systems
• Evacuation; designing safe, fire-rated egress routes, and fire-resistant building construction
In P&T, we recommend involving fire & life safety engineering from the concept design stage till obtaining the Civil Defense approval. The FLS strategy has a vital impact on the architectural, structural, and MEP designs that have to be considered from the early design stages. Moreover, all the involved designers and engineers have to be aware of the FLS fundamentals, which realistically ease the process and expedite the design program duration.
• Brief about the choice of materials considering fire safety.
The materials’ fire rating and fire-resistant criteria shall be crossed checked with the FLS engineers during selection. All the materials have to be tested by the stated labs in the enclosed material specifications issued in the design
development stage. I consider that the construction specifications - in whichever format - are the spinal cord of the design.
• What is your vision for 2030?
To be continued, by many visions and endless ambition. The ME region has been vitally contributing to shaping the future for the past few decades, and now it has been proven to the world that the Middle East will be the new focal point and desirable touristic destination in the coming decades.
• What kind of cities would you like to see?
I would love to see functionally developed cities, that are coherent with the urban community, whilst providing a healthy social environment for its habitants. The more our tools are in continuous development, the more we shall be able to foresee our futuristic needs.
• One piece of advice you would like to give to aspiring architects?
I would like first to thank you for the interview, and I would like to highlight that the architecture and the development of our building environment rely on
the awareness of the architect. Hence, continuous professional development shall be a vital key element in any profession. We had an Architectural Professor that used to say: “Our profession is relatively affecting human life more than a doctor. The Doctor’s mistake may affect one human, whilst the architect’s mistake may affect all the building users for around 50-60 years”. The architect can either provide adequate successful space for living or undesirable spaces that negatively impact the social and sustainable environment.
“ We are committed to setting higher standards in fire safety across the industry “
MUZAFFER AHMED SYED Regional Manager – Firestop, fischer
Muzaffer is the Regional Manager - FireStop for Fischer FZE. He manages the Technical and Commercial aspects of the FireStop within the Middle East and North Africa Region from the Regional HQ in Dubai, UAE. He is an Associate Member of the Institution of Fire Engineers, UK, and has been involved in the fire protection industry for over 10 years. He is involved in providing firestop solutions, testing, certification, liaising with the authorities, and providing educational seminars to consultants and contractors.
In a conversation with Window & Façade Magazine, Syed talked about fischer, their products & projects, fire safety, and so on. Here are the excerpts…
Could you please tell our readers about your company and its presence?
Fischer is a globally renowned family-owned enterprise, headquartered in Waldachtal-Tumlingen, Germany. Since its inception in 1948, it has been at the forefront of innovative solutions and products across multiple industries. Upholding a tradition of innovation, accountability, and reliability, the company’s continuous improvement process, the fischer Process System, helps it stay adaptable and responsive in an era of constant change. The company’s philosophy, combined with its value-centric approach, has driven it to an impressive milestone, reaching over 1.14 billion euros in gross sales in 2022. The fischer group operates through multiple divisions, including fischer fixing systems, fischer Automotive, fischertechnik, fischer consulting, and fischer Electronic Solutions, each making substantial contributions to their respective fields. As part of its offerings, the company provides several product lines including anchoring systems, fire protection, and support systems for the façade industry. The fire protection Division ensures enhanced occupant safety and property protection by effectively curbing the spread of fire, smoke, and toxic gases. These solutions, tested and certified by several third-party agencies, are known for their high quality and efficacy, making them a preferred choice worldwide. In the façade industry, Fischer’s Support Systems are a boon. They are intricately designed and constructed, providing robust and efficient solutions for complex façade installations. Fischer’s assistance extends from the planning phase through to project completion, offering value-added services throughout the construction phases. The company’s dedication
to sustainability is reflected in its products, many of which are certified in line with the guidelines provided by the Institute for Construction and the Environment (IBU). All in all, fischer stands as a beacon of innovation, quality, and commitment to both its customers and the environment, making it a reliable partner across multiple industries. The company is present globally with 50 subsidiaries including the Middle East, India, and other countries.
Could you please tell us about your products and their market?
Fischer has an extensive range of products, however in terms of relevance to the façade industry, fischer provides fixing solutions using the chemical and steel anchor ranges, Façade support systems, and Firestopping solutions for curtain walls and façades.
Name some major projects where your products have been used.
In terms of major projects, our products have been used in projects like Seaworld Abu Dhabi, One Zaabeel, Dubai Mall, Mall of Oman, and also in the tallest building in the World Burj Khalifa.
Could you please tell us about your manufacturing facility and capacity?
Fischer’s manufacturing facilities are widespread and strategically located across the globe to effectively meet customer demand and ensure the timely delivery of our products. Our manufacturing plants are present in countries including Germany, Argentina, Brazil, China, the Czech Republic, Italy, Serbia, the USA, and Vietnam among others. While the specific capacities
of each facility are confidential and vary based on the product lines and market requirements they serve, our operations are robust and designed for scalability. This is evident in our global presence and our ability to distribute our products in over 120 countries, a testament to our extensive manufacturing capacity. Our German roots are strong, and our home base in Waldachtal, in the Black Forest region, remains a crucial part of our manufacturing operations. Besides, we have facilities in Horb, Freiburg, and Denzlingen in Germany. Our production locations are more than just manufacturing hubs. They are centers of innovation, quality, and environmental responsibility. We strive to maintain an environment-friendly production process, and our Tumlingen site’s environment management policy has been certified in line with DIN EN ISO 14001. Across all facilities, we apply the fischer Process System, incorporating our corporate values and the Japanese kaizen philosophy of continuous improvement. This ensures the efficiency of our operations, aids in waste reduction, and enhances value creation, allowing us to remain competitive while maintaining the high standards of quality associated with the fischer
name. In essence, our expansive and well-equipped manufacturing facilities, coupled with our philosophy of innovation and continuous improvement, enable us to cater to the diverse and dynamic needs of our customers worldwide.
Staying ahead in a competitive market requires strategic foresight, a culture of innovation, and a relentless commitment to customer serviceprinciples that Fischer has consistently embodied. This philosophy allows us to anticipate market trends and proactively address the evolving needs of our customers. Our approach to staying competitive is two-fold: innovation and customer-centricity. fischer has a rich history of innovative solutions and product developments focusing on local requirements. Our teams across divisions, guided by the fischer Process System and our core philosophy, dedicate their efforts to continuous improvement and optimisation. This approach has allowed us to develop products, which not only meet but often exceed market standards. Our ability to continually innovate, coupled with our dedication to quality, makes our offerings highly sought after, ensuring that we remain at the forefront of the market.
Customer service is another critical element in our competitiveness. We believe that providing “High quality and relevant solutions” extends beyond our product offerings to encompass the entire customer experience. To this end, we focus on understanding our customers’ needs and challenges and aim to provide solutions that deliver real value. Our commitment to maintaining strong customer relationships, providing effective after-sales support, and offering value-added services, such as onsite training and assistance from the planning phase through to project completion, is a testament to our customer-first approach. In summary, Fischer’s unwavering commitment to innovation, quality, and customer service allows us to consistently stay ahead in the market competition. We do not rest on our laurels but strive to continuously improve and adapt, ensuring our brand remains well-recognised and respected in the industries we serve.
What do you see as the main challenges faced by your industry? How do you cope with them?
In today’s rapidly evolving market, one of the major
challenges we identify in our industry is the limited knowledge and understanding of specialised solutions, for example, passive fire protection systems. This lack of awareness can potentially hinder the designing, installation, and optimal utilisation of such systems, thereby diminishing their efficacy and overall benefits. To overcome this challenge, we have taken a proactive approach through education and information dissemination. Recognising that knowledge sharing is pivotal to overcoming this hurdle, we have offered CPD-certified seminars and technical presentations aimed at bridging the knowledge gap. These seminars are designed to provide in-depth insights into our innovative solutions, their implementation, benefits, and the role they play in safeguarding properties and lives. Our seminars are accessible to all relevant stakeholders - from architects and engineers to builders, contractors, and end-users at no cost. We believe that by equipping these individuals with the necessary knowledge, we can drive better compliance with safety standards, foster the optimal utilisation of systems like passive fire protection systems, and ultimately contribute to a safer built environment. Furthermore, our team of professionals is readily available to assist with any queries or clarifications that may arise before, during, or after these seminars. This open line of communication allows for more personalised guidance
and ensures that all participants fully grasp the subject matter at hand. At fischer, we view these challenges not as obstacles, but as opportunities for growth and improvement. Through education and engagement, we strive to elevate industry standards and contribute positively to the construction and safety industry at large. We welcome anyone interested in learning more about the relevant systems including passive fire protection systems and our other solutions to get in touch with us for these educational opportunities.
You also offer firestop solutions. Could you please talk more about it?
One of our standout solutions is our passive fire protection systems. Designed with utmost precision and care, these systems play a vital role in curbing the spread of fire, smoke, and toxic gases, thereby enhancing safety for both occupants and property and ensuring the compartmentation as designed is established. We are happy to mention that our firestop solutions have been rigorously tested and certified by well-regarded third-party organisations, including UL, Intertek, and FM, attesting to their effectiveness and reliability. At fischer, we believe in offering comprehensive support to our clients. Thus, beyond merely providing firestop solutions, we extend our assistance right from the planning and design stages,
through to onsite training. We believe in delivering value-added services encompassing all phases of construction, ensuring smooth and successful project completion. In terms of the façade industry, we have an effective solution designed for glass curtain walls and other types of façades. To sum up, our firestop solutions form a critical part of our product range, embodying our dedication to quality, safety, and customer satisfaction. We are continuously striving to innovate and enhance these solutions, and remain committed to setting higher standards in fire safety across the industry.
What is your take on fire safety considerations in planning any building?
Fire safety is of paramount importance in the planning and construction of any building. The fire risk is very real as we see usually in the newspapers every now and then about different incidents, I wouldn’t talk about statistics but we perceive this risk in our day-to-day lives. A proper design and implementation of fire life safety based on a balanced approach with both active and passive systems is crucial. It plays a critical role in ensuring the safety and well-being of occupants and reducing the risk of property damage.
Both passive and active fire protection systems contribute to overall fire safety, but they perform different, yet complementary roles. Active fire protection systems, such as sprinklers, alarms, and smoke detectors, are designed to respond when a fire occurs. They require some kind of action, whether it is manual or automatic, to initiate their operation. These systems play a vital role in alerting occupants and suppressing the fire. However, my particular focus is
on passive fire protection systems, which are built into the very fabric of a building. These systems, such as fire-resistant doors, walls, floors, and ceilings, as well as firestop materials, are designed to compartmentalise a building, thus slowing or preventing the spread of fire and smoke, and maintaining the building’s structural integrity during a fire. This buys valuable time for occupants to evacuate and for emergency services to respond.
Any system used for “fire Safety” should be tested and certified to ensure performance, after all, we are talking about human life safety...!
How do you ensure the durability and long-term effectiveness of your products?
Our products are tested rigorously for long-term use both in-house and also externally. We have products like FIS EM with “ETA” giving up to a 100year life expectancy...! Similarly, the other products are designed for use based on the environment they will be used to ensure cost-effective products. Further, our production is under “Factory Process Control” and audit both internally as well are third-party QMS, ensuring consistent and high-quality products.
SANMUKH BAWA Director, G-SMATT Europe
Sanmukh Bawa is Technical Director at G-Smatt Europe and led the design, production, and installation of media glass panels for The View Hospital, Doha. He is a registered glass expert at the British Standards Institute, UK, and is 4th generation glass expert from his family-run glass business. With over 15 years of first-hand experience in the field of specialist glass, he has been involved as glass and façade lead on some of the world’s most challenging glass projects including the Apple Campus 2 HQ in Cupertino and various flagship Apple stores. His work has won multiple awards for its contribution to the industry.
LEO
MCDOWALL-BENTON
Business Development Director, G-SMATT Europe
Leo McDowall-Benton is the Business Development Director at G-SMATT Europe. A graduate of Architecture & Planning, Leo has spent the last 15 years building and scaling businesses, operating at the intersection of architecture, construction, technology, and media. His role at G-SMATT Europe focuses on developing high-level relationships and multi-million GBP projects which benefit from market-leading transparent LED display technologies. This involves detailed work on go-tomarket strategy, corporate partnerships, account management, and all aspects of marketing, prospecting, and sales process development.
The View Hospital in Doha, Qatar, exemplifies how media façades can not only be used to convey brand messaging or experiential artwork at a giant scale but can also be a key facet of an architectural concept. The View Hospital is located directly on the waterfront and this stunning location is referenced in the façade design with the help of LED lighting integrated into 4,000 sqm of glazing. This high-tech media façade system is a transparent glass, full media display, and structural building element all in one. It also fulfilled all prerequisite functional and design specifications from the design consultants.
When designing the building, the architects took the surrounding water as a defining element for the
elegant glass façade. Measuring 8,000 sqm overall, it covers virtually the entire front of the slender, towering building, curving organically towards the riverbank. Uniformly spaced, floral-like ornaments decorate the vast surface, while water seems to flow across the entire width in gentle undulations – a visual effect created by LED lighting that is integrated into the glass façade via liquid lamination. The building was commissioned by a Qatari company, Elegancia Healthcare, in collaboration with a US company, Cedars Sinai Medical Centre, to create a state-of-the-art center for modern medicine.
Doha, the capital of Qatar, known for its ultra-modern buildings and forward-thinking design, became the
focus of heightened public interest whilst hosting the FIFA World Cup at the end of 2022. When the final match was played on 18th December, another high-profile event also took place, albeit an architectural one: the eagerly awaited opening of The View Hospital after several months of construction. The new high-end healthcare facility is located in the Al-Quataifiya district on the Lusail expressway, half an hour’s drive from Hamad International Airport. The location directly on the banks of a river estuary offers a picturesque view over the waters of the Persian Gulf and an outstanding view of Doha’s breathtaking skyline.
The developers and operators wanted to use the building’s architectural design to convey the highend healthcare and state-of-the-art technology offered within. Following a competition inviting design proposals for the façade, the internationally renowned architectural firm, Chapman Taylor, was declared the winner and commissioned to develop the unique design. The first LED glass panel was installed in mid-April 2022 and installation was completed in an astounding 3 months. The glass panels were airfreighted to Qatar where 60 specialised personnel, along with 200 workers, made this conversion project a success while
adhering to the highest quality and safety standards. From design, production, shipping, and installation on site, the project was executed within 9 months.
The façade used 1.5m x 3m panels for vision areas and 1.5m x 1m panels for spandrel areas. The composition of the IGUs used was: 6mm clear – fully tempered with 35% ferro white ceramic frit (#2) 2.5mm Kommerling interlayer
6mm FTO glass – heat strengthened 16mm argon cavity - 6mm Glastrosch Silverstar Combi Grey 40/22 t on clear (#5) – heat Strengthened. The media glass laminate consisted of two glass lites, the rear pane of which is treated with a conductive, transparent coating to provide electrical conductivity. This surface is processed by robot-controlled lasers deleting the coating in such a way that only a fine transparent electrical circuit remains,
onto which the corresponding LEDs are then placed and secured.
A second glass pane is then positioned on top of the LED pane at a distance of 2.5 mm. Finally, the space between the panes is filled with the special and exceptionally low viscosity LOCA material from H.B. Fuller I KÖMMERLING. This ensures that all integrated components are fully and safely encapsulated within the laminated glass. The LOCA element is then cured under UV-A light. The LED matrix embedded between the glass panes can be controlled to display media content and, depending on the LED type used, the image produced is either black and white or vibrant colour.
The View Hospital represents the latest largescale building to embrace the sophisticated ‘4th’ generation of Media Façade technology which is taking hold around the world, enabling building designers and owners to not only enhance the visual impact of their structures but also tap into new revenue streams and ways of creating must-visit destinations.
A detailed look at the benefits of media façades shows how they enable buildings to tell their stories and interact with their environment. It’s not just about playing advertising content or simplistic light shows; now passers-by can play video games on the side of a building, façades can display real-time smart city data, host immersive events, display live art and music
performances, show international sports games, play the latest Movie blockbusters, or in the case of an emergency, quickly display life-saving messages to the public at a giant scale.
The principal difference between older generations and the 4th generation of Media Façade technology
is that the all-important LED electronics of the system are now neatly integrated inside the glazing units. This significantly increases the level of daylight transmission and visual clarity achieved, measured at 99% transparency. Previous generations saw the LEDs held in position with cable meshes and black plastic frameworks which were attached to the external surface
of a façade. Not only is this approach unsightly, but it’s also cumbersome to install, with multiple potential failure points and high maintenance costs.
Now we have the new 4th generation, the LEDs are safely embedded inside a laminated layer within the glazing unit, and the electronics are neatly concealed within the mullions and accessible from the inside of the building. It also means that these LED glass units can be treated much like traditional glazing units and can be easily integrated into standard fixing systems. All of these improvements combined make for a much quicker and cleaner install, with no compromise on the Architects’ aesthetic criteria, delivering a far more durable and serviceable system.
There are further advantages to this new approach of embedding the LEDs inside the glazing unit. It allows for much greater flexibility to create glazing units that can meet certain performance targets, as additional glass technologies can be easily integrated into the build-up of the units. This also makes it straightforward to match a desired aesthetic from the design consultant. In the scenario where only a portion of a façade needs to have LED enablement,
this new approach enables the LED glass units to be a perfect visual match for the rest of the façade when the LEDs are not in operation. A current example of this flexibility can be seen in The View Hospital project which used a complex build-up of various glass technologies to not only provide the LED functionality but also met stringent thermal performance targets and included a decorative screen-printed frit to match the rest of the façade which was not LED enabled. This was a true test of the flexibility of this new product type and proved unequivocally that this new generation of Media Façade technology can do things that would be impossible with older generations of the technology.
The View Hospital media façade was designed and supplied by GLAAM, a South Korean manufacturer who has been spearheading this new product category, integrating LEDs into glass laminate, since 2013. There is a continual cycle of development in the technology at their dedicated manufacturing facility in Seoul, striving to achieve everimproved image quality and increased power efficiency to meet the evolving needs of the market. The international design community is exploring more and more what could be achieved with this new technology and continually feeding back to the manufacturer. GLAAM is now responsible for over 400 installations of this product type around the world and has built up a wealth of experience and technical insight in this quickly evolving niche.
This 4th generation LED glass product type is not limited to just building façades though, it can also be used for features in the public realm, roof canopies, temporary structures for events, and even flooring and geometric 3D structures. Effectively, any surface that uses glass, can now use an LED glass product to play dynamic media content and create a memorable and interactive environment.
This functionality ties in well with wider developments we are seeing in the retail, marketing, and experience industries with an ever-accelerating push towards interactive physical spaces that deliver fully immersive experiences, creating memorable and Instagrammable destinations. It seems that the holy grail of many creatives and commercial teams is to deliver unmissable wow moments that that can be captured on mobile devices and shared virally on social media. To achieve that, these creative teams are increasingly turning to LED displays combined with various other technologies and environmental sensors, which can trigger changes in the content, to deliver these memorable moments. Colours can change as you get closer to the screen, tight
beams of audio can be delivered to individual people depending on what part of the screen they are looking at, and many other futuristic concepts are continually being trialled. LED glass enables these experiences to be located all over the building, increasing the creative team’s reach, and utilising physical spaces and surfaces that were previously untouchable. It’s truly an exciting usage of this innovative façade and glass technology, which combined with other experiential ideas, is set to deliver some fascinating Façade projects over the next 10 years.
• Architect (Design): Chapman Taylor
• Main Contractor: UrbaCon Trading and Contracting (UCC)
• Electrical design company: ESC Lighting Ltd
• Façade Contractor: Profession Aluminium Company (PAC)
• Client: Estithmar Holdings / Elegancia Healthcare
Heatherwick Studio has recently revealed the stunning design of a new public exhibition hall in Shanghai called “Orbit.” Situated along the picturesque West Bund waterfront, this architectural marvel promises an immersive experience for visitors.
The exterior of the exhibition hall features a captivating façade composed of interwoven ribbons, forming a visually striking composition of undulating staircases, bridges, and terraces that are accessible to the public. These intricate ribbons draw inspiration from traditional Chinese moon bridges, but with a contemporary twist that adds a sense of perpetual motion to the building. Glazed openings along the staircases provide enticing glimpses into the inner exhibition hall as visitors
ascend. At the rooftop garden, the ribbons gracefully unfurl, creating an enchanting open-air canopy and offering breathtaking panoramic views.
Inside, the exhibition hall showcases a central main exhibition space, strategically positioned at the heart of the site. Ancillary functions are cleverly placed above, optimising functionality and spatial efficiency. A secondary gallery encircles the main hall at ground level, seamlessly connecting the building to the surrounding streetscape, ensuring enhanced accessibility.
The “Orbit” exhibition hall is set to become a prominent cultural landmark in Shanghai, providing a truly immersive experience for
visitors. It seamlessly combines artistry, architecture, and nature, fostering an environment that ignites curiosity and engagement. Heatherwick Studio’s visionary approach has given birth to a structure that not only captivates the eye but also redefines conventional exhibition spaces.
As Shanghai continues to solidify its position as a global hub for art and design, the “Orbit” exhibition hall exemplifies the city’s unwavering commitment to innovation and nurturing creative expression. With its breathtaking interwoven ribbon façade and exceptional accessibility, this architectural masterpiece is poised to make an indelible mark on all fortunate enough to encounter it.
The U.S. embassy in Havana, which recently reopened after a five-year closure, is undergoing a significant transformation through a $28 million renovation project. The 1950s vintage building, once a source of pride, had fallen into disrepair.
Upon its reopening, the embassy revealed its dilapidated state. Portions of the stone façade were crumbling,
posing risks to pedestrians. A rusty and outdated perimeter fence swayed with the trade winds. Damage caused by Hurricane Irma included shattered windows, a damaged guard post, and compromised granite facing. Even the ambassador’s iconic balcony, offering stunning views of the Gulf of Mexico, was deemed unsafe.
In a move to bolster U.S. diplomacy on the island, a crucial $28 million renovation project has commenced. This effort, which accompanies an increase in consular staff and programs promoting human rights and private business in the communist-led nation, signifies an important investment.
The ongoing renovations aim to address structural issues and enhance the embassy’s functionality. Diligent repairs are being conducted to secure the crumbling stone façade, ensuring the safety of passersby. A sturdy and modern perimeter fence will replace the decrepit one, improving security. The damages caused by Hurricane Irma are being rectified, restoring the embassy’s resilience. The ambassador’s balcony is being reinforced for safe utilisation once again.
Through this substantial facelift, the U.S. embassy in Havana is poised to regain its former grandeur, serving as a symbol of reinforced diplomatic ties between the two nations.
The Smithsonian has announced its selection of the architectural firm Perkins&Will to design the highly anticipated Bezos Learning Center, set to be located on the east side of the National Air and Space Museum at the iconic National Mall. Perkins&Will emerged as the chosen firm among five competitors in the final phase of the design selection process. The construction of the Bezos Learning Center will be made possible by a substantial portion of a generous $200 million gift from Jeff Bezos to the Smithsonian, and it will serve as a dedicated space for educational programs and activities. Additionally, the building will house a restaurant catering to museum visitors.
Collaboration between the Smithsonian and Perkins&Will is expected to be integral in developing the center’s design, with construction slated to commence in 2025. While a construction firm has yet to be chosen, the Smithsonian Secretary, Lonnie G. Bunch III, expressed confidence in the architects behind the project, citing their notable work on the National Museum of African American History and Culture. Secretary Bunch emphasised the significance of a building’s design in fulfilling its mission and engaging its visitors.
Founded in 1935 in Chicago, Perkins&Will stood out as the
ideal choice due to its extensive experience in designing museums and educational facilities. The firm has demonstrated expertise in incorporating food service amenities and sustainable design strategies into their projects, exemplified by their work on notable establishments such as the Shanghai Natural History Museum, the University of Washington Life Sciences Building, and the University of Minnesota Bell Museum. With the inclusion of the Bezos Learning Center, Perkins&Will aims to create yet another distinctive Smithsonian landmark that expands educational opportunities and enhances the institution’s impact on the National Mall.
Zaha Hadid Architects, in collaboration with A-lab and Sweco Architecture, has been shortlisted as one of the top contenders to design a new concert hall in Bergen, Norway. The prestigious competition, organized by the Norwegian Architects’ National Association, attracted 32 applications from leading architectural firms. The other four finalists vying for the opportunity are Snøhetta, Henning Larsen Architects, Mad arkitekter with Kengo Kuma, and the Nordic Office of Architecture.
The ambitious Griegkvartalet project aims to establish a remarkable concert venue at Edvard Grieg’ Place, an integral part of a burgeoning cultural quarter
in Bergen’s city center. Rambøll has already conducted a comprehensive feasibility study for the development, setting the stage for the design phase of the competition.
Each of the five shortlisted teams will receive £48,200 (NOK 600,000) to participate in the design phase, providing them with an opportunity
to present their innovative concepts for the concert hall. In February or March of 2024, three winners will be announced. These victorious firms will not only receive a Euro 8,040 (NOK 100,000) prize but will also be granted the chance to negotiate for the coveted design and delivery contract.
This high-profile competition highlights the significance of the Griegkvartalet project and its potential to become an architectural marvel in Norway. With the participation of renowned architectural firms, the contest promises to showcase groundbreaking design ideas that will shape the future of the cultural landscape in Bergen.
