56 minute read
Cover Story
is also possible. The sides of the profile which exit slower are designed with a narrower die recess than the other side. The friction between extrusion tools and the workpiece can be exploited to modify the velocity distribution of the material flow during extrusion. In this case, an eccentrically mounted extrusion mandrel induces asymmetric friction in the extrusion billet, which causes an asymmetric velocity distribution during the extrusion process. Due to this asymmetric velocity distribution bent profiles are obtained. Due to the friction between container and billet during the direct extrusion, a specific velocity distribution is obtained. In the center area of the billet, the velocity reaches the maximum and decreases continuously until zero at the billet periphery. Extrusion dies with an eccentric die opening, therefore, allowing a bent profile to leave the die, although the velocity distribution of the material flow remains symmetric. During the extrusion process, the material flows in a specific velocity distribution along the profile crosssection. Modifying velocities along the profile cross-section can be achieved by modification of the bearing geometry: a) Different lengths of the bearing surface, b) Different angles of inclination of the bearing surface and c) Different gap widths of the inclination angle during the production of hollow profiles. The second group uses a bending device consisting of bending rolls, which are mounted directly behind the die or as usually done behind the counter platen of the press unit. In this process, 3D-bent and twisted profiles can be deformed using the heat from the extrusion process. The extruded profile is bent using a guide. The process is therefore divided into two steps, which is a great advantage for the simplicity of the process guiding. The first step produces the profile cross-section, and the second step builds the bending contour. The bending contour is controllable over the entire extrusion process.
Gravity Bending In building envelope applications, glass is generally bent through a thermal gravity process. By the middle of the 19th century, architects were bending glass, a technique developed in England, and this exists today in a slightly modified form.
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The procedure is as follows: a glass pane is laid over a bending form and heated to 550 - 620 °C in the bending over. Having reached the softening temperature, the plain pane descends (through gravity) slowly into the bending mould and adopts its shape. The subsequent cooling down phase defines the shape of the glass. Slow cooling, free from residual stress, produces a glass which can be further processed, whereas fast cooling creates a partially or fully tempered glass, which is not suitable for further processing.
Advantages of Gravity Bending Good optical quality (no roller wave distortions) • No anisotropies • All shapes (cylindrical and 2-axis) are possible • Concave and convex shapes with coatings are possible
A challenge is typically the long production time (heating up the box furnace + holding time + annealing time). This must be taken
A curved glass building in France
into account when discussing production capacities and lead times.
Gravity curved glass is not safety glass (no tempering or heat strengthening process). If safety requirements are to be considered, the curved glass panes can be laminated after the bending process. A pre-condition here is that all lites to be laminated are placed at the same time onto the mold in order to ensure the identical shape. This avoids stress in the laminate and delamination.
Bending Toughened Glass using the process, the glass becomes curved and either fully tempered or heat strengthened at the same time. The treatment takes place in similar production facilities as those used for flat tempered or heat strengthened glass.
After the heating process in the furnace, the soft glass is mechanically curved (pushed) in the flexible quench zone while strengthening and cooling.
The cycle times for bending the glass are comparable to flat tempered or heat strengthened glass. The main problems can often be anisotropies and optical distortions
caused by the production process. Another characteristic of this process is the limitation to cylindrical shapes and concave shapes when coatings are involved.
Bending Shapes A distinction is generally made between bent glass, slightly bent glazing with a bending radius of more than two metres and severely bent glass with small radii. Moreover, there is a difference between glass which is bent cylindrically and spherically. Cylindrically bent glass is bent along one axis, and spherically over two axes.
Float glass is, in principle, suitable for all these bending shapes. Due to the production technology involved, fully tempered and heat strengthened glass are used primarily for cylindrical bending.
Cold-Bending This technique allows designers to create continuously smooth glass surfaces (as opposed to segmented structures) and can be a cost-effective method of cladding a shaped glass façade.
Often, cold-bending refers to the practice of fabricating pre-shaped unitised curtainwall panels and industrial cladding at the production site, or the flat glass units are installed at the building site on a curved sub-construction.
A necessary pre-condition is the toughening process of all applied glasses, as the resulting high bending strength of toughened glass allows for applying permanent deflections to the glazing without issue. The radius limitations of the glass units depend on the degree of surface compression. The minimum achievable radii are much larger compared to thermally curved glass and are typically several metres. The typical parameter describing the deflection of coldbent glass is the displacement. The shaping of the glass can be achieved by:
1. Pushing by cover bars
3. Hardened the resin of thin laminated glass (laminate- bending)
The applied permanent tensions of the cold-bent units must be considered for dimensioning the insulating glass sealant depth, together with the bite and area of the used structural silicone if applied on a pre-shaped sub-construction.
Requirements Generally, bent glass is not a regulated building material, and it should ensure functionality such as thermal insulation, and solar and noise protection. In addition, it must meet the requirements of building laws, such as fall prevention measures and load-bearing regulations, to the same extent as plane glass. To verify this and be allowed to install bent glasses, manufacturers must provide approvals by local building authorities case by case or an ETA (European Technical Approval) in Europe before starting the construction. Comprehensive European standards for bent glass are currently not available, but full usability should be documented in all cases. The international standard ISO 11485 Glass in building.
Bend laminate glasses used on a staircase
Conclusions & Expectations from the Indian market Recent developments in the market make it possible to consider double-curved façades with the use of bent glass for a unitised component-based system strategy.
In the glass industry, the improvement of the manufacturing accuracy is leading to each time better application of insulated glass units for which the reproducibility of the glass unit is a key issue. Coating techniques for this type of glass are also being improved to cope with the current energy-saving demands for building envelopes. Also, adaptable moulds are being developed aiming for higher shape freedom added to the economic advantage that re-using the same mould supposes.
Typical façade bracket fixing details
In parallel, the development of the coldbending glass technique is using the advantages from the manufacturing of typical flat insulated glass units, facing then the challenge of controlling the stresses in the glass when bending it on site.
In the aluminium framing industry, there are also hot and cold forming processes. Cold forming processes of extruded profiles at the factory are the most common methods but there are new developments where hot bending and twisting can be done by influencing the material flow during extrusion, or by forming (rolling) right after the extrusion process (for single curved profiles). Cold bending and twisting on the site are also possible for smaller deviations.
In line with the industry developments, the use of improving computational tools for geometry control and data management facilitating the communication with the different parties involind is encouraging this new way of designing and building. A unitised curtain wall system brings higher complexity in the design phase, and the possibility of creating complex and/or irregular surfaces is limited.
The added degree of complexity that a non-orthogonal façade brings is the subject for this graduation work, aiming to be able to cope with projects with higher morphological complexity while using the existing strategies of the current unitised curtain wall systems. the In future fully unitised curve glass panels will be in demand in India and architects will have more flexibility in their design.
Glass pprocessors must find out the way to fasten the manufacturing of curved glass with equivalent strength heat strengthen glass which is 2 to 3 times more than annealed glass. There are very advance technologies that exist in Europe and USA for bending Aluminium profiles Indian extruders must do research in this segment as demands will start coming.
(For references, please check the article link on WFM website). YOGESH B. GILGILE
B.E. Mechanical
Head Projects & Operations, Glaze Techno Façade Systems Pvt. Ltd.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Yogesh B. Gilgile is a façade consultant & Head (Projects) and has 15 years of working experience in façade industry. He is a professional in building façade and envelope technology, value engineering, sustainable façade structures, estimation and costing, facade thermal analysis, green façade design and development. He has completed more than 12 projects as a consultant and 32 projects as a Project lead in different roles. Also has trainer experience of 2 years for training new joiners in different firms.
Trends and Challenges
Architectural hardware has become an important aspect of design - be it façades, doors, or windows. With the entry of international systems, equipment and hardware firms, the Indian architectural hardware for façade and fenestration has also evolved over the years. Technology and its use have increased many folds giving precision to products with quality and sustenance. Along with the use of technology, design has also evolved over these years. Gone are the days of tinted glasses and bulky hardware to hold them. The trend for buildings is towards more transparency over the past few decades.
The first part of this edition’s cover story is on the latest trends in hardware, important aspects to consider while choosing hardware, standardisation of window and door hardware systems, key safety parameters to look for while specifying hardware, and quality vs. cost of hardware. We spoke to many architects and façade consultants regarding these topics. Here are their views and suggestions:
Amity - Mohali by Vijay Gupta Architects
MANISH KUMAR Director TDS Coetus Pvt. Ltd.
AR. ALPANA GUPTA Managing Partner Vijay Gupta Architects
AR. MOHD SHAMIM KHAN Principal Architect & Partner Maven Design Studio LLP
AR. RAHUL MEHTA
Founder & Principal
Rahul Mehta Architects Trends in the Façade, Door and Window Hardware Products
It is not an overstatement to say a building’s façade is its most important element, for both architects and users themselves. Understanding the trends in façade design helps us see the direction of the future façades and advanced and sophisticated technologies in façades, states Manish Kumar, Director, TDS Coetus Pvt. Ltd. In the door and window segments, the introduction of a bigger sash to achieve wider view and access is the trend. “For continued updates, I usually attend seminars and webinars like ZAK world of the façade and follow magazines on façade and newsletters”, adds Manish.
The plethora of hardware for doors, windows, and elevation design constitutes varied options in the market. As a result, the market is currently flooded with products of varying price points, materials and quality. Concerning the current trends, says Ar. Alpana Gupta, Managing Partner at Vijay Gupta Architects, materials with lightweight properties help reduce the dead load on the building, thereby enhancing construction economics. Additionally, in order to reduce energy consumption, one can opt for sustainable materials to fully or partially mitigate the energy requirements of a structure. For a country like India, the aspect of cost sensitivity is crucial where budget constraints drive material selection for design solutions.
Ar. Mohd Shamim Khan, Principal Architect & Partner, Maven Design Studio LLP talks about the need for keeping oneself updated on the latest products. “Architecture is a field where we are witnessing a very rapid change in terms of architectural products in the market. A lot of products are being launched every day so it has become tough for architects to keep themselves updated. So to keep up with the latest trends I spend considerable time in the selection of hardware for my projects which involve market research in terms of product design, performance, technology, pricing, etc.”, says Ar. Khan.
Hardware used in the built space can easily replicate the overall design concepts and our level of appreciation for the environment. “Nowadays I have noticed that architects, as well as clients, don’t like bulky hardware in their buildings/door /windows. So it can easily be said that minimalism or ‘less is more’ is the latest trend. This trend requires the hardware to be concealed or minimised to be incorporated into the whole system. Hardware with the high-performance specification with a minimal design approach is in high demand”, says Ar. Khan.
Architects are barely able to keep up with the façade and fenestration design trends and latest products available in the market today. Ar. Rahul Mehta, Founder & Principal, Rahul Mehta Architects says, “we see that in the residential space there is great consumer awareness and sensitivity to window frame sizes, noise cancellation, heat loads and even behavior w.r.t wind loads. In commercial spaces, we see great awareness now w.r.t heat loads, light transmission, fire safety, etc. The clients/consumers are expecting more innovations not only in aesthetics but in specifications as well. This is one of the largest challenges as we not only have to keep up with the customer sensitivity and needs but also with the multiple innovative responses vendors have come up with to cater to the new, well-informed, new-age client/consumer. Magazines much like yourselves are one typology of sources that help keep us up to date”.
A project by Maven Design Studio LLP, showcasing innovative facades
PRAMOD JAIN
Co-Founder & Operational Head
Creative Architects & Interiors SUMESH SIVASANKAR
Project Head
Acorp Consultants Pvt. Ltd. AR. AASHISH V KARODE
Principal
Design Atelier Architects and Design Consultants
VICKY L. VORA Founder & Principal Façade Consultant V3 Façade Design Studio
Pramod Jain, Cofounder & Operational Head, Creative Architects & Interiors believes that innovation is the key to successful and holistic design solutions.
The hardware that is currently used in façade, door and windows are based more on functionality, durability and safety rather than on the aesthetic look alone, says Sumesh Sivasankar, Project Head, Acorp Consultants Private Limited. Trend changes based on the main products like façade, door and window, and hence the supporting hardware should be manufactured based on the above-said parameters. The project closure report of a project asks the manufacturer to provide the technical specification with the technical drawings of the product which in fact is like a user manual for the end-user. The Architect or the Designer’s primary responsibility should check the quality and grade.
Today’s façade achievements are about driving design possibilities technically - achieving optimal functionality and high performance, points out Ar. Aashish V Karode, Principal, Design Atelier Architects and Design Consultants. “You may imagine a 15m long glazed façade panel on an edge of a 50th-floor penthouse which requires each pane to have glazing sized with a 2.1m width and 6m high DGU, and the system to be automated for sliding. The installation needs to comply with the relevant codes and be certified on British/ European standards, must also look and feel great, while it performs highly on parameters for security, fire life safety, access, acoustics, weather protection, and energy efficiency. To keep up, you need experts to advise you on the correct products and specifications,” he adds.
The growing emphasis on safety measures has led to an increase in the use of fireproof materials in façades as well as doors to prevent structural collapse and allow safe egress of occupants in case of fire, says Ar. Gupta.
Types and Selection of Windows and Doors Windows:
The selection of window typology depends on its application, size of the opening, and height at which the window is installed. • Top hung: Broadly used in commercial projects. Can be recommended for high-rise projects. • Side hung: Mostly used in residential projects. This type of window has size & weight limitations. They are ideal for widths not more than 750mm. Outside opening windows are not recommended for high-rise projects. • Bottom Hung: Used for smoke release vents. If the vent size is bigger, then automation is recommended. • Parallel pop-out: Best window suitable for ventilation as well as smoke release. Depending on the size, weight and
OEM’s recommendation automation can be considered as an option. • Tilt & Turn: This window is finding major applications in private houses/villas. This serves as an option of ventilation when tiled (bottom hung towards inside) and complete opening when side hung (open inside). This requires special hardware. • Vertical sliding: This window with automation is a perfect option for rooms that do not have balconies. Although proper engineering would be required with regards to glass configuration, shutter size, wind pressure, fixing details, etc. Smaller sizes can be done using manually operated vertical sliding windows with a self-balancing principle. • Sliding Doors /Patio Doors: Mostly used in residential/hotel/resort projects where is a deck/balcony outside a room
Doors:
• Framed doors/Patch fitting door: single leaf or double leaf/one-way swing or two-way swing • Revolving door/Automatic sliding doors: Commonly used in commercial entrance spaces
(Vicky L. Vora, Founder & Principal Façade Consultant, V3 Façade Design Studio)
Important Aspects to Consider while Choosing Hardware for Doors,
Windows and Façades The major aspects to consider while choosing hardware, says Vora, are:
A) Purpose • Cross ventilation: Top hung/side hung/parallel pop-out/sliding • Smoke release: Parallel pop-out/ bottom hung • Fire-rated partition: E / EW / EI Grade of fire rating requirement
B) Site location • Wind pressure varies as per topography. The type and number of locking points would vary accordingly • Proximity to the saline atmosphere:
Hardware should be saline resistant C) Weight and size of openable • Type of hinges • Number of hinges • Position of hinges • Manual or automatic mode of operation
D) Altitude of application • Side-hung windows shall be recommended for buildings that are not high rises. Wear and tear of hardware due to cyclic motions can cause the shutter to disengage which can lead to serious accidents.
If these are mandatory for CFO requirements, it would be advisable to limit these typologies only to window requirements as per the
CFO. For ventilation purposes, tophung windows can be an equivalent option. In addition to the above points, Ar. Mehta stresses aspects like the location of the fenestration, for e.g., the specifications for an exterior door to the entry of a home would vary compared to the specifications for say a service door leading to a kitchen in a hotel. He adds that the material of the system also determines the hardware specifications – for e.g., those for a UPVC window and a sleek aluminum window
Design Atelier project - Blackberrys HQ would vary. Moe over, the selection should be based on the prevalent climatic conditions - The hardware for a façade may vary considering the local conditions such as proximity to the sea due to the probability of corrosion or wind-loads or due to extremely hot conditions, and so forth.
The design intent plays an important part in defining the look of doors, windows or façades and their elements. For e.g., if one opts to have an art deco look to the building façade the main door to the lobby may have handles that may be more ornate or hinges that may actually form a part of the aesthetics, adds Ar. Mehta.
With increasing building heights, in the ‘post-disaster’ scenario we live in, there has thus been a marked change in the performance criteria being demanded across all fenestration, particularly in relation to fire-resistant hardware and fixtures for smoke ingress prevention, smoke seals, and hardware and windows glazing products, stability and of course strength and longevity- full functionality with cool looks, high standards and low maintenance, adds Ar. Karode.
Functionality is, of course, the most critical aspect of hardware selection on a case-tocase basis, says Ar. Gupta. Another criterion is assessing the life cycle cost of the building and the short-term cost benefit of using a cheaper product. Furthermore, usability, both for the end user and the installation, is also essential. Finally, the visible element of the hardware is chosen based on contemporary or classic aesthetics. Factors like material, sleekness and finish quality are critical as they help enhance the space and gain character and are used to create a cohesive design scheme.
Ar. Khan lists the following as the most important aspects which cannot be ignored while choosing the architectural hardware: • Safety • Performance • Futuristic design • Value for money • After sale services.
According to Manish Kumar, the facts to look at before choosing the hardware for doors and windows. • Material chemical properties should analyse according to geographical factors • Hardware compatibility should check w.r.t. profile going to use • Façade and door/window system structure design should check w.r.t. static, dynamic load • Budget is the most important part that helps to understand the amount have to spend on hardware without compromising on the other aspect of the project.
There are many other aspects to be considered while choosing hardware for doors, windows and façades, which are mentioned below by Ar. Sivasankar. • The suitable product/material for the usage which gives the best performance • The manufacturer’s reputation and existence in the market • The quality and grade of the product which results in the durability of the product • Technical Specification and relevant certifications of the product • After sales, service and spare parts availability including warranty • department and their approach to the issue/matter • spare parts availability and warranty of the product • Material/product availability in the local market • Maintenance-free and user friendly • Time required for rectification by the company technician or experienced carpenter
Standardisation – A Challenge
Lack of standardisation of window and door systems considering the design approach is one of the major challenges faced by the hardware industry. The use of high-end technology has grown exponentially, allowing for enhanced
Amity Kolkata by Vijay Gupta Architects hardware design and production with the required quality and sustainability, says Ar. Gupta. Similarly, process-driven solutions also compel us to follow design practices that support the standardised hardware resolving our complexities regarding compatibility and functionality. Engineered solutions such as factory-made doors and windows provide us with much better standardised and certified products. However, in reality, lack of standardisation results from our construction practices which revel in customisation. Another problem is keeping up with the fast-paced, dynamic market in terms of product design.
Standardisation can reduce cost factors, response times, and the need to stock a wide range of parts to some extent. Standardisation can be achieved by setting up guidelines which are accepted by all the stakeholders with regard to how a product can be created and supported. Integration of the latest technology is one key aspect that must be considered, says Ar. Khan.
Ar. Mehta agrees though a certain level of standardisation has taken place in terms of specifications for hardware for certain building user types, it is very broadly done and there is a long way to go in terms of creating standard specifications for all specific locations and function variants within a given building design typology.
As every project has a different layout design, different floor heights, different structural design, etc., standardising window/door systems is a challenging task. But it is not impossible to achieve. This needs thorough coordination between the façade consultant, the architect and hardware manufacturers.
A thorough exercise is needed between designers and manufacturers to achieve hardware solutions that are best suited for the project, says Vora. Since the planner/ developer of every project is different, it is not possible to design every building in the same way.
Manish Kumar adds that system designers should have enough knowledge to develop aluminium profiles according to the hardware standard. While preparing aluminium profile designing, the system developer and hardware manufacturer need to interact with each other to avoid later consequences, he adds.
Below are a few solutions that can provide some ease in the selection of window/ door systems, adds Vora: • Proper know-how of the window/ door hardware technical data sheets.
These documents mention the recommended shutter sizes, weight carrying capacities, grade of material, etc. • Recommendation of uniform testing standards which the hardware should have received from a recognised authority • Awareness amongst the manufacturers to clients, consultants and architects of the system’s advantages and limitations • Seeking assistance from manufacturers during the design stage to ensure the final desired product is executed as planned. Hardware selection and standardisation are generally left to the realm of architects, project managers, rate analysts, and contractors based on certain specifications and applicable rules/standards. Some of the missing participants are the facility managers and the maintenance personnel. They are the people who actually face the brunt on a regular basis specifically in the case of non-residential building types. Their experience can be of great value, says Ar. Mehta.
Another important direction one could take is to make an exhaustive list of door/ window/façade solution types and their permutations and combinations with respect to various building types and then start putting out applicable hardware typologies against each in the list and have that come across as an approved minimum standard for the said types, though there are agencies which lay the benchmarks for standards. This would eventually lead to simplification of selection and also there in allowing for more availability of stocks in the typologies making long-term maintenance, etc., easier, remarks Ar. Mehta.
On the other hand, Jain believes that most hardware systems and products do follow market standards with respect to design and also come with appropriate and wellapproved certifications. “While standardised systems enable ease of procurement and execution, they certainly restrict design freedom to a great extent. Even though it is possible to get bespoke and custom-made hardware products and systems in cases where the design demands so, it is a hassle and might shoot up the project cost quite a bit”, adds Jain.
According to Ar. Sivasankar, what we get in the market is standard hardware that only matches the normal/standard doors and windows but when you want for a different final product, doors and windows, the hardware should be different too. Their technical/product specifications too will differ based on the functionality and appearance.
Ar. Sivasankar suggests a few solutions based on his experience and knowledge:
• A research about the hardware that is not used widely in the market • Find companies or individuals who does customisation of hardware products • Understand the hardware products they have manufactured for their clients • Pay a visit to their showroom for those products which are showcased • Give your requirements and ask for shop drawings and technical/ product specification
In the custom design space in which we operate, designers have to accommodate more desirable, novel or appropriate ideas criteria, avers Ar. Karode. For e.g., applications that can support super-sized performance glass panels in high-rise façades. To achieve this, we need to use the highest international certification standards; mind that the standards do not become limited and pose constraints on the possibilities of design. The rising desire for non-standard glass sizes and performance glass poses the challenges of needing specialised hardware to support more ambitious façade applications. Thus hardware reliability, strength and easy applicability have become a big factor in recent glazing achievements.
Key Safety Parameters to Look for while Specifying Hardware
While selecting any hardware for the projects we must consider the safety parameters on a priority basis and it should never be compromised, points out Ar. Khan. International standards for hardware
BHEL NOIDA by TDS Coetus Pvt. Ltd.
should be considered while selecting hardware for any location and application. Parameters like fire resistance, security, weather resistance, and performance during any disaster like fire & earthquake, amongst others are important. These parameters cannot be defined or achieved just by going with the look & feel of the product. We must ensure that the product has gone through all the tests, quality checks and certification as per the global standards.
“One of the primary considerations is the planned span’s appropriateness, loading, and frequency of usage. Then comes the corrosion resistance, particularly if used in highly polluted or coastal areas. However, on high rises, the certification for wind loads is equally an important consideration. Furthermore, compatibility with the door/window profile is another critical factor with gasket selection that can be essential to safety since it helps in resistance to smoke and air infiltration and the ability to keep loud noises out”, observes Ar. Gupta. Key Safety Parameters
• Number of locking points:
Parameters like window size, wind pressure, etc., determine whether a singlepoint or multipoint locking arrangement is required • Type & number of hinges:
Shutter weight is one of the prime factors which determines the type and number of hinges to be used.
The position of these hinges also plays a vital role. • Stay arm: In many applications, the restricted opening is recommended in order to ensure the window after opening can be brought back to close condition with utmost ease. • Stopper in sliding windows:
This ensures when the shutter is accidentally moved it should not bang at the extreme ends and cause injury • Performance mockup test: It determines the performance of the window hardware for design wind load as well as for proof load conditions • Anti-fall system: This can act as a secondary safety accessory that holds the shutter and avoids its fall, in-case it disengages from the window frame
(Vicky L. Vora, Founder & Principal Façade Consultant, V3 Façade Design Studio)
For homes, Ar. Karode recommends investing in smart home solutions linked to the IoT- This should cover safety from fire, security, surveillance, alarm, cover appliances. For high-rises, Ar. Karode and Ar. Mehta recommends hardware compatible to adhere to the applicable fire life safety code like natural smoke control systems, and intelligent ventilation, labour safety protection and
alarms in unmanned areas. “For example, in addition to the code requirements, we should ensure self-closing fire doors with panic devices and interlocking the multilevel secure and access system with fire alarm interfaces”, he adds.
Hardware should be strong enough to resist static load & dynamic forces and the supreme quality for fire resistance are the two aspects recommended by Manish Kumar.
When do we have to change/replace hardware? Here is the answer given by Ar. Sivasankar: • Old-designed hardware that can be easily broken by a burglar/shoplifter • Due to wear and tear, the mechanism stops functioning • Materials used to manufacture the hardware can be lightweight • Sub-standard quality and low grade of the product • Sagging of the doors and/or windows • Gaps between the doors/windows and frames • Poorly maintained hardware • Non-fire resistance materials • Clear glass or wooden shutters for window and/or door.
Looking at the above-mentioned reasons, the end user has to take a decision while considering the safety parameters. They can be: • Upgrade the hardware based on current technology • Materials to be used of first-class quality and grade 1 components • Gaps between doors/windows are to be of allowed measurement • Fire-resistance products to be used • Use of toughened glass or metal shutters for windows and/or doors • Testing of windows, doors & façades in extreme weather conditions • No extra load of profiles to be used on façade, windows and doors • Purchase materials/products recommended by National Building
Code 2016 that suits to Indian environment.
According to Pramod Jain. Knobs, hinges, latches, levers and locks are gadgets that enable the functionality of a building, and an optimum investment in them yields great dividends. In order to ensure safety, factors such as performance, durability, certification, quality, material and the design mechanism are emphasised. For example, if we consider hinges - it is crucial to look into their durability with respect to how strong it is or what alloy it is made up of. Similarly, a good certification ensures maximum safety, hence authorised and licensed attestations need to be checked.
Quality Vs Price
The context of reasonable price is a vague subject in India. Quality hardware is expected to ask for a premium over sub-standard products. As façade consultants, says Vora, we propose precise specifications and a minimum of 3 makes for every item which is used on a façade. Having more than one option gives the contractor/client to negotiate better and get better hardware solutions for the project. Value engineering and optimisation can be done on other aspects of façade design. This exercise can bring you reasonable savings without compromising on the safety and other technical aspects of the façade design.
Ar. Mehta suggests that it would be great if one could explain the types and costing (in terms of what goes into putting a product out there in the consumer market) of hardware from the very grassroots in the industry so that it can help the next crop of designers and engineers better guide their clients.
Quality products that are ANSI BHMA certified have an associated price, while they are not cheap, they must meet the performance criteria of each product under test conditions, notes Ar. Karode. “Our solution to this is to always suggest looking at criteria beyond merely the performance features of a product; We recommend tested and certified products where the strength and operational efficiency performance of each product is measured and graded against the baseline international standard”, he adds. Due to a lack of proper standardisation of the products, and less investment in innovation & research, manufacturers are not able to create a segment of the products which is cost-effective without compromising the performance & reliability of the product, says Ar. Khan.
Pramod Jain, observes that one of the major reasons for the price hike is the transportation cost imposed by the foreign manufacturing companies. This issue can be resolved if the Indian government can fund and help set up new companies within the country itself, just as the ‘make in India’ campaign intends to do.
Ar. Sivasankar, too agrees that the Indian manufacturer has to build the same product equivalent to that of foreign product with an economical rate/price. Also, the Indian manufacturer can have a business-tie-up with his abroad collaborator to manufacture the same in India which obviously will have an impact on the rate/price of the product.
The Hardware Industry can be regulated if we implement manufacturing, installation, and maintenance standards, says Ar. Gupta. We should find a balance between customisation and cost-effectiveness. Since customisation has a direct impact on economies of scale, thus raising the cost of manufacturing. Volumes are being driven by construction across all sectors, which should address the issue of high costs and low budgets that plague the selection of quality hardware. Similarly, engineered fenestrations help to standardise products and increase their affordability.
A project by Rahul Mehta Architects - matching doors and windows with Georgian bars and concealed handles
AR. PRANAV KAREER
Project Architect,
Edifice Consultants Pvt. Ltd.
Tell us about the current trends you have noticed in the façade, door and window hardware products? With the age of digitalisation and trending technology, our building façades have also become a platform for innovation. Starting from an era of punch windows, we moved to curtain glazing (double glazed units) and now we are moving towards the automatically controlled shading devices to algorithm-based façade lighting experiences. It’s a fast-paced segment where every year there are new refined products in the market, and architects need to get updated with the latest in the world.
List down a few important aspects to consider while choosing hardware. Hardware is something which is a game changer in terms of longevity and maintenance. Hardware can really turn a design upside down, thus it needs to be in alignment with one’s vision. Aesthetics is what matters the most to architects, followed by engineering. How sleek the hardware is, how integrated it is, how less its screws are visible - are some favourite questions bumping into our minds.
IMAGE CREDIT - MORPHOGENESIS
Sumadhura Capitol Towers, Bengaluru
Is the lack of standardisation of window and door systems one of the major challenges faced by architects and the hardware industry? Not really. I disagree with that, the standardisation of hardware will only give architects a play of makes/brands. The need of the hour is to know how innovative and design customisable the hardware is. Nowadays, if you see there are a lot of interior and exterior finishes available in the market and thus the hardware industry has to add those into their hardware patterns and design for avoiding them becoming an eye sore for design.
What are the key safety parameters to look for while selecting hardware? Key parameters have always been depending on where you are installing this hardware - In interiors or exterior façades. • Ease of functionality, durability, high quality and safety are what a priority is. • Aesthetics - Visually appealing hardware systems tend to compliment the design of the building, fabulously giving an eccentric look. • Supply - Does the supply to our site will be fitting within our timelines of the project or not? • Technology - If we are looking for an innovative solution for a space that requires an innovative solution.
Do you find it difficult to get quality hardware for a reasonable price in the Indian market? In all buildings, architectural hardware plays a massive role. While investing in these products, one must consider various factors and pick the one that fits their requirements. Also, analysing various elements like quality, material, safety, visual appeal, the design of the building, etc., often helps one to invest smartly in these products. In Indian markets, selecting good hardware has always been a tough job as the mid-range segment hardware does not provide you with a lot of flexibility in terms of finish and designs.
Automatic façade openable panels which will be operated in case of fire
Architectural hardware plays an essential role in every type of construction, whether it is for residential, commercial, or industrial. The second part of this edition’s cover story is on the growth of the architectural hardware industry in India and the various factors influencing the same, the latest developments in the industry, challenges faced by brands, and tests and test methods for deciding quality of hardware.
WFM Media spoke to many industry experts from various brands regarding these topics. Presenting their views, solutions and suggestions which will help the AEC industry members to take informed decisions.
DEEPAK CHUGH Managing Director LGF Sysmac India Pvt Ltd
ATIN THACKER Marketing Director Geeta Aluminium Company Pvt Ltd
HEMANT KATHURIA Director Taiton Trading Pvt Ltd
ANIL SINHA General Manager – Sales McCoy 8M
TONY J PERAYIL Dy. General Manager Kinlong Hardware India Pvt Ltd
RAMAN DHIMAN Director Glorious Products India Pvt Ltd
Market Growth and Demand for Architectural Hardware The growth of architectural hardware is synonymous with the growth of the window, door and façade industry. Architectural hardware has evolved a long way since the year 1998 when the aluminium façade market started to make a mark in the Indian fenestration industry. From there, being no symmetry in the profile design to having a more defined requirement in terms of solutions, application and testing, the products have come a long way, notes Deepak Chugh, Managing Director, LGF Sysmac India Pvt Ltd.
Increasing residential construction such as townhouses, bungalows, and row houses are demanding architectural hardware, also driving the growth of the architectural hardware market, says Atin Thacker, Marketing Director, Geeta Aluminium Company Pvt. Ltd.
According to Anil Sinha, General Manager – Sales, McCoy 8M, the hardware industry is poised for tremendous growth since more and more consumers are looking for solutions that are off the beaten track and not just run-of-the-mill ordinary doors and windows. With the introduction of doors and windows with special hardware like tilt & turn windows, slide & fold doors, lift & slide windows, vertical windows, etc., in the market, the discerning consumer is more informed and, therefore, more demanding.
If you see the last two years, there were a lot of ups and downs in every segment because of the fluctuation in raw material prices, notes Raman Dhiman, Director, Glorious Products India Pvt Ltd. (Insta Hardware). But after the pandemic, the market started picking up.
The Indian fenestration market is divided into uPVC, aluminium and wood. We have seen substantial growth in two categories - mainly in aluminium and then uPVC. Besides the project market, the retail market has also grown in a couple of years. It means a lot of opportunities have been created for system doors and windows in the Indian market. New products have been launched in the market mainly for slim profiles and new systems, adds Dhiman.
Hemant Kathuria, Director, Taiton Trading Pvt Ltd also mentions that for the splendid growth witnessed in the architectural hardware industry, many credits go to the architects and interior designers who plan the hardware in the designs, and the contractors for perfect execution. With the advancements in technology and robust coating processes, the client now has multiple options for hardware to choose from.
An active effort by architects and consultants focusing on sustainable designs, the demand for automation of doors and windows is on the rise, notes Tony J Perayil, Dy. General Manager, Kinlong Hardware India Pvt Ltd.
ABHISHEK KALE Area Manager India Sobinco NV
PRASHANT GAUTAM Zonal Manager Kinlong Hardware India Pvt Ltd
Most international players are present in India through their direct presence or distributorship. Indian manufacturers are also building their brands and introducing new products. In my opinion, says Abhishek P Kale, Area Manager India, Sobinco NV, real growth of the hardware industry will happen when windows, doors and façades will be looked at as essential elements in the building, which has aesthetical and functional requirements. More disposable income in the hand of people, more demand for better products, he adds.
Though it is predicted that the hardware industry will see tremendous growth, its market is still at an initial stage of growth in India. After the ‘Make in India’ initiative by GOI, several manufacturing companies have started their production units in India from overseas, as well as locally. “Being a developing country, the required technology for producing a quality product is still a challenge for us which ultimately increases the dependency on established companies from overseas. This sector still hasn’t contributed too much to the economy of India. Certain policies by the Government towards ease of doing business is now providing sufficient limelight for future investment in the hardware sector”, points out Prashant Gautam, Zonal Manager, Kinlong Hardware India Pvt. Ltd.
New Developments
When we come to think about the new developments in the fenestration and façades industry, it should go much beyond aesthetics. Thermal insulations, sound insulation and resistance, energy efficiency, safety, and less maintenance are the major aspects to consider.
Timber and other wood products are almost replaced by newly engineered products either in uPVC or aluminium. “After certain years, aluminium may take over the market with new designs, colours, light and air utilisation, and with its ability to keep unwanted sound outside”, predicts Gautam. Such designs of new developments for doors and windows give a wide range of options to choose from with specific styles for specific areas of the houses. Similarly, façades have changed a lot in the past decades from normal complete concrete structures to glass with steel structures, whether by using MS, glass fins, tension rods, or tension cable. As windows and doors get slimmer and need more performance in terms of weight and dimensions besides the warranty on the product line, hardware has also seen changes in offerings. With automation and smoke ventilation coming into the picture; the architectural hardware industry has braced itself with products on the line already, notes Chugh.
Use of new minimalist designs and attractive finishes are a clear preference over large bulky and industrial-looking hardware, says Thacker. For security and locking systems, the trend is moving more towards digital and advanced integrated systems.
There is a lot of development taking place in the surface finishes of the hardware, especially patch fittings, shower fittings, railings and other glass Hardware, observes Kathuria. Lately, the downward trend of the use of frameless glass is seen as slim aluminium sections are being introduced in the market.
Awareness and possibilities in digital transparent façades are being probed
IMAGE CREDIT - SOBINCO
Castle Rock Hiranandani
Products from Insta Hardware
particularly in the retail sector, notes Perayil. The perception has changed glass façades from being only for aesthetic purposes to revenue-generating alternatives. Products like PDLC glass, dynamic and kinetic façades, cast-in channels, etc., are a few developments in the façade sector. Looking at fenestration, energy-efficient windows, aesthetically pleasing threshold design, and 100% transparency configurations are the latest (slide fold, slide turn, corner slide), points out Perayil.
The trend towards aesthetics is also accepted by our Indian market as ‘Dynamic façades’ and ‘Parametric façades’. Change of perception in the usage of smart/intelligent access control systems is a requisite rather than a luxury. The demand for better aesthetical solutions plus automation is gaining traction in fenestrations and façades.
Growth of Organised Architectural Hardware Market & Customer Demand Most of the experts we spoke with agree that the organised architectural hardware market is growing on the back of customer demand.
As the industry is having a demand for new systems, the architectural hardware manufacturer has to give solutions for that. This is one reason for the organised architectural hardware market’s growth, says Dhiman. According to Gautam, though the Indian architectural hardware market is growing in every aspect of the construction industry, still it is not completely organised in a good manner. The understanding of customer demand is getting fulfilled, but the majority of product dependency is still on overseas brands due to less work in innovation, research and development. To keep up with the demand from the new generation, the resources are still less. Certain regions in India have also started working assertively on this part. As can be seen in Gujarat, the evolution of hardware production is providing a wide range of options to the customer. Certain other states are also focusing more on industrialisation which can bring revolution in the hardware industry.
According to Chugh, the products always existed in the overseas markets; just that India has now started to demand this. This growth is a mixed attribute coming from customer demand and knowledge sharing done by the manufacturers.
Kale too observes the significant changes in customer demand. There is a very thin line between hardware and accessories. Fabricators and systems houses are working in a more organised fashion. The supply chain issues when orders are executed at the last moment is a major hurdle. convincing the customers to finalise hardware at the time of finalisation of their aluminium order will avoid final minute hassle for delivery and execution, says Kale.
With the development in all sectors (government, private, hospitality, healthcare, etc.), strong demand for architectural hardware has been created in the market, which allowed a lot of regional players to grow, says Kathuria. This led to the introduction of many cheap, sub-standard, inferior quality products in the market too. In the last 3-5 years, customers are getting more quality conscious and demand strong, durable and robust products. They spend a lot of time evaluating and comparing the quality and pricing of different brands before finalising the order. It has also been noticed that the product specifications are getting stricter in the government tenders too. Everything sums up the growth of the organised architectural hardware market.
Performance of the Real Estate Sectors & Growth of the Hardware Industry
The growth of the architectural hardware industry can be understood by extrapolating the behaviour and growth of the underlying macroscopic environment that this industry is inherent.
In Q1 2022, new launches increased by 36% q-o-q. This marks the highest quarterly launches recorded since Q1 2014. Sales volume during Q1 2022 grew by 11% q-o-q; it scaled a new peak for the second straight quarter (since Q2 2013) as Bengaluru clocked the highest ever quarterly sales and MMR saw its sales stand at an 11-year high in the quarter. The expected time to liquidate stock decreased notably from 4.7 years in Q4 2021 to 4.2 years in Q1 2022, a clear indication of sales growth outpacing the growth in unsold inventory. Residential prices rose by an average of 2-4% q-o-q in Q1 2022 in select micro-markets across all the top seven cities. From the above data, it can be extrapolated that; the Q1 sales grow by 148% over pre-Covid levels and new launches in the cities of Bengaluru, Delhi and Mumbai tend to provide a positive outlook on this financial year and the upcoming.
To conclude, firstly, a major part of the fenestration industry and therefore the architectural hardware industry keenly rely on the cash flow from the customers for taking forward their R&D and expansion plans, this, in turn, is a crucial factor in propelling the industry forward.
Secondarily, there is mounting pressure from all stakeholders in the real estate industry to contribute to lower carbon emissions and more resilient buildings and cities. Regulatory initiatives and new construction techniques and materials will be important factors in ensuring new buildings meet higher standards. But with building operations contributing 28% of global greenhouse gas emissions, managing energy performance in existing buildings will be essential in meeting net-zero carbon commitments from investors, tenants, landlords and governments. Passive-energy-saving methods such as double-glazed façades and fenestration play a key role in reducing energy consumption.
(Tony J Perayil, Dy. General Manager, Kinlong Hardware India Pvt Ltd)
Challenges & Roadblocks in the Architectural Hardware Industry
Every industry has its own challenges. According to Dhiman, in the architectural hardware industry, the main challenge is the specification and the selection of hardware. The customer’s preference is always to compromise the quality over the price and that leads to the wrong selection of the hardware, like the purchase of non-standardised products. In the Indian market, we first design the system and then look for hardware, which is wrong.
Agreeing with Dhiman, Sinha comments that the demand for cheap, non-standard and local hardware is the biggest challenge for the organised architectural hardware industry. “Since most of these items were being imported from China, Turkey, etc., there was a lack of quality and supply consistency. Now, as more and more people are gearing up to develop the items indigenously, the problem is expected to alleviate”, hopes Sinha.
According to Gautam, the major challenges for the industry are the lack of knowledge, an unorganised sector, improper planning and most importantly choosing prices over quality and safety. The market related to designing and architecture is still following traditional methods of hardware selection, whereas the hardware industry has already risen to a much higher level. But the platforms to demonstrate or to give education on these new developments are very less. He stresses the need for educating the customers on the latest technologies, new products, their usage, and the advantages of using these products.
The GOI has now started to make some policies towards standardisation in terms of safety related to hardware usage and execution of systems, which also needs to be regulated to not let anyone compromise safety. The intercompetitiveness is also another challenge
Natural ventilation through parallel opening window (1.2 mts x 2.4 mts) - a project by LGF Sysmac India Pvt Ltd
Customised SS Railing Product specially designed for Noida World One by Kinlong Hardware India Pvt Ltd where certain organisations reduce the prices for only business purposes, evading safety, which can be solved once all organisations come together to standardise the safety protocols and quality of the hardware, notes Gautam.
The main challenge for hardware is the priority given to it in the procurement list and budget allocation, notes Kale. There is a need for speeding up deliveries. Another challenge is the tolerances between hardware and section. Very less focus has been given to the same and problems come to notice when the project is halfway in execution. With the introduction of new concepts in hardware, the ground force also needs training and new tools. Using the same set of tools and approaches will not yield desired results.
Another major roadblock in the hardware industry is that it is still considered a lowscale/low-volume industry. There is very less investment in basic infra/machinery. Mostly traders source and sell with some margins at very low prices. There are no standards/specific specifications or tests which are defined for India, adds Kale.
“We honestly miss a great manufacturing facility in India that can provide home-grown solutions to this market. Considering that designing new aluminium profiles does not costprohibitive, their abundance and variance of them is a major headache for the hardware industry. Besides that; the need for customisation of products - be it the product itself or the coating is another roadblock, which will only get eliminated once we have a local manufacturer in place,” observes Chugh.
Negligible work has been done on the use of Hardware with respect to the standards, specifications and guidelines. The absence of a hardware manufacturers/suppliers association at the national level makes the situation confusing,” avers Kathuria.
Perayil lists the following as the major challenges: A. Standardisation: The Indian architectural industry is highly dependent on other national standards for its workings, mainly the EU codes. Only the top façades and fenestration fabricators strictly follow the standards and its testing criteria. And these standards are not considered or regarded by the builders and developers during their design stage, therefore it is a partially compatible system. B. Planning and Procurement: Effective procurement processes are critical for financial efficiency. It helps pay the right price and ensures timely delivery while ensuring you choose the best partners to work with. In a course of a project, it is very important to make the procurement choices at the right time, as the locally manufactured market for architectural hardware is considerably close to the material that is imported. Availability and the fluctuation in the price of raw materials have been the biggest challenge in the architectural hardware Industry. Price revisions in hardware are often met with strong resistance.
Standardisation of Window and Door Systems: A Major Challenge for the Industry The market and the hardware industry are facing difficulty due to the absence of standardisation. Due to the lack of standardisation in this sector, the actual design part compromises the actual execution part. It makes the complete system get compromised at different levels, says Gautam. “Hardware is the major entity that helps in making the system operational, providing safety and enhancing appearance as well. We can rectify this challenge, but the inappropriate demand and competition among the different companies make it tough to follow a certain path. Each person who is related to such a specific purpose needs to be qualified and trained enough to follow the basics and bottom line for it to be decided”, adds Gautam.
Chugh too agrees that standardisation is essential, more so in aluminium. The uPVC window and door systems are more blessed in that respect. The way forward is for the industry to come on a common platform and define what is acceptable.
Perayil advices to opt for aluminium profiles that are designed as per the EN standards, to be readily compatible with all the major hardware brands. Whether it be fabricators that extrude their own profiles/
designs, or fabricators that procure readily available profiles, both can incorporate or opt for the profiles designed as per the EN Standards, he explains further.
Educating the concerned shareholders - architects, consultants and builders -at the design stage to follow a planning and procurement schedule is essential. It is the responsibility of hardware manufactures to work in synergy with profile manufactures to make standardisation in the market for all the new trends adopted or the particular application/function. Designing an efficient, scalable, secure and cost-friendly system is the main key point in this industry.
The window and door industry is dynamic. “Being associated with architectural elements, we cannot remove creativity from it. There is only one way to control it is by introducing India-specific standards for windows, doors and façades”, opines Kale.
It is the need of the hour to standardise the door window systems and hardware similar to what was done in the field of glass a few years back. Although organised and structured companies have specifications manager who works closely with architects and interior designers to standardise and specify the appropriate hardware in specific projects, but that takes a lot of time, energy and effort and can’t cover all projects. Architects, interior designers and the hardware manufacturer fraternity need to sit together and form an association to draft the guidelines on the use of hardware in buildings, recommends Kathuria.
Tests and Test Methods for Deciding the Quality of Hardware Several tests have been done apart from normal dimensional analysis during production. Material inspection is done by Spectro analysis, and quality inspection by the quality assurance department in a majority of companies, visually, to avoid any burr, scratch, or other surface faults of the product. Apart from these, there are many tests done on the product to analyse the performance of the material - like opening and closing tests of the product as it shows the resistance of the product after repeated opening and closing in the actual scenario.
Castle Rock, Hiranandani - Image courtesy, Sobinco The above process also helps to assess the number of cycles that can be achieved by a product to determine the life of a product and how long it can be used. Torsional Testing or anti-twisting test is also conducted on the products to determine the response of the product under the stress of repeated twisting motion. Anti-corrosion test or passivation testing evaluates the surface of corrosion-resistant steel parts by looking at surface passivity. Upon testing, material that has been properly passivated will be virtually free of rust and that helps in determining whether there is any need for extra coating on the surface of the product. Furthermore, Salt Spray test is also conducted to check the corrosive properties and life of the product against a controlled corrosive environment. Other tests like fireproof, bulletproof, and blastproof are also conducted on the usage and application of product type.
Various Quality Tests Performed to Assess Different Aspects of Hardware:
• Salt Spray Test: Resistance to corrosion is tested by an accelerated test to produce moisture corrosion called Salt Spray Test where the component is put in a tank and sprayed with 5% Neutral Salt Spray solution for up to 500 hours or sometimes even more, and periodically (after 10 hours, usually) to check for the appearance of Red or first White, then Red Rust (for passivation coated components). If the component comes out clean, then it is said to have cleared the 500-hour test and certified as Grade 5 corrosion resistant. • Cycles of Operation Test: checks as to how many times the component can work in the system while in service. Normally, components like handles, rollers, etc. are tested for 25,000 cycles of operation. • Paint Coating Thickness: is checked for overall paint quality on painted parts like handles. The method of testing involves using a Dry Film
Thickness Tester or sometimes a Destructive Test is also done where the sample is broken and the section s examined under an Electron
Microscope for paint quality consistency. • Material Composition Test: is to ascertain the raw material & material grade of the product. It is done with a Spectrophotometer, to check for the presence/absence and percentage quantity of alloying elements essential for the properties of the component. • Fire Rating Test: is a major test required for the hardware going to be used on fire doors or commercial places. • Life Cycle Test: is another test for floor springs, door closers, etc. • Tension, Compression & Bend Test: for the glass load-bearing hardware such as spiders and railings.
School of Fine Arts, Belgium - Image courtesy, Sobinco
Kale adds that most of the products follow the best of European standards like EN-13126, EN-179, EN-1125, EN1303, EN-1935 and many more, and will have an in-house test center where one can check the hardware in a reallife scenario. “We check corrosion class after the cyclic test (wear & tear) to check actual real-life scenarios. Sobinco test lab is equipped to check all kinds of performance and safetyrelated tests,” he adds.
According to Thacker, the hardware quality should be tested for durability and strength performance, especially for the operation of movable sashes of windows and door height windows. A most important aspect is to check for any water penetration through the window/door. Security is also one of the most concerning issues, and the design, structure and quality of window and door hardware are very important, particularly in burglar-resistant window and door systems. Performance testing can include various strength, physical endurance, corrosion and operational tests for door hinges, locks, closers and panic exit hardware. It can help ensure that the hardware performs as intended over the lifetime of the product.
Conclusion:
Windows & doors are one of the most important elements in a building. Investments in quality windows and doors yield rich dividends. The right choice of hardware is very critical to distinguish a good window system from an ordinary one. Quality hardware gives the finishing touch to windows and doors for a better look and more effectiveness. Choosing the right hardware is about ensuring that all components meet stringent standards and that they are working together effortlessly. Hardware constitutes a meagre 1-3 percent of the building cost. However, over some time, maximum issues arise due to malfunctioning hardware, which can result in accidents and revenue loss. When choosing hardware, function, durability, design and quality should precede cost. The selection process would be easier if the products are tested and certified by recognised organisations. Along with using the right products, it is also very critical to ensure that they are installed properly. The future of the hardware industry is bright and the focus needs to be on innovation and adaptation to the requirements of the customer as also on sustainability and quality.
The main testing methods to determine the two broadly classified parameters, ie. mechanical and chemical properties can be summarised by the European testing standard EN 13126, The standard has 19 subdivisions that cover all different aspects of testing hardware. • Lifecycle testing: Class A, B, C and
D testing cycles of 15000, 20000, 25000 and 30000 for windows and Cycles of 25000, 30000, 35000 for doors respectively for the classes. • Operating forces - Load Capacity;
Salt spray Testing for 48- 480 hrs.
Some of the specific tests done are: 1. Preliminary loading 2. Open and close of the window 3. Air Infiltration Test ASTM E283 4. Static Water Penetration Test
ASTM E331 5. Dynamic Water Penetration Test
AAMA 501-1 6. Structural Performance Test
ASTM E330 7. Seismic Racking Test AAMA 501.4 8. Structural Proof Load Test ASTM
E330
NITIN MEHTA
Co-Founder and Executive Director,
ALCOI
Good quality hardware enhances the functionality of any door or window and adds to the aesthetics. Unfortunately, this integral fenestration element is often overlooked as compared to the frames and panels of the door or window. However, choosing the proper hardware for fenestration systems can immensely impact the durability and performance of the system.
Market Trends
The latest market trends point towards a minimalistic approach to hardware products. Items that occupy minimum space while merging seamlessly with the rest of the façade or fenestration system are popular due to their clean, premium aesthetic and ability to smoothly carry out their respective functions.
Here are four important aspects to consider while choosing hardware for doors, windows and facades: • Weight of the fenestration system:
Hardware for doors and windows includes locks, handles, and hinges.
The weight of the door or window in consideration plays a vital role in
Hardware that can camouflage with the fenestration system for a seamless look
determining which hardware can be a good fit. For instance, hinges should be durable enough to bear the required weight. Locks, bolts, and handles should complement the fenestration system and enable ease and comfort for the user. • Frequency of use: Doors and windows are used frequently and thus prone to wear and tear.
Even though one can minimise this through regular maintenance and proper care of the system,
implementing certain preventive measures beforehand can help elongate the same life span. In addition, choosing the correct hardware for these systems makes them easier to maneuver. One must consider this factor in highfootfall spaces such as washrooms, entrances, enclosed public areas, etc. • Ergonomic design and ease of use: For built environments such as homes, offices, schools and other
