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The UK’s leading equine health & well-being magazine
April/May 11
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Bacteria linked with disease in new research By Louise Cordell NEW research, funded by The Horse Trust, has revealed the link between bacteria and equine periodontal disease. The study, carried out by Alistair Cox at Edinburgh University, is also the first to describe the microscopic anatomy of the common disease. The painful condition affects around 60 per cent of horses aged over 15 and can have a big impact on their quality of life, ability to eat and performance. Although bacteria are known to be a cause of periodontal disease in humans, cats and dogs, its significance in relation to the disease in horses is less clear. Until now, mechanical factors, such as food being packed between the horse’s teeth due to abnormal growth was considered to be the primary cause. For the research, Cox examined the skulls of 22 horses that had been submitted for post mortem examination. Although none of the horses had received treatment for periodontal disease, 16 had some form of the illness. Alistair said: “This research highlights how common periodontal disease is in horses. Yet many horses don’t receive treatment so
are likely to be suffering in silence. I would advise all horse owners to get their vet or equine dentist to regularly check their horse to see if it is developing the condition.” He identified bacteria, including spirochaetes, that were associated with the presence of periodontal disease. Spirochaetes are known to be important in human and canine periodontal disease, but this is the first study to identiry spirochaetes associated with equine periodontal disease. Alistair added: “This study shows that bacteria may be more important than was previously thought in the development of equine periodontal disease. “More research is needed to understand whether bacteria or mechanical factors are the main cause of the disease. “Once we have a better understanding of why and how the disease develops, we can do more to prevent horses from developing this painful condition.” The study also found a significant association between the age of the horse and periodontal disease. Skulls were examined from horses ranging from four to over 20 years of age and the older horses were found to be more likely to have periodontal disease and a more advanced form of the condition.
The Mitsubishi Motors Badminton Horse Trials is hailed as the greatest three-day event in the world and the competition most event riders would like to win. This year the Trials are set to run over the Easter weekend, from April 21-25. They have also been extended for a day for the first time to allow for the Mitsubishi Motors Grassroots Championships for amateur/weekend riders and to give spectators the chance to walk the cross country course. Paul Tapner (pictured at last year’s Trials) is the current Badminton CCI**** Champion and will be competing this year with his horse Kilfinnie II.
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HORSE HEALTH I NEWS 3
Anti doping rule change welcomed THE British Equestrian Federation has announced a new set of National Equine Anti Doping and Controlled Medication rules. The new rules, which closely mirror the FEI guidelines, will affect all BEF member bodies in FEI disciplines, which must be fully compliant by 1 January 2012. The BEF member bodies concerned have welcomed the new standardised system, which aims to create a clear policy, with all adhering to the same prohibited substances list, sanctions and procedures. British Showjumping will be first Olympic discipline to join the system on 1 April 2011. The new system will see an increasing number of anti-doping tests across the disciplines and all affiliated members should expect their horse to be tested, whether they are competing at grass roots level or at a national championship. It is hoped that the creation of standardised national guidelines will make things clearer for riders, particularly those that compete in more than one discipline. Once all of the FEI disciplines introduce the new rules, the prohibited substances, procedures and sanctions will be the same, whatever discipline someone is competing in. The new system adopts the complete FEI’s prohibited substances list, including a ban on Non-Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs. These will be classed as controlled medications which, if found in a horse’s sample during competition, will result in a violation.
Study brings therapy for ‘mud fever’ By Louise Cordell THE results of a research project at Lincoln University have led to the development of an effective therapy for ‘mud fever’. The study looked at treating the symptoms associated with the disease, which affects hundreds of horses each year and is caused by a microbe found in mud during the winter months. The animal will often develop lesions and sores on the limbs, which can become infected and cause lameness and extreme and prolonged cases can even lead to the animal having to be put down. The results of the tests carried out in the study have now been used to develop a new product – Muddy Buddy Mud Kure – to ease and treat the symptoms. Frank Ruedisueli, programme leader and senior lecturer in bio-veterinary science, said: “We are very excited that our research has led to this product being made available which could ease the suffering of many horses. Winter in the UK can be a nightmare for horses and their owners due to the microbe Dermatophilus congolensis, which infects the animal through the skin of its lower limbs, predominantly the fetlock area. “Over the past five years staff and students at the University of Lincoln have been investigating potential topical anti-microbial treatments for this disease. “In-vitro testing of a specific active ingredient under laboratory condit-
Army horse Denzil retires to Horse Trust A HORSE that has spent nearly 19 years working for the army has retired to the Horse Trust in Buckinghamshire. Denzil, a 17.2hh gelding, started his army career with The King's Troop Royal Horse Artillery, before moving onto the Royal Army Veterinary Corps and then the Royal Engineers Saddle Club. He has spent the last six years working for the Light Cavalry Honourable Artillery Company in Windsor, taking part in ceremonial duties and teaching people to ride.
The Irish Cross Thoroughbred is retiring as he has an arthritic condition, which has worsened over recent months so he can no longer be ridden. Caroline Quested, Denzil’s stable manager, said: “The Horse Trust's Home of Rest for Horses is such a fantastic place for him to retire to. “I'm so glad that the charity was able to take him in as he's given so many years of his life to the army and deserves a good retirement – we will all miss him madly though.”
ions resulted in a new formulation. This was then tested on horses with severe or stubborn cases of the condition in a nationwide field study.” The anti-microbial and wound healing powder can be puffed onto the wounds, which is of great benefit when the horse is too sore to touch. The anti-microbial cream can then be applied once the horse has bec-ome less sensitive – and results were so encouraging that this product was developed further with a manufacturer of animal health products and is now commercially available. Mr Ruedisueli added: “After all the effort put in by staff and students, it is great to see research resulting in a practical application. This shows students that undergraduate research does contribute to animal health in the long term. New research projects with potential practical application are constantly being developed, providing opportunities for students and furthering knowledge in this area.”
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Whilst every effort is made to ensure the accuracy of all content, the publishers do not accept liability for error, printed or otherwise, that may occur.
Innovative range on offer MASSAGE to pulsed electromagnetic therapy, equine treadmills to laser therapy – it’s got to be FMBs Therapy Systems. FMBs Therapy Systems might be best associated with magnetic therapy, but there’s a lot more to this innovative range. FMBs Static Magnetic therapy comes in various rugs, beds and wraps to cover most parts of the body. This is a good form for therapy, but something like the Activo-Med Combi Pro rug has Pulsed Electromagnetic Field and massage therapy combined in one product. This particular item is used and endorsed by many top riders to support body systems, loosen and relax muscles and aid the recovery process. There is a range of rug types and
additions available to suit the needs of your yard. For rehabilitation and exercise, treadmills are ideal. The company supply a dry and water treadmill, providing a great form of exercise, and a superb alternative to horse walkers for those who don’t have the space. The Massage Mounty Roller is one of the company’s latest product and combines compression massage and pulsating massage to help loosen, relax and warm up the horse’s back. It uses compressed air technology to do this and is currently on an introductory offer. For more information, see: www.fmbs.co.uk, call: 01628 472440/07885 539312 or e-mail: info@fmbs.co.uk
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HORSE HEALTH I NEWS
Study reveals futility of whipping racehorses WHIPPING racehorses is pointless and makes no difference to the outcome of the race, according to new research. A study carried out by two vets from the University of Syndney found that instead, how a horse ran in the first part of the race – when it wasn’t being whipped, was the most critical factor for success. The report, which has been published in the Public Library of Science, investigated the impact of whipping on performance in Thoroughbred races. Dr David Evans, co-author and honorary associate professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Science, said: “We looked at running times in a series of races, how whips were used and whether that whip use influenced the outcome of a race. “What we found was that whipping did not affect the probability of whether or not a horse finished a race in the first three placings. “How a horse ran in the first part of
a race, when it wasn't being whipped, was the most critical factor in racing success. “So horses are being whipped in the final stages of a race, in the face of muscle fatigue, for no benefit.” Animal behaviour expert and coauthor Professor Paul McGreevy said he hoped this research would highlight the futility of whipping. He said: “The reason for whip use has traditionally been the need to be seen to ride the horse out and the suggestion that you can steer a horse with the whip. “Many horse riders, and certainly these findings, refute that. “Top performance horses have been bred and prepared to give their best – add to that excellent horsemanship and you’ve got a winning combination. “We have evidence here that great horsemanship does not involve flogging tired horses.” The research was funded by RSPCA
Continuing to innovate within the industry ANOTHER first for Virbac – Equine SQP CPD webinars. Ten years after their entry into the equine market place with leading wormer brands Equimax and Eraquell, Virbac Animal Health continues to innovate within the industry. Virbac will be hosting the first Equine SQP CPD webinars in May ahead of the 30 June AMTRA CPD points deadline. These two seminars have been approved by AMTRA and will be worth seven CPD points each or a total of 20 points if both are attended. Callum Blair MRCVS, senior veterinary adviser for Virbac, said: “We are aware that a number of SQPs are still in need of CPD seminar points ahead of the 30 June deadline. “Opportunities to earn these points are running out and the cost incurred in attending seminars can be significant, particularly to SQPs in remote communities. “Webinars provide the ideal platform for SQPs to attend a seminar without having to leave home or close the shop for a day.”
The seminars will take place in the evening and will cost £15 (+VAT) each. Further details of technical requirements will be available at the time of registration.
Anyone wishing to attend these webinars should e-mail: enquiries@virbac.co.uk to register their interest including their name and contact details.
Australia and carried out with the assistance of Racing New South Wales.
would expect – to try to make their slowing horse recover speed in the closing stages of a race.
Dr Bidda Jones, RSPCA chief scientist, said the results will help end the debate over whether there is a place for whipping in the future of Australian Thoroughbred racing.
“What is surprising is the finding that whipping doesn't make any difference. Jockeys may as well save their energy, keep their hands on the reins, and head straight for home – their horses will be so much better off for it.”
She said: “This study has found that jockeys use whips just as people
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HORSE HEALTH I NEWS 7
It’s all in the eyes ... ground before a jump, to the jump itself and then to the ground beyond.
By Louise Cordell THE world’s first study of rider’s eye movements has revealed the key to show jumping success.
However, the more experienced show jump rider was found to fix their gaze on the jump much sooner than each of the other riders – up to 3.05 seconds earlier before take off than the least experienced rider – as well as spending significantly longer fixated on each point.
Equine scientists have collected evidence to prove how the miniscule eye movements of elite riders can determine their success in show jumping. The team at Nottingham Trent University have used state of the art technology to compare the ‘visual strategies’ of riders with different levels of experience, providing an insight into their gaze behaviour.
Carol Hall, from the University’s equine science research team, said: “The findings from this study have the potential to be applied in elite equestrian training and to significantly improve performance in equestrian sports.
Using a hi-tech mobile eye tracking device, they were able to record exactly what a rider looked at, and how long for, when approaching a jump. A show-jumper, an event rider, a point to point rider and a noncompetitive rider were all asked to make five rounds of an identical three jump course. Then, by playing back the footage, the researchers were able to
monitor the rider’s point of gaze at each stage of the course and determine how long they spent looking at specific areas or
features. Preliminary analysis revealed that when approaching a jump, riders rapidly alter their gaze from the
“By understanding the visual behaviour of successful show jumpers, we wil be able to assist in the training of up and coming riders, as well as providing safer training programmes for novice riders. I’m confident that our work will help to improve human safety and equine welfare throughout the sport.”
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HORSE HEALTH I NEWS
Genetic test is hailed a success By Louise Cordell A GENETIC test for carriers of Fell Pony Foal Syndrome has been a massive success, with nearly 1,000 breeders submitting samples for testing in just one year. The condition, which is now known as Foal Immunodeficiency Syndrome as it also affects other breeds of ponies, is untreatable and fatal.
New role for Martin ACTOR and horse lover Martin Clunes has been named as the next president of the British Horse Society. He will take up the post when current president, Desi Dillingham, steps down at the end of her extended term of office in June. As well as being well known for his screen appearances including ‘Men Behaving Badly’ and ‘Doc Martin’, his 2010 ITV documentary series ‘Horsepower’ revealed Martin’s passion for horses. He said: “It is an enormous honour to be asked to serve the BHS as its next president. “I have so much to learn and with the Society changing so much in recent years I hope that we can grow together, capitalising on the vitality, enthusiasm and passion of its membership.
“Every time we learn of another horse which has suffered at man’s hands we realise how essential – and urgent – is the welfare work of the BHS. “If, when I become president, I can help the Society alleviate the suffering of a single horse whose trust has been betrayed by humans, then I will have done some good. If tens of thousands of people join me, that good will be magnified. “Above all, I hope I can help spread something of the joy which comes from associating with horses to those, especially the young, who otherwise would never make their acquaintance. “We all delight in our horses and we all should spread a little of that delight to as many people as possible.”
Affected foals have severe progressive anaemia and a deficient immune system, which leads them to succumb to infection and they will usually die by the age of three months. A three year research project, funded by The Horse Trust and led by Dr June Swinburne at the Animal Health Trust and Professor Stuart Carter of Liverpool University, identified the mutation that causes the disease and developed a genetic test to identify carriers. As the disease only occurs in foals when two carriers are bred together, breeders can use the test to prevent the disease by ensuring that known carriers are not bred together. Since the genetic test was launched in February 2010, Swinburne's team has tested 970 samples from Fell and Dales ponies, of which three quarters were from Fell ponies. As there are around 8,000 Fell ponies worldwide and around 1,100 Dales ponies in the UK, this means that already nearly ten per cent of
Fell ponies and over 20 per cent of Dales ponies have been tested for FIS. Dr Swinburne said: “This test has been a massive success among the Fell and Dales pony breeding communities. “We hope the test will prevent unnecessary suffering among foals as breeders can now easily prevent the conception of those with FIS. “As so many breeders tested their breeding stock last year, we hope there will be very few foals affected by this horrendous disease in the future.” Among those tested, Dr Swinburne found that 47 per cent of Fell ponies and ten per cent of Dales ponies carry the mutation for FIS. The test also allows breeders to diagnose FIS in newborn foals, which can be difficult for the first couple of weeks, allowing the foal to be euthanased before it suffers. Over the last year, Dr Swinburne's team diagnosed 13 foals (12 Fell ponies and one Dales pony) using the test. Jeanette Allen, The Horse Trust chief executive officer, said: “We are really excited that the research we've funded has had such a big impact on the welfare of Fell and Dales ponies. “We hope that breeders will continue to make use of this test to ensure that no more ponies have to suffer needlessly from this distressing disease.”
Boost for transportation campaign A LONG-running charity campaign to end the long distance transportation of horses to slaughter has received a boost thanks to new expert recommendations. World Horse Welfare has welcomed a new report from the European Food Safety Authority which suggests a cap on journey times and improved welfare conditions for horses. The charity’s own research and field investigations was taken into account for the report and many of its priorities, including space allowance, water provision and
partition design, are explored. EFSA’s recommendations for improvements to current EU welfare legislation will now inform a report being produced by the European Commission on the current Regulation, which is due out in the autumn. Jo White, WHW director of campaigns, said: “The recommendation for a 12-hour journey limit for horses destined for slaughter is extremely welcome. “To have this introduced and then robustly enforced could bring an end to the stress, exhaustion and
suffering the charity sees during investigations along Europe’s slaughter routes. “We are delighted that our evidence was referred to in the final report and we now call on the EU Commission to work quickly towards the introduction of short, finite journey limits, which could end the single biggest abuse of horses in Europe.” Other recommendations made by the report include: providing water before and after the journey and continual access to an unrestricted supply of clean drinking water during
the whole of any rest period, ensuring all horses are transported in individual partitions (with some exceptions) and undertaking research to improve the design of partitions. Roly Owers, WHW chief executive, said: “We are very pleased EFSA has taken note of our evidence and developed recommendations that will improve the current situation. “This not only shows the current Regulation does not go far enough, but that improvements are essential to horse welfare.”
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feeding and nutrition
Is there a stable core microbiota in the horse? By Kirsty Dougal AN essential feature of the horse’s intestinal tract is the presence of large numbers of bacteria that assist in the breakdown of food to yield energy. In the large intestine the presence of a symbiotic microbial population allows for utilisation of dietary components (such as cellulose and hemi-cellulose) that would otherwise be indigestible. The microbiota ferment these structural plant carbohydrates to yield volatile fatty acids, which can then be absorbed and metabolised to provide energy. It has been demonstrated in several studies that varying the relative proportion of fibre and starch fed to horses can result in significant alterations in the microbial population of the hindgut. This is part of the reason why changes in diet may result in disorders such as colic and laminitis. Currently, however, our knowledge of the types, numbers and role of different bacteria within the equine gut is very limited, restricting us from being able to determine how best to utilise nutrition and management practices to help prevent certain clinical problems - for example laminitis. The causes of laminitis are many and varied; however, one of main areas of interest is carbohydrate overload, either due to a high starch grain intake or an ‘excessive’ intake of fructan (plus starch and simple sugars) from pasture. There are a number of different theories which try to explain the gap between the events in the large intestine and the apparently remote processes that occur in the foot. What does appear to be a unifying factor is disruption to the balance of the microbial population of the large intestine. In response to large quantities of starch or fructan bypassing digestion in the small intestine (the normal site for starch digestion) and being rapidly fermented in the hind gut, proliferation of gram positive lactic acid producing bacteria occurs. This results in excess lactate production, and therefore an increase in the acidity within the hind gut resulting in the death of certain gram negative bacteria.
Kirsty Dougal Resultant endotoxins as well as vasocative amines and other active biological factors are thought to be absorbed across the gut mucosa into the circulation, beginning the chain events that can result in lamellar separation. Traditionally bacterial identification has been carried out by cultivation on specific microbiological plates. However, this method has many limitations especially when considering bacteria from the gut, as they normally live in conditions that are very difficult to replicate in a laboratory setting. The development of new high throughput DNA sequencing technology allows us to identify bacteria by their genetic code without being reliant on being able to grow them in culture. This enables us to more accurately and rapidly identify what bacteria are in the gut and how the relative proportions may change under different conditions. Using these modern techniques the aim is to identify which bacterial species exist within the large intestine of the healthy horse, and whether there is a core group of bacteria which exist in all horses. Identifying the normal, ‘healthy’ bacterial population will allow further research to investigate what happens when we change management practices and why this might lead to clinical problems.
Kirsty Dougal is a Waltham Centre for Pet Nutrition Phd student
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HORSE HEALTH I
feeding and nutrition
Feeding for breeding and fertility By Jane Buchan, Baileys Horse Feeds FERTILITY and pregnancy require nutritional support, just like the physical demands of performance, and any deficiency could lead to ‘under performance’, such as compromised fertility rates for the stallion or an inability to conceive in the mare. Whilst a fully balanced diet should provide all a mare or stallion needs, there are specific nutrients which play a role in fertility and the development of the foetus.
Protein: This is the major constituent of all body tissues, from muscle, bone and skin to reproductive organs, and not just of the parent mare and stallion but of the resultant growing foal. Most stud feeds will therefore provide elevated levels of protein to meet these increased demands but the quality of the protein is just as important because this determines the types and amounts of the individual component amino acids available in the feed.
Omega 3 fatty acids: Specific omega 3 fatty acids are directly incorporated into cell walls
and, since an egg and a sperm are single cells, the quality and integrity of their cell walls can have a direct affect on their viability. Indeed, research has shown that a deficiency of these fatty acids can lead to infertility and, as the horse’s body is incapable of manufacturing these ‘essential’ fatty acids, they must be supplied by the diet.
Vitamins and minerals: Antioxidant vitamins, like C and E, are known to support fertility whilst the mineral selenium is vital for sperm formation and a deficiency has been shown to result in sperm abnormalities and reduced fertility. Other minerals, such as zinc, are essential for hormonal regulation in both sexes, whilst beta-carotene (the precursor to vitamin A) increases fertility and libido and is particularly beneficial to mares as it stimulates ovarian activity and can reduce the incidence of cycling problems.
Synergy: Just as biotin is not the only nutrient involved in the production of healthy hooves so no one of these nutrients works in isolation and they all have different modes of action and interact with other nutrients in the body. For this reason, a fully balanced diet supplying a range of nutrients will have more and wider reaching benefits than attempting to supplement the diet with one or two selected nutrients.
shown that the growing foetus lays down stores of minerals in the liver on which to draw when it is born and growing rapidly, so a deficiency in the mare’s diet during pregnancy can have a ‘knock-on’ effect on the growth of the foal. This is when products like a nutrient dense, low calorie stud balancer become invaluable in order to maintain nutrient intake without supplying potentially unwanted calories.
Extra help: Where a mare or stallion still has fertility issues despite a good quality balanced diet, it’s possible that further supplementation may be beneficial, although breeders should consult their vets first to determine any possible underlying cause. Certainly there’s a case for busy stallions to receive additional omega 3 fatty acids in the diet because the direct incorporation of these into the cells helps create stronger membranes which should improve sperm viability.
Indeed, keeping breeding stock on a balanced diet all year round, and not allowing extreme fluctuations of body condition, will help them maintain internal reserves and be in a better position to breed successfully.
There is also potential benefit to the mare since they are metabolised to anti-inflammatory compounds in the body and this is thought to reduce the inflammatory response in the reproductive tract directly after covering, thus increasing the chances of conception.
Keep feeding:
Supplementation:
A mare in good condition, not fat or thin, and on a fully balanced diet prior to covering, will be more likely to conceive first time. It is then vital that the mare continues to receive this balanced diet from conception onwards as development of the foetus commences immediately, and requires nutritional support throughout gestation. Research has
Fish oil, like cod liver oil, is the richest source of the necessary essential omega 3 fatty acids but, since the increased inclusion of oils in the diet requires a corresponding increase in the inclusion of supporting antioxidants, it is best to choose a specially formulated supplement designed to provide a range of nutrients that work together to support fertility.
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feeding and nutrition
HORSE HEALTH I 11
Managing horses on pastures By Lizzie Drury GRASS is magic – it is rich in energy and protein, high in omega 3 fatty acids and rich in antioxidants, particularly vitamin E. It is also very appetising and it would be hard to find a horse that won’t dig in when offered fresh grass, even the most picky of eaters. However, as much as it would be wonderful to rely on pasture alone, this natural forage can be dangerous for some horses and ponies. Fructans are specially adapted sugars that are found in grass and are unique in that the strong bonds that hold the fructose sugars together cannot be broken down by the normal enzyme action that breaks down sugars in the stomach and small intestine. These sugars can then pass undigested through into the hindgut where they are rapidly fermented by the hindgut microbes, producing lactic acid and volatile fatty acids. Volatile fatty acids are the normal products of digestion of cellulose and other cell wall constituents of forages, so horses can handle them well. Lactic acid, however, is neither efficiently used by other bacteria nor readily absorbed from the hindgut, resulting in an accumulation of lactic acid in the hindgut. The accumulation of lactic acid in the hindgut significantly lowers the pH level and can upset the delicate microbial balance. Hindgut acidosis is one of the most direct causes of problems such as colic and laminitis in horses and ponies on pasture. All horses are at risk to digestive upsets associated with fresh spring pasture if they have not been properly introduced to the pasture and the gut allowed to adjust properly to the dietary change. Ponies that have the ‘good doer’ gene or those that are already overweight seem to survive on little else other than fresh air and because of the risk of insulin resistance and associated high levels of circulating pro inflammatory agents are particularly at risk to problems such as laminitis when grazed on pastures with high fructan levels. Fructans are produced by photosynthesis, which occurs during the daylight hours – the sunnier the day the more photosynthesis and the more fructans are produced. Overnight the plant uses the sugars to grow more leaves and stems and extra sugars that are not used for growth are stored within the plant tissues. Night temperatures are important
Lizzie Drury
Pasture should be managed so horses do not overgraze
because if the temperature is too cold then the plant will not grow and the sugars will remain in the leaves in high concentrations.
eat pasture plants with the highest fructan levels even when a variety of forage is available.
horses (providing that they are not compromised by disease or parasites).
Environmental stress can also cause fructan levels to increase – in plants reacting to frost or drought, fructan levels can rise by up to 30 per cent.
Those that generally should avoid fructans are good doers and overweight horses and ponies.
A common question asked by worried horse owners is ‘when is the safest time to graze my horse?’ and the answer is it depends upon weather and temperature cycles. However as a guide; during warm days and cool nights sensitive horses should not be allowed to graze at all. During sunny days and warm nights, horses should be grazed early in the morning when the grass has used up the sugars for growth during the night hours and then removed from the pasture when the process starts again and fructan levels begin to rise again. Another factor that needs to be taken into account is the plant’s growing cycle. When grasses grow in the spring, the first three to six inches of growth have low levels of fructans. However, while the fructan levels may be low, so are the amounts of indigestible cellulose and lignin and horses tend to eat large amounts of this highly palatable new grass. In mature forages (plants above eight to ten inches) levels of fructans, cellulose and lignin are higher, and the high cellulose and lignin levels tend to decrease intakes. Whether horses eat smaller amounts of mature pasture or larger amounts of immature pasture the fructan intake may total about the same for both scenarios. Pastures should be managed so that horses do not overgraze. In pastures that have been heavily grazed, horses may have no choice but to graze the lower two inches of pasture plants where fructans are stored. However, horses tend to be selective when grazing and often choose to
As a general rule, horses that have a high energy requirement can handle fructans providing that they have had time to adapt to them gradually and these include growing horses, lactating mares, hard working horses and thin or metabolically active
However, we must also remember that all horses and ponies are different, regardless of breed but it is wise to keep a close eye on all pastured horses and check for signs of colic and laminitis.
Lizzie Drury MSc Registered Nutritionist, works at Saracen Horse Feeds
Aiding good digestion and boosting immunity CHARCOAL has been used for thousands of years as an aid to good digestion and to boost immunity. A proprietary brand of charcoal called Happy Tummy, from Fine Fettle Feeds, is widely used by discerning horse owners to help keep their horses healthy. It works by carrying oxygen into the horse’s system, and adsorbing toxins that have accumulated through stress, and a diet lacking in essential nutrients. Happy Tummy helps maintain good digestive health and avoid a wide range of infections. Our charcoal has no medicinal properties, since it is completely inert and indigestible; it simply acts to bind toxins to itself, and pass them out of the animal’s system. Happy Tummy is riddled with a network of crevasses, cracks and pores, so much so that the combined surface area of a 1cm cube would unfold to an area of 1000 square metres. This tremendous surface area absorbs a huge range of bad bacteria and toxins, making charcoal the undisputed champion of
detoxifiers. All our products are Veterinary Medicines Directorate compliant. Our customers report that Happy Tummy boosts the health of horses suffering from conditions such as colic, gastric ulcers, tying up and the side effects of wind sucking.
For more information call: 01600 712496 or visit: www.finefettlefeed.com/
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HORSE HEALTH I
worming
There are a limited number of effective active ingredients available to tackle equine parasites and it is vital that these are used carefully to preserve their efficacy. Dr Emma Batson from Merial Equine Health explains the mode of action of anthelmintics and presents ‘refugia’ as an important concept in the fight against resistance.
Anthelmintic action Mode of action: The mode of action is the way in which an anthelmintic treatment attacks the parasites. Anthelmintics must selectively attack the parasite and not the horse host. This is usually achieved by inhibiting a metabolic process, which is vital to the parasite but not the host, or by exposing the parasite to higher concentrations of the compound than the host. The majority of anthelmintics work by interfering with the parasites’ cell structure or metabolism, neuromuscular co-ordination or protective mechanisms against the hosts’ immunity. In turn this leads to starvation, paralysis and death, and removal of the parasite.
Process: Once an anthelmintic has been administered, it is usually absorbed into the blood stream where it is transported around the body.
It is eventually metabolised by the liver and excreted in urine and faeces. Since equine anthelmintics are normally administered by mouth and many of the parasites affecting horses live in the lumen of the intestiane or close to the intestinal mucosa, there may be direct action of the ingested anthelmintic on the parasite. However, some parasites travel through the liver or the lungs or other parts of the body during migratory phases of their life cycle. Whatever the location, for a parasite to be effectively removed, it is essential that it comes into contact with the drug at a sufficiently high concentration, either through the GI tract directly or the blood supplying the parasite’s location. Anthelmintics are split into classes (chemical families), based on their active ingredients. There are four major classes of
anthelmintics licensed for use against equine parasites; the macrocyclic lactones, the benzimidazoles, the tetrahydropyrimidines and the pyrazino-isoquinolines. Macrocyclic Lactones treat a wide range of mature and immature nematodes and arthropods and act by binding to receptors in the parasite’s nerve cells. This causes an influx of chloride ions paralysing the pharynx, the body wall and the uterine muscles. Macrocyclic lactones are highly lipophilic (have an affinity to lipids) from where they are released, metabolised by the liver and excreted. Benzimidazoles treat a range of adult and some immature nematodes by inhibiting tubulin formation. Tubulins are globular proteins which make up structural components within cells. Benzimidazoles deplete energy reserves and parasites are starved to death by the inhibition of glucose uptake. They also inhibit the excretion of waste products and protective factors from parasite cells Tetrahydropyrimidines treat adult ascarids, large and small strongyles, pinworms and tapeworms (double dose). Pyrantel causes rapid, spastic paralysis, which is reversible. When the parasites are paralysed, they are expelled from the gut during peristalsis. Praziquantel modulates cell
What is refugia? Within a total worm population, some worms will be resistant to treatment, and some worms will not. Although drugs from different chemical classes remove worms in different ways, as shown above, they all share one common goal: remove the ‘treatment-sensitive’ worms. Following anthelmintic administration, only resistant worms are left in the horse. However, at any one time there is also a population of worms not exposed to treatment, either because that treatment does not target the specific stage in their life cycle, or because worming is targeted to horses with WEC results of over 200epg. This population of non-resistant worms is termed ‘refugia’. Refugia consists of: Eggs and larvae on pasture. Some species and stages of
Redworms membrane permeability in tapeworms, causing spastic paralysis of muscle cells within the parasite. Both of these work on tapeworms.
Resistance: Regardless of the brand of anthelmintic administered, the active ingredients are limited to one (or a combination) of the four groups described above. This small number of effective active ingredient groups means that it is vital that these are preserved. Worming unnecessarily, over and under dosing is increasing resistance amongst equine parasites and one of the best ways to help prevent further resistance is to advise horse owners on a targeted approach to worming. Worm egg counts and ELISA blood tests for tapeworm detection will help owners make informed decisions about their horse’s worming routine, and a planner makes keeping track of each horse’s worming routine easy. worms in the horse that are not susceptible to particular worming treatments (for example, not all wormers are effective against immature stages of worms so these will ‘escape’ the effects of treatment). The key to reducing the rate of development of resistance is to maintain a population of worms that are not exposed to a treatment (in refugia). In this way, there is always a population of worms that remain sensitive to treatment. Maintaining a population in refugia ensures a gene pool of treatmentsensitive worms and dilutes the resistant worm population. In order to maintain a population of worms in refugia, horses should be treated according to their actual needs, as determined by WECs (treatment of horses with WECs of more than 200 epg) and ELISA tests. Treatments should be targeted to the actual threat present.
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HORSE HEALTH I 15
Summer skin allergies By Ed Whittle SPRING through to autumn can be a fairly miserable time for horses suffering from summer skin allergies, such as sweet itch. In many cases vets may only be consulted once other resources have been exhausted, by which time the condition of the horse’s skin may have deteriorated to such an extent that it poses a welfare concern.
Causes: The clinical signs of summer skin allergies in horses and ponies are usually a result of both type I and type IV hypersensitivity reactions. Allergens that induce these hypersensitivity reactions include bites and stings. Sweet itch, otherwise known as summer seasonal recurrent dermatitis (SSRD), is caused by an allergy to the saliva in the bite of Culicoides midges and affects up to five per cent of all horses in the UK. It is notoriously difficult to manage and once a horse develops the condition it can recur every summer, proving a management nightmare for owners. This seasonality can also prove to be a major issue for both owners and vets, as sweet itch sufferers sold during the winter months are hard to spot during a vetting. Often the first an owner knows about the condition is when it appears in their new horse during the spring.
The clinical signs: Particularly prevalent during the summer months when midges are most active, the dorsal surface – including the mane, withers, rump and dock – are often areas that are affected. The main clinical sign of summer skin allergies is pruritis (intense itching), manifested as rubbing. This can lead to an actively inflamed and sometimes excoriated skin surface, with the skin becoming damaged and parts of the coat, and underlying skin being rubbed away. As the condition progresses the skin can thicken, become wrinkled and the hair becomes sparse and coarse with flaky dandruff. Exudative dermatitis (weeping sores, sometimes with a yellow crust of dried serum) may also develop which, if left untreated, can lead to secondary bacterial infection. The itching can become so severe that horses scratch themselves on
anything in reach including posts, stable doors and trees. Excessive mutual grooming from field companions is common and horses have been known to roll and try and scratch themselves with their hind hooves. They may also become restless, irritable and suffer from weight loss. The clinical signs of summer skin allergies are a result of allergens binding IgE molecules attached to the surface of mast cells, leading to their degranulation and subsequent release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators. This results in the pruritus and inflammatory response seen in horses with summer skin allergies.
Management: Management, in the case of sweet itch, should consist of a threepronged approach: Decreasing the horse’s exposure to the midges can consist of relocating horses away from boggy fields to more exposed, windy locations; stabling horses at dawn and dusk when midges are most prevalent and protecting horses out at grass with light rugs and hoods. When stabled, a fine mesh screen placed across stable doors and windows, and the use of overhead fans, can reduce midge entry. Insect repellents and insecticides can control midges and prevent them from biting the horse. They should be applied well before signs develop and should not be applied to inflamed or broken skin. Stopping the itching with corticosteroids which temporarily offer relief by depressing the inflammatory response, however there may be serious side effects, such as laminitis. Antihistamines can be effective, but they may cause drowsiness. Veterinary intervention should be sought before the condition has a chance to set in, and the veterinary surgeon will be able to advise on the most suitable products available to help maintain and support a healthy skin in prone horses. All preventative measures, such as utilising the insect repellents and administering topical gels and food supplements, should be instigated in March and April before the midge season starts, to prevent the midges from biting and stimulating the inflammatory reaction.
Ed Whittle MA VetMB MRCVS is veterinary advisor at Janssen Animal Health
Sweet Itch Awareness Month takes place throughout April to highlight the condition and the preventative measures that should be carried out to help alleviate it. A joint initiative between Janssen Animal Health the British Horse Society, Redwings Horse Sanctuary and World Horse Welfare, please visit www.fidavet.com or phone 01494 567555 for further information. Above: Degranulating mast cell and, below: Mast cell
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B l o o d s t o c k m a tter s
Exercise or training? A human versus racehorse comparison By David Chapman Jones
period of time.
WHEN does exercise become training or, is raising a distinction between the two merely semantics?
It is a way of alternating training methods to arrive at a peak, ideally during the competition season.
Preparation for competition is now concentrated in the detail, meticulous planning and the aggregation of marginal gains.
A training plan is commonly divided into a number of different cycles that have clear objectives towards the greater aim.
Training is about seeking an edge, the detail that separates one competitor from the rest.
A macro cycle refers to the longterm plan that works towards peaking for a specific competition of the year.
A well rounded training schedule will identify specific areas, how they are addressed, assessed and monitored. Looking at National Hunt horseracing I will highlight some example areas and provide some suggestions how they can be targeted.
Periodisation: Periodisation is the organised approach to training that involves progressive cycles of various aspects of a training program, over a specific
this are good balance, good proprioception, flexibility, muscular strength and agility. Training skills that require coordination, speed, quick reflexes and strength will have beneficial affects in others areas of the training process. The question is can these skills be learnt and developed and if so how?
Example activities to target during the preparation phase for a National Hunt horse training could be:
Proprioception: This is a distinct sensory modality that provides feedback solely on the status of the body internally. It is the sense that indicates whether the body is moving with the required effort, as well as where the various parts of the body are located in relation to each other.
Develop skills in jumping ability: A horse that must clear a series of obstacles whilst traveling at 40 km/hour should not only jump well but also in a manner that least disrupts their running speed and cadence. The skills required to do
Developing this skill is essential for all racehorses but for those involved in jumping it is absolutely crucial. Proprioceptive skills can be greatly enhanced by pole and grid work, undertaken under saddle and long reined.
There are three phases in the macro cycle: preparation, generally 60 to 75 per cent, competition and transition.
Effective long reining can teach the horse proper rein contact, lateral movements and balance, however, tight circles should be avoided. Loose-work will encourage stretching. Long reining outside the confines of the school will introduce a variety of surfaces and maintain the horse’s attention in the presence of distractions. Long reining over lines of poles and grids will encourage joint flexion and stride extension, help establish balance, co-ordination and aid concentration.
Fitness and conditioning work:
Speed endurance: The horse should, from a cardio-vascular perspective, be well conditioned in order for it to operate at near maximal speed for a given period of time.
Continued on Page 17
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B l o o d s t o c k matter s Continued from Page 16 Being able to physiologically cope with being close to the ‘red line’ whilst running efficiently is an essential quality for any time based performance athlete. Although the term, speed endurance is often aimed at the long sprinters (five to eight furlongs in horses or 200 to 800m in humans), it also benefits the longer distance competitors. In order to match the specific distance and intensity of the session to the athlete it is helpful to know the physiological profile of that athlete. It can be painful to watch horses running distances they are clearly not designed to compete at, given their physiological profile and training status. Muscular strength: Muscle strength in terms of power output can be measured accurately in watts and is the ability of the muscle to produce work. Sprinting requires power to generate forces off the ground and a good example of understanding this within a single sport is cycling. The cyclists that are good at sprinting have a very different body type to those that efficiently climb very steep hills. The sprinters have huge muscle bulk in their legs which generate massive power outputs of up to 700 watts whilst the climbers are much leaner and lighter and often have greater power to weight ratios than their sprinter colleagues, but cannot generate the big numbers in terms of power output. To develop muscular power for horse and human athletes hill running has a great strengthening effect as well as boosting the athlete's power output, and is ideal for those who depend on high running speeds. Hill running is beneficial because the athlete uses their body weight as a resistance to push against, so the driving muscles, from which their leg power is derived, have to work harder. For horses, the exercise is a good way to encourage the horse to engage the muscles of the back and hind limbs to push it along, as opposed to pulling itself up the hill using its forelimbs. Hill training forms a strong base for human athletes and now dominates race horse training. Whilst hill running offers the benefits of developing muscle power, muscle elasticity, and improvement in stride frequency and length, it also helps to develop co-ordination, encouraging control and stabilisation as well as improving speed.
Jump horses have to be well balanced with good proprioception and co-ordination skills, which need to be worked on extensively in training Different types of hill in terms of length, gradient, surface etc can be used to target different training goals. The benefits of short, medium and long hills are quite different, and can be used at different times of the training and competition year. This can apply equally to human and horse training. Downhill running: Repeated fast downhill run sessions are not ideal because of the high potential for injury. However, if undertaken in a relaxed way it is beneficial. Running downhill is a good exercise for improving coordination, balance and leg speed, and should be incorporated into a training programme as some racecourses, for example Cheltenham, have downhill sections to them. With racehorses it requires an experienced rider that can sit quietly and let the horse dictate the manner of descent without letting it run away with you.
degrees will help to alleviate post exercise muscle pain and loss of strength for at least six weeks. Different surfaces: There are advantages of combining hills with resistive surfaces. However, this type of work should have a warning sign because it has the potential for injury because it changes the gait of the athlete. At the same time, there is a reduced risk of soft/hard tissue damaging through impact injuries so a balance should be struck; the tougher the session the more carefully it must be integrated into the overall training plan.
Conclusion: To return to the original question, training or exercise, we should look at marathon runners. The London Marathon for example, is an unusual sporting event because world class elite and recreational runners run in the same race. Clearly for all the competitors running 26.2 miles requires some
degree of preparation and planning. However, running the marathon for the elite runners who cover the course in a little over two hours, running at nearly 20k/h does require a multifaceted approach to reach that level and be ready for competition on a specific day. I suspect that the recreation runner will generally have ‘gone out for a run’ in preparation on a reasonably regular basis. In comparison the elite runners’ training programme will be meticulously planned down to the last detail and will contain many different elements not just running. For racehorses the same degree of attention to detail is required in order for them to reach their peak of fitness for a particular competitive phase. An incremental, stepwise progression of different aspects of exercise and activities should be outlined months in advance to ensure that this peak can be successfully reached at the correct time.
The majority of athletes will experience muscle soreness after strenuous workouts and races. Research has shown that muscle pain and loss of strength can be reduced if athletes undertake eccentric (lengthening) training. Downhill running will achieve this because it involves movement down a gradient that places the muscles in the front of the leg under eccentric stress. It is estimated that a single downhill session of six to ten downhill runs over 300m with a gradient of 10
Pole work can help develop proprioception and co-ordination skills
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HORSE HEALTH I
The National Equine Forum
New survey reveals UK's current equine healthcare problems By Christine Keate OVER 200 of the most influential members of the equine industry, including NEF President HRH The Princess Royal, recently attended the 19th National Equine Forum. Ever at the forefront of key industry decisions and initiatives, the NEF saw Minister of State for Agriculture and Food James Paice MP, announce the government’s next steps for the equine industry. He discussed the threat of exotic disease and the importance of working together on disease control with the help of the new Equine Core Group, established last year to advise Defra on disease control measures.
securing rare and valuable bloodlines for the future. He cited not only the devastation to be felt by the horse owner whose animal contracts, for example, African Horse Sickness, and the automatic slaughter thereof, but also the effects of the geographical restrictions which will instantly be enforced. The potential effects of a 50km standstill for a minimum of two months, quite possibly much longer, would be a crippling blow not only to events within the area, but also to breeding mares and stallions, should it occur during the stud season.
He also discussed new rules with regard to Contagious Equine Metritis, which have opened the export market to India, an important channel for the horse breeding industry.
The Rare Breeds Survival Trust has taken the initiative to store semen from 12 breeds, and Sport Horse Breeding has led to the commercial freezing of stallion semen, however the long term survival of rare breeds and bloodlines would be in jeopardy without further planning.
Tullis Matson, director of Stallion AI Services considered another aspect to the threat of equine disease, with an enlightening presentation on
Two very conflicting opinions on the perennial pros and cons of homeopathy in the treatment of horses were presented.
Emile Faurie
Nick Thompson
Nick Thompson provided much anecdotal evidence from his long experience to support its use, however, it manifests as such an unquantifiable science that Simon Baker was able to refute all apparent benefits.
bringing together schools and riding establishments with the aim of introducing as many children as possible to the experience and benefits of horsemanship.
He called for it to be made unethical for vets to use as a treatment option, a decision taken by the Swedish Veterinary Association some time ago. On a lighter, more harmonious note, all the delegates were inspired by the work of the Emile Faurie Foundation,
The video presentation of children, many from inner cities who might otherwise have had very little direction in life, served to remind all, yet again, what a great leveller horses can be. The full proceedings of the 2011 NEF are available at: www.bef.co.uk/National_Equine_For um.
First survey results revealed
Promoting professionalism THE British Association Of Equine Dental Technicians (BAEDT) was founded in 2001 and is an organisation for qualified professional Equine Dental Technicians (EDT’s), promoting the professional training of technicians and to provide greater understanding of the need for equine dentistry to the general public. Veterinarians and practicing EDT’s had come to realise that there was a great need in the horse industry for having a recognised examination and code of conduct for those who wished to look at horses teeth. The purpose of the association was to give both the horse owning public and vets a list of people who have been rigorously examined by The British Equine Veterinary Association and the British Veterinary Dental
Association, and who have also agreed to abide by performance guidelines, a code of conduct and who are all fully insured. Main objectives of the BAEDT are: To improve the welfare of the horse. To provide an organisation of qualified Equine Dental Technicians. To promote good practice amongst persons practicing Equine Dentistry. To promote professional training of Equine Dental Technicians. To promote greater understanding of equine dentistry to the general public.
For more information on the BAEDT as well as a list of fully qualified BAEDT Equine Dental Technicians visit: www.baedt.com
THE results of the UK's first ever National Equine Health Survey were announced at the National Equine Forum – pinpointing the current healthcare issues affecting horses in the UK. The survey, which was pioneered by The Blue Cross and supported by BEVA, was carried out last November following two years of pilot schemes. The intention was to find out more about endemic non-notifiable diseases that have never before been recorded, such as coughs, skin diseases and lameness. The results were announced by Professor Josh Slater, Professor of Equine Clinical Studies at The Royal Veterinary College, who has been working with The Blue Cross on the survey. A total of 306 sets of records were submitted from 3,120 horses, with a balance of representation from competition yards, riding schools, welfare charities and studs. A broad range of syndromes and diseases were assessed including colic, sarcoids, laminitis, wounds, dental issues, eye disease, lameness and weight issues. The results showed that lameness was the most common problem affecting horses (11 per cent of horses surveyed) but that the foot was not the most common cause of lameness and that laminitis (three per cent) was less common than the
seven to eight per cent total that previous surveys had suggested. Weight management was the next most common issue for horse owners, with nine per cent of horses recorded as overweight and eight per cent as underweight. These figures are lower than previous surveys which may be because they are based on the owner's assessment of their horse's weight which is subjective and may vary according to their perception of 'the right weight'. Skin disease and wounds (five per cent and four per cent respectively) posed a significant problem and colic (two per cent) was also a common occurrence, with a 6:1 ratio between medical and surgical cases. Professor Slater said: “The regular collection of such data holds numerous benefits to the UK equine industry. Not only does the survey provide a benchmarking facility for equine disease, welfare, standards of care and codes of practice but it will also underpin standards for yard inspection schemes.” The National Equine Health Survey is currently funded by The Blue Cross but sponsorship is being sought. It is to be conducted twice-yearly with the next census week planned for 9 to 15 May 2011. To register online visit www.bluecross.org.uk/NEHS or email NEHS@bluecross.org.uk.
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HORSE HEALTH I NEWS 19
How to reduce the chances of laminitis By Andrew Poynton FWCF of the Poynton Farriery Clinic SPRING is here and so is the green grass - and the heightened risk of the perennial problem of laminitis. By looking at the obvious and the maybe not so obvious signs that creep up, prior to a full-blown acute laminitic attack, it should be possible to identify problems and minimise the risk. It is worth saying at the outset that a horse or pony does not need to be fat to suffer from laminitis. Apart from toxicity either through a metabolic disorder or a drug-induced attack, a sudden change in diet such as the feed store being raided or first turn-out on fresh grazing can trigger an acute attack, but there are other factors which heighten the chances of this happening. If the equine looks ‘well’ – i.e. a little overweight and is not working very hard or is being exercised a little less, then both the feed intake (calories) and the reduced activity swing the balance towards higher risk of laminitis. Whether or not EMS, insulin-resistant laminitis or Cushing’s disease have been diagnosed, the principle of keeping horses on the lean side – fit and active – usually works across the board. Remember, we are talking here of pre-laminitis management.
Early signs – what to look out for: Even before lameness is evident, subtle signs show up but go unnoticed as laminitic symptoms.
The horse may seem dull or lethargic and generally lacking sparkle when ridden, backing off with a reluctance to jump. Following a stumble or tripping, a bruised sole may be suspected and poulticing advised. These symptoms may come and go over a prolonged period with no thought of laminitis. Often associated with such symptoms are either higher quality feed value – such as a change from older hay to haylage – or new clover hay, or even more subtle, grass quality improving – lush, sweet shoots as opposed to stalky older grass. The paddock may look bare because it is constantly being grazed off by the horse. Spring and autumn flushes of growth are expected but can happen any time throughout the summer; following a wet spell, sunshine brings on fast sweet grass. Strip grazing can also catch many out. As it is repeatedly grazed off and a new strip added, the result is an increasingly larger paddock to graze. The effect often is a subtle accumulation of fat – over-feeding without any increase in work. This is all calorie intake. On the other side is output, energy expended. Often part of the equation is a reduction in ridden or other managed exercise. I used the word subtle a number of times because it is subtle. That is one reason that so many
horse-owners are caught out; if it was so blatantly obvious, I would hope that it would be seen coming and all the trauma and heartache would be avoided.
Take action: If recognized at this early stage, remedial action can be taken.
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Celox stops bleeding fast CARRIED by the military in Iraq to manage even the worst battlefield injuries, Celox, an exceptional blood clotting agent, is now available to the UK veterinary industry and horse owners. Whether used to stop serious accidental bleeds whilst waiting for veterinary assistance, or during veterinary procedures, Celox stops bleeding fast. Easy to use and inexpensive to purchase, no horse owner should be without it; keep it to hand in the yard, on the lorry or, in the clinic. Celox veterinary is rapidly becoming the haemostat of choice for veterinary surgeons and equine professionals worldwide, and is suitable for accidental injury, dental bleeds, arterial or venous bleeding, mass removal, haemostasis following debridement and severe high pressure bleeding. Greg Quinn of Chine House Veterinary Hospital said: “A sinus surgery to remove an ethmoidal haematoma bled after removal of the packing.
“The opening was now too small to repeat packing so I syringed the Celox veterinary granules into the sinus via the opening, and it worked brilliantly. “After the excision of exuberant granulation tissue in preparation of granulation bed for grafting I used the Celox veterinary gauze to stop the inevitable bleeding - much better than using swabs and direct pressure alone.”
For more information contact: Equine Marketing and Sales on: 01323 843276 or 07884102147, visit: www.equinemarkets.co.uk or email: info@equinemarkets.co.uk
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HORSE HEALTH I
‘Many horses just consume too much’ Continued from Page 19 Firstly identify the excess calorific intake, look out for that cresty neck, increasing girth and lumpy backside – they don’t all have this, though. Reduce the feed intake either by less area or less time grazing. Do not be lulled into a false sense of security by feeding a variety of products with labels inferring that they guard against laminitis as a substitute; it is not just quality, quantity is also relevant. Many horses just consume too much, full stop. Learn to look at your horse with a keen eye, even take photographs if it helps. You should be looking at a muscular athlete, whether a sprinter or weight-lifter, in humans muscle definition is clear; in the equine realm, a fit racehorse, polo pony or draught horse has good muscle definition. Do not look in the feed bin and try to justify what a small amount of feed he is getting, if your horse is inflating before you. Some ‘recommended’ daily dietary intake guidelines appear to be less than reliable.
Manage exercise: Horses left to their own devices often will just stand around and only occasionally do anything approaching athletic, whereas a regular routine of either ridden, in hand or loose schooling for a specific
duration, that will increase the heart rate and begin to get a sweat on, will guarantee calorie use and good circulation for the horse’s whole system. Exercise is understood to be helpful in countering insulin resistance.
So, here’s a quick check-list of what to do: Look out for subtle ‘subclinical’ laminitic signs – and act. Regularly review feed quantity and volume – if need be with vet and nutritionist. Revise feed, possibly reduce grazing – or in some cases eliminate it. Review exercise regime, likely increase work, although not in the acute case. Assess the outcome. If an acute laminitic attack is suspected, stable the horse and call the vet and farrier: Reduce feed intake. Rest only in supportive bedding Farrier or vet will apply frog supports if horse is shod. There is no need for nailing. It is far better to have remedial support shoeing carried out before there is any pedal bone rotation, as it is wise to shut the stable door before the horse bolts.
The Master Farrier Qualification By Claire Brown of Farriers’ Pages IN May last year the Worshipful Company of Farriers registered the mark ‘Master Farrier’. The title may only be used by qualified persons as detailed in the regulations for that registered mark. The WCF decided to apply for the trademark to give greater definition to the term and to ensure that it was a regulated title recognised by the equine public. Farriers wishing to apply to use the title of Master Farrier must currently hold the Fellowship and/or the Associateship of the Worshipful Company of Farriers. In addition the farrier must apply to the Company with the signature of two supporters, one of which must be a Liveryman. One supporter must hold the FWCF by examination, and the other must be a practising equine veterinary surgeon. The Freedom of the Company, Certificate and Silver Medal will be awarded at the end of each court
meeting. Master Farriers may use the company coat of arms on letterheads and on their vehicle. There are currently 29 registered WCF Fellows and 187 Associates in the UK. Applications to become a Master Farrier have been received and some already approved – lists showing all Master Farriers, those farriers holding the FWCF, and those holding the AWCF will be made available on the WCF website. The three military Master Farriers – from the Army School of Farriery, the Household Cavalry and the King's Troop – will continue to be known as Master Farriers. For a further explanation of farriery qualifications visit: www.farrierspages.com or the Worshipful Company of Farriers website at: www.wcf.org.uk.
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HORSE HEALTH I
Studies award to continue By Val Ellis, WCF Award Administrator THE Worshipful Company of Farriers introduced the Equine Veterinary Studies Award in 2010. By encouraging veterinary students to become involved with the work of farriers, the company aims to foster a closer relationship between the farriery and veterinary professions. The new award was offered to the seven UK veterinary schools where Equine Studies is taught and the company received a very enthusiastic response from all of them.
company with reports of their experiences as well as day to day diaries. They all confirmed how helpful the award had been to them with their studies and, in a personal statement, one of the students illustrated exactly the vision and purpose of the award: “I would really love the opportunity to learn from a farrier, to improve my own knowledge on feet and also to understand how farriers and vets can work together to improve the health of the horses in their care.�
Each veterinary school, using its own selection method, informed the company of the student nominated for the award.
At the end of the 2010 the court of the company considered the results from the first year of the award and agreed that it should continue into the future.
Each selected student was placed with a senior farrier for one week and the company underwrote their board and lodgings, as well as their travel expenses.
The court also expressed the company’s gratitude to the senior farriers who had offered their services to the company as host farriers for the students.
Each student was also offered the Freedom of the company as part of their award.
At the end of last year the award was again offered to the veterinary schools and all wish to participate in 2011.
Following their placements the seven students supplied the
To date two of the universities have
Vet student Emily Sabin on her placement advised the company of their nominated student for this year and placement enquiries have commenced. This City of London Livery Company which, through its examination board and craft
committee already has excellent relationships with equine veterinary surgeons, looks forward to closer ties with the veterinary profession through the young students who have a particular interest in the welfare of the horse.
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