FINDING SHADE
School of Architecture
University of Florida
Fall 2024
Professor Martha Kohen & UF Graduate Students
University of Florida
Interim President, Ken Fuchs
College of Design, Construction, & Planning
Dean, Chimay Anumba
School of Architecture
Interim Director, Nancy Clark
Book Credits
Professor Martha Kohen, UF-SoA, Professor, CHU Director
Penelope Roca, UF-SoA, M.Arch Candidate, Editor
INTRODUCTION
This publication explores how architecture can address sustainabil ity through design. It highlights the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as a framework for creating equitable and resilient environ ments. The goal of the seminar is to find shade in existing environ ments using many of the approaches explored by architects in the past. The themes include vernacular architecture, material innovation, building scale, and integrating natural features to enhance public spaces. By blending research with creative proposals, it envisions ar chitecture as a tool to foster sustainability and improve quality of life.
PARTICIPANTS
Professor Martha Kohen
Editor Penelope Roca
Mark Adewumi
Yorlis Cintron Velez
Adrian Contreras
Elaine Daffron
Juan Guevara
Lloyd Meadows
Cristina Rivera
Daniel Rivera
Jamilah Roman
Miron Strunnikov
Mandy Tan
Erika Tetrault
Kelsey Zwick
RESEARCH CASE STUDIES
Learning from Historical and Vernacular
Adrian Contreras, Elaine Daffron, Miron Strunnikov
The Building Scale
Penelope Roca, Jamilah Roman, Mandy Tan
Material Innovations
Juan Guevara, Lloyd Meadows, Daniel Rivera
Shade & Placemaking in the Public Realm
Yorlis Cintron Velez, Cristina Rivera, Kelsey Zwick
Natural Features
Erika Tetrault, Mark Adewumi
LEARNING FROM HISTORICAL AND VERNACULAR
Across Time and Civilizations
Adrian Contreras, Elaine Daffron, Miron Strunnikov
The Mashrabiya
Influence from Islamic Architecture
The Mashrabiya provides shadow, light control, privacy, and heat protection. It allows for passive cooling through evaporative cooling by placing water jars near the Mashrabiya.
The Jali
Influence from Indian Architecture
The Jali is similar to the Mashrabiya, except the Jali serves more as a screen without evaporative cooling. The Jali began as simple hexagonal and octoganal patterns, but eventually evolved to plant and floral motiffs that are carved from stone.
Influence of Mashrabiya and Jali Today
Location: Paris, France
Architects: Enrique Jan + Jean Nouvel + Architecture- Studio
Location: Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Architect: Jean Nouvel
Location: Muscat, Oman
Architect: ACME
Institut du Monde Arabe
Louvre Abu Dhabi
Muscat’s Marsa Plaza
Dovecotes
Located in the region of Egypt
Dovecotes are earth structures created for pidgeon inhabitation. Pidgeons are a delicacy of Egyptian culture, they would use the manure as fertilizer and help create gunpowder. The towers today no longer house pidgeons but serve as an attraction for visitors.
Great Mosque of Djenne
Located in Djenne, Mali
The Mosque of Djenne is the largest mudbrick building globally. It is a beloved piece of Mali heritage, a festival is held every year for the local residents to come together to celebrate and help replaster the walls. The prayer hall is covered by a mud roof, this roof is supported by 90 pillars that is open to the environment. The roof also has removable terracotta ceramic lids, which are removed to provide ventilation and than are closed to protect from rain. The walls help regulate temperature during hot days and cooler nights.
Community Productive Development Center Las Tejedoras
Located in Chongon, Ecuador
Architects: Juan Carlos Bamba, Natura Futura Arquitectura
The projects serves as a productive learning center, integration of exchange, and sale of artisan handicrafts.The design uses locally sourced round teak wood for the structure and folding lattice doors. The wooden lattice doors allows for shade, ventillation, and privacy
Oca
Located in the region of Brazil
The indigenous structure’s origin is from the civilization of the Amazon, dating back at least 10,000 years. The wood structure is used from local bocal trees,the horizontal members are strapped to the vertical members and straw or palm leaves are used to create the cover from the sun. The Oca contineus to influence local architects through form and materiality.
Oca Cabin, Location: Caseara, Brazil, Architects: Arquitetura Rural
Oca Pavillion, Location: Sao Paolo, Brazil, Architects: Konigsberger Vannucchi
A Timeline of Tent Origins
Izba- Russian Vernacular
Located in Eastern Europe
Located in Eurasia
Yurt- Mongolian Nomadic Dwelling
Machiya
Located in Japan
THE BUILDING SCALE
From Bus Stops to Building Facades
Penelope Roca, Jamilah Roman, Mandy Tan
LOHA’s Big Blue Bus Stops
Located in Santa Monica, CA
A modular system of elements, added to or subtracted from, based on occupancy of stop.
Bold color as an urban sign for congregation.
Just Architekten’s Offenbach Maktplatz Transportation Hub
Located in Offenbach am Main, Germany Modular System, focused not only on being a bus stop but also a place of rest for occupants.
Sculptural Language
Incorporates a “green roof” to bring greenery to the city but also to adapt the surrounding environmental elements.
Suppose Design Office’s Nicoe Bus Stop
Located in Shizuoka, Japan
Mimics occupants waiting in the rain at bus stops with no overhead condition.
Rather than integrating with the environment, it creates and interactive contrast.
Studies on Ventilation & Cooling for Shaded Bus Stops
Studio 627’s Integrated Shade Seat
Located in Tuscan, Arizona
Modular connective seating which uses computer testing to resolve altered configurations for increased shading
Ductal - material prototype combined with a polycarbonate rain panel to combat high desert heat and storms.
Terra Bus Stops
Located in Montpellier, France
Works on efficiently maximizing shading and cooling the hot coastal climate. Uses heat resistant materials such as ceramics.
Allows for growth of greenery which further promotes cooling and shading.
Bee Bus Stops
Located in cities throughout United Kingdom but originally came from Utrecht in the Netherlands.
Retrofitted existing bus stops to work with the green roof infrastructure. The green roofs absorb rain water and absorb heat, which in turn reduced the amount of surrounding heat. Bringing more shade and cooling to the occupants below.
Station of Being
Architects: Rombout Frieling Year:2019
Umeå, Sweden
Interactive roof with light and sound alerts for approaching buses
Rotating pods that adjust to weather conditions and social interaction
Osmose
Architect: Metalco & Marc Aurel
Year: 2013
Gare de Lyon, Paris
Charging stations for bicycles and mobile devices
Heated seating for comfort
Public reading space
NCTU Bus Stop
Located in Hsinchu, Taiwan
Split-level platform adapts to 1.2m site elevation, shielding users from cold northerly winds
Green roofs provides shade, recreational space, and natural cooling
Open design encourages airflow, reducing the need for mechanical cooling
Leaves of Wind Bus Stop
Located in Boston, Massachusetts
Metal screens provide shade, reducing heat, while the perforated design of the screen allow natural ventilation
Seasonal plant imagery interacts with light, creating dynamic visual interest
The design encourage a connection with nature, creating cooling environment that mimics changing seasons
2Upcycled Cork as Facade Panels: The Ecork Hotel
Architect: José Carlos Cruz
Area: 6300 m²
Year: 2013 Evora, Portugal
The Ecork Hotel preserves the natural environment around the bungalows, creating a harmonious balance between built and natural elements. The cork cladding, fully recyclable, not only adds an aesthetic quality but also provides insulation and sustainability.
Cork’s thermal delay properties prevent rapid heat transfer, ensuring consistent comfort within a building. Additionally, cork is highly breathable, reducing moisture buildup while offering excellent protection against overheating. Its carbon-negative production process and 100% natural composition
Shade Strategies in Buildings: Trombe Walls & Natural Ventilation
Pearl Academy of Fashion Jaipur, India
Architect: Morphogenesis
Trombe walls are a passive solar design that naturally heats homes by capturing and storing the sun’s energy
Natural ventilation systems use non-mechanical methods to circulate air, improving indoor air quality and reducing energy consumption by harnessing natural forces like wind and thermal buoyancy.
Bioclimatic Strategies in Architecture For Tropical Climates
Perforations//Latticed Structures
Vegetation
Thermal Mass
Reflective Surfaces
Manaus, Brazil
2021
Guaruja, Brazil 2014
Vegetation as a shading strategy works both as an aesthetic and functional element. Plants on facades, through vertical gardens, living walls, or planters, act as natural insulators, reducing heat absorption and enhancing air quality. In Tropical Shed, the architectural design incorporates vines that rapidly grow over the structure’s porticos, creating a natural canopy that shades the leisure and work areas.
Latticed structures consist of permeable materials such as wood, metal, or concrete blocks arranged in patterns to diffuse light and block harsh solar radiation. These porous screens allow breezes to pass through, creating a cooling effect without the need for mechanical systems. Casa Delta uses sunscreen panels that offer privacy to the bedrooms while providing lightness and transparency to the building.
Tropical Shed by Laurent Troost Architects
Casa Delta by Bernades Arquitetura
Perforations and Vegetation: Between Scales
Terra Bus Stop
Modular smart shelter for Western Sydney
Bee bus stops // green roofs Bee bus stops // green roofs
Leaves of Wind Bus Stop
2What is Not Working…
Not Developed
Too Sculptural
Lack of Shade
The Modular Scale
From Shelter to Space
Bioclimatic Strategies in Architecture For Tropical Climates
Like the Mangrove forests that are found in tropical and subtropical tidal areas and protect coastal zones from erosion, storm surge and hurricanes, the house touches the ground very lightly.
Rene Gonzalez
Miami, FLorida 2017
While ADA compliant bus stop improvements are a great first step, Scoville urges the city to not halt their accessibility efforts there.
“We need to keep pushing for more,” he said. “I think the city has done an excellent job recently, particularly with the newer buses — they’re moving in the right direction.”
Prairie House
MATERIAL INNOVATIONS
TO COOL OR NOT TO COOL THAT IS THE QUES-
Juan Guevara, Daniel Rivera, Lloyd Meadows
CLEAN CONCRETE?
Photocatalytic concrete is a construction material that integrates photocatalytic (solar) cells within concrete, allowing it to capture and neutralize pollutants..
This makes it possible to “capture” some pollutants present in the air when in contact with the sunlight, transforming them into inert salts and thus helping to free the atmosphere from smog.
This concrete can be used in buildings, facades, sidewalks, and other urban infrastructure to create energy-efficient, sustainable structures. It provides structural support and renewable energy which can reduces the carbon footprint of buildings by harnessing solar power. the concrete canbe formed and shaped to create intriguing aesthetics.
SWEATING IS COOL
Water driven Bretahing skin (Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia): Utilizes sodium polyacrylate, a superabsorbent polymer, which swells up to 300 times its volume when absorbing water, enabling the material to “breathe” by opening and closing to regulate ventilation.
Climate Adaptation: Designed for hot, dry climates, it facilitates evaporative cooling and passive ventilation in outdoor spaces, improving comfort in public areas.
Fog/Dew Collection: Uses a natural water collection system, which is highly efficient and sustainable, making it ideal for water-scarce environments.
Material Composition: Experiments with encapsulating sodium polyacrylate in elastic and non-elastic fabrics to control the open/close behavior for better cooling and ventilation.
Applications: Could be used in tensile structures like canopies to enhance outdoor comfort, particularly in urban settings with harsh summer climates.
PIEZOELECTRIC FACADE
CONVERTS WIND MOTION AND NATURAL BUILDING SWAY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY GENERATIONS
Living Shade: Multi species Architecture
Alive: A New Spatial Contract for Multispecies Architecture | 2021
Venice, Italy
A room made of porous, organic material with both macro-spaces for humans and micro-spaces for microbes - and interfaces for exchanges among different species.
Living Shade: Mycelium in Architecture
Dutch Design Week 2019: The Growing Pavilion
wood, hemp, mycelium, cattail and cotton
The Growing Pavilion could be visited for ten days in the beating heart of Dutch Design Week
PLASTIC SOUP
Resistance: resistant to rain, heat & wind.
Easy assembly: created like legos, this block can be easily build for people in need
Application: wall & roof
Inventors: Nzambi Matee
Potential: This technology is viewed as a future alternative to environmental result
● Materials: Recycled Plastic
MOZAMBICAN
Resistance: resistant to rain, heat & wind.
Easy assembly: combination of a mesh of glass or acrylic tubes, with concrete
Application: wall
Potential: This can be helpful when temperature is irregular creating contrast, by night concrete won’t expel that much heat and by day it will let light in
● Materials: Concrete and glass
Shade & Placemaking in THE PUBLIC REALM
Yorlis Cintron Velez, Cristina Rivera, & Kelsey Zwick
The concept began in the 1960s with urbanists like Jane Jacobs and William H. Whyte. In the post-war years, many American cities underwent destructive development practices that tore apart existing neighborhoods to make way for sprawling roads and highways.
Jacobs, Whyte, and others responded to America’s growing car dependance by advocating for human-centered environments–walkable, interconnected neighborhoods with vibrant street life.
Although placemaking began as an urban planning concept, it has extended to architecture. Placemaking is where architecture and urban planning meet.
-Neumann Monson Architects
Finding Shade Over & Under Existing Infastructure
High Line
New York City, NY
Used abandoned “West Side Line” of the New York Central Railroad
Used 1.45 miles of the abandoned line
Collaboration of designers
James Corner Field Operations
Diller Scofidio + Renfro
Piet OUdolf
Attractions
Naturalized plantings in multiple scales
Used palette of plants that grew on disused tracks
Pebble-dash concrete walkways that meander along with swell & constrict in areas
Views of the City & Hudson River, along with hyper focused view ports of the street view
Single occupant, small group, and large collaborative seating areas throughout
The Canopy
Orlando, FL
Space beneath I-4 in downtown Orlando
Between W. Church Street & W. Washington Avenue
Scaled down from the original proposal called Under-I Project
Lead design firm is AECOM
Construction to begin in early 2025
Attractions
Connection - accessibility for all
Safety - Prioritize well-being and security for its users
Community - Ample space for gatherings, festivals, and cultural events
Greenery - Urban and lush landscaping for relaxation and rejuvenation that is native to the area
Mobility - Encourage active lifestyles and sustainable transportation
Artistic Immersion - Immersive art installations to captivate imagination and inspire creativity
The Underline
Miami, FL
The Red Folding Paper
Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
“Petals” for Cunfluence Park
San Antonio, TX
Shade for Social Justice
Cambridge, MA
Desined for and by the Community “SHADE”
Cambridge, MA
Cloud House
Cambridge, MA
Sun Block
Cambridge, MA
Community & Culture
Place London, UK
Sankofa Harlem, NY
Radial Pavillion at Principal
NYC OPEN RESTAURANTS
Sidewalks becoming the “Porches” of the city
Awnings and Louvers
4 Seasons Outdoor Space
Santa Monica, CA
Brooks + Scarpa
Restaurant of Shade
ARCHITECTS
Using Agricultural Netting Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam NISHIZAWA
McDonald’s Global Flagship
Walt Disney World - Kissimmee, Orlando Ross Barney Architects
The Mix Restaurant
The Mix Restaurant
Vietnam
Architect: Bloom Designer: Dinh
Anh Tuan
Preserved a canopy of trees and then integrated screen and fabric to create an open and magical airy area for dining to take place
Us
Contemporary Art Museum
Raleigh, North Carolina
Brooks and Scarpa
NATURAL FEATURES
Trees, Vines, and Botanicals Utilized to Achieve Shade
in Architectural Design
Erika Tetrault, Mark Adewumi
Shading as a System
Permaculture
The act of utilizing the full site design to design as a system.
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Maativan Farmhouse Blurring Boundaries
Mumbai, India
2023
Full-Site Design
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Zarine Jamshedji Architects Kochi, India 2023
Orangeale Factory
C&P Architetti
Fossalta di Piave, Italy 2023
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Alarine Earth Home
The CSL is designed to interact with its surroundings as a vital part of its daily operation
As one of a small number of global SITES™ pilot projects, it features a restorative landscape, highlighting native plants and a permaculture demonstration rooftop garden
Other site features include a stormwater lagoon, a solar powered water distillation system, five rain gardens, porous paving, and constructed wetlands that will use plants and natural processes to clean wastewater
Center for Sustainable Landscapes
The Design Alliance Architects Pittsburgh, USA
2013
A weave between the old and the new, the outdoor and the indoor, and the public and the private became the paramount idea for the architects
Emulating the experience of sitting under a tree, semi-open spaces were carved out of the existing column grid structure to offer a sense of protection, without creating enclosures
Artist Residency Farm8
Studio Array
New Delhi, India 2023
Boeri Studio
Milan, Italy
2014
Vertical forests on building facade provide shading and cooling
Advanced irrigation system recycles water efficiently, supporting the growth of diverse plant species
Improves air quality by facilitating natural O2 and CO2 exchange
Enhances building’s energy efficiency by reducing heat gain and optimizing sunlight propogation
Promotes urban biodiversity by providing habitats for birds and insects
Shading the Envelope
Bosco Verticale
Extensive vegetation on building facade provide shading and cooling
Rainwater collection and irrigation system collects and recycles water efficiently
Improves air quality by facilitating natural O2 and CO2 exchange
Enhances building’s energy efficiency by reducing heat gain and optimizing sunlight propogation
Promotes urban biodiversity by providing habitats for birds and insects
Balances aesthetic design with functional shading and natural cooling
One Central Park
Ateliers Jean Nouvel
Chippendale, Australia 2014
Fukuoka City, Fukuoka, Japan
Acros Fukuoka
Emilio Ambasz, Nihon Sekkei
Bruges. Belgium
Kunlé Adeyemi, Noélie Lecoanet, Andreas Nikolopoulos, Berend Strijland 2018
Floating structure benefits from cooling provided by water and the nearby tree shade
Demonstrates how portable buildings can adapt to local environmental conditions
Encourages sustainable design in flood-prone areas, providing resilience against climate change
Highlights potential for integrating natural vegetation as part of site-specific plan design
Makoko Floating School (MFS III)
Extensive vegetation on building facade provide shading and cooling
Rainwater collection and irrigation system collects and recycles water efficiently
Improves air quality by facilitating natural O2 and CO2 exchange
Enhances building’s energy efficiency by reducing heat gain and optimizing sunlight propogation
Promotes urban biodiversity by providing habitats for birds and insects
Balances aesthetic design with functional shading and natural cooling
Tao Zhu Yin Yuan
Vincent Callebaut
Taipei, Taiwan 2017
Edison Lite proposes a new housing model based on 3 main principles:
The creation of ‘made-to-measure’ housing units, whereby the future residents were able to participate in establishing the brief as well as the design of their home
The provision of 20% extra surface area, defined and shared with the residents: this provides access to space and facilities that would not otherwise be available to individual residents
To welcome residents into an existing landscape: the architectural project includes 75 m3 of soil, divided between 290 planters and a large 150 m2 allotment on the roof
Lite Apartment Building
Manuelle Gautrand Architecture
Paris, France 2020
Vertical forests on building facade provide shading and cooling
Improves air quality by facilitating natural O2 and CO2 exchange
Enhances building’s energy efficiency by reducing heat gain and optimizing sunlight propogation
Promotes urban biodiversity by providing habitats for birds and insects
M6B2 Tower of Biodiversity
Edouard François Paris, France
Edison
Shading the Roof
Studies temperature regulation on rooftops with and without vegetation.
Vegetated rooftops consistently maintain cooler temperatures throughout the day.
Reduces urban heat island effect and enhances outdoor thermal comfort.
Findings suggest overall energy savings, particularly in densely built urban areas
Artist Residency Farm8
Studio Array
New Delhi, India 2023
Investigates how various insulation materials, including vegetation, impact thermal performance
Results show that rooftop vegetation significantly reduces indoor temperatures, especially in arid climates
Demonstrates energy savings through reduced use of air conditioning
Building Envelope and Energy Saving Case Study
Laila Amer Hashem Al-Qahtani, Lamis Saad Eldeen Elgizawi Al-Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
2020
Described as a cathedral “in green for all,” the project would see the creation of rooftop greenhouse that embraces the reintroduction of biodiversity, education, and solidarity
The greenhouse would enable the professional reintegration of the poor and disenfranchised through education about urban agriculture, horticulture, and permaculture while reconnecting children with nature through educational workshops
Bees would be reintroduced to the cathedral through a central hive, where beekeeping training would continue the scheme’s ethos of productivity
Greenhouse Roof for Notre-Dame
Studio NAB
Paris, France 2019
Jose studied ecology, has always approached nature, feels part of it blurring the boundaries between him and his surroundings
His house tries to do that too, spreading its elements on site and turning the garden into its circulation
The project is complemented by a permaculture system developed and built by José himself
Garden House
Al Borde
Quito, Ecuador
2020
The project interprets the residential theme of the rural villa, developing and declining the archetype of a Piedmont farmhouse, with the aim of dialogue with its natural context
On the front of this part of the building opens a large terrace with the swimming pool overlooking the cultivated valley. Under the terrace, we find the lemon house and the permaculture research laboratory
The building consists of 2 floors, where public and private spheres are clearly separated spaces
Amilu Farmhouse
F:L Architetti
Gassino Torinese, Italy 2020
The Green Line is an inhabited garden footbridge prototype that generates its own energy from renewable sources, recycles its own waste and wastewater, and optimizes its needs
Dedicated to “Parisculteurs” or Paris farmers, the bridge’s panoramic rooftop and horticultural greenhouses host 3,500 m² of vegetable gardens and orchards
On another hand, in the bridge, Vincent Callebaut integrated classrooms and training spaces, a research center, co-working laboratories, incubators, and organic restaurants
Callebaut
The Green Line Vincent
Architectures Paris, France 2020
ARCHITECT CASE STUDIES
Renzo Piano, Severiano Mario Porto, Mario Cucinella, Richard Meier
Adrian Contreras, Elaine Daffron, Miron Strunnikov
Max Strang, Rene Gonzalez, Mario Paysse Reyes, Tadao Ando
Penelope Roca, Jamilah Roman, Mandy Tan
Le Corbusier, Rafael Vinoly, Bjark Ingles
Juan Guevara, Lloyd Meadows, Daniel Rivera
Hector Vigliecca, Lacaton & Vassal, Rudy Ricciotti
Yorlis Cintron Velez, Cristina Rivera, Kelsey Zwick
Paul Rudolph, Victor Lundy, Francis Kere
Erika Tetrault, Mark Adewumi
Renzo Piano
“One of the great beauties of architecture is that each time it is like life starting all over again” - Renzo Piano
Renzo Piano is a renowened Pritzker Prize architect whose design is know for lightness, beauty, and its people-centric philosophy. His designs can be found across the globe,from museums to education centers, healthcare, and auditoriums.
Centre Culturel Jean-Marie Tjibaou
Located in Noumea, New Caledonia
The cultural center round shells allowed for a highly efficient passive ventilation system, which elminated the need for air conditioning. The double outer layer facade allows air to circulate freely and acts like a thermal chimney. The louvers can be opened or closed to allow cool air.
The Resnick Pavilion, LACMA Expansion
Located in Los Angeles, California
The project is a simple square plan that utilizes a saw-tooth roof to light up the the third floor interior gallery spaces. The angle of the saw-tooth roof were optimized to capture as much natural light as possible, the material choice of white metal also helps preventing heat gain
The Center of Arts & Innovation Proposal
Located in Boca Raton, Florida
The project has a glass base and the third floor is an opaque level to shade over the glass base. A fabric material is employed over the center public space, it can be taken off during times of storms.
Severiano Mario Porto
Socio-Environmental Institute
São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Brazil
Severiano Porto House 1971
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Received Single-Family Housing Project Award from the Brazilian Institute of Architects in Rio de Janeiro, in 1971
Balbina Environmental Center
Amazonas, Brazil
Mario Cucinella
Santa Maria Goretti
Mormanno, Italy
NICE HQ
Iperceramica HQ
Modena, Italy
Richard Meier
Richard Meier is a Pritzker Prize architect whose design is well known for its abstracted and white buildings. His designs consists of museums, single family residences, churches, and multi-family.
The Neugebauer House
Located in Naples, Florida
The project employs an inverted butterfly roof to allow light in, but uses horizontal plane underneath the roof to provide shade. Louvers are employed on the top portion of the double-height glass facade, the glass also has a ceramic frit to help with solar control.
San Jose City Hall
City Hall and Civic Center - San Jose, California
High Museum of Art
Art Museum - Atlanta, Georgia
Max Strang
Max Strang is a Florida Native from Sarasota who created STRANG Design to expand his ethos on Environmental Modernism. He considers the future of Climate change and the materials and methods of the past.
Rock House
Located in Coconut Grove, Florida on a 0.9 Acre Lot and is 4,500 Sq Ft.
Sits on a monumental stone base and combines the use of local natural materials and steel. The limestone used in the home came from what was excavated in the location of Merrick Park Mall when it was first being constructed.
The Kampong
Located in Coconut Grove, Florida on a 4 Acre Lot and is 4,400 Sq Ft.
Made up of the Oolitic Limestone from the Bedrock of Miami. The oolite stone is used to create the piers that hold up the exposed concrete roof. The are also used to conceal a network of downspouts that direct rainwater to irrigate the unique garden of rare flora.
Wildwood Residence
Located in Coconut Grove, Florida on a 0.5 Acre Lot and is 8,100 Sq Ft.
The home expands on its surrounding lush environment by placing all living spaces on the second floor and allowing the first to mirror the surrounding canopy. The materiality and color palette allows it to camouflage in the Landscape as well.
Rene Gonzalez
Tactile, experiential, and holistic, the work of Rene Gonzalez Architects (RGA) demonstrates a belief in the inseparable connection between nature and architecture, creating spaces that are both fully integrated and in harmony with their environment.
Surf Row Residences
The Surf Row Residences at 8800 Collins Avenue are spatially oriented towards the sky, these homes utilize light and nature to inspire, elevate and connect us with the environment. They are simultaneously uplifting and grounded within the Surfside community. This project features a collection of eight private beach homes that offer refined interiors, the utmost privacy and unparalleled indoor-outdoor living adjacent to the beach.
Location: Surfside, FL, United States
Completed: 2022
Morningside Residence
Location: Miami, FL, United States Completed: 2015
The Tropical Umbrella Roof was created with actual timber to provide both visual warmth and valuable sustainable benefits from the natural material. The program requested multiple entertainment spaces that could function as easily for small gatherings as they could for very large ones suggestive of a house with multiple levels of spaces and privacy. The different levels provide various experiences and dynamic views of the surrounding landscape and Biscayne Bay.
Location: Sebastian, FL, United States Completed: 2022
Mario Paysse Reyes
Uruguayan architect of important influence in the mid-twentieth century.
Through a study of weather conditions over three summer months, he concluded that 50% of daylight hours were uncomfortable for outdoor living. This led him to propose the creation of “covered but open” spaces that would encourage outdoor life and meet the true needs of housing and buildings in Uruguay, following a coherent logic rather than merely adhering to traditional typologies.
Banco de Prevision Social
Co-authors: Walter Chappe Píriz
Contributors: Mario Harispe, Fedor Tisch
Program: Office, Housing
Year: 1975 (partial inauguration)
Place: Montevideo, Uruguay. Mercedes Street, Arenal Grande, Colonia,
Client Center: Civil and School Retirement and Pension Fund
Construction System: System of pillars, beams and reinforced concrete slabs.
Casa Payssé Reyes
Focus on intermediate spaces such as terraces, pergolas, and overhangs to control light and temperature
Adjustable elements to manage sunlight and heat exposure
Proportional design based on the golden ratio to balance the facades and optimize shade
Integration of local materials to enhance shade and express cultural identity
Location: Montevideo, Uruguay
Construction Dates: 1954-1956
Influences from local climate and cultural conditions
Vivienda Mignone
Residential
Built in 1954 & Located in Canelones, Uruguay
Building System: brick load bearing walls, compression system of joist and vault.
Integration of light, art, and material variety.
Tadao Ando
Japanese contemporary architect
Pritzker Prize Winner 1995
Known for his minimalist architecture that integrates concrete, light, and nature
Church of the Light
Location: Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
Construction Dates: 1989 (expanded in 1999)
Minimalist architecture emphasizing light and space
Light penetrates through a cross-shaped opening, creating contrasts between light and shadow
Thick walls of poured concrete enhance the interaction between light and shade
Emphasis on contrasts such as light/dark, solid/void
The play of light creates a serene, contemplative space ideal for reflection
Azuma House
Location: Sumiyoshi, Osake, Japan
Construction Dates: 1976
Central open-air courtyard divides the house, controlling light and shading the interiors
Concrete walls and minimal openings create controlled light entry, reducing direct sunlight penetration and enhancing shaded areas
The house’s narrow, elongated layout uses shade as a cooling strategy in dense urban environment
The interplay of solid concrete walls and the open courtyard creates a dynamic relationship between light and shadow throughout the day
Water Temple
Location: Awaji Island, Japan
Construction Date: 1991
Shade is intentionally used to enhance the spiritual atmosphere by contrasting it with moments of light
Sunken approach create a progression from light to shade, enhancing the feeling of entering a sacred space
The pond on the roof diffuses sunlight, creating soft reflections and shadows in the lower temple areas
Concrete and water as primary materials highlight natural light and shade interactions
LE CORBUSIER
later acquired French nationality.
6 October 1887 – 27 August 1965
Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, known as Le Corbusier, Swiss-born,
Five key points for a new architecture: a building raised on pilotis pile stilts, a self-supporting structural framework formed by columns and beams, glazed external walls, a flexible open plan (without load-bearing walls) that can be adapted according to the building’s functions and their changes, a terrace roof that acts as a roof garden.
A NEW ERA
The Modulor (contraction of «module» and «golden number»), an architectural concept invented by Le Corbusier to adapt the proportions of its housing units to human morphology
RONCHAMP
Slightly south of east of Paris
Completed 1954
“a pure space void of extravagant detail and ornate religious figures unlike its predecessors”
“Corbusier implemented small puncturing apertures on the façade that amplified the light within the chapel by tapering the window well in the wall cavity. Each wall becomes illuminated by these differing window frames, which in conjunction with the stark white washed walls gives the walls luminous qualities punctuated by a more intense direct light.”
Chandigarh Capitol Complex
Sector-1 of Chandigarh city in India
Completed 1961
The Capitol Complex is made up of three concrete buildings: the Palace of Assembly or Legislative Assembly, the Secretariat and the High Court.
Unite d’ Habitation
Marseille, France
Completed 1952 a multi-family residential housing project for the people of Marseille that were dislocated after the bombings on France.
RAFAEL VINOLY
Uruguayan-born architect based in New York. Principal of Rafael Viñoly Architects, founded in 1983.
1 June 1944 – 2 March 2023
TOKYO INT’L FORUM
Completed 1997
“The Hall’s 60-meter-high (197-foot-high) curtain wall, a thin veil of heat-strengthened laminated glass hanging from the roof, was designed as transparently as possible to allow visual connection from the theatres and the plaza to the curved granite wall housing the conference center beyond.”
Wageningen University & Research Centre, Atlas Building
BJARKE INGELS
Danish architect and founder of Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG), renowned for innovative and sustainable designs. His notable works include VIA 57 West in New York and CopenHill in Denmark, a waste-to-energy plant with a ski slope. Ingels’ philosophy blends functionality and creativity, envisioning architecture as a tool for a sustainable future.
UAE HORTICULTUAL EXPO PAVILION
Walls, floors, roofs are made of rammed earth, soil, vegetation, roots, etc. 90% rammed earth, 10% cement for binding. Shade moves as the day goes by, encouraging occupants to explore the space
GOOGLE GRADIENT CANOPY
Gradient Canopy Building Exterior:
● Features a “dragonscale” solar skin roof similar to Google Bay View.
● Equipped with silver solar panels using advanced building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) technology.
● Generates approximately 40% of the building’s annual energy needs.
● Canopy’s pavilion-like rooflines enable solar panels to capture sunlight from multiple angles.
● Unlike flat roofs, the dragonscale design provides extended power generation throughout daylight hours.
EL COSMICO
A reimagined desert retreat in Marfa, Texas, blending sustainable architecture with the natural landscape. The project features circular adobe structures and regenerative systems, enhancing the site’s connection to the environment. It aims to create a unique, eco-friendly community experience.
Hector Vigliecca
Architect and Urban PlannerBrazil - Born in 1940
Owner of Vigliecca and Associates - Large urban buildings, arenas, educational centers, etc.
Youth Center - designed and used for the 2016 Rio Olympics. “The building was designed to operate with only natural ventilation and illumination once in legacy mode. The adjustable shading devices and screens on the facade and exhaust openings on the roof as well as large shaded areas on the facade all contribute to a lowered maintenance cost.”
Hector Vigliecca
UFSCAR Laboratory - Clean fuel research laboratories located at São Carlos Federal University, Brazil.
A central axis threads together eight pavilions that have semiopen patios in between each pavilion in order to offer natural sunlight and ventilation to each lab. The interior of the building is filled with natural light but is well ventilated at the same time. We developed a way of shading the façade so that it would be possible to be in visual contact with the outside while naturally controlling interior temperatures, dismissing the need for air-conditioning.
Air enters through the patio windows and exits through air exhausts installed on the roof of the laboratory’s main hall. Accurately inclined shading devices on the roof of the patios prevent overheating and excessive direct light.
Lacaton & Vassal
Anne Lacaton & Jean-Philippe Vassal
Generosity of space
Multiplicity of use - flexibility
Economy - spend less, and spend better
Use of efficient structures
Large open spans
Greenhouse designs
Use of bioclimatic architecture
“Buildings are beautiful when people feel well in them,
When light inside is beautiful, and the air is pleasant,
When the exchange with the outside seems easy & gentle,
And when uses and sensations are unexpected.”
-Anne Lacaton
Intermediate space as building insulation
Winter gardens
L&V - Cite Manifeste,
Mulhouse (Social Housing)
Mulhouse, France
L&V - School of Architecture
Nantes, France
L&V - Transformation 530
Bordeaux, France
Rudy Ricciotti
“Jean-Claude Izzo wrote: ‘You can’t understand anything about this city if you are indifferent to light.’ What do you think about that?”
Ricciotti: As the beautiful provençal quote says: “The best under the sun, is the shadow.” It’s true. In Marseille the light is not soothing, it’s imposing and tyrannical. It’s only in those places where there is a lack of light, like Paris, Genève or Lille, where it brings happiness: as soon as there is some sun, people are happy. It is its rareness that makes it desirable. But here, we live under this light continuously, and it can be excruciating. On a day of mistral, in summer as well as in winter, it becomes impossible to open your eyes, even a few millimeters.
Olivia Snaije interview with Rudy Ricciotti
Rudy Ricciotti
The Museum of European and Mediterranean Civilizations
(The MuCEM)
Marseille, France
Rudy Ricciotti
Jean Cocteau Museum
Menton, France
Jean Cocteau Museum
Paul Rudolph
Wisma Dharmala Sakti Office Headquarters Paul Rudolph Sakti, Jakarta, Indonesia 1982-1990
This 330-foot tall, 30-floor project incorporated functional commercial use and a striking, innovative architectural form to create a structure that could seamlessly blend into the swiftly-evolving cityscape of Jakarta at the time of its construction
Rudolph aimed to combine the clean lines and functionality of Western modernism with a deep appreciation for the local Indonesian culture and environment
Its staggered design, featuring interlocking horizontal and vertical elements, gives it a distinct profile
Rudolph’s clever use of open spaces, lattices, and sun shading devices in his design shows a thoughtful response to Jakarta’s tropical climate, facilitating natural ventilation and reducing heat gains
The most distinguishing feature of this project is the hexagonal frames emerging from the main structure, which appear to act as the wooden “skeleton” frame of the house
The entrance to the home is pushed under these protruding lattice frames, shielding it from public view
The cantilevered projections allow the interior space to unfold outside, providing both shade and light for interior and exterior spaces
The design includes a sliding wall between the living and dining areas, and a series of motorized window blinds fabricated with strips of copper
Deane Residence Paul Rudolph New York, USA 1969
Paul Rudolph took an existing building (a Victorian Italianate villa built in 1855) and built a two-story brick and glass pavilion addition to act as his residence
His architectural office at the time was located on the top floor of the existing building
Rudolph Residence
Paul Rudolph Conneccticut, USA 1961-1962
Victor Lundy
Features innovative rooflines designed for shading and natural light control
Employs passive cooling strategies, blending architecture with the environment
Exemplifies Lundy’s focus on site-specific design and energy efficiency
Unitarian Church
Victor Lundy
Westport, Connecticut
1965
Large overhangs provide effective shading, reducing heat gain
Natural materials and carefully positioned windows optimize light and ventilation
Creates an energy-efficient, serene worship environment
St. Paul’s Lutheran Church
Victor Lundy Sarasota, Florida 1959
Francis Kéré
Benin National Assembly Francis Kéré
Porto-Novo, Republic of Benin 2019-Present (Under Construction)
Combines traditional village design with modern sustainability practices, creating comfortable microclimates
Courtyard Village
Francis Kéré
Cortile d’Onore, Palazzo Litta, Milan, Italy
Local materials like clay and wood provide thermal mass and natural cooling
2001 (Original), 2006-2008 (Extension)
Gando Primary School
Francis Kéré Gando, Burkina Faso
Lycée Schorge Francis Kéré Koudougou, Burkina Faso 2014-2016
Large canopies and courtyards offer shaded communal areas and maximize ventilation
PROJECT PROPOSALS
Lake Pamela’s Pavillions
Adrian Contreras, Elaine Daffron, Miron Strunnikov
Eco-Gator Stops
Penelope Roca, Jamilah Roman, Mandy Tan
Fragmented Shade
Juan Guevara, Lloyd Meadows, Daniel Rivera
Weaving Together West Campus
Yorlis Cintron Velez, Cristina Rivera, Kelsey Zwick
Pavilion of Dreams & (Hidden) Potential
Erika Tetrault, Mark Adewumi
LAKE PAMELA’S PAVILLIONS
Adrian Contreras, Elaine Daffron, Miron Strunnikov
Along the edge of Valencia College West Campus is Lake Pamela, a gem hidden in the rough. Despite the natural beauty of the site, the area is undeveloped and underutilized, as the intensity of the Florida sunlight ensures that visitors do not stick around for long. We propose a series of interventions following the existing path around Lake Pamela to provide much needed shade, inviting visitors to linger, perhaps for the first time, and experience the inherent beauty of this natural landscape. These spaces are designed to facilitate visitor participation in the site and provide event spaces in which to gather, strengthening the sense of community on campus by fostering a greater connectivity between both visitors and the natural landscape, and each other. This will allow Valencia College to realize the possibilities provided by Lake Pamela, and utilize the site to its fullest potential.
PROPOSAL 1
The first site of this proposal is the Northern entry/exit of the path. At this point, the site breaks away from existing tree cover and opens into a clearing adjacent to the path. This proposal seeks to continue of the partial shade provided by the trees and extend it into the clearing. It begins with seating arranged at a personal scale, as most of Lake Pamela’s visitors arrive alone or in small groups. Gradually, as one follows in the same direction as the path, the scale increases to accommodate larger groups, events, and less passive activities. In this way, visitors that arrive alone or in small groups are drawn forward to participate within a larger assembly of visitors. The shading language changes as well. To prevent the overhead condition from becoming visually heavy from the increase of scale the surface is triangulated with major seams that allow for reductive measures between these to perforate the surface without disturbing its integrity. The canopy is held and lit in a way that takes inspiration from light poles. This proposal lacks consideration of the ground condition, other than seeking to touch it lightly and recommend a soft grass that thrives in shade and withstands foot traffic.
PROPOSAL 2
This intervention activates the far side of the lake and proposes the creation of a community area that frames views to the beautiful Lake Pamela. It’s openings are oriented towards the west in order to bring in the sunset landscape reflecting across the lake at the end of each day, while also protecting from the harsh morning and afternoon sun. This structures intended use is not only for students to have a quite place of respite, but also as a venue for functions, club activities, etc. At night time, it lights up like a lantern in order to breed curiosity and become a draw for people to explore the further side of the lake and experience the beauty it has to offer.
PROPOSAL 3
The third site of this proposal included an intersection of pathways, one leading to the college and the other back out to the main road. The goal of this proposal is to create a gathering space to attract people from both paths and also create a walking experience that protects from the rain while allowing the experience of rain inside the proposal.
ECO-GATOR STOPS
Penelope Roca, Jamilah Roman, Mandy Tan
Introduction
Navigating the University of Florida campus daily should be a comfortable and efficient experience for all students, faculty, and staff. However, the current lack of shaded bus stops leaves many exposed to intense sun and unpredictable rain, diminishing the overall quality of campus life. Our proposal aims to enhance the campus’s public infrastructure by introducing shaded bus stops strategically placed throughout the university grounds. By analyzing the scale and occupancy of existing transit points, we ensure that these additions will meet the needs of the community effectively. Implementing shaded shelters will not only provide much-needed protection from the elements but also encourage greater use of public transportation, fostering a more sustainable and user-friendly environment for everyone on campus.
RESEARCH
Precedents
Structure: Parc de la Villette
Each unique structure is built using concrete and red-enamelled aluminium panels. The repetition of forms and colour creates a sense of coherence and their even spacing helps visitors orient themselves in the large park.
Existing Bus Stops and Proposed Typologies
Sketches
2Small Scale Bus Stop
Map
2Bus Stop Proposal
Small Scale Bus Stop
2Structure
Materiality
2Light & Electrical Sun - In - One
Is a company working on solar panel design and uses. Their Solar Bus Stop package provides an opportunity for bus stops to remain active in all aspects. Their product has already been used in other schools and college campuses as well.
The Ultimate Bus shelter lighting, phone charging, Wi-Fi and security cameras products and features all in one bus shelter lighting product.
If you are looking for a way to enhance the safety and convenience of your bus shelter, you might be interested in our products and features. We offer high-quality lighting High CRI, phone charging WI-FI and security camera Integrated into the light fixture for bus shelters of any size and design.
Greenery
Green Roof
Blanket Flower
Black-eyed Susan
Beach Sunflower
Elliot’s Love Grass
Coreopsis
Frog Fruit
Green Wall
Coral Honeysuckle
Crossvine
Passionflower
Virginia Creeper
Yellow Jessamine
2Medium Scale Bus Stop
2Bus Stop Proposal
Medium Scale Bus Stop
2Structure
Materiality
2Light & Electrical Sun - In - One
Is a company working on solar panel design and uses. Their Solar Bus Stop package provides an opportunity for bus stops to remain active in all aspects. Their product has already been used in other schools and college campuses as well.
The Ultimate Bus shelter lighting, phone charging, Wi-Fi and security cameras products and features all in one bus shelter lighting product.
If you are looking for a way to enhance the safety and convenience of your bus shelter, you might be interested in our products and features. We offer high-quality lighting High CRI, phone charging WI-FI and security camera Integrated into the light fixture for bus shelters of any size and design.
Greenery
Green Roof
St. Augustine Grass
Bermudagrass
Zoysiagrass
Live Oak
Sand Live Oak
Green Wall
Coral Honeysuckle
Crossvine
Passionflower
Virginia Creeper
Yellow
Jessamine
2Large Scale Bus Stop
2Bus Stop Proposal
Large Scale Bus Stop
2Structure
Materiality
2Light & Electrical Sun - In - One
Is a company working on solar panel design and uses. Their Solar Bus Stop package provides an opportunity for bus stops to remain active in all aspects. Their product has already been used in other schools and college campuses as well.
The Ultimate Bus shelter lighting, phone charging, Wi-Fi and security cameras products and features all in one bus shelter lighting product.
If you are looking for a way to enhance the safety and convenience of your bus shelter, you might be interested in our products and features. We offer high-quality lighting High CRI, phone charging WI-FI and security camera Integrated into the light fixture for bus shelters of any size and design.
Greenery
Green Roof
Green Wall
St. Augustine Grass
Bermudagrass
Zoysiagrass
Live Oak Sand Live Oak
Coral Honeysuckle
Crossvine
Passionflower
Virginia Creeper
Yellow Jessamine
Our Goal
Contact TAPS and Gainesville RTS with our proposals
“We need to keep pushing for more”
FRAGMENTED SHADE (GROUP 3)
JUAN GUEVARA, DANIEL RIVERA, LLOYD MEADOWS
Weaving Together West Campus
Valencia State College - Orlando, FL
Yorlis Cintron Velez
Cristina Rivera
Kelsey Zwick
Valencia State College – West Campus' collection of buildings create a casbah situated between large parking areas and a picturesque lake.
Our team was focus on weaving together all the public space.
Circulation from the parking areas
Assembly gathering/respite spaces
Promenade around the lake
We weaved the spaces together by using a playful, repetitive wave gestured structures that are modular for future expansion/modifications.
Sun Path Analysis
INSPIRATION
Selected Intervention Spaces
Sketch >>> Digital
NW Circulation
Lake Promenade
A Proposal in Two Parts
Project 1: Pavilion of Dreams
Project 2: (Hidden) Potential
Erika Tetrault, Mark Adewumi
Project 1: Pavilion of Dreams
Material Choices
Advantages of ETFE
(Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene)
Lightweight and Strong:
Weighs about 1% of the weight of glass, drastically reducing structural load and allowing for lighter support systems.
High tensile strength, making it resistant to mechanical stress and deformation.
High Transparency and Light Transmission:
Allows up to 95% of natural light to penetrate, reducing the need for artificial lighting.
UV-resistant, maintaining clarity and minimizing degradation over time.
Thermal and Acoustic Performance:
Excellent insulator, reducing heat gain while maintaining indoor comfort.
Can incorporate multiple ETFE layers with air cushions for enhanced thermal and sound insulation.
Resistance to Extreme Weather:
Highly durable against heavy winds, making it suitable for hurricaneprone regions.
Tested to withstand wind speeds over 200 mph, providing resilience in severe weather.
Fire Resistance:
Self-extinguishing and complies with strict fire safety regulations.
Emits no toxic fumes when exposed to fire, ensuring safety in emergencies.
Modularity and Design Flexibility:
Easily fabricated into panels or cushions for modular construction. Enables creative architectural designs, including complex shapes and forms.
Low Maintenance and Longevity:
Naturally resistant to dirt and environmental pollutants, requiring minimal cleaning.
Can last 25-35 years, maintaining performance with minimal upkeep.
Environmental Benefits:
Fully recyclable and has a low carbon footprint compared to traditional materials.
Helps regulate internal building temperatures, reducing energy use and carbon emissions.
Cost-Effectiveness:
Reduces long-term costs due to lower energy consumption and minimal maintenance.
Case Study
Material Innovations: Light & Color
Serpentine Pavilion 2015 Selganesco London’s Kensington Gardens, UK 2015
Built using ETFE, a lightweight and highly transparent material
Allows natural light to filter through while maintaining thermal comfort
Dynamic and colorful structure that combines aesthetic appeal with energy efficiency
Initial Design Exploration
Located by the lakes and surrounded by nature and walking trails, Valencia Campus West’s Pavilion of Dreams features a weather-resistant, colored ETFE covering a large gathering space, reflecting multi-colored light and capturing the wonder of nature.
Catching the cross-breezes off the water, keep cool and enjoy community events like never before.
Park your bike and walk up either the deep-tread stairs or sloped ramp to reach your destination.
Nested beneath the open-air Pavilion of Dreams is a stand-alone building complete with projector screens, restrooms, event gallery storage, and additional communal spaces.
Project 2: (Hidden) Potential
Case Study
Parking Lots: More Than A Heat Island
Springs Preserve PV Park
Huntington Design Associates & Sunpower Corporation Las Vegas, Nevada 2008
A public visitor center with displays and events focused on sustainability in the desert environment
The parking areas are shaded by a multi-layered canopy structure, complete with a cutting-edge photovoltaic array to generate solar power
The canopy’s materials feature a pre-tensioned fabric membranes that are shaped to reflect light back to the underside of bifacial PV panels, enhancing the array’s power output
The PV panels themselves rotate throughout the day to optimize orientation relative to the sun for optimal solar energy production
Solar Energy: Is It Viable?
Valencia Campus West holds a surprisingly untapped revenue stream, one that could also improve aesthetics and comfort for the site and its inhabitants:
Its parking lots!
A structure placed over the parking lots, composed of metal beams, a reflective fabric, and holding up a set of sun-tracking solar panels could provide shade from Florida’s intense sun, mitigate the heat island effect that parking lots produce, and provide plenty of electricity and profit for the college for years to come.
Crunching the Numbers
Valencia Campus West
Dedicated Parking Area: 28.54 acres
Generative Potential: More than 10,108,432 kwH per year (10,108 mwH per year)
That’s enough to power 25 residential homes all year long! The average cost of electricity in Florida is $0.15 per kWh
In less than 3 years, this site will produce enough energy to pay off installation costs - leading to YEARS of incredible profit!
