Florida 3.0: Reinventing our Future by Center for Hydro-generated Urbanism

FLORIDA 3.0 Reinventing Our Future. Edited by Nancy M. Clark

CREDITS: Book Credits:

Exhibition Credits:

Editor and Writer: Nancy M. Clark Graphics Editor: Mitch Clarke

Exhibition Participants: Kai-Uwe Bergmann | Miami Resiliency Studio | Partner BIG Architects Ivan Smith Visiting Professor UF SoA

Nancy M. Clark | Miami Resiliency Studio | Florida Sao Paulo Dialogues | Program Director Global Lab + Chair, Consortium for Hydro-generated Urbanism

Martha Kohen | Florida Sao Paulo Dialogues | Florida Settlement Typologies | Chair, Consortium for Hydro-generated Urbanism

Alexandre Delijaicov | Florida Sao Paulo Dialogues | Coordinator Grupo Metrópole Fluvial | Ivan Smith Visiting Professor UF SoA

Silvia Aloisio William Arthur Timothy Beecken Carmen Chan Lian Chen Mitch Clarke Kimberly Connell Douglas Crawford Blaire Davis Kaylee Delhagen Calvin Di’Nicolo Krista Farmer J. Alex Fernandez Marzia Fiume

Mason Ip Jonathan Jimenez Jaeyoung Joo Melissa Jones Michael Kuenstle Chang Liu Zilsalina Mendietta Nawari Nawari Zhizhou Wang Evan Vander Ploeg Matthew Vetterick Lok Wong Xuancheng Zhu

Chief Curator: Nancy M. Clark with Martha Kohen Mitch Clarke Lauren Day Mason Ip Douglas Nassar Alexandria Schmidt Alexander Thomas Evan Vander Ploeg Matthew Vetterick Writing: Nancy M. Clark Graphics Editors: Mitch Clarke Mason Ip Douglas Nassar Evan Vander Ploeg Contributing Graphics Editors: Alexander Thomas Matthew Vetterick Resources and Credits: Regional Plan Association / America 2050 Global Commission on the Economy and Climate / Better Growth Better Climate Environmental Protection Agency / Climate Change World Resources Institute Sea Level Rise Fact Sheet Florida Department of Transportation/Florida Future Corridors Florida Oceans and Coastal Council 2014 Miami-Dade Sea Level Rise Task Force Report Southeast Florida’s Resilient Water Resources, Florida Atlantic University World Resources Institute Sea Level Rise Fact Sheet Photo Credits: Florida Memory: State Library and Archives of Florida Forest Johnson Frank Hammond Arianna Prothero/WLRN

About CHU. The Consortium for Hydro-generated Urbanism proposes new paradigms for the evolution of water-based settlements. From retrofitting the metropolis to envisioning future cities on the water, we advocate a reconsideration of fluvial urbanism and coastal landscapes and a recalibration of our settlement patterns in the context of climate variability, waste and energy management, global economic shifts, environmental migration and population growth.

CONTENTS: INTRODUCTION | 6

Nancy M. Clark

MOBILITY | 8

REPURPOSING FLORIDAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S DEINDUSTRIALIZED LANDSCAPE | 12 Douglas Crawford THE MIAMI-HAVANA CONNECTION | 20 William. Arthur TRANS PORT | 26 Kaylee Delhagen + Matthew Vetterick

INFRASTRUCTURE | 38

ECO-TRICITY | 40 Blaire Davis + Mason Ip BLUE RESCUE | 50 Jaeyoung Joo + Chang Liu VIRGINIA KEY WATER TREATMENT | 60 Krista Farmer + Lok Wong

HYDRO ECOSYSTEMS | 64

R.E.E.F. | 68 Tim Beecken TRI-LINE | 72 Chen Lien + Zhizhou Wang INTERLACED ECOLOGIES | 82 Kimberly Connell MIAMI URBAN ARTERY | 90 Mitch Clarke + Melissa Jones

NEW ECONOMY | 98

ATLAS ISLANDS | 100 J. Alexander Fernandez + Evan Vander Ploeg SOBE FORTRESS | 108 Carmen Chan + Jonathan Jimenez

RESILIENT CITY | 122

PODIUM TOWERS | 124 Zilsalina Mendietta RECOMBINANT CANAL CITY | 132 Silvia Aloisio URBAN GATOR | 138 Marzia Fiume

Jacksonville, FL Green Cove Springs, FL

St. Augustine, FL

Ormand Beach, FL

Orlando, FL Cape Canaveral, FL Tampa, FL Long Boat Key, FL

Fort Pierce, FL

Palm Beach, FL

Miami, FL

Havana, Cuba

INTRODUCTION Nancy M. Clark Florida stands at risk of losing trillions of dollars of existing development as a consequence of sea level rise and climate change. The extraordinary circumstance that the state finds itself confronting opens up new opportunities for reinventing our economy and development. We believe that now is the time to start changing course by envisioning a future for Florida that capitalizes upon this new reality to propel the state towards a productive future. Our coastline will be heavily impacted and must be adapted through new modes of development such as establishing new urban cores in consideration of strategic retreat and proposing alternative settlement patterns for the shifting population and projected increase of over 18 million people in the next 50 years. Metropolitan areas from Jacksonville and Tampa Bay to the South Florida Metropolis face high degrees of vulnerability and coastal tourism will require new approaches to development. Innovative urban paradigms can be envisioned in order to imagine the changes that will lead us to resiliency. All levels of infrastructural assets from energy generation to intra and inter-modal transportation must be reconsidered. Widespread residential morphologies such as canal communities, beachfront high rises and artificial island developments that have been created over the past 50 years will require recalibration to the new conditions.

Florida 3.0: Reinventing our Future engages this debate by proposing new urban possibilities framed through the perspective of five priorities: Infrastructure, Mobility, Hydrological Ecosystems, The Resilient City, and The New Economy. Florida 3.0 takes an integrated approach to these priorities. This book presents the results of an exhibition held at the Miami Center for Architecture and Design (MCAD) and represents ongoing research conducted by the Consortium for Hydro-generated Urbanism (CHU) at the University of Florida that focuses on the history and future of Floridaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s water based settlements and hydro-environments within the broader context of new paradigms for the evolution of cities on water from around the world.

Special thanks to Prof. Martha Kohen and UF Ivan Smith Distinguished Visiting Professors Kai-Uwe Bergmann, Partner BIG Architects and Prof. Alexandre Delijaicov, FAUUSSP, Coordinator Grupo Metropole Fluvial for their invaluable contributions to the work presented in this book.

MOBILITY

MEGA REGIONAL NETWORKS

NEW HYDRO MOBILITY CORRIDORS

The need for public investment to address concerns about aging infrastructure and the impact of climate change is also an opportunity to reconsider the future of mobility in Florida. Enhancing our regional connections will be necessary to mitigate both population growth and the impact of climate change. With miles of navigable waterways, Florida has a unique opportunity to establish a highly resilient and sustainable multimodal infrastructure. From high speed rails to high speed ferries, hybrid water-land transport can increase productivity and economic growth in the state. On a city scale, regeneration of urban waterfronts can become a driving force for social regeneration and formerly neglected waterfronts can be infused with flows and mobility, activities and spaces for meeting context of new paradigms for the evolution of cities on water from around the world.

TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE Florida’s transportation infrastructure is especially vulnerable to climate variability and storm related flood events. The state has over 2,500 miles of road below 3 feet -many of which are linked to access routes to and from bridges -and one of the U.S. states with airports most vulnerable to flooding including two of the state’s top ten busiest airports: Miami International and Fort Lauderdale. The renovation of Fort Lauderdale’s airport is likely the first of several expensive projects to raise Florida’s runways. In addition, increase in tourism and Florida’s population will require airport expansions and increased road capacity statewide. Given such large public investments in transportation infrastructure that will be required to address these issues over the next decade or two, there is a unique opportunity to examine future trends as a central focus of Florida’s transportation policy. Changes in urban mobility will no longer follow the patterns of the last century with its emphasis on motorization and resilient cities will lead the implementation of 21 century transportation alternatives.

Airport Seaport Interstate Railway Florida All Aboard Rail Future Maritime Connections Intracoastal Waterway

THE FLORIDA MEGAREGION Sustainable megaregions require intra- and inter-urban access that is coordinated with public and private development interests. The Florida megaregion is a clustered network of cities that spans the length of the state and as our population continues to grow, these cities are facing increasing pressures on natural resources and the environment as well as a loss of developable land due to coastline retreat and the inundation of lowlands. The archipelago of urban settlements from Miami, Tampa-St. Petersburg to Orlando and Jacksonville will require more megaregional links. Florida’s reliance on its roadways is not sustainable and a transformative change in transport systems -from high-speed rail/intercity rail to highspeed ferries- will be required.

MIAMI AND TAMPA RIVERS Urban rivers around the world are undergoing transformation as cities rediscover their riverfronts. In Florida, the Hillsborough River in Tampa and Miami River, both canalized beginning in the late 19th and early 20th century for industrial purposes, are two such examples of this urban trend but face unique challenges caused by climate variability. While each city has plans to revitalize their waterfronts, there has been little consideration of salt water intrusion, a lack of local ecology and the effects of sea level rise threatening this region. Redevelopment of these urban rivers is an opportunity to mitigate ecological concerns, increased flooding, and improve water quality while introducing a new urban mobility that encourages urban walking, cycling, and multimodal river transit. Adaptable ecologies add a new resilient landscape and creates a new public space for nearby neighborhoods and communities.

1 to 3 Million

150,000 to 1 Million

6 Million +

3 to 6 Million

CARIBBEAN AND GULF OF MEXICO REGION Geopolitical projections point to increasing alliances between the U.S. and its neighbors in the region. Recent shifts in U.S.-Cuba relations reinforce this forecast and suggest a new future for Gulf of Mexico nations. The government’s decision to allow ferries between the two countries promises to introduce a new transportation industry for Florida and a new economy of the sea for our coastal cities. Passenger ferries are used around the world and it is a viable transportation option not only between Miami and Havana. The industry has the potential to expand to ports throughout coastal Florida from Miami and Tampa to Port Everglades and Fort Lauderdale.

St. Johnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s River

ST JOHN RIVER

The St Johns River is the largest river in the state of Florida and runs north from Indian River County for 310 miles before it reaches Jacksonville inlet. The river is used for recreation and commercial services. It links the cities of Sanford, Palatka, and Jacksonville, though it is currently not used for passenger transit between these cities. As sea level rise begins to affect the coastal communities of Florida, it has become necessary to respond to the loss of habitat and coastal commercial routes. We see the potential to create new urban cores inland by re-purposing existing waterways such as the St Johns River as a natural resource capable of providing commuter transit and commercial shipping between Palatka and Jacksonville. Utilizing high-speed hovercraft, it would be possible to live in Palatka and travel to a meeting in Jacksonville in less than an hour and a half, avoiding traffic jams that commonly plague Jacksonville.

Hillsborough River

ATLANTIC INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY

Gulf of Mexico Miami River

Havana, Cuba

There are nearly 400 miles of coastline along the Florida Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway, a protected navigable route made of natural inlets, saltwater rivers, bays, and sounds as well as artificial canals encircling the state. Running in parallel with the railway along the Atlantic Ridge, a geological formation that evidences the cycles of the coasts ebb and flow over millions of years, the Atlantic inland waterway is a feat of engineering that spurred settlements along its length and to the west where entire cities emerged out of wetlands and acres of artificial islands were created for development. In anticipation of a loss of many barrier islands that currently protect the Intracoastal Waterway and the need for a high-speed shipping lane, we propose new hydro-mobility corridors and artificial archipelagos. Utilizing the spoils necessary for the navigability, new islands for development, artificial reefs for habitats, and protected modes of transport for economic growth could be created in the heart of cities and communities along the Atlantic Coast.

REPURPOSING FLORIDAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S DE-INDUSTRIALIZED LANDSCAPE

Vacated Military Bases | Green Cove Springs and the St. Johns River Douglas Crawford Along the northeast Florida coast, approximately 30% of the areas land is vulnerable at a 3 foot rise of sea level and potentially one half million people will be affected based on current population numbers. The St. Johns River will become an important protected deep water route as the coastline recedes and the Intracoastal waterway is exposed. The town of Green Cove Springs sits along the river just south of Jacksonville and west of historic St. Augustine. It is home to a hydrological springs and was a popular tourist destination in the 19th century. The town was established as a military base in the 1940â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s to house naval destroyer vessels. The base was decommissioned in 1960 and the thirteen 1,800 foot long piers remain abandoned. We propose retrofitting this existing vacated facility into a new urban core development for the environmental migrants that will be moving inland from inundated coastal cities nearby and for newcomers that will continue to flock to Florida. The regeneration of Green Cove Springs is intended as a prototype to be used as a model for identifying new development opportunities, recycling post-industrial sites and vacated military facilities into new communities for displaced populations in other susceptible existing urban areas.

Jacksonville. Learning-landscapes will help guide the public's attention to the new aquaculture based industry located in Green Cove Springs. The current industries, based on naval retrofitting and small craft maintenance, will evolve into productive shipyards and recreational marinas. Parks, cafes, and restaurants will be found occupying the new landscapes, as well as the existing piers. Multimodal transit will be facilitated between road, rail, and sea at the transit terminal. Each of these programmatic functions will lend themselves towards creating a more successful and revitalized urban condition for the once desolate ruins serving as a memory of the former naval fleet.

dian River eation and gh it is not

necessary level rise utilization ansit and vercraft, it an an hour

Jacksonville N < 5 mins Jacksonville S 15 mins

Jacksonville N

Orange Park

Jacksonville S

< 5 mins

the area ty will be le. Green wing World upport the bridge all

Creighton Island < 5 mins

78 mins

Orange Park Creighton Island

Fruit Cove 12 mins Shands Bridge < 5 mins

Green Cove Springs

f elevated latka and quaculture on naval creational es, as well sea at the creating a ving as a

35 mins Palatka

55 mph, continuous transit

Commuter Water Transit Route

Palatka

1:960,000

< 5 mins

Aquaculture Education

15 mins

Jacksonville N

Jacksonville S

< 5 mins < 5 mins

78 mins

12 mins

Multimodal Transit Orange Park Creighton Island

Fruit Cove

Recreation

< 5 mins

Green Cove Springs

35 mins

Shipyard Industry

55 mph, continuous transit

sit Route

Fruit Cove

Observation

Palatka

Shands Bridge

Jacksonville

Green Cove Springs Palatka

JACKSONVILLE - 822,883 +11.9% Industry Tourism

NAVAL AIR STATION Military Government

ORANGE PARK - 8,412 -7.1% LAKESIDE - 30,927 +0.1%

Services Military Housing

Residential Services

GREEN COVE SPRINGS - 5 Manufacturing Serives

5 Miles *Percentages show population growth since 2000 Data courtesy of www.city-date.com

Tou Ser

BLOUNT ISLAND COMMAND Military Government

ATLANTIC BEACH - 12,672 -5.2% Residential Services

+11.9%

NEPTUNE BEACH - 7,090 -3.1% Residential Services

City Conditions Major Airport

JACKSONVILLE BEACH - 21,392 +1.9%

Local Bus System

Residential Services

Local Industry Provider

Interstate Connection Beaches Colleges/Universities Natural Waterway Inlet

PARK - 8,412 -7.1%

Heavy Coast Manipulation Intercoastal Waterway

sing

Railroad Connection Private Land

City Relations

N COVE SPRINGS - 5,378 +28.8%

Mother City Edge City

cturing

Military Base Strong Connection

ST. AUGUSTINE - 12,975 +12.6% Tourism Serives

Connection Weak Connection

Initial Site

Phase 06

Phase 01

Phase 02

Phase 03

Phase 04

Phase 05

1500-1600

THE MIAMI-HAVANA FERRY CONNECTION William Arthur

1600-1750

Until October 31, 1962, it was possible to travel by overnight ferry from Miami, Florida to Havana, Cuba. The end of this service, and other tourist-related industries in Cuba marked the closing of an era which saw rapid expanses in hotel, shopping and entertainment establishments. The effects of this tourism were two-directional and profoundly affected the fabric of both cities. While U.S. tourism to Cuba has been frequently highlighted, the steady stream of Cuban middle class tourism to Miami was also a significant component of the development of a sustainable industry in South Florida. The physical connection between the cities of Miami and Havana via ferry was crucial for the tourism business, and also of important cultural significance in contributing to the impression of a seamless cultural continuity across the sea. Reconnecting the ferry service and its public exposure would act upon the collective mind in strengthening the link between the two cities, and reinstate the reciprocities in tourism and culture as well as socio-political and economic exchange. MiamiHavana Ferry Connection explores the reciprocal potential that public/private investment in enhancing the ferry service might have for urban development and economic opportunities.

1750-1850

1850-1900

GROWTH OF HAVANA 1519-1900

Terminal Design: Havana Section Through Building Envelope + Courtyard Space

Terminal Design: Miami Section Through Main Concrete Structure + Courtyard

PROPOSED VIEW BETWEEN THE AMERICAN AIRLINES ARENA & THE NEW TERMINAL

PROPOSED HAVANA TERMINAL UNDER CONSTRUCTION

TRANS.PORT Matthew Vetterick + Kaylee Delhagen Transportation is the linchpin of Miami, as the movement of goods and people is among the primary industries that allow Miami to thrive. The two primary transportation hubs for both goods and people are the Miami International Airport (MIA) and Port Miami. MIA is currently undergoing major renovations due to aging facilities and runways. By the year 2050, MIA is expected to increase by 20 million passengers a year. PortMiami is also expecting substantial growth both in number of cruise passengers and number of shipping containers. Both MIA and PortMiami have no more room in their current locations to expand for this expected growth. In order to alleviate the strain on these two primary hubs, we propose building an entirely new airport and re-locating the existing port. The new Air+Port would be located three miles off the coast of Miami Beach, which would allow for saving in fuel used in ships and shorter travel distances into Miami and Miami Beach for visitors. As a means of protection against storm surge, an arrangement of barrier islands would be incorporated into the overall structure of the new facility, with the primary barrier island being the new port and the secondary one an ecological barrier island that partially sits under the raised airport. In order to offset some of the costs of construction, the current port would be redeveloped as a mixed-used community to accommodate population in the greater Miami area.

(MIA) PASSENGER TRAFFIC + EXPECTED 28

750-800 ACRES MORE FOR 20 MILLIONS+ PASSENGERS 29

PROPOSED RAIL CONNECTIONS 31

TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT

AIRPORT NOISE EXPOSURE CURVE 34

WATERWAYS UNDER PRESERVATION 35

AIR + PORT

INFRASTRUCTURE

21ST CENTURY ENERGY DEMANDS AGING INFRASTRUCTURE

Floridaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s coastal communities are battling unprecedented flooding of their urban fabric which is driving seawater into the fresh water aquifers and exposing the vulnerability of the states aging flood-control systems. Predictions for asset losses in South Florida are estimated to reach over 30 billion dollars by the mid-21st century. Experts believe that these losses could be greatly mitigated if governments and the private sector increase community resilience by managing risks and building resilient infrastructure. Cities need to rethink their systems on a city scale to discover design opportunities within infrastructural vulnerabilities. The need to re-engineer water resource adaptation strategies can be an opportunity for new community developments. Response to the impact of the growing population of Florida and subsequent energy demands expected by 2100 requires innovative alternatives in energy generation.

INNOVATIVE WATER MANAGEMENT 39

ECO-TRICITY Blaire Davis + Mason Ip With the ever growing population in Miami, the city looks to meet its energy demands by the year 2100 and the existing infrastructure has its flaws. The Turkey Point Nuclear Generation Station, located 20 miles south of the city of Miami is exposed and vulnerable to sea level rise, storm surge, and hurricane damage. With a combined capacity of 3300 MW, Turkey Point is the largest generating station in Florida, the sixth largest power plant in the United States, and supplies all of south Florida with nuclear power. The Fukushima disaster in 2011 impacted development and communities within a 50 mile radius in Japan. A similar disaster at Turkey Point would seriously impact the entire Miami-Dade county area, including the 161,566 people living within a 10 mile radius of the station. Less perilous but equally problematic is the huge demand of nuclear energy on water sources. Currently, Turkey Point requires approximately 114 million gallons of water for cooling. With the Gulf Stream a mere 25 miles off the coast of Miami, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s time for Florida to consider the benefits and the potential of tidal power generation. Eco-TriCity is located in the Gulf Stream 21 miles east of Miami where a tidal energy turbine array is proposed to replace all of the nuclear energy generated by Turkey Point. Phase one of the development includes a Tidal Research Institute as its anchor to propose a new age of energy generation.

3â&#x20AC;&#x2122; SEA LEVEL RISE IN MIAMI-DADE COUNTY 41

MELTDOWN IMPACT IN SOUTH FLORIDA

NUCLEAR GAS

Productivity

3 GWh

114 million gallons/day

Productivity

0 GWh

0 million gallons/day

million population) : 3.4 GWs (24,125 GWh)

30 24

“Nuclear Power generates nuclear waste that has to b kept apart from people for something like one to six million years. We don’t have any idea how to protect something for a miillion years.”- South Miami Mayor Phillip Stodard (may 2013)

Nuclear Reactors

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

Spent Nuclear Waste

2015 Katrina

1992

Opal

1990

Category 5

Category 2

Floyd

Category 4

Andrew

Storm Surge Height (Feet)

Turkey Point Nuclear Plant

Years

The power plant of the future...

...covers 71% of the earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surface

TIDAL INSTITUTE

BLUE RESCUE Jaeyoung Joo + Chang Liu The city of Miami faces challenges of urban sprawl, heavy rain, and flooding of its environment. The change in the flow of water through the Floridian and Biscayne Aquifer has exacerbated the issue of water in the region. It is projected that up to 70 % of the drainage capacity of the 28 coastal flood/salinity control structures protecting southeast Florida from flooding and saltwater intrusion could be lost with sea level rise at less than 1 foot. Adaption solutions may require the addition of high-capacity pumping stations costing millions of dollars each. The Blue Rescue focuses on the need for new pumping stations and fresh water demands by creating pumping stations parks. The project focuses on the need for the new pumping stations and fresh water by creating pumping station parks located in the most vulnerable areas in Miami that would hold water during flooding and provide recreation areas by incorporating social infrastructure unique to the neighborhood it occupies.

Miami is SINKING 51

RESCUE CENTERS

ARTIFICIAL BASINS

PUMP FIELDS

OBSERVATORY

PROMENADE

BOTANICAL GARDEN

VERTICAL FARMING

PUMP STATION IN USE DURING FLOODING SITUATION

PLAZA DURING FLOODING SITUATION 58

VIRGINIA KEY WATER TREATMENT Krista Farmer + Lok Wong Growing population, aging infrastructure, and salt water intrusion pose a significant threat to the Biscayne aquifer and the quality of water throughout Miami-Dade Country. It is becoming increasingly urgent to address means to provide a clean water sources that anticipates a growth in need while protecting the limited water supply available to Miami. Aging wastewater and water treatment infrastructure is expected to cost over $1 billion to repair. The 62 year old Central district waste water treatment plant situated on Virginia Key is at risk from rising seas and storm surge beginning at 3 feet. Through a phased decommissioning of the old plan and decentralization to the mainland, Virginia Key is transformed into an ecological water treatment park that promotes educational awareness and provide social space for outdoor recreation.

2015 2,724,623 people

2020 2,885,439 people

2030 3,206,287 people 62

AGING INFRASTRUCTURE AT RISK

HYDRO-ECOSYSTEMS 64

ADAPTING TO SHORELINE RETREAT

NEW BARRIER ISLANDS FLOODABLE LANDSCAPES Florida hosts a diverse and unique variety of ecosystems vulnerable to fluctuations in water levels and climate change. In addition, continual pressures of urbanization on hydro-systems is unsustainable. Coastal cities can balance the needs of the city with the protection of natural resources if they deploy these ecosystems as instruments to address future development and urban concerns of mobility, health, recreation and economic opportunity. Introducing new landscape infrastructures as a part of urban development plans can help alleviate storm surge, retreating coastlines and improve water quality and quantity. Reconstructing urban water networks and wetland systems as an integrated part of the urban fabric can help resolve pollution problems and waterways can be rediscovered as a place for social and cultural interaction.

WETLAND ECOLOGIES

TIDAL MARSHES, ESTUARIES, and COASTAL FORESTS Florida has nearly 4,500 square miles of estuaries and bays. As barrier islands vanish, these marshes and estuaries will be exposed to open-coast conditions. In addition, tidal wetlands are coastal systems that help mitigate the impact of storms. Because tidal wetlands accumulate sediment at a very slow rate they are sensitive to water level changes and are at risk under current sea level rise predictions. As salinity increases, there is a decline in survival rates of all species on the forested islands in salt marshes. Already, ecologically critical wetlands such as the Everglades in South Florida and Big Bend Coastline on the Gulf of Mexico are retreating. It is possible that nearly half of the salt marshes in the state could be lost by 2100.

Coastal Seaforests Mangrove Swamps Tidal Marshes

BARRIER ISLANDS BEACHES AND INLETS With over 1,200 miles of coastline surrounding the peninsula, rising tides are an obvious concern for Florida’s coastal ecosystems. 40 % of the state’s beaches are at risk. Beaches and barrier islands shift, advance, and retreat as a normal process. Shoreline engineering such as beach stabilization and nourishment and human development interrupts this natural sedimentation process and can actually increase vulnerability. Florida has appropriated more than 100 million dollars over the past five years and according to the Army Corps of Engineers, by 2062 the region will need approximately 170 million cubic yards of beach nourishment in order to hold its coastline.

Barrier Island

OYSTER AND CORAL REEFS Oyster reefs create natural buffers that help stabilize coastlines and filter our water. Apalachicola Bay is a highly productive estuary, which in general produces 90 percent of the commercial oyster harvest. Loss of this habitat space will decrease productivity and significantly impact the industry. Coral reefs also act as a natural protective barrier for coastal regions. With over 6,000 reefs, the Florida Keys is the third largest system in the world at risk due to higher water temperatures. In addition, water expansion may make the water too deep for coral reefs to thrive.

Oyster and Coral Reefs

AQUIFERS Florida’s aquifers are primary source of drinking water for the cities in the state including Tallahassee, Jacksonville, Gainesville, Orlando, Daytona Beach, Tampa, and St. Petersburg and Miami. Coastal aquifers from throughout the state are increasing in salinity as salt water continues to move inland contaminating the fresh water aquifer underlying most of Florida. Adaptation through hard engineering will likely require the addition of high-capacity pumping stations costing tens of millions of dollars each.

Aquifer

Atlantic Ocean

St. Johnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s River

Florida Aquifer

Hillsborough River

Lake Okeechobee Tampa Bay

Charlotte Harbor

Gulf of Mexico

Biscayne Aquifer

Miami River Biscayne Bay Florida Bay

Coral Reefs

R.E.E.F. Tim Beecken This is not a luxury island. R.E.E.F. is a visionary concept based on the floating cities of the past. It vows to offer colonists all the amenities they would have on land with ample economic and entertainment. The colonist only must vow they will be sustainable in all their efforts and work towards a positive net energy as a community and modules, in return they are given a place to eat and sleep. St. Augustine faces a great impact from the rising sea levels, with the loss of its barrier island in 2050, it will be exposed to the oceanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s destructive power. R.E.E.F. is being established to create an artificial barrier, one that is inhabitable. The modules act together to repel the waves and grow themselves; weak links will not be tolerated, this is not a vacation island. During phase two, deployment of wave attenuation platforms is done. These are the most vital for the entire system as they are the protection from the sea. The seeds are first set into place and linked together via the infrastructural link. During phase three, the harbor communities are established, these are self-sustaining platforms that house the majority of the population. Phase four is a dire implementation, it will synthesis with the coast in hopes of reviving the flooding city.

Implementation as Barrier

TRI-LINE Chen Lien + Zhizhou Wang The city of Miami currently faces three threats: the rising seas, increase in storm intensity, and tidal flooding. The goal of this project is to tackle these issues through a series of interventions that will combine the strategies of discharge, storage, and fortification to mitigate the effects of climate change. Increased watersheds into the Miami River, Little River, and the C-8 canal is alleviated by the introduction of the Blue Line, a new canal system that runs parallel to an existing cargo rail line. The Blue line will hold and delay water flow using ecology to filter water before being introduced into the Biscayne Bay. The Green Line provides parks and diverse habitats while acting as a green land reservoir in the event of heavy rain or flooding. Finally, the Red Line is a floodable fortification that runs along the Biscayne Bay waterfront introducing civic amenities and recreation areas in order to provide phases protection against the rising seas over the next century

TRI-LINE URBAN STRATEGIES

WATER CIRCULATION

INTERLACED ECOLOGIES:

EDGE ADAPTATION FOR COASTAL CITIES | ST. AUGUSTINE Kimberly Connell

Although armoring large territories in Florida is not a viable option due to circumstances of geology and scale, it will be necessary to identify specific strong holds that do not need to be defended. These places could have cultural and historical value or have community and governmental importance as investment assets. We believe one such place is St. Augustine, FL, the oldest city in the United States and home to the national monument Castillo de San Marcos. The city is located in the 100,000 acre Mantanzas Basin, which runs from Anastasia Island to Crescent Beach and, according to predictions, in St. Augustine alone over one thousand acres of developed and undeveloped land will become a salt marsh by 2075. Our proposal identifies limited but key areas in the city to fortify with sea walls and dikes including Castillo de San Marcos and the small historic downtown are and allows for shoreline retreat for the remaining land at risk. These protected areas will become islands over time as the natural coastal processes occur an the riparian, littoral and aquatic wetland systems claim the environment around them. We propose that Barrier City and Retrofitted City are directly linked as complimentary strategies with climate refugees relocated to the new urban core.

STORM SURGE RISK

CATEGORY 1 CATEGORY 2 CATEGORY 3

OPEN WATER INUNDATED LAND

HAZARD ANALYSIS

MAINLAND LAND SUITABLE FOR BUILDING

SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

POINT OF INTEREST NEIGHBORHOOD

Creates connectivity between the downtown historical district and the waterfront

The usage of soft barriers will allow for more personal interaction with the water

PUBLIC PARK

CITY FRONT WALK

BARRIER

Accomodates more tourists and permanent residents along the waterfront and encourages interaction/engagement with water

Will encourage economic development

Building soft infrastructure will allow for a more symbiotic relationship betwee nature and the built world

Will allow for biodiversity to continue

SALTWATER MARSH

SALTWATER WETLAND

BARRIER ISLAND

HIGH SEA LEVEL

New Waterfront

Barrier Assemblage Components are assembled based on initial site relationships and are deployed in response to views and programmatic adjacencies.

Build up and Defense Infill of materials alter the sectional quality of the landscape that contain recreational and service programs based on their location along the coastline.

The Defensive Wall As an alternative to strictly having a barrier wall along the coastline that limits human interaction along the waterfront, programmatic pieces are attached to the barrier wall to provide mass and a new urban edge.

Elevated Promenade Pedestrian traffic runs atop the barrier wall, as well as along it, providing visual and physical interaction with the waterfront in a new way.

AERIAL VIEW OF HISTORIC DISTRICT AND CASTILLO DE SAN MARCOS

RECREATION FIELDS + COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT

MIAMI URBAN ARTERY Mitch Clarke + Melissa Jones Over the course of the past century, the Miami River has been retrofitted from a natural course to an artificial canal for industrial purpose. Lack of local ecology coupled with salt water intrusion and the effects of sea level rise have become the top threats to the region. In addition to the environmental threats, a lack of social gathering and connection combined with the effects of the economic crisis have rendered the area as an urban wasteland. Our goal is to use the river’s edge as an urban strategy to mitigate ecological concerns as well as adapt to the rising seas. By introducing programmable cultural spaces with adaptable ecology, we hope to bring a more connected urban fabric to the river’s edge and throughout the surrounding neighborhoods. Our development strategy includes a “kit of parts” built upon the current Miami Greenway project that has been underway for the past 11 years. The project is split into two phases of retrofitting; one for the vast maritime industry along the river the other for community use. The act of retrofitting the Miami River’s industrial sector accounts for public access to the waterfront while still protecting the multi-billion dollar economic investments of businesses. The retrofitting for community use takes the needs of the community and combines it with the needs for the environment. Programs such as theatre space, urban gardening, and recreational fields are juxtaposed to wetlands, estuaries, and marshes to stitch together a cohesive riverfront. This “urban artery” serves as a connective tissue to filter into the riverfront area.

CULTURAL CENTER + BOARDWALK

URBAN GARDENING + WATER RECREATION 91

ECOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS

URBAN DEVELOPMENT 92

STRATEGIC KIT OF PARTS

Recreation and Boardwalk

Playgrounds

Cultural Spaces

Water Recreation

Community Gardens

OUR PROPOSAL LINKS 4 MILLION SQ. FT. OF NEW PERVIOUS LAND WITH...

...SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW MIAMI “URBAN ARTERY”.

URBAN GARDENING AND WATER RECREATION

RETROFITTED EDGE FOR GALLERIES AND ECOLOGY

NEW ECONOMY

SOCIAL EQUITY

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COORDINATE LAND USE POLICY DECISIONS WITH ADAPTION STRATEGIES Over the past decade, Florida percentage of growth has outpaced every other US mega-urban complex including the Northeast megalopolis Boston-Washington Corridor. Florida’s megaregional web between Miami, Tampa-St. Petersburg, Orlando and Jacksonville is an archipelago of urban settlement set to host one of the largest shares of the nation’s economic expansion in the 21st century. Increased mobility of workers, information, and goods will enable collaboration and innovation but mega-regions such as Florida must also make investments that protect environmental resources, manage economic development goals, and coordinate land use policy decisions in order to take advantage of this growing economic and geographic network. Florida has the opportunity to establish lasting economic growth while at the same time reducing the state’s massive risks from climate change. Billions of dollars are set to be invested in Florida’s infrastructure and how these investments are managed will shape future patterns of growth and productivity. The potential for innovation is immense and the expenditures necessary to mitigate Florida’s vulnerability can also be used to create diverse and dense cities where infrastructure improvements can bring economic vitality, resiliency and social equity.

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LOCAL MITIGATION STRATEGIES

POPULATION AFFECTED IN SOUTH FLORIDA

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ATLAS ISLANDS J. Alexander Fernandez + Evan Vander Ploeg Within the district of Miami, South Beachâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s bayside coast is vulnerable to large, seasonal tidal events and the devastating effects of sea level rise. Dunes on the east coast provide a crucial passive method of protection from these tidal and storm events. The passive system of resiliency and protection through additive land is the inspiration for the creation and development of a string of new connected barrier islands on the vulnerable Biscayne Bay side that will extend as far north as Mid Beach. The string of new islands will isolate a portion of the bays coastal water and therefore aid in controlling water intrusion in the bay and also conforming itself to the existing boat movement patterns. In addition, a network of canals surgically cut within the fabric of South Beach will help mitigate any flooding events that threaten the islands from below. Development along the newly created landmass will act harmoniously with the prevailing South Beach lifestyle and also find itself contributing to its already vibrant community. Retail, recreation, housing, nightlife, and even a new sports arena are all developed with economic and transportation efficiency in mind. Critical to this proposal is the coupling of a long-term solution to the water crisis with the promise of an increase in valuable waterfront development amounting to an urban resiliency adaption plan that pays for itself.

MIAMI BEACH WATER USAGE

COMPARISON OF TAMPA DESALINATION PLANT

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NATIONAL FLOOD INSURANCE DEBT GROWTH

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105

INFRASTRUCTURE MITIGATION FUNDING | PASSIVE

INFRASTRUCTURE MITIGATIO FUNDING | TOTAL

NEW PROTECTIVE BARRIER ISLANDS IN BISCAYNE BAY

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SOBE FORTRESS Carmen Chan + Jonathan Jimenez Miami Beach is an international destination known for its luxurious lifestyle and its prime location on the water. Generating nearly half of the total expenditures of visitors for all of Greater Miami, South Beach is threatened against rising sea-levels, as well as both storm and tidal flooding. SOBE Fortress proposes the use of public space and transportation as defensive strategies against water, seeking to protect the island and its historical districts. Public spaces such as commercial areas, promenades, parks, and marinas weave themselves around South Beach and become the floodable fortifications that protect the island. In addition, canals are introduced along the current roadways to relieve the pressure of rising water through Miamiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s porous limestone foundation. The project recognizes that the quality of life in South Beach cannot be changed overnight, so the proposals for each district are through 2025, 2050, and 2100 master plans. These master plans set guidelines for the elevation construction, and preservation of infrastructure and land and creates four new districts: Lincoln, 5th Street, Alton, and Collins. Lincoln and 5th Street districts are the most similar in that they are prominent entry points as well as commercial corridors. Alton is the most vulnerable district as it is the lowest point of South Beach, while Collins is the most naturally protected. Transportation, through a series of parking garages and marinas along the major entry points, promote the use of pedestrian, bicycle, and boat traffic on the island.

Sea levels will RISE

Total Expenditures (Millions)

25 20.7

21.8

22.8

18.8 17

15 10 5 2009

2010

2011

2012

Greater Miami

$22.9 billion a year

Miami Beach

$10.6 billion a year

2013

$288 per day

ECONOMIC IMPACT OF OVERNIGHT VISITOR

South Beach

8,054,020

66% Lodged in Miami Beach

Lincoln Road

5,444,971

69%

Lodged in Miami Beach

Nightlife

2,079,677

25%

Lodged in Miami Beach

MOST VISITED ATTRACTIONS IN MIAMI BEACH

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200

Expenditures ($)

175.55

150

168.84 134.43

100

94.14 63.43

Lodging

Meals

Transportation

Entertainment

Shopping

Type of Expenditures

TOTAL EXPENDITURES PER PARTY

Hotel Room Tax: 2% $33.7 Million Food + Beverage Tax: 3% $26.9 Million

2013 $60.6 Million MIAMI BEACH TOURISM COLLECTIONS

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3’ Defense Line 7’ Defense Line

DEFENSE STRATEGIES

Lincoln District

Alton District

5th Street District

Collins District

NEW CONFIGURATION OF DISTRICTS

ALTON DISTRICT 2100

COLLINS DISTRICT 2100

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117

LINCOLN ROAD DISTRICT 2100

5TH STREET DISTRICT 2100

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ALTON 2050 IMPLEMENTATIONS: Public connection to water New base flood elevation for future development Green space acting as defense system

ALTON 2100

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5TH STREET 2050 IMPLEMENTATIONS: Passive/active defense methods Alternated transportation Marina/Boardwalk public linkage

5TH STREET 2100

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RESILIENT CITY

FLOATING DEVELOPMENTS

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NEW URBAN CORES

ARTIFICIAL ISLAND SETTLEMENTS

Florida’s coastal cities have billions of dollars in assets and is the most vulnerable state to the impact of climate change in the nation. For many total retreat is not realistic. Instead, what is required are concrete and locally relevant proposals in which the process of designing and the social impact of inaction are central. Development will need to address the future of cities on the water in terms of community infrastructures and neighborhood ecologies by imagining new communities responsive to the future environmental conditions, establishing new patterns of connectivity and identifying development opportunities to create urban densities, new urban cores and innovative forms of settlement. The history of Florida’s development is a story of creating land from swamp and boldly adapting hydro-landscapes into real estate and commerce from the desiccation of the Everglades and the canalization of its interior to the feat of Florida’s Intracoastal waterways. The contemporary urban project must simultaneously wrestle with this environmental legacy and the inevitability of an increasingly wet future with equally bold proposals for adapting our coastal and fluvial cities.

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PODIUM TOWERS Zilsalina Mendietta There are currently thousands of residential condominium towers lining Florida’s beaches and Intracoastal Waterways with more being constructed each year. Potential buyers are not required by law to be alerted to the properties at risk status. As sea level rises, by midcentury the lower floors of these structures could be submerged, calling into question the validity of an owner’s 30 year mortgage. There is no doubt this real estate is as idyllic as it is expensive. Rather than displacing whole communities, we propose constructing a new podium infrastructure connecting the towers and creating an artificial ground for “street level” activities to occur. This new urbanscape infrastructure will serves as the primary means for mobility along the newly created islands as the natural coastlines recede inland. Florida settlement pattern along the beach is emblematic of many beach cities nationally and internationally. We believe this concept is portable and could be employed in other coastal cities around the globe where the condo tower typology is prevalent.

Phase 01 | Current Condition

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Phase 02 | Structural + Foundational Preparation

NORTH FLORIDA JACKSONVILLE STRATEGIC HIGH RISE NODAL CLUSTERS

CENTRAL FLORIDA INNER COASTAL INLET LINEAR CONFIGURATION

SOUTH FLORIDA MIAMI HIGH DENSITY HIGH RISE MULTILEVEL CLUSTERS

Phase 03 | Addition of Commercial Podium

Phase 04 | Addition of Civic + Community Infrastructure

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MASTER SITE PLAN

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JACKSONVILLE STRATEGIC HIGH - RISE NODAL CLUSTERS

INTRACOASTAL INLET LINEAR CONFIGURATION

HIGH - DENSITY HIGH - RISE MULTI - LEVEL CLUSTER 131

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PODIUM CONNECTOR

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RECOMBINANT CANAL CITY AND FLOATING COMMUNITIES Silvia Aloisio Mobile homes as housing was made popular beginning in the World War 2 years when there was a need for temporary wartime housing and the travel trailer industry responded. The need continued post war when GIâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s â&#x20AC;&#x201C;many of whom were familiar with Florida from their military training-needed low cost housing as they flooded to the state. Mobile homes continue to provide low cost housing to retirees and lower income families. They are also highly vulnerable to damage during storms and many susceptible to inundation as water levels rise. However, given their ability to relocate easily and their modularity, rather than reject this housing typology, Recombinant City proposes a high density settlement with mixed uses and public space. The canalized artificial island would extends the city into the sea by floatable docks, parks and houses and, at the same time, the sea enters the town punctuated by a network of canals that help control and manage water fluctuations. The development maintains the existing road infrastructure to bind the existing fabric to the new settlement. Mangroves are reintroduced to defend the artificial island and will over time create a large public landscape and urban space for the city.

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NEW COASTAL COMMUNITIES

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FLOATING COMMUNITIES

URBAN GATOR Marzia Fiume Cape Canaveral is home of the Kennedy Space Center established in the 1960s, and the former hub of the nationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s human space program. This is where astronauts conquered the moon, and, as such, it remains an iconic place for our nation and perhaps the world. The area is under conversion and is a strategic location for increased development. Our proposal captures opportunities that are emerging out of Post-Panamax port development. Port Canaveral is already a thriving cruise port of Orlando and with the influx of funding to upgrade the port size, it is also rapidly expanding to become one of Floridaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s major container ports. Elevated City is a new water based settlement on a raised mega infrastructural platform. It is also an artificial land bridge connecting the city of Orlando with this new coastal city through railway and interstate links. The development will be built in phases, growing to accommodate the increasing density from displaced inhabitants below. The project is composed of three levels with enormous openings that not only allow the land underneath to get natural daylight but also are in dialog with the land that will progressively be submerged due to water level rise. The first and lowest level incorporates water activities and serve to connect the land and water below to the city above. The second level contains public transport and other mobility and the uppermost level is the main city center with all the amenities necessary for living, work and recreation.

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PHASE SEQUENCE

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ELEVATED CITY FINAL PHASE

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CITY LAYERS

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EXPLODED CITY DIAGRAM

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Florida 3.0: Reinventing our Future

Articles inside

INFRASTRUCTURE