A Different Point of View - Women in Education

IN THIS ISSUE

Library of Congress

Museum Happenings...........................3 Feature: Laying A Foundation...........5 Biographies...........................................7 Contemporary Perspective................11 Annual Report....................................13

VOLUME 26

Women in Education

AWARDS

TUESDAY, MAY 16, 2017 6:00 PM RECEPTION 7:00PM PROGRAM |

|

CARNEGIE INSTITUTION FOR SCIENCE | 1530 P STREET, NW WASHINGTON, D.C. To purchase tickets and learn more about this event, please visit:

WOMENSHISTORY.ORG/WOMENMAKINGHISTORY PLEASE RSVP BY MAY 5, 2017 PHONE: 703-461-1920 | RSVP@WOMENSHISTORY.ORG Business Attire | Complimentary Valet Parking Available

HONORING:

LAURA BUSH

Former First Lady of the United States WITH VIDEO TRIBUTE BY THE HONORABLE HILLARY RODHAM CLINTON Followed by a discussion with

MEET THE PRESS MODERATOR, CHUCK TODD

THE HONORABLE ROSIE RIOS

43rd Treasurer of the United States

MAJ. GEN. CHARLES BOLDEN (USMC, RET.) 12th NASA Administrator

BRIG. GEN. WILMA VAUGHT (USAF, RET.)

Founding President, Women in Military Service for America Memorial

for America Memorial Women in Military Service Founding President,

VAUGHT (USAF, RET.) BRIG. GEN. WILMA

12th NASA Administrator

BOLDEN (USMC, RET.) MAJ. GEN. CHARLES

DIANE REHM

Former NPR Host, The Diane Rehm Show

FAYE LAING, M.D.

Radiologist and Professor

GUEST EMCEE

COKIE ROBERTS

Award Winning Journalist and Author

Author Journalist and Award Winning

ROBERTS COKIE

GUEST EMCEE

Radiologist and Professor

A Message From NWHM President Joan Wages Dear Friends, It’s hard to believe that spring is already here. It seems like just yesterday we announced that the Congressional Commission submitted its recommendations to Congress. That was a huge milestone in the Museum’s evolution. As you know, the Commission stated unequivocally that America deserves a National Women’s History Museum on or near the National Mall. And I’m pleased to report that Congress listened.

U.S. Representatives Carolyn Maloney (D-NY) and Ed Royce (R-CA) introduced the Smithsonian Women’s History Museum Act, H.R. 19, the last week of March—National Women’s History Month. We greatly appreciate their leadership in introducing legislation that would make the Museum a reality.

Now the hard work begins and we will be calling on you soon to contact your members of Congress in support of the National Women’s History Museum. Nothing moves fast in Washington, and we are certain aspects of the bill will change as it makes its way through the legislative process. We will keep you informed along the way.

Meanwhile, during National Women’s History Month we continued our commitment to increasing awareness of women’s contributions to our nation’s history through our social media presence, online exhibits, public outreach, the launch of our new online store (shop.womenshistory.org), and other activities that highlight the roles of women.

Since education is an important part of our mission, this issue’s feature article is about education in colonial New England, and our program department gives a contemporary perspective about the importance of including women in educational curricula and textbooks.

I hope you enjoy this issue. As always, thank you for your support, and we look forward to working with you as we take the steps on our path to building a National Women’s History Museum on the National Mall.

To stay updated between newsletters, connect with us on Facebook, www.facebook.com/womenshistory, and on Twitter at @womenshistory.

Gratefully,

Joan Bradley Wages

NWHM and MPAA Host “Hidden Figures” Screening The National Women’s History Museum and the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) hosted a screening of Hidden Figures at MPAA’s headquarters in Washington, D.C. Joylette Hylick, the daughter of Katherine Johnson, one of the movie’s subjects, attended the event and shared inspirational stories about her mother. At its Women Making History event two years ago, the Museum honored Johnson whose computations influenced every major space program from Mercury through the Space Shuttle. She calculated the flight path for the first American space mission.

Films and books like Hidden Figures complement our mission: to educate, inspire, empower and shape the future by integrating women’s distinctive contributions into our nation’s culture and history. For every Katherine Johnson or Mary Jackson or Dorothy Vaughan, there are many other women who were pioneers in their fields, but are left out of our text books, leaving future generations with an incomplete list of role models.

We hope to co-host more events with MPAA to continue to shine the light on other hidden figures to complete that list of role models.

Legislating History: 100 Years of Women in Congress More than 300 women have served in Congress since the first female member took her seat in 1917. Their progression through leadership ranks was slow but sure. In many ways, their integration into government reflected women’s entry into public life. The Museum’s new exhibit Legislating History: 100 Years of Women in Congress explores the women who served in Congress and their contributions.

3

From Jeannette Rankin who took office in 1917 to the first woman Speaker of the House, the exhibit follows these women who arrived without experience in elected office. They fought for women’s voting rights, public health, and against child labor. What they lacked in governing experience, they made up with political experience. To view the exhibit, visit www.womenshistory.org and select online exhibits.

NWHM Participates in National History Day The Museum’s Program Manager Jeanette Patrick participated as a judge in National History Day’s regional competition in Virginia. National History Day is a project-based history competition for students in grades 6 through 12. Students compete in an individual or group project in one of five categories: historical paper, website, documentary, exhibit, or performance.

This year’s theme is Taking a Stand. The Museum awards a prize to the entry that best addresses women’s history. Regional winners will compete in state competitions and the national competition will take place in June at the University of Maryland in College Park.

New Faces We are pleased to announce that the Museum is adding expertise to our staff.

We have new leadership in place providing functional expertise in marketing communications, operations, and development to help the Museum deliver on its mission. We also wecomed two new members of the program department include Arlisha Norwood, a doctoral candidate in the history department at Howard University, as a Fellow in Education and Public History, and Kenna Howat as Program Assistant. Kenna has a passion for history and a Masters of Arts in American History with a concentration in Applied History from George Mason University. Nina Cavazos also joined as Membership Associate and will help ensure the Museum stays connected and engaged with our thousands of charter members.

NWHM Conducts Walking Tours This summer, the Museum will once again lead walking tours in Washington, DC, and Alexandria, Virginia. These tours will take visitors on historic treks in and around our nation’s capital. Visit our website (www.womenshistory.org) for dates, additional information, and to purchase tickets.

4

LAYING A FOUNDATION: Education in Colonial New England

Education in contemporary America has advanced to a point that would be almost unrecognizable by colonial Americans. Colonial Americans valued education but the type of instruction colonial children received varied greatly depending on the student’s social status, wealth, sex, and race. A wealthy white male child received vastly different educational instruction than an enslaved female child. Colonial New England had a rather advanced educational system for the period but it mostly worked to the advantage of the wealthy elite. Education unified the community by inculcating shared values while also reinforcing social and economic hierarchies. The foundations of our modern education system were laid in 17th century New England.

Education in colonial New England was rudimentary compared to today. While it was required by law in New England for every child to learn how to read, these laws were not widely enforced. Laws pertaining to education were put in place not necessarily put in place for the educational and vocational advancement of the child, but rather for their moral advancement.

Every child needed to read in order to study the Bible. It was widely believed that idleness and laziness were a grave sin against God and the colony. Only with the ability to read and understand the Bible could citizens be successful members of society.

Law of the Land

The laws for compulsory education varied widely by town and colony. While Connecticut had a wide range of laws pertaining to compulsory education for both boys and girls, New Hampshire had no laws at all until the late 18th century. Massachusetts had compulsory education laws beginning in 1642 but abolished them in 1692 and put in place laws pertaining only to poor children. The reason for this is clear: if the poor are left idle and without the ability to read the Bible they will be a moral and fiscal drain on society. By educating the poor and apprenticing them to wealthier, more successful members of the town, the moral fabric of the colony would be upheld. Non-white children were often left out entirely, with laws in place restricting, rather than enforcing, their education.

The difference in educational laws between boys and girls was vast. Male children were required to learn (Top) Writing. English Woodcut, Bowles how to read, write and cypher, and were often placed in & Carver, ca.1780-1790 an apprenticeship or sent to college for further training.

(Middle) Arithmetic. English Woodcut, Girls on the other hand were only required to learn how Bowles & Carver, ca.1780-1790 to read and the laws always added a phrase such as, “if (Bottom) Geography. English Woodcut, they shall be capable.” This phrase shows that women Bowles & Carver, ca.1780-1790 in colonial New England were not believed capable of learning to read, much less write or cypher. Women were seen as weaker and less intelligent, and were not given the opportunity to prove otherwise.

5

The Difference The Money Situation The type of education each child received largely depended on the financial state of the family. If the family did not need the extra help at home, boys—and sometimes girls—would apprentice. Families who could not afford to lose help at home had to manage the education of their children, normally by teaching them how to read by using the family Bible. If the family had some extra money, they sent their children to a town school and pooled their resources with other local families to pay the teacher’s salary. The extremely wealthy could afford a live-in tutor or governess or even sent their sons to school in Europe or to one of the few colleges in the colonies. Wealthier girls were sometimes sent to live with a family friend or relative to learn skills required to manage a household such as cooking and sewing, taking the onus of discipline off their family. Poorer families were an entirely different matter as the laws were often stricter towards poorer children. Community leaders and, by extension, the church, would test poor children around age eight to see if the family had taught the child basic reading skills. If not, the child could be taken from the family and placed in an apprenticeship. If, however, the child did not know how to read but knew basic religious principles and practices, they were often allowed to stay with their family. Evidence that religious beliefs were considered more important than educational and vocational training.

Forward Movement

Remnants of the educational system in colonial New England can be seen in the educational systems in America today. School subjects are occasionally still segregated between sexes, whether overtly or covertly. More male students gravitate toward the STEM fields while more women study humanities. Compulsory education laws are still in place in the United States. Although official literacy statistics in the US have not been published, the country ranks 7th in world literacy according to a recent study from Central Connecticut State University. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, in 2016, 2.9 million more women attended college than men. Educational norms in the United States are changing but at the same time, there are still echoes of the old colonial system at work today.

By Kenna Howat, Program Assistant National Women’s History Museum FURTHER READING Beales, Ross W. Jr. “In Search of the Historical Child: Miniature Adulthood and Youth in Colonial New England.” American Quarterly 27 (1975): 379-398.

Bui, Quoctrung. “Who Studies What? Men, Women, and College Majors.” National Public Radio, October 28, 2014. Accessed March 29, 2017. http://www.npr.org/ sections/money/2014/10/28/359419934/who-studies-what-men-women-and-collegemajors.

Central Connecticut State University. “World’s Most Literate Nations.” Accessed March 29, 2017. http://www.ccsu.edu/wmln/rank.html.

Jernegan, Marcus W. “Compulsory Education in the American Colonies.” The School Review 27 (1919): 24-43.

Jernegan, Marcus W. “Compulsory and Free Education for Apprentices and Poor Children in Colonial New England.” Social Service Review 5 (1931): 411-425.

Main, Gloria L. “An Inquiry into When and Why Women Learned to Write in Colonial New England.” Journal of Social History 24 (1991): 579-589.

National Center for Education Statistics. “Fast Facts.” Accessed March 29, 2017. https:// nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=372

between

Boys and Girls Children of different sexes were treated and educated in different manners.

All children regardless of their sex wore the same type of clothing, a long gown, and had the same type of upbringing for the first several years. Around six to eight years of age, children started dressing as their parents did, either receiving a pair of trousers or a dress, depending upon their sex. At that age, they also started spending more time assisting their parents, boys with their fathers and girls with their mothers.

Through the emulation of their parents, children learned what was considered appropriate behavior for their station and sex.

Depending on the local laws, youths entered adulthood around This engraving shows a little boy dressed ages 14 in the typical style to 17. Of- of gender-neutral [Portrait ten these clothing. of Master Hare] / laws refer painted by Sir Joshna Reynolds ; engrav’d to the

by R. Thew. ca. 1790.

Library of Congress age at which the person could be baptized into the church, known as the “age of discretion.”

Girls would often marry at this young age since their education was not as extensive and they had already been through years of training in housewifery.

Boys on the other hand, were normally required to finish their education or apprenticeships before marriage in order to provide for a family, leading to an older age at marriage.

6

or supporting temperance and women’s suffrage attracted thousands.

In 1823, Beecher and her sister Mary founded the Hartford Female Seminary. In most female schools of the era, students learned primarily fine arts and languages, but Beecher offered a full range of subjects. An early pioneer of physical education for girls, Beecher introduced calisthenics to improve women’s health and in defiance of prevailing notions of women’s fragility.

Catharine Esther Beecher (1800-1878) A member of a prominent activist and religious family, Catharine Esther Beecher was a 19th century teacher and writer who promoted equal access to education for women and advocated for their roles as teachers and mothers.

Embracing traits associated with femininity such as nurturance, Beecher argued that women were uniquely suited to the moral and intellectual development of children, either as mothers or as educators.

Born in East Hampton, New York, on September 6, 1800, Beecher was the eldest of nine children of Roxana Foote and Lyman Beecher, a renowned Presbyterian minister and evangelist.

When Beecher was nine years old, the family moved to Litchfield, Connecticut, where she attended the Litchfield Female Academy.

Beecher was 16 years old when her mother died and she began managing the household. A year later, her father married Harriet Porter and the couple had three sons and a daughter— Harriet Beecher Stowe, author of the best-selling antislavery novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852). Beecher’s other famous siblings included Isabella Beecher Hooker, a suffrage leader and Henry Ward Beecher, a Brooklyn pastor, whose lectures against slavery 7

In 1831, Beecher moved west when her father became president of Lane Theological Seminary, a progressive Cincinnati institution on the Ohio frontier. There, she opened the Western Female Institute, which struggled financially. She also worked on the McGuffey readers, the first nationally adopted textbooks for elementary students.

Thereafter, Beecher traveled, supporting herself with lectures and books. Her most famous works—A Treatise on Domestic Economy (1841), The Duty of American Women to Their Country (1845), and The Domestic Receipt Book (1846)—demonstrated her beliefs about women’s central role as mothers and educators, raising the next generation of citizens, and creating a sanctuary for their families within the home. Considered a handbook on women’s appropriate gender roles, her Treatise and other books advocated selfsacrifice, modesty, and frugality along with childcare and cooking. In 1852, she founded the American Woman’s Educational Association, which aimed to send teachers west to build schools on the developing frontier.

Unlike other family members, Beecher opposed women’s suffrage.

In The True Remedy for the Wrongs of Women and Woman Suffrage and Woman’s Profession (1871), she argued that home and school are such important social forces that women should limit their lives to them. While

she did not challenge women’s sphere, she did see their domestic and teaching roles as the source of women’s power and influence.

In the 1860s and 1870s, Beecher returned to brief teaching stints. In 1869, she and sister Harriet Beecher Stowe produced a follow up to the Treatise entitled, The American Women’s Home.

WORKS CITED:

Boydston, Jeanne. The Limits of Sisterhood: The Beecher Sisters on Women’s Rights and Woman’s Sphere. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 1993.

“Catharine Beecher.” Encyclopedia of World Biography. Detroit: Gale, 1998. U.S. History in Context.

Accessed March 4, 2015. http://bit.ly/2orXkzg Cross, Barbara M. “Catherine Beecher,” in Notable American Women, 1607-1950. Volume One. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971.

Harvard University. “Open Collections Program: Women Working, 1800-1930”. Accessed March 4, 2015. http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/ww/beecher.html.

Leavitt, Sarah A. From Catherine Beecher to Martha Stewart: A Cultural History of Domestic Advice.

Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004.

Weatherford, Doris. American Women’s History: An A to Z of People, Organizations, Issues, and Events. New York, NY: Patience Hall General Reference, 1994.

White, Barbara A. The Beecher Sisters. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003

Mary McLeod Bethune (1875-1955)

The daughter of former slaves, Mary Jane McLeod Bethune became one of the most important black educators, civil, and women’s rights leaders and government officials of the 20th century. The college she founded set educational standards for today’s black colleges, and her role as an advisor to President Franklin Delano Roosevelt gave African Americans an advocate in government.

Born on July 10, 1875, near Maysville, South Carolina, Bethune was one of the last of Samuel and Patsy McLeod’s 17 children. After the Civil War, her mother worked for her former owner until she could buy the land on which the family grew cotton. By age nine, Bethune could pick 250 pounds of cotton a day.

Bethune benefited from efforts to educate African Americans after the war, graduating in 1894 from the Scotia Seminary, a boarding school in North Carolina. Bethune next attended Dwight Moody’s Institute for Home and Foreign Missions in Chicago. But with no church willing to sponsor her as a missionary, Bethune became an educator. While teaching in South Carolina, she married fellow teacher Albertus Bethune, with whom she had a son in 1899.

The Bethunes moved to Palatka, Florida, where Mary worked at the Presbyterian Church and sold insurance. In 1904, her marriage ended. Determined to support her son, Bethune opened a boarding school, the Daytona Beach Literary and Industrial School for Training Negro Girls. Eventually, Bethune’s school became a college, merging with the all-male Cookman Institute to form Bethune-Cookman College in 1929. It issued its first degrees in 1943.

A champion of racial and gender equality, Bethune founded many organizations and led voter registration drives after women gained the vote in 1920, risking racist attacks. In 1924, she was elected president of the National Association of Colored Women’s Clubs, and in 1935, she became the founding president of the National Council of Negro Women. Bethune also played a role in the transition of black voters from the Republican Party—“the party of Lincoln”—to the Democratic Party during the Great Depression. A friend of Eleanor Roosevelt, in 1936, Bethune became the highest ranking African American woman in government when President Franklin Roosevelt named her director of Negro Affairs of the National Youth Administration, where she remained until 1944. She was also a leader of FDR’s unofficial “black cabinet.” In 1937 Bethune organized a conference on the Problems of the All Photos Courtesy: Library of Congress

8

Negro and Negro Youth and fought to end discrimination and lynching.

In 1940, she became vice president of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), a position she held for the rest of her life. As a member of the advisory board that created the Women’s Army Corps in 1942, Bethune ensured it was racially integrated.

Appointed by President Harry S. Truman, Bethune was the only woman of color at the founding conference of the United Nations in 1945. She regularly wrote for the leading African American newspapers, Pittsburgh Courier and Chicago Defender.

Bethune was also a businesswoman who co-owned a Daytona resort and co-founded the Central Life Insurance Company of Tampa. Honored with many awards, Bethune’s life was celebrated with a memorial statue in Washington DC, in 1974, and a postage stamp in 1985. Her final residence is a National Historic Site.

WORKS CITED: “Our Founder: Mary McLeod Bethune.”

Bethune-Cookman College. Accessed March 3, 2015. http://www.cookman.edu/about_BCU/ history/our_founder.html Flemming, Sheila Y. “Excerpts from: Bethune-Cookman College 1904-1994: The Answered Prayer to a Dream.” Bethune-Cookman College. Accessed August 11, 2006. http://www. cookman.edu/subpages/Founder_of_the_College. asp “People and Events: Mary McLeod Bethune 18751955.” PBS http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/ eleanor/peopleevents/pande05.html (11 August 2006).

“Mary McLeod Bethune.” National Council of Negro Women, Inc. Accessed March 3, 2015. https:// ncnw.org/about/bethune.htm “Mary McLeod Bethune (1875-1955).” The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project: Teaching Eleanor Roosevelt. Accessed March 3, 2015. http://www. gwu.edu/~erpapers/teachinger/glossary/bethunemary.cfm Mccluskey, Audrey T. “Representing the Race: Mary McLeod Bethune and the Press in the Jim Crow Era.” The Western Journal of Black Studies 23.4 (1999): 236. U.S. History in Context. Accessed March 13, 2015. http://bit.ly/2oS616W Sitkoff, Harvard. “Mary McLeod Bethune.” Encyclopedia of the Great Depression. Ed. Robert S. McElvaine. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2004. U.S. History in Context. Accessed March 25, 2015. http://bit.ly/2nyxtX5 Weatherford, Doris. American Women’s History: An A to Z of People, Organizations, Issues, and Events.

New York, NY: Patience Hall General Reference, 1994.

9

Prudence Crandall (1803-1890)

A Quaker abolitionist and teacher, Prudence Crandall bravely defied prevailing patterns of racial discrimination when she opened one of the first schools for African American girls in Connecticut in 1833. Though supported by leading anti-slavery activists—among them William Lloyd Garrison—Crandall, a white woman, faced legal harassment and social ridicule for her efforts to educate free blacks in the North.

Born in Hopkinton, Rhode Island, on September 3, 1803, to farmers Pardon and Esther Carpenter Crandall, Prudence Crandall moved with her family to Canterbury, Connecticut, when she was 10 years old. She attended the New England Friends’ Boarding School in Providence, where she studied arithmetic, Latin, and science— subjects not typical for women but embraced by Quakers who believed in equal educational opportunities.

She taught briefly in Plainfield, and in 1831 opened a private girl’s academy in Canterbury, where she initially taught daughters from the town’s wealthiest families. Ranked as one of the state’s best schools, her rigorous curriculum provided female students with an education comparable to that of prominent schools for boys.

In 1832, Crandall admitted Sarah Harris, an African American woman from a successful family, who sought

to become a teacher. Local white parents were outraged, urging Crandall to expel Harris. She refused. When white parents withdrew their children, Crandall transformed her boarding school into one for African American girls. That, too, met with hostility from local white men who feared that it would draw more African Americans into their community and would lead to interracial marriage. Garrison, editor of the Liberator, the nation’s major antislavery newspaper, helped Crandall’s school by advertising it and by linking Crandall with prominent African American families interested in sending their daughters to her school.

White Canterbury townspeople continuously protested Crandall’s school.

When African American students ventured beyond the school, they were met with taunts, threats, and violence. Some whites pelted them with eggs, stones, or manure. When Crandall continued undaunted, the Canterbury legislature passed its 1833 “Black Law” (repealed in 1838), making it illegal to run a school teaching African American students from a state other than Connecticut. Crandall was arrested and jailed. Her first trial ended in a hung jury; the second trial resulted in her conviction, which was overturned by a higher court.

On the night of September 9, 1834, an angry mob broke most of the school’s windows and smashed furniture.

Education levels increased Fearing for her students’ safety, Crandall finally closed for women over the the school. years and correlated

Literate Women

In 1835, Crandall married Baptist minister and abolitionist Calvin Philleo. The couple left Connecticut, ultimately settling in La Salle County, Illinois, where Crandall ran a school and participated in the women’s suffrage movement. After her husband’s death in 1874, she moved to Elk Falls, Kansas, to live with her brother. In 1886, prompted by repentant Canterbury citizens and Hartford resident author Mark Twain, Crandall received a small pension from the Connecticut legislature. Her Canterbury school now houses the Prudence Crandall Museum, and she was named Connecticut’s state heroine.

WORKS CITED:

Connecticut College: Linda Lear Center for Special Collections and Archives. “Biographical Information.” Accessed October 16, 2014. http:// collections.conncoll.edu/crandall/life.html.

Connecticut Women’s Hall of Fame. “Prudence Crandall.” Accessed October 15, 2014. http://www.cwhf.org/inductees/education-preservation/prudence-crandall Drake, Thomas. “Prudence Crandall” in James, Edward T., Janet Wilson James, Paul S. Boyer. Notable American Women: 1607-1950, A Biographical Dictionary. Cambridge: Belknap Press, 1971.

La Gorce, Tammy. “Honoring a Teacher Who Fought for Equality.” New York Times, last modified September 13, 2014. http://www.nytimes. com/2014/09/14/nyregion/honoring-a-teacher-who-fought-for-equality. html?_r=0 State of Connecticut, Depart of Economic & Community Development, Offices of Culture and Tourism. “Prudence Crandall Museum.”

Accessed October 15, 2014. http://www.ct.gov/cct/cwp/view.asp?a=2127&q=302260.

Yates, Elizabeth. Prudence Crandall: Woman of Courage. New York: Aladdin Books, 1955. http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/yates/crandall/ crandall.html.

with proximity to a city.

From 1643 to 1722 the literacy rate in men in rural Massachusetts was around 85% but rose to 97% by 1771. Numbers for men in Boston mirrored those in rural Suffolk with 100% literacy by the revolution. Women in rural Massachusetts, on the other hand, had an average of 47.2% literacy rate from 1643 to 1771. The numbers are much more robust for Boston where women had a dramatic increase in literacy, from only 50% in 1676 to 88% in 1771.

It is easy to conclude that women in cities had greater access to education.

Girl Reading. Edmund Charles Tarbell for the Detroit Publishing Co., ca. 1900-1912.

Library of Congress

10

Contemporary Perspective Q&A with Elizabeth Maurer NWHM DIRECTOR OF PROGRAM

The program department creates online exhibits, educational resources, and historic content that is accessed by thousands of teachers and students every year, to support the Musem’s mission. Director of Program Elizabeth Maurer shared her thoughts on why women are left out of history texts, what educators can do to incorporate women into their lessons, why a women’s history museum can help, and plans for future programming.

A recent study showed that girls start questioning whether they are as “brilliant” as their male peers as early as the age of 6 or 7. Some experts think one of the causes might be the lack of women featured in history texts.

Are women left out of our history books, and what impact do you think that has on children?

Women are left out of history books. It’s easy to pick up a set of history text books and count the number of times women are mentioned. Researchers have done this and found that women are not equally represented. In fact, women make up only 13% of figures in K-12 history texts. But you may ask, why aren’t women in text books?

Because they aren’t in curriculum.

Publishers don’t lead; they follow.

Publishers are in business to sell products that meet their customers’ needs. They do this by selecting content that aligns with state curriculum. If women aren’t in the curriculum, they won’t be in the textbooks.

We don’t know the impact of womenless textbooks on children. Most of the research about women in textbooks is 10 or more years old. And it has tended to be in the form of literary critique rather than impactbased human research. However, countless social scientists have found that stereotypes affect self-esteem. In leaving women out, history textbooks perpetuate stereotypes that women were not historically significant.

11

If the texts leave women out—or don’t include women in equal space to men—does that apply to curriculums, too?

It starts with curriculum. States select subjects in curriculum. Each state sets its own standards. Most, led by their departments of education, are very thoughtful in consulting with academic scholars, parents, teachers, and other experts to devise their curriculums. If you read them—as we have—you’ll see that most state curriculums follow an economics, politics, and military history framework that women don’t neatly fit into. Neither do most underrepresented groups. When women are mentioned, they tend to be as examples of exceptional women whose achievements occurred in spite of the biases and barriers of their times. They are in no way representative of most women’s experiences. Most women’s experiences are not mentioned.

You may wonder if teachers can supplement curriculum to add more women’s history into the mix. The answer is yes but no. Remember, modern education is test driven. States write curriculum standards and devise tests to determine students’ knowledge. Districts require teachers to focus instruction on topics in the curriculum and that will be tested. Schools whose students do not pass tests can lose accreditation. This is why the education community decries having to “teach to the tests.” They feel that curriculums leave vast swathes of history unexplored. And they are uncertain about how to add it back in.

What is the one piece of advice you would give an educator about incorporating more women into their lessons or initiating discussions that show students women played significant roles throughout history?

Incorporating women’s stories while also meeting state curriculum standards is a challenge. Teachers need to seek out opportunities to enhance lessons with stories about women’s experiences. In doing so, they create more meaningful and memorable lessons.

For example, Virginia’s standard USI.8 under Expansion and Reform: 1801 to 1861 states: “The student will demonstrate knowledge of westward expansion and reform in America from 1801 to 1861 by (b) identifying the geographic and economic factors that influenced the westward movement of settlers.”

Virginia’s US History Framework identifies an item of Essential Knowledge as: “Cheaper and faster transportation, e.g., rivers and canals (Erie Canal), steamboats’ were among the ‘Geographic and economic factors that influenced westward movement.”

Therefore, the state test will likely include a question about rivers, the Erie Canal and steamboats, and their influence on westward expansion.

An Erie Canal lesson could be a jumping off point to women’s history. Did you know that families lived and worked on canal boats? Those families included mothers raising children. The teacher could layer her lesson with a discussion about women and the Erie Canal and still meet standards.

• How did westward expansion create new job opportunities and how were women affected?

• Why did entire families live on canal boats?

• What role did new work opportunities through westward expansion play in immigration? Did canal boats attract immigrant families?

• In what ways did women participate in westward expansion?

These questions reinforce the essential knowledge that canals were important. By talking about families living and working on a canal boat as units, students will be more engaged and likely to remember that canals were important. As we’ve said, textbooks may or may not talk about women in this context. When they don’t, teachers benefit from ideas and resources.

How does the Museum work to help educators and students understand the roles women have played?

Our website has a wealth of materials specifically geared towards teachers and students. Our materials cover every historical period. Browse our collections online!

What do you have planned for the future?

Our Program staff is working on a comprehensive state of the curriculum research report. We are reading every state curriculum and singling out women’s history one standard at a time. We’ll publish the initial report this fall. You will be able to go onto our website and see where women’s history falls in your state’s standards.

Educators can cross reference our history materials with their state curriculums and incorporate them into lessons.

We will relaunch our website www.womenshistory.org on a new platform this summer. As part of the relaunch, we will debut new history articles that align with national K-12 standards. Every year we will add new materials along with methods to incorporate women’s history in ways that support state learning goals.

Why will a physical Museum make a difference?

Artifacts are important. They bring history to life. A museum filled with the tangible objects of women’s history will engage students in the real stories in ways that the printed word just can’t. The Museum will also be a place where people can get together to learn from each other.

Sharing stories makes for meaningful experiences.

What else would you like for readers to know?

Women’s history belongs to all of us.

Women were part of every event and movement from the beginning to now.

When you understand that women were there, that they participated, and that they made a difference . . . you better understand yourself and our society today.

12

ANNUAL REPORT 2016 was another successful year for the National Women’s History Museum. We added to our leadership, continued to grow our programs, and held successful events raising awareness of the need for a National Women’s History Museum. In November, the Congressional Commission delivered its report to Congress recommending that a National Women’s History Museum should be built on or near the National Mall in Washington, D.C. This was a pivotal moment in our movement to build the Museum.

Other key accomplishments include:

Museum Leadership The National Women’s History Museum welcomed six new members to its board of directors: Molly Bordonaro, Jon Bouker, Mari Snyder Johnson, Cheri Kaufman, Julie Smolyansky, and Joan Walker. The board provides leadership for delivering on the Museum’s mission. These new board members bring their valuable expertise from the worlds of government relations, communications and marketing, community engagement, nonprofit strategy and business, as well as a firm commitment to ensuring women’s contributions to American history are included in our national narrative.

Museum on the Web The PwC Charitable Foundation, Inc., awarded the National Women’s History Museum a $370,000 grant in support of educational and programming efforts. The funding supports a redesign of the website with advanced content capabilities for 21st century interactive learning and optimized content for mobile devises. The grant will be distributed over two years. PwC LLP will complement the Foundation’s grant with pro bono technical advice and support. The pro bono engagement team will advise on the investment in new interactive content, bringing considerable user experience and knowledge to optimize the platform.

We launched six new online exhibits: Women in the Olympics; On the March: Women of the Peace Movement; Standing Up for Change: African American Women and the Civil Rights Movement; Harriet Tubman; Women Who Ran for President, and Fashioning Yourself! We debuted our Ask a Museum Educator series, bringing history to life by offering 30-minute web-based discussions for students and teachers on a history topic, and launched a partnership with education provider, FieldTrip Zoom, a live hosting stream service that brings video-based experiential learning into the classroom offering two online programs highlighting women’s history.

Our Programs As part of our public programs, the National Women’s History Museum offered walking tours in the DC-metropolitan area. These tours included Civil War themed walking tours highlighting Old Town Alexandria, Virginia, and its pivotal role during the war housing Union and Confederate soldiers. It featured women who worked in various roles during the war, including as nurses, business women, and spies. In addition, we participated in Cultural Tourism DC’s Annual Walking Town DC. The Museum’s suffrage walking tour, In Their Footsteps, attracted 30 individuals who were led by NWHM Program Manager Jeanette Patrick on the route of the 1913 suffrage parade in Washington, DC. Participants learned about the key women, organizations, and events of the suffrage movement.

NWHM Honors History Each year, the National Women’s History Museum celebrates the noted accomplishments of women serving as living legends to a new generation. This year we hosted Women Making History in Washington, DC, and Los Angeles, California, each event drawing more than 300 people.

The 6th annual Women Making History DC event recognized the contributions of three extraordinary women: Aesha Ash, one of the first African American ballerinas with the New York City Ballet, Christine Walevska, the only living female master musician,

13

and Ann Veneman, the only woman to serve as secretary of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

The 5th annual Women Making History Los Angeles honored a diverse group of accomplished women representing the many facets of the entertainment, lifestyle, and beauty industries. The 2016 honorees were Oscar-nominated actress and Project Sunshine Ambassador Abigail Breslin, founder and CEO of Perverse Sunglasses and NYX Cosmetics Toni Ko, Emmy-nominated actress Tracee Ellis Ross, and fashion designer and entrepreneur Rachel Zoe. Both events improved on previous years’ fundraising totals and helped move NWHM closer to raising the money needed to build the National Women’s History Museum on the National Mall in the nation’s capital.

Additional events supporting the Museum were held in Chicago and New York.

Partial Donor Listing We greatly appreciate all gifts made to NWHM and we wish we could list the names of all those who support us. We have made every effort to ensure the accuracy of this listing but please notify us of any inaccuracies or omissions. We regret any errors.

$100,000+ Arent Fox LLP Ms. Toni Ko Minerva Foundation PwC Charitable Foundation, Inc. The Susan D. Whiting Family Fund

$25,000+ Abbott Laboratories Comcast NBCUniversal Ms. Susan E. Danish Glamour Magazine Gretchen Green, M.D. M.M.S. Mari Snyder Johnson Lifeway Foods, Inc. Ann E.W. Stone Susan D. Whiting The Estate of Dr. Elizabeth Winthrop

$10,000+ Astellas Pharma US, Inc. Ms. Carol Baker Earth Friendly Products Eventologie ExxonMobil Corporation Fannie and Stephen Kahn Charitable Foundation Hanky Panky Ms. Elissa Harris Lora Lynn Jones Pandora Jewelry Rachel Zoe, Inc. Dorothy Baldwin Wicker, Ph.D.

$5,000+ A Woman's Palate Disney - ABC Television Group Edelman Dr. Sharon Emek Dorothy Wooldridge Gram Ms. Marilyn M. Adams In memory of Ms. Anita B. Martin (Ms. Andrea G. Martin and Mr. Richard Le Wi)

McGregor Links Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Edward Merritt Morgan Stanley Sky Nellar, Inc. Ms. Rebecca Nolan Patricia C. Brown Foundation Fox Television Group Shiseido Ms. Karen Targove and Ms. Angela Olszewski United Airlines Ms. Joan Bradley Wages Wells Fargo Bank

$2,500+ Ms. Joanna Adler Alexandra and Martin Symonds Foundation, Inc. Ms. Lucille Buckles Ms. Judy Caywood Ms. Lois Cox The Reverend Eleana Garrett Mrs. Carol Goodman Heidi C. Horner, Ph.D. Dr. Roseann M. Mandziuk and Dr. James Studer Mr. and Mrs. Seymour Padnos Ms. Karen Ramsey Carey C. Shuart Ms. Ellen Stack TOMs Patricia A. Tripple

$1,000+ Ms. Nikkisa Abdollahi Ms. Nina Dodge Abrams Alyeska Pipeline In Memory of Jane Stuart-Andrus (Mr. Richard Andrus) Socorro Aragon Ms. Marsha E. Bennett Ms. Brenda Betts Ms. Hillary Bibicoff Ms. Barbara F. Borthwick Dr. Marjorie Bowman Ms. Deborah Bradley

Ms. Inge C. Brafman Dr. Meredith Brodsky Mr. Michael Brower Ms. Brianna Brown Ms. Olive M. Bruins Mr. & Mrs. Matthew Burnham Ms. Lynda Calderone Ms. Kay Cash-Smith and Mr. Keith Smith Chubb and Son, Inc. Matching Gift Program Chubb Group of Insurance Companies Ms. Linda Newton Clark Ms. Catherine G. Cohen Ms. Angeli Cohen Ms. Jacqueline Conley Ms. Sophie Cowan Ms. Christina Crowley CSX Corporation Ms. Sara Bancroft Fry Davis Ms. Gail M. DeHaven Ms. Janet L. Denlinger Ms. Elizabeth J. Dieffenderfer Ms. Kathryn Dodds Dorothy B. Staff Trust Ms. Carolyn Black Dougall Ms. Shanna Duncan Treichel Ms. Joanne E. Eide Ms. Roxanne Elder Dr. Rizwana Fareeduddin Ms. Nancy E. Felker The Feminist Majority Foundation Lt. Col. Diane Ficke, USAF Ret. Ms. Elaine Fine Ms. Diane Foley Ms. Joan Fowler Ms. Norma A. Fritsche Ms. Joyce Froot Ms. Nancy Fullam Ms. Sara Golding Scher Ms. Patsy An Grace Ms. Joanne T. Greenspun Ms. Linda Lucille Griggs Ms. Emily B. Grigsby Ms. Laurel A. Grotzinger Ms. Marie M. Guerin Ms. Carol A. Habgood Mr. and Mrs. David and Kelly

14

Hackett Heart Sing Foundation Ms. Adrea D. Heebe Ms. Patricia A. Henry Ms. Joyce V. Hiller Ms. Jena L. Hoffman Ms. Nat F. Holtzman Gale Anne Hurd Iron Horse Vineyard Ms. Deborah Jansen Ms. Linda Jenckes Ms. Annette Jensen Dr. Carol A. Kauffman Ms. Susan Frances Kaufman Ms. Terri Donna Keville Dr. Marilyn Kieffer-Andrews Ms. Sally A. Kline Mrs. Mary Lynn Kotz Ms. Mary Lou Laprade Ms. Stacey Larson Le Bon Garcon Ms. Elaine R. Leavenworth Dr. Lettie Lee Ms. Christine Lisi Local Independent Charities Mrs. Yvonne Lowrie Ms. Edith Lycke Ms. Joanne Lyman Marcia MacArthur Rev Trust Ms. Eileen Macdonald Ms. Allison Mackenzie Dr. Muriel Mackett Ms. Barbara J. Mahone Dr. Marlene J. Mayo Ms. Linda McFall Ms. Deena McInnis Dr. Gregory B. McKenna Ms. Ann McNamee Ms. Lauri Metzger Ms. K. Paulette Mitchell Ms. Lois C. Mottonen The Namaste Foundation New-York Historical Society Museum and Library Ms. Peggy Notebaert Ms. Lynne O'Brien Ms. Luzanne Otte Ms. Marsha Paller Ms. Martha Pardue Mr. Robert Perry Ms. Arlene H. Pollack Ms. Dee M. Price Ms. Deborah Pryce Ms. Elizabeth S. Ray Ms. Katherine A. Read and Mr. John Houston Mr. John Repstad Ms. Ann Ritchie Ms. Kimberly Ritzheimer Ms. Cokie Roberts Ms. Charlot M. Root Ms. Ebba Sayre Ms. Susan P. Scanlan Scarves by Mary DeArment Ms. Becky L. Schergens Ms. Molly Schoneveld Ms. Elizabeth A. Schraft Ms. Cynthia J. Schumacher Ms. Linda J. Seifert Dr. Barbara E. Selke-Kern and Dr. Homer D. Kern Ms. Mary Frances Shaughnessy Ms. Nina J. Shuman Ms. Kelly Skalickly Ms. Robin S. Spiller and Ms. Valerie A. Kapp Ms. Robin Sproul Dr. Susan A. Stephens Mr. Mark Stevens and Ms. Mary Murphy Dr. Gail Stockman Strathmore Hall Foundation, Inc.

15

Mr. Scott Stuber Ms. Jamie Thorsen Ms. Annie Totah UBS Matching Gift Program Ms. Christine A. Umhoefer Ms. Michelle Villemaire Ms. Roslyn E. Walker Ms. Wanda Weickert Weissman Family Foundation, Inc. Ms. Barbara D. Weldon Ms. Lee Ann Wentzel Westgate Medical Center Ms. Deborah Wexler Ms. Marjorie L. Whiting Ms. Deborah E.G. Wilder Ms. Donna L. Williams Ms. Linda Wilson Women Wearing the Pants, Inc. Ms. Marcia Wragge Cynthia Hardy Young

$500+ Ms. Evelyn Aabel Ms. Nikkisa Adollahi Ms. Rachel Albright Catherine Allgor, Ph.D. Altruette Ms. Barbara Mains Armento Dr. Esther Barazzone Ms. Rebecca A. Barclay Ms. Colleen C. Barrett Dr. Angela O. Bedenbaugh Ms. Lee N. Betterman Ms. Marguerite Bierman and Dr. Norman E. Wengert Ms. Army Bosch Ms. Meriam Botros Ms. Kristie Bouryal Ms. Beth Bovis Ms. Amy Brenneman Ms. Kathryn Burns California Green Press Ms. Heather Cariou Ms. Velaine V. Carnall Ms. Mary Dorsey Cartwright Caudalie Cityzen by Azin Ms. Kathryn S. Cochrane Ms. Maria Cole Ms. Elizabeth L. Colton Ms. Zelda Conklin Ms. Janet M. Conn Ms. Elizabeth Johnston Cooper Mrs. Carol E. Copeland Ms. Blanche U. Crandall Dr. Marlene E. Davis Mr. Julius Tennon and Mrs. Viola Davis Shirley E. Dearborn, M.D. Ms. Pam Deas Ms. Hilary DeCamp Ms. Stacie Dekker Ms. Liz Dennery Mrs. Donna M. Dennis Mr. Richard Dickey Ms. Mary D. Disseler DJ McManus Foundation, Inc. Ms. Velma M. Duell-McConnell Ms. Gail Dunham Ms. Brenda K. Edwards Ms. Karin Edwards Ms. Maureen Faul Ms. Angela Fiordellisi Ms. Joyce Marie Flaherty Dr. Nancy C. Flowers Ms. Gloria M. Flynn Ms. Barbara Louise Forster Ms. Terri Foster Ms. Betsy Frank Ms. Renee Fraser Ms. Patricia A. Friend

Ms. Lois Gallagher Ms. Nancy Ganis Mr. and Mrs. Patrick Gillespie Godiva Chocolatier Ms. Janice Goodman Ms. Kathy R. Grissom Ms. Pam Grissom Ms. Betty D. Gurney Ms. Elizabeth D. Haaker Ms. Barbara Handy-Marchello Ms. Christine A. Hansen Mr. and Mrs. Matthew Harrington Ms. Nancy E. Hayes Ms. Susan Henry Ms. Liesl K. Himmelberger Ms. Sally M. Hollemon Ms. Jill Hoppenheim Ms. Karen Hughes Ms. Deanna M. Johnson Ms. Karen Marie Kallio Ms. Julie Karcis Ms. Valerie Van Dam Kelleher Ms. Bria Keller-Albert Mr. James Kevin King Ms. Elizabeth Krasnoff Ms. Ellen Kreighbaum Ms. Catherine Kuehn Ms. Barbara Lauer Mr. and Mrs. Robert and Miriam Laughlin Ms. Gail Lerner Ms. Alev Lewis Ms. Sharon E. Lewis Ms. Marigold Linton L'Occitane Ms. Janice L. Lower Carolyn J. Lukensmeyer, Ph.D. Ms. Elsie Lund Ms. Katrina Markoff Ms. Sonia Marschak Ms. Joan E. McCauley Ms. Emily B. McCoy Ms. Aimee McNamara Ms. Elizabeth G. Menaghan Ms. Marney Mesch Ms. Betteann Meyerson Ms. Concetta Miller Mrs. Phyllis W. Minott Ms. Marianne Moore Ms. Linda C. Moore Dr. Deirdre L. Murphy Ms. Irene Natividad Ms. Genevieve Nauman Ms. Nancy Neal Dr. Julia Norton Mrs. Jane Kay Nugent Ms. Donna Olsen Ms. Rebecca Omahen Ms. Donna Jean Osborne Mrs. Imogen S. Papadopoulos Dr. Zoe H. Parker Ms. Barbara Parsons Ms. Joan M. Peceimer Ms. Frances G. Pepper PERVERSE Sunglasses LLC Phi Mu Fraternity Mrs. Judith U. Porta Ms. Anne Powell Ms. Susan R. Purcell Pur-Lisse Ms. Jodie Ann Rea Ms. Melanie Reingardt Mr. Leo Reitan Ms. Margaret D. Ricker Ms. Emily Rosedale-Kousoulis Mrs. Nancy Studer Rucker Miss Elliot Ryder Ms. Carole Sandner Ms. Lynn Schafran Dr. Katrin Schultheiss Secret Dr. Alice L. Shaner

Ms. Jeannette Mance Sharpe Shay Olive Ms. P. Dawn Sikkema, Esq. Ms. Maureen A. Slater Wealthy Slattery Mr. Toby M. Sloane Ms. Ann Smoot Ms. Arlene M. Snyder Ms. Mary C. Speare Ms. Serena Stier Ms. Vera Stillman Mrs. Norma K. Stone Ms. Margaret T. Stopp Ms. Mary Strabel Stylists North Ms. Lois Huter Tarkanian Ms. Sharon E. Taylor Ms. Sarah Temple Mrs. William E. Thibodeaux Mr. James Thilking Tokidoki - TKDK Ms. Carolyn M. Tomazic Engers Ms. Phyllis Trible Ms. Nancy M. Tuhey D.C. Ms. Mary L. Turner Mrs. LaWalta Turner Uber United Talent Agency, Inc Ms. Carmen L. Vance Ms. Diane Vella Mrs. Edith S. Wacksman Mrs. Mary Waite Ms. Kate Walsh Ms. Alice L. Waters Ms. Charlotte Watson Ms. Gretchen Webber Ms. Marcia D. Weber Ms. Sage Wheeler Ms. Melissa Wichman Ms. Joanne W. Widzer Ms. Virginia Williams Ms. Charla Willian Ms. Brenda Wood-Kahari Ms. Karyn Wynne Ms. Anne Broderick Zill Mary L. Zupanc, M.D.

$250+ Ms. Mary Jane Adair Ms. Margaret M. Adam Ms. Sara Adler Ms. Jean Afterman Ms. Catherine A. Ahl Ms. Mary Jane Akin Ms. Joan L. Akins Ms. Jene Alan Ms. Nancy J. Alexander Ms. Lorna D. R. Allen Ms. Sharon Otten Altieri, R.N. Dr. Kamala Anadam Mr. and Mrs. Michael and Rima Apple Dr. Mary Antonia Ausum Ms. Rebecca Bakhaus Mrs. Ann E. Baldwin Ms. Catherine Balsley Ms. Karla Bartels Ms. Susan D. Baughn Ms. Joan Beach Ms. Joan M. Beal Ms. Ruth Benanav Ms. Stacey Berg and Ms. Mary Brandt Ms. Joann Bingham Dr. Dana W. Birnbaum Ms. Valerie Blackburn Ms. Karen Blair Ms. Ellen W. Blanchard Ms. Deborah T. Blankenberg Ms. Jean D. Blomfield The Honorable Gaylyn N. Boone

Ms. Suzanne M. Born Ms. Susan E. Bower Dr. Carla Bowland Ms. Rosanna Bowles Ms. Lynn E. Bragg Ms. Lynne Bramlett Ms. Clara M. Brock Ms. Kathleen Brook Ms. Harriet Brouwer Ms. Janis Hoyle Buckstad Mrs. Beryl Bunt Ms. Michele R. Butz Ms. Linda A. Cahill Ms. Ann Cain Ms. Joanne Calcagno Ms. Dawn M. Callaghan Mrs. Mary Lyman Cammann Ms. Christie Campagna Ms. Judith E. Campbell Ms. Elizabeth Canning Dr. Carol Caragine Ms. Erin Cardillo Ms. Marilyn Carollo Ms. Kathleen Carter Leslie E. Cashel, M.D. Dr. Michael Chancellor Ms. Charlotte H. Chappel Mr. Benjamin Chevat Ms. Carol L. Chur Ms. Patricia Ann Clark Ms. Susan Clarke-Mahoney Dr. Mary E. Clutter Ms. Kara Cohen Ms. Paula Condon Ms. Colleen E. Connor Mr. and Mrs. Robert and Michelle Cooper Ms. Kathryn M. Corcoran Ms. Grace Credo Dr. Joann Noe Cross Ms. Ginnon Cunningtham Ms. Nancy Currey Ms. Pat Curtis Ms. Jane Cytrynbaum Ms. Lorraine D'Angelo Ms. Ann Daniel Ms. Anne Darling Ms. Brandy Davis Ms. Ann G. Dawson Ms. Mary DeArment Ms. Rene Delane Ms. Gertrude T. Deyle Ms. Judith Ruhe Diehl Ms. Judy Dinmore Ms. Mary H. Donahue Ms. June Donka and Kay Carter Susan L. Donner, M.D. Dr. Jane Donohue and Ms. Darica Ward Ms. Barbara E. Dorner Ms. Sandra D. Drant Mr. and Mrs. Daniel Dreyfuss Ms. Jan Du Plain Ms. Martha E. Duncan Dr. Sherri Durica Ms. Ruth Dyke Dr. Joyce East Ms. Carolyn A. Eaton Mr. Scott and Susan Edelman Ms. Julie Elberfeld Mr. Joseph E. Elliott, IV Ms. Nancy L. Elsberry Ms. Sarah Epstein Ms. Jane Eskind S.P. Estes Ms. Sandra J. Esty Mrs. Ruth Kinniebrew Fields Ms. Marilyn A. Fingerhut Ms. Charlotte Fischer Ms. Rosemary Forni Ms. Dawn Fritts Ms. Sue M. Frueauff

Ms. Colleen Galambos Dr. Georgianna K. Galas Ms. Kay Gamo Mrs. Charles M. Garber Ms. Frances Geddes Ms. Margaret R. Genne Dr. Linda C. Giacomo Ms. Charlotte E. Gibson Ms. Kate A. Gill Mrs. Muriel D. Gillette Ms. Jacqueline Ginsburg Ms. Paula Glanzner Ms. Sandy Gold Ms. Barbara Goldberg Goldman Ms. Ruth Goldstein Ms. Judith A. Goldstein Ms. Helene Goodman Ms. Judith E. Gordon Ms. C. Joanne Grabinski Ms. Gael Graham Ms. Zadelle Krasow Greenblatt Ms. Cheryl Greene Ms. Benita Greenfield Ms. Krista Grell Ms. Sherrin Grout Ms. Alison Hale Ms. Kimberly Hallatt M.C. Halvorsen Ms. Gail E. Hamilton Dr. Katherine J. Hampares Ms. Lisa A. Hane Ms. Susan M. Haney Ms. Mary Hanlan Retagene Hanslik Ms. Genie H. Hargrove Ms. Mary Alice Harris Sheridan Harvey Ms. DonnaJoy Hawley Ms. Carla H. Hay Ms. Donna M. Heivilin Dr. Sue W. Henderson Ms. Ellen Hendrickson Ms. Beth Hicks Ms. Mary Catherine Hill Ms. Virginia Hill Ms. Jennifer A. Hirshberg Ms. Jane A. Hoffman Ms. Joan E. Hoffmaster Ms. Margaret Holahan Ms. Venetia Holland Ms. Laurie Holmes Ms. Annette M. T. Homiller Ms. Linda Hope Ms. Maryann E. Hopson Mr. Larry D. Hothem Ms. Tara O'Rourke Howard Dr. Jean E. Hudson Ms. Doreen M. Hughes Ms. Martha Allshouse Hull Ms. Lynn Ihlenfeldt Ms. Aleda Jackson Ms. Tyra Jarvis Ms. Sheila Jefferson Ms. Mary E. Jefferson Ms. Charlotte J. Jones Ms. Jane A. Josephs Ms. Susan Jostyn JP Morgan Chase Foundation Matching Gift Program Patricia Ann Judd, Ph.D. Ms. Nell E. Justice Ms. Norma Kacen Dr. Ruth Kahn Ms. Nancy Kalina and Ms. Kimberly Davis Ms. Dorothy Kendall Kearns Ms. Nancy B. Keck Ms. Katherine L. Kemp Ms. Donna B. Kendall Ms. Karen K. Kenyon Ms. Lynette W. Kepp Ms. Katherine Kiehn

16

Ms. Jeanette Kinker Ms. Georgia Klein Ms. Carol A. Knox Mr. Axel Kramer and Ms. Patricia Hallstein Ms. Jacqueline Krch Ms. Charlene M. Krenek Ms. LuAnn Kutch Ms. Effie Kyridis Ms. Carolyn S. LaFollette Ms. Eileen M. Le Fort Ms. Shirley E. Leary Ms. Lynne E. Lehman Ms. Janice Lindsay-Milos Ms. Sally Irene Lipsey Ms. Patricia D. Lock Ms. Donna Loranger Dr. Carol Parker and Dr. Sharon Love Ms. Jan Connell Lovell Ms. Lonna J. Lysne Ms. Mitzi Maceo Ms. Anne H. Magoun Dr. Patricia Mahoney Ms. Maggie Malone Dr. Nancy Maloney Ms. Angela Margolis Ms. Sheryl Markowitz Ms. Diane Markt Mr. and Mrs. Phillips H. Marshall Ms. Carol A. Martin Ms. Belinda Martin Mrs. Patricia Cole Martin Ms. Heather Mason Ms. Kathleen Marie Mason Mrs. Masako Nishi Matsuo Ms. Kathleen Matthews Ms. Sally Mayer Ms. Naomi J. McAfee Ms. Lynn M. McBrier Ms. Betty McComb Ms. Mary Jane McDonald Mrs. Patricia A. McFall Ms. Gail H. McGinn Ms. Shawn McLaughlin Mr. Owen McMahon, Jr. Ms. Kristan McMahon Ms. Dollie McPartlin Dr. Julia A. Medin Ms. Nancy E. Meeker Ms. Barbara J. Meislin Mrs. Joan C. Menagh Mrs. Marybelle P. Menzel Mrs. Ruby K. Methven Ms. Jeanne Poe Micka Ms. Susan Ellen Miller Ms. Susan E. Miller Ms. Nancy A. Mirto Ms. Susan Molyneux Ms. Linda A. Guinn Montgomery Ms. Kris Montgomery Ms. Barbara D. Moore Ms. Patricia Morgan Ms. Sue A. Morgensen Ms. Rosalind Mouser Ms. Jo Ann Mullen Ms. Christiane M. Muntone Ms. Marilyn Myers Ms. Margaret Carroll Myers National Coalition of Girls' Schools Ms. Linda E. Nee Dale Neiburg Dr. Sarah M. Nelson Ms. Mariah Nelson Ms. Christine Nezu Ms. Andrea Nilon Mr. William K. Nisbet Reverend Eileen O. Norrington Ms. May Nour Ms. Bu Nygrens Ms. Sally Nyhus Ms. Ellen Ochoa

17

Dr. Karen Offen Ms. Kay E. Stevens Ms. Colleen M. O'Leary Ms. Alice L. Stoll Mr. Ernesto R. Otero Dr. Gaynell Stone Ms. Susan V. Parsons Ms. Nancy Marion Storm Ms. Delia Passi Ms. Christianna L. Strohbeck Ms. Sara H. Paulson Ms. Shannon Sutherland Ms. Betsy Peitz Ms. Jane M. Swanson Mrs. Beatrice C. Perkins Ms. Sharon Swanson Dr. Laura L. Perkins Ms. Marion T. Sweeney Ms. Elizabeth Perry Ms. Eleanor S. Szanton Ms. Beverly Peterkofsky Dr. Sara Szuchet Ms. Jo Ann Petznick Dr. Patti Tackett Mr. Horward and Patricia Piggee, Jr. Ms. Jade Tailor Dr. Sharan Pittser Ms. Nancy E. Tate Ms. Barbara Planck Dr. Sheila E. Taube Ms. Harriet Plavoukos Ms. Annie Tedesco Ms. Priscilla Pogact Ms. Ellen C. Temple Ms. Barbara L. Pomerantz Tempo Restaurant Ms. Rebecca Pontikes Ms. Jocelyn Tetel Ms. Diane Portnoy Ms. Marta Theisen Ms. Janet M. Powers Mrs. Betty S. Thompson Ms. Judith E. Prince Ms. Kay Tibbles Ms. Beverly Pringle Ms. Susan Tinkley Ms. Judith Purcell Ms. Margaret M. Tocci Ms. Linda M. Purcell Ms. Elizabeth Topkis Ms. Jane Purkis Ms. Erin Toune Ms. Mayleen Ramey Ms. Jo Anne J. Trow Dr. Janet A. Randall Ms. Jane Tufts Dr. Jeanie Page Randall Ms. Donna Tuke Ms. Mary L. Rapczynski Ms. Carol J. Tveit Ms. Melinda Raso-Kirstein Ms. Lisa Van Krieken Ms. Margaret C. Rawlins Ms. Marta Van Loan Ms. Penelope B. Reder Ms. Janis Varo Ms. Lynne Marie Reder Ms. Jacqueline N. Ventura Ms. Elaine Reeves Ms. Veronica Villanueva Ms. Lynn E. Rehfeld-Kenney Ms. Sharon R. Vincent Ms. Sondra B. Resnikoff Ms. Debra Wacker Ms. Helen J. Richard Ms. Dorothy Waleski Ms. Cherie Robbins Ms. La Mer Walker Mrs. Joan K. Roberts Ms. Carol S. Watson Ms. Lea Ann Robertson Ms. Elissa B. Weaver Mrs. Mary Ann Robnett Ms. Leslie A. Weaver Dr. Pamela Roby Ms. Annelie E. Weber Ms. Denise Rosaio Ms. Barbara Weeks Ms. Jennifer Roussil Ms. Edie Weiner Mrs. June A. Rusten Ms. Catherine Weitenbeck Mr. Eugene Sadovay Dr. Patricia A. Weitzel-O'Neill Ms. Dayna J. Salter Ms. Lorraine M. Welch Ms. Liz Sanders Ms. Joyce M. Wellman Ms. Sue Sassoon Mrs. Barbara A. Wenrick Ms. Carol Savoie Ms. Sally H. Westley Ms. Joyce E. Scafe Ms. Linda K. Wickens Ms. Catherine Schagh Ms. Wendy Wilkins-Russell Ms. Janet S. Scheevel Ms. Rebecca V. Wilson Ms. Irene Scheibner and Ms. Joan Ms. Susan Wolford E. Twiggs Ms. Alice J. Wong Mrs. Barbara Schell Ms. Katharyn Woodbridge Ms. Ann Schonberger Ms. Frances L. Woodrum Ms. Stacy Schrier Ms. Ann Woods Ms. Barbara L. Schuler Ms. Phyllis Yarnold Ms. Mary Scott Ms. Anne Youmans Ms. Judith Scott Ms. Suzan Young Mrs. Latonya Seawright Ms. Catherine Ziebell Mrs. Sylvia J. Shaina Ms. Amy Ziering Ms. Jocelyn G. Shannon Ms. May Louise Zumwaltv Ms. Miriam Shapiro Ms. Kathleen T. Shaw Dr. Roberta A. Sheehan Ms. Kate M. Sheehy 2016 Breakdown of Expenses Ms. Dawne Shelton Mrs. Aletha Waite Silcox Fundraising 6% Admin 13% Ms. Barbara Silverstein Dt. Beverly Simmons Ms. Helen Pearson Smith R. Peggy Smith, Ph.D. Ms. Mary Lex Smith Ms. Melissa Smyt Program 81% Ms. Cynthia Soltes Ms. Jennifer Spana Ms. Katherine R. Spindler Ms. Megan Stefanki Ms. Mary Y. Steinbauer Program Fundraising Admin

The National Women’s History Museum would like to express its appreciation to our President’s Council, which supported our efforts in 2016.

Thank you for believing in our mission and helping us educate, inspire and empower by integrating women’s history into our national narrative.

Abbott Laboratories Ann E.W. Stone Arent Fox LLP Astellas Pharma US, Inc. Comcast NBCUniversal Dorothy Baldwin Wicker, Ph.D. Earth Friendly Products Eventologie ExxonMobil Corporation Fannie and Stephen Kahn Charitable Foundation Glamour Magazine Gretchen Green, M.D. M.M.S. Hanky Panky Lifeway Foods, Inc. Lora Lynn Jones Mari Snyder Johnson Minerva Foundation Ms. Carol Baker Ms. Elissa Harris Ms. Susan E. Danish Ms. Toni Ko Pandora Jewelry PwC Charitable Foundation, Inc. Rachel Zoe, Inc. Susan D. Whiting The Estate of Dr. Elizabeth Winthrop The Susan D. Whiting Family Fund

18

205 S. Whiting Street, Suite 254 Alexandria, VA 22304 t: 703.461.1920 | f: 703.636.2668 www.womenshistory.org

PERMIT NO. 324 MAILED FROM 24506

PAID

NONPROFIT ORG. U.S. POSTAGE