Equality of Opportunity for Sexual and Gender Minorities
Importance of the Access to Public Services and Social Protection Indicator Set Social protection systems help individuals of all ages cope with personal and economic crises. These systems empower individuals to live healthier lifestyles, invest in education, and seek opportunities to escape poverty and economic inequality.1 Access to public services and social protection is deeply rooted in economic and social equality, and securing access to public services is essential to reduce poverty and inequality. Public services should specifically address the needs and rights of sexual and gender minorities. An inclusive legal framework that protects all minorities, including sexual and gender minorities, can transform people’s lives and create an inclusive society in which everyone prospers. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the stigma and discrimination faced by sexual and gender minorities has been exacerbated because health care systems have been overloaded and it has proven easy to scale back care for these minorities. It is important to ensure that decisions about scaling back services be medical and data-based decisions, not decisions based on bias (box 4.1).
“Homophobia and other forms of stigma, violence, and discrimination against LGBTI people contribute significantly to their exclusion from society, limit their access to health and social services, and hinder social and economic development.” —UNDP and PGA (2017, 8)
The access to public services and social protection indicator set examines whether the existing legal framework provides equal access to public services and social protection to sexual and gender minorities. The indicators aim to determine whether national laws, constitutional provisions, and regulations protect sexual and gender minorities from discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, or sex characteristics in accessing a range of public services.2 They also attempt to capture whether laws encourage CSOs to provide similar services,3 and whether governments impose funding limitations on the provision of such services. Finally, the indicator set measures the existence of national equality bodies or national human rights institutions responsible for handling claims of SOGI-based discrimination in public services. In Japan, many lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people unable to disclose their sexual orientation or gender identity often cannot obtain necessary services. When accessing mental health support, for example, patients often feel social pressure to hide their sexual orientation or gender identity because they do not trust that their sexuality will be understood or accepted. —Amnesty International (2017)
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