Trade Flows in Medical Goods and Services
12. Data on the various economies’ shares of medical services exports through medical travel and other modes of supply are from WTO estimates based on the Trade in Services Data by Mode of Supply (TISMOS) dataset. 13. For more about Korea’s standards for international patient services, see “Global Cooperation,” Ministry of Health and Welfare website: https://www.mohw.go.kr/eng/pl/pl0104.jsp?PAR_MENU _ID=1003&MENU_ID=100327. 14. Data on the various economies’ shares of medical services imports, by mode of supply, are from WTO estimates based on the Trade in Services Data by Mode of Supply (TISMOS) dataset. 15. Medical goods export data are from the WTO Integrated Database and United Nations COMTRADE data. 16. For example, in the first quarter of 2020. Japan tripled its volume of production by operating 24 hours a day and subsidizing companies to start new manufacturing lines (“Current Status of Production and Supply of Face Masks, Antiseptics and Toilet Paper” (web page), Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry [last updated May 19, 2020], https://www.meti.go.jp/english /covid-19/mask.html). 17. Medical services trade data are from WTO estimates based on the Trade in Services Data by Mode of Supply (TISMOS) dataset. 18. Medical services revenue data from WTO estimates based on the Trade in Services Data by Mode of Supply (TISMOS) dataset. 19. Health-related travel export data from WTO estimates based on the Trade in Services Data by Mode of Supply (TISMOS) dataset. 20. According to WHO data, in 2011–19, there were on average only 4 doctors and 15 nursing or midwifery personnel per 10,000 people in Nigeria, compared with 43 and 87, respectively, in the EU. WTO calculations for the EU are from WHO 2021c. 21. The COVID-19 vaccine supply chain characteristics are based on Bown and Bollyky (2022), which describes the details behind the manufacturing supply chains for four different vaccine candidates: Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna, AstraZeneca, and Johnson & Johnson.
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