1.2 Population, by age and gender, 2019

FIGURE 1.2

Population, by age and gender, 2019

Percent

80+ 75–79 70–74 65–69 60–64 55–59 50–54 45–49 40–44 35–39 30–34 25–29 20–24 15–19 10–14 5–9 0–4

20 15 10 5 0 5 10 15 20

Male Female

Source: World Development Indicators, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator.

the northeast of Nigeria and new rebel activity in the Tibesti region and along the northern border with Libya forced the government to reinforce security measures while maintaining the country’s strong contributions to the Multinational Joint Task Force and the G5 Cross-Border Joint Force.

Moreover, cross-border insecurity has exacerbated more structural fragility drivers, leading to a sharp increase in the number of conflicts since 2015 that have disrupted progress toward the World Bank’s twin goals. According to the 2021 Chad RRA, these structural drivers of conflict include (a) hypercentralized and noninclusive governance; (b) regional imbalances and exclusion that fuel grievances; (c) elite capture, poor governance, and low capacity for local participation in the oil sector that fuel inequality and exclusion; (d) security sector dysfunction and weak rule of law that prevent effective implementation of justice and mitigation of conflicts; and (e) intercommunal tensions that are exacerbated by increasing natural resource scarcity and climate change. The government has developed various strategies to address some of these conflict and fragility drivers, including a three-year action plan under the World Bank Group’s Prevention and Resilience Allocation.

Insecurity and violence have created an acute humanitarian situation and resulted in large refugee inflows into Chad. Refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs) have increased threefold since 2014 (figure 1.3). As of December 2020, about 480,000 refugees were settled in 19 camps in the east, south, and Lake Chad regions (UNHCR 2020). In the east, about 324,000 Sudanese refugees are settled along the border (many for more than a decade), having fled violence in Darfur. In the south, Chad hosts about 99,000 refugees from the Central African Republic, the majority of whom have been in exile for more than a decade. In Lake Chad, some 20,000 Nigerian refugees who fled Boko Haram and intracommunal violence now reside near Chad’s western border with Nigeria, Niger, and Cameroon. Women make up more than 55.5 percent of the refugee and IDP population, of whom 33.6 percent are of childbearing age. In addition, more than 208,000 IDPs are in the Lake Chad region.