SAINT GABRIEL’S COLLEGE
565 Samsen Rd., Dusit, Bangkok 10300. THAILAND Tel. 0 2243 0065, 0 2243 7002, 0 2243 2153 Fax: 0 2243 2150
http://www.sg.ac.th
MY WORLD
OF
VOCABULARY S A I N T G A B R I E L’ S C O L L E G E VOCABULARY FOR SECONDARY 1
REVISED EDITION 2022
SAINT GABRIEL’S COLLEGE
565 Samsen Road, Dusit, Bangkok 10300. THAILAND. Tel. 0-2243-0065, 0-2243-7002, 0-2243-2153, Fax: 0-2243-2150, Website: http://www.sg.ac.th ISBN: 978-616-7675-01-5 Copyright©2020: Saint Gabriel’s College
PREFACE Nowadays, learning English is the most essential activity in our daily routine. Needless to say, it is the most fundamental means of communication in the field of education in order to instill in the learner’s positive attitudes towards English language. Consequently, the learner can use the language in multiple life situations, and in search for knowledge to sustain a career and further high level of studies. In addition, it can also aid the ability to understand various cultural differences and challenges. Therefore, the teaching and learning process is considered to be most beneficial as the teacher educates the subject content thus enabling the learner to grasp in a less complex effort. This vocabulary book is published for the exclusive use in teaching and learning of five basic subjects namely Mathematics, Science, Technology and Occupation, Social Studies, Religion and Culture and English for Primary 1 to Secondary 6 students. This book introduces English vocabulary words used in the abovementioned subjects with examples on how to adapt them in daily communication to attain goals and efficiency. It is with great expectation that the contents in this English vocabulary book may benefit the teachers and students in a way that it is genuinely learned as English is a medium of instruction. Every single vocabulary word is related to the learner’s daily life. The contents are expected to respond to the basic learning needs and preferences of the learner and therefore may involve recreational learning and utmost advantage. Finally, I would like to acknowledge the valuable efforts of the teachers of the Foreign Languages Department, the Academic Affairs, and those who in one way or another have been part of the preparation and success of this book. God bless you constantly. (Bro. Monthol Prathumarach, Ph.D.) Director March 2022
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS HONORARY ADVISOR : Bro. Dr. Monthol Prathumarach COMMITTEE : Bro.Manit Sakonthawat, M.A. Bro.Pathanant Chaiyara Board of Director Mr.Thong-in Sawaengsin, M.A. Mr.Pisit Krittayanawach, M.A. Mr.Avirut Wisetchart, M.A. Mr.Yutthachai Ittivorachet, M.M. Ms.Yaowaluck Yoocharoen, M.A. Ms.Pornsirin Watthanasathian, M.A. English Teachers Primary 1 - Secondary 6
EDITORIAL TEAM : Mr.Yutthachai Ittivorachet, M.M. Members of the Foreign Language Department DESIGN & LAYOUT : Mr.Wutichart Chatarupacheewin, M.FA. Mr.Sarayut Jorjaroenpanich Mr.Peerawit Arjloi Mr.Pheempapob Chatarupacheewin PRODUCED BY : Saint Gabriel’s College BANGKOK, THAILAND Copyright @ 2018
SAINT GABRIEL’S COLLEGE
565 Samsen Rd., Dusit, Bangkok 10300. THAILAND. Tel. 0-2243-0065, 0-2243-7002, 0-2243-2153, Fax: 0-2243-2150 Website: http://www.sg.ac.th
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any forms or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Saint Gabriel’s College. SAINT GABRIEL’S COLLEGE, THAILAND
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CONTENTS Preface Coat of Arms Foreign Languages (English) Mathematics Science and Technology Social Studies Occupation - Computer - Technology
1 4 6 24 32 42 56 57 59
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SAINT GABRIEL’S COLLEGE, THAILAND
COAT OF ARMS Coat of arms is a translation of the French COTTE D’ ARMES. Usually it is depicted with the particular heraldic bearings of a person or family on an escutcheon, and from it we can learn much about the person or family which adopted the particular coat of arms. BROTHERS OF ST. GABRIEL The name “the Brothers of St. Gabriel” reminds us of those Brothers who sacrificed their lives, and their mother’s land, in order to help educate and develop our Thai children to grow in the right path. “LABOR OMNIA VINCIT” is the motto of our school. “We can overcome all difficulties through working hard,” or, as the Latin proverb says : “Labor conquers all things.”
“Life - Boat” Symbolized By “The Ship in The Sea”
“The ship in the Sea” symbolizes that we have to keep on struggling and facing different difficulties in the sea of life, just like the ship or the boat that fights stormy wing, steamy sun and rainy sea in order NOT to capsize in the middle of the sea. This should always remind us that “Life is a Struggle” or “To Live is to Struggle” against the problems and difficulties and not to give up.
“DS” (read “D and S”) Cross In The Middle With The Cross “D” or Divinity represents “Religion”. We all need religion in life and mind. The Cross is the symbol of “love” and “sacrifice” just as Jesus sacrificed his life for our love and he redeemed our sins as he said: “There is no other love greater than sacrificing our life for others.” “S” or “Science” means “Knowledge,” which is the root of man’s ability to reason. Everyone should always aim at gaining more knowledge. The
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more we learn about mundane knowledge, the more we should also learn about “Dharma” or religious, ethical virtues. Moreover, DIS also comes from the French phrase, “Dieu Seul,” which means “ALL WE DO IS FOR THE GRACE OF GOD ONLY.” It is to remind us of St. Louis Marie de Montfort, the Founding Father of the Brothers of St. Gabriel’s motto. With this powerful motto, we have the will to work without yielding to difficulties, at studies as well as at work. We all uphold it up to this day.
A.M. and The White Lilies “A.M.” is abbreviated from a Latin word, “ALMA MATER,”
meaning literally, “Dear Mother,” in Latin and indicating “MOTHER COLLEGE,” which symbolizes that our institution is like our “Alma Mater”, our own birth place and as a part of our own families. We should love our institution as much as we should love our own parents. Moreover, “A.M.” is also abbreviated from “AVE MARIA” (in Latin), the name of Jesus’ Mother. This means that we should love our own Mother with our heart and soul. And the beautiful snow - white lilies are symbols to remind us that we should be clean and sincere with all our thoughts, words and minds, wherever we are.
The Star and The Man In a Boat
“The Star and the Boat” symbolizes “Spiritual Hope” meaning that religion is “the light of Dharma or Absolute Truth” and all the knowledge or sciences we have learned from the institution is “the Light of the Intelligence”. Altogether they keep conduct and intelligence on track so we are not lost or capsized in the middle of the sea of life. “The man in the boat” reflects us, ourselves, rowing or guiding our own “boat of life”.
“The Shield” That Frames The “Four Symbols”
The “Shield” that frames the “Four Symbols” is the “COAT OF ARMS” which stands for “HONOUR,” or “PRIDE and DIGNITY”. It also represents the HONOUR, DIGNITY, PRIDE AND PRAISE that our institution has received from the King who reigns over the Kingdom.
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SAINT GABRIEL’S COLLEGE, THAILAND
F O R E I GN L A N GUAG E
MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
VOCABULARY
ENGLISH UNIT 1 : IT’S A CHALLENGE
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
1
challenge (v.)
ท้าทาย
challenge (n.)
ความท้าทาย
2 award (n.) 3
Thai Definition
Henry will challenge his brother to a round of golf. Henry accepted his brother’s challenge to a fight. The Cannes film awards are presented annually. He might volunteer to act as messenger. If we can get enough volunteers, we shall not force people to join the Army. Physical fitness is essential for this kind of job. He was a member of the expedition which climbed Mount Everest. Our rubbish is taken away twice a week. The Geiger counter can register a dangerous level of radioactivity. She's very creative on the design front.
รางวัล
volunteer (v.)
อาสา
volunteer (n.)
อาสาสมัคร
4 fitness (n.)
Sentence
ความแข็งแกร่ง
5 expedition (n.) การเดินทาง 6 rubbish (n.)
ขยะ
7 register (v.)
บันทึก, ขึ้นทะเบียน
8 creative (adj.)
สร้างสรรค์
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SAINT GABRIEL’S COLLEGE, THAILAND
MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
Sentence
She hired a private detective to find out if her husband was having an affair. Write a description of your favourite 10 description (n.) ลักษณะ beach. The campsite is in a beautiful 11 campsite (n.) ที่ตั้งแคมป์ location next to the beach. told me some fantastic story 12 fantastic (adj.) เลิศ, น่าอัศจรรย์ She about her father. 9 detective (n.)
นักสืบ
UNIT 2 : OUR CHANGING PLANET
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
Sentence
Parts of the country are like a desert. The village was destroyed when the 2 volcano (n.) ภูเขาไฟ volcano erupted. In 1906, an earthquake destroyed 3 earthquake (n.) แผ่นดินไหว much of San Francisco. About half a mile from the glacier 4 glacier (n.) ธารน�้ำแข็ง the river turns southeast. She followed him across the valley 5 valley (n.) หุบเขา and up a steep slope. The competition will be judged by a 6 competition (n.) การแข่งขัน panel of experts. The landscape was open and flat, 7 landscape (n.) ภูมิประเทศ the heat making the ground shimmer. น�้ำพุร้อนที่พุ่งขึ้น The largest geyser, with a crater 8 geyser (n.) จากใต้ดนิ เป็นช่วงๆ about 300 ft. 1 desert (n.)
ทะเลทราย
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MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
9 creature (n.)
สิ่งมีชีวิต
10 bison (n.)
วัวกระทิง
11 mystic (adj.)
ลึกลับ
Sentence
Few living creatures can survive without water. Large herds of bison used to live on the plains of North America. This mountain, too, was the scene of the mystic rites of Dionysus.
UNIT 3 : ON HOLIDAY
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Sentence
The tram rattled off into the gloom. is best done either by sightseeing (n.) การชมทิวทัศน์ Sightseeing tour bus or by bicycles. I decided to follow your advice and advice (n.) ค�ำแนะน�ำ take a vacation. aquarium has some interesting aquarium (n.) พิพิธภัณฑ์สัตว์น�้ำ The specimens of unusual tropical fish. guidebook might be of use to guidebook (n.) หนังสือแนะน�ำ This you on your trip. the clinic receptionist, receptionist (n.) พนักงานต้อนรับ Sandra, volunteered her husband. Going camping by themselves for adventure (n.) การผจญภัย the first time was a real adventure for the boys. Her own journey to reach this point journey (n.) การเดินทาง hadn't been easy. ห์, Still, admitting to any attraction attraction (n.) เสน่ แรงดึงดูดใจ seemed folly.
1 tram (n.) 2
Thai Definition
รถราง
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SAINT GABRIEL’S COLLEGE, THAILAND
MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
10 unusual (adj.)
แปลก
11 cathedral (n.)
มหาวิหาร
Sentence
Here are the fifteen most unusual words in the English language. Its Gothic cathedral dates from the 15th century.
UNIT 4 : MY PLACE
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
1 balcony (n.) 2 brilliant (adj.) 3 interrupt (v.) 4 ignore (v.) 5 respect (v.) 6 option (n.) 7 comfortable (adj.) 8 design (v.) 9 cosy (adj.) 10 discuss (v.)
Thai Definition
Sentence
He stood by the balcony door looking at the crowd. The painting featured brilliant reds สดใส and blues and was quite striking. Carla's brother always seemed to ขัดจังหวะ interrupt her in the middle of the movie. Kayla's sister always seemed to เพิกเฉย, ไม่สนใจ ignore her in the middle of the ceremony. Treat them with respect and take เคารพ care of them. You have the option to touch me or ตัวเลือก not. She'd always felt comfortable around สะดวกสบาย him. We will hire an architect to design ออกแบบ our new kitchen. สบาย I felt warm and cosy sitting by the fire. will discuss the plan with several สนทนา, โต้แย้ง She colleagues. ระเบียง
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MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
UNIT 5 : SCHOOL
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
Sentence
The article was written in French. In biology class, we studied the 2 biology (n.) ชีววิทยา human body and how it works. The geography of Northern Italy is 3 geography (n.) ภูมิศาสตร์ described in several popular guide books. She studied drama in high school, 4 drama (n.) ละคร and hopes to go into acting. I'm going to be an expert if this 5 expert (n.) ผู้เชี่ยวชาญ keeps up. car has some interesting new 6 feature (n.) ลักษณะเฉพาะ The design features. างหาก, They arrived together but left 7 separately (adv.) แยกต่ อย่างแยกกัน separately. asked Angela to create a 8 re-enactment การท�ำซ�้ำอีกครั้ง I've re-enactment of the victim's death. (n.) He asked for questions from 9 audience (n.) ผู้ชม members of the audience. างมี She was effectively trapped in Hell 10 effectively (adv.) อย่ ประสิทธิภาพ with the devil for eternity. 1 article (n.)
บทความ
UNIT 6 : FAVOURITE THINGS
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
1 reference (n.)
การอ้างอิง
2 attach (v.)
แนบ
Sentence
Her former teacher gave her a reference when she applied for the job. You must attach an application to the brochure.
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SAINT GABRIEL’S COLLEGE, THAILAND
MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
3 horrible (adj.)
น่ากลัว
4 charity (n.)
การกุศล
A horrible thought burst unwanted into her mind. She runs a local charity that gives books to children. The jacket is made of thick leather.
5 leather (n.)
หนังสัตว์ ่งเป็นที่ 6 favourite (adj.) ซึโปรดปราน 7 belong (v.) เป็นของ 8 wooden (adj.)
ท�ำด้วยไม้
9 blind (adj.)
ตาบอด
Sentence
What is your favourite sport? This pen belongs to me. The carpenter built a wooden cabin from oak trees that he chopped down in the forest. A blind man cannot judge colours.
UNIT 7 : ADVENTURE HOLIDAYS
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
Sentence
I'll mention your ideas to Jacinta. A plastic raincoat is an example of 2 waterproof (adj.) กันน�้ำ something that is waterproof. wore silk pajamas and a woolen 3 pajamas (n.) เสื้อกางเกงนอน She sweater. 4 suggestion (n.) ข้อเสนอแนะ I agree with his suggestion. Maybe you should take off that wolf 5 costume (n.) ชุดแต่งกาย costume and show him how it's done. 6 at least (adv.) อย่างน้อยที่สุด Diameter is at least eight centimeters. 1 mention (v.)
กล่าวถึง
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MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
7 zip-wiring (n.)
การโหนสลิง
8 foggy (adj.)
มีหมอกมาก
9 backpack (n.)
กระเป๋าสะพาย หลัง เข็มทิศ
10 compass (n.)
Sentence
Once there, teams had to take a zip-wiring from the bridge to a nearby island below. It was foggy, so it was hard to make out the figures of people walking. I want you to stuff it all into that backpack. The compass points to the north.
UNIT 8 : LIFE IN THE FUTURE
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
They can't keep her temperature down. Buzz Aldrin is a retired astronaut and part of the first lunar landing of Apollo 11.
1 temperature (n.) อุณหภูมิ 2 astronaut (n.)
มนุษย์อวกาศ
อุปกรณ์ 3 first-aid kit (n.) ปฐมพยาบาล เบื้องต้น 4 torch (n.)
Sentence
I always carry a first-aid kit in my luggage. He ripped open the door, blinded by the light of the torch in the halls. Most household appliances burn up loads of electricity.
ไฟฉาย
เครื่องใช้ในครัว 5 household appliances (n.) เรือน เครื่องบินไร้คนขับ We use a large drone to survey the 6 drone (n.) ที่ควบคุมด้วยวิทยุ horrible situation around this area. ทางไกล 7 garage (n.) โรงรถ I left the car in the garage.
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SAINT GABRIEL’S COLLEGE, THAILAND
MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
่, 8 available (adj.) มีพร้ออยูมใช้ งาน 9 prediction (n.)
การคาดการณ์
10 nervous (adj.)
ประหม่า, กระวนกระวาย
Sentence
I’m sorry, sir. The first class was not available. Not many people agree with the government’s prediction that the economy will improve. I always get nervous just before I go on stage.
UNIT 9 : SPORTS, GAMES AND ACTIVITIES
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
1 jewelry (n.) 2 necessary (adj.) 3 experience (adj.) 4 professional (adj.) 5 tournament (n.) 6 equipment (n.) 7 medal (n.) 8 competition (n.) 9 membership (n.)
Thai Definition
Sentence
เครื่องเพชรพลอย Her jewelry box was tiny and wooden. Maybe it wasn't necessary to say จ�ำเป็น anything. He has a lot of experience in these ประสบการณ์ matters. Members of the professional classes มืออาชีพ are qualified to vote by their position. Tiger Williams has won practically รายการแข่งขัน every major golf tournament he has entered this year. The photographer came early to set อุปกรณ์ up his equipment. เหรียญ He won a medal for gallantry. The sports competition will host the การแข่งขัน best athletes from each country. club has a total membership of การเป็นสมาชิก The about 300.
SAINT GABRIEL’S COLLEGE, THAILAND
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MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
10 chess (n.)
Thai Definition
Sentence
Have you ever played chess? Chess is a board game for two players.
หมากรุก
UNIT 10 : USEFUL WEBSITES
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
3 relative (n.)
ปัญหา, ความยุ่งยาก เพื่อนทาง จดหมาย ญาติ
4 terrible (adj.)
น่ากลัว
1 trouble (n.) 2 pen friend (n.)
5 6 7 8 9 10
Sentence
He was having trouble with his homework. He writes to his pen friend in Scotland, and eventually, it turns into love. The donkey is a relative of the horse. There was a terrible accident on the freeway.
ใส่ข้อมูลจาก คอมพิวเตอร์ส่วน How can I upload a photo to your upload (v.) บุคคลไปยังเครื่อง website? ส่วนกลาง You need to explore your feelings explore (v.) ส�ำรวจ on this subject more carefully. รวมเข้า, The price of dinner should include include (v.) รวมเข้าไว้ dessert. การคัดลอก He gets a quote from the Bible quote (n.) ข้อความ frequently. We‘re going to spend 90% of our museum (n.) พิพิธภัณฑ์ time in the museum. tournament (n.) รายการแข่งขัน I’ve got a tournament to win.
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SAINT GABRIEL’S COLLEGE, THAILAND
MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
UNIT 11 : CITY LIVING
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
Sentence
1 embassy (n.)
สถาน เอกอัครราชทูต
Where is the Japanese Embassy?
2 fountain (n.)
น�้ำพุ
3 mosque (n.)
มัสยิด
Tom is now talking with Mary over near the fountain. This mosque was built in 1418. The skyscraper is in the center of the city. When completed, it will be the biggest stone statue in the world. Can I offer you guys a ride? There is a massive monument in the square. While The Statue of Liberty isn't a landmark in France, it was built by two French men. The aboriginal inhabitants of New York had an important influence on its colonial history. Afterwards, I didn’t hear from her for a long time.
4 skyscraper (n.) ตึกระฟ้า 5 statue (n.)
รูปปั้น
6 offer (v.)
เสนอ
7 monument (n.) อนุเสาวรีย์ Statue of 8 The Liberty (n.)
เทพีเสรีภาพ
9 aboriginal (adj.) พื้นเมือง ง, 10 afterwards (adv.) ภายหลั หลังจากนัน้
UNIT 12 : FILMS
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
film 1 animated (n.) 2 while (conj.)
Thai Definition
Sentence
kids are making an animated ภาพยนตร์การ์ตูน Now film on handheld tablets. ขณะที่ He came in while I was watching TV.
SAINT GABRIEL’S COLLEGE, THAILAND
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MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
3 comedy (n.)
รายการตลก
4 thriller (n.)
เรื่องที่ตื่นเต้น เร้าใจ
5 fiction (n.)
บันเทิงคดี
6 aspect (n.)
แง่มุม
7 invitation (n.)
ค�ำเชิญ
I prefer to watch comedy movies because I prefer laughing over being scared or involved in a suspenseful action scene. A thriller is a book, film, or play that tells an exciting fictional story She writes science fiction novels which are very popular worldwide. Imagination affects every aspect of our lives. They accepted the invitation and were drowned. I've never been so frightened in my life. We just passed by the festival on main street. We need to find an effective method.
8 frightened (adj.) กลัว 9 festival (n.)
งานเทศกาล
10 method (n.)
วิธี
Sentence
UNIT 13 : LIFE EXPERIENCES
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
1 climb (v.) 2 ever (adv.) 3 track (v.) 4 campsite (n.) 5 explore (v.)
Thai Definition
Sentence
It took them five days to climb the mountain. เคย Have you ever eaten snakes? ติดตาม I cannot track a wild animal on my own. is a place where people ที่ส�ำหรับตั้งแคมป์ Awhocampsite are on holiday can stay in tents. ส�ำรวจ I just wanted to explore Paris. ปีน
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SAINT GABRIEL’S COLLEGE, THAILAND
MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
Sentence
You’ve gained some valuable experience from this trip. Each year, twenty-seven million ป่าทึบในเขตร้อน acres of the tropical rainforests are destroyed. การเดินทาง They took a weekend trip to the beach. In the past, many people lived in the ถ�้ำ cave. Camels are often used to travel in อูฐ the desert.
6 valuable (adj.)
มีคุณค่า
7 rainforest (n.) 8 trip n.) 9 cave (n.) 10 camel (n.)
UNIT 14 : SPENDING MONEY
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
1 spend (v.)
ใช้ (เวลา, จ่ายเงิน)
2 butcher (n.)
คนขายเนื้อ
3 chemist (n.)
นักเคมี
4 latest (adj.)
ล่าสุด เสื้อถักด้วย 5 jumper (n.) ไหมพรม 6 comfortable (adj.) สะดวกสบาย 7 scarf (n.)
ผ้าพันคอ
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Sentence
I want to spend time with you. We’re spending too much money. The butcher weighed the meat on the scales. Ask your chemist about sugar-free teething gel or powder which can be rubbed on your baby’s gums. His latest toy is a personal computer. She was wearing her white jumper again. It’s such a comfortable bed. A pretty scarf was loosely knotted around her neck.
MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
He had an allowance from his mother of three thousand baht a year. Text me if you need anything else. Which instrument do you play? The museum houses the biggest collection of antique toys in Europe. Tom teaches sculpture at the local art school.
เบี้ยเลี้ยง, งบประมาณ 9 text (v.) ส่งข้อความ 10 instrument (n.) เครื่องดนตรี 8 allowance (n.)
11 antique (n.)
โบราณวัตถุ
12 sculpture (n.)
รูปแกะสลัก, การแกะสลัก
Sentence
UNIT : 15 FREE TIME
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
1 questionnaire (n.)
แบบสอบถาม
2 collect (v.)
สะสม
3 badge (n.)
เข็ม
4 comic (adj.)
ตลกขบขัน
5 T-shirt (n.)
เสื้อยืดคอกลม
6 karate (n.) 7 hobby (n.)
คาราเต้ งานอดิเรก
8 treasure (n.)
สมบัติ
Sentence
Local companies were asked to complete a questionnaire about their exports. My hobby wants to collect foreign stamps. Every high school students of Saint Gabriel’s College should carry a school badge. Your comic books are on the shelf. This old T-shirt has completely lost its shape. He holds a black belt in karate. My favourite hobby is drawing. Dan finally figured out where the treasure was hidden.
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SAINT GABRIEL’S COLLEGE, THAILAND
MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
Our history teacher offered extra credit to those who would use their phone GPS systems to go geocaching for historical sites. Her mother was a brilliant scientist.
9 geocaching(n.) เกมซ่อนของ 10 brilliant (adj.)
Sentence
ยอดเยี่ยม
UNIT 16 : LANGUAGES OF THE WORLD
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
Sentence
Are you going to translate this word into Thai? 2 guess (v.) เดา Can you guess my age? 3 pronunciation (n.) การออกเสียง Please correct my pronunciation. Jan said he wanted to improve his 4 improve (v.) ท�ำให้ดีขึ้น English. I can’t speak English as fast as a 5 native (adj.) พื้นเมือง native speaker. Unfortunately, this session was 6 unfortunately น่ า เสี ย ดาย (adv.) unsuccessful. 7 repeat (v.) พูดซ�้ำ Could you repeat that word? All of us were excited about the result 8 experiment (n.) การทดลองทาง วิทยาศาสตร์ of the experiment. This project encourages personal 9 expression (n.) ส�ำนวน expression. 10 effort (n.) ความพยายาม Your success depends on your effort. 1 translate (v.)
แปล
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MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
UNIT 17 : STAYING HEALTHY
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
1 stomach (n.) 2 3 4 5
toe (n.) tongue (n.) thumb (n.) ankle (n.)
6 empty (adj.) 7 exercise (n.) 8 cookbook (n.) 9 cinema (n.) 10 canteen (n.)
Thai Definition
Sentence
should put something in your กระเพาะอาหาร You stomach before you go. นิ้วเท้า He cut his big toe on a sharp stone. ลิ้น His name is on the tip of my tongue. นิ้วหัวแม่มือ The glove has a hole in the thumb. ข้อเท้า He sprained his ankle. I need to put some gas in the car as ว่างเปล่า it's almost empty. If you don't do more exercise, you'll การออกก�ำลังกาย get fat. I prefer the updated version of his ต�ำราอาหาร cookbook. โรงภาพยนตร์ I adore going to the cinema. โรงอาหาร There is little water left in the canteen.
UNIT 18 : FROM COVER TO COVER
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
1 pick up (v.) 2 find out (v.) 3 take back (v.) 4 put down (v.)
Thai Definition
Sentence
รับของ, ยกขึ้น ค้นพบ น�ำคืน, พากลับ, ยอมรับคืน วางลง
Where can I pick up my baggage? Could you find out how to get there? I must take back the money at all costs. He put down the book on the table. American politics are interesting to watch, especially during a presidential election.
5 especially (adv.) โดยเฉพาะ อย่างยิ่ง
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SAINT GABRIEL’S COLLEGE, THAILAND
MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
Sentence
6 favorite (adj.)
ที่โปรดปราน, ที่ชื่นชอบ
What's your favorite Disney movie?
7 advertisement (n.) 8 shelf (n.)
โฆษณา
She put an advertisement for domestic help in the paper. She put her CDs in a row on the shelf.
9 author (n.) 10 chapter (n.)
หิ้ง, ชั้น ผู้เขียน, นักแต่ง, Who is your favorite author? ผู้ประพันธ์ บท Let's begin with the first chapter.
UNIT 19 : DIFFERENT INGREDIENTS
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
1 ingredient (n.)
Thai Definition
ส่วนผสม, ส่วนประกอบ, เครื่องปรุง สร้าง, ผลิต
Sentence
Flour is the main ingredient in cakes.
Farmers produce crops. bought these biscuits at the 3 biscuit (n.) ขนมปังกรอบ Igrocery store. 4 spend (v.) ใช้เวลา, ใช้เงิน I've spent $500 a day. ด�ำรงชีวิต Take the first turn to right and then 5 go straight (v.) ตรงไป, อย่างสุจริต go straight on. A Japanese garden usually has a 6 usually (adv.) โดยปกติ pond in it. 7 vegetable (n.) ผัก, พืชผัก She cooked vegetable soup for us. เว็บไซด์บทความ, This blog covers topics that center 8 blog (n.) หน้าบทความ on information infrastructure. ออนไลน์ 2 produce (v.)
SAINT GABRIEL’S COLLEGE, THAILAND
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MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
9 cooker (n.)
หม้อหุงข้าว
10 middle (adj.)
ตรงกลาง
Sentence
Turn on the rice cooker, please. She was standing in the middle of the room.
UNIT 20 : LIFE CHANGES
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
Sentence
Please go to the Surgery Department. Go out and have a good time once in instead of (prep.) แทน, แทนที่ a while instead of just studying all the time. นไปได้, ซึ่งอาจ A trip to Mars may become possible possible (adj.) เป็ เกิดขึ้นได้ in my life. journey (n.) การเดินทาง She went on a journey a few days ago. The magazine is aimed at teenagers teenager (n.) วัยรุ่น and young adults. receptionist told me to sign my receptionist (n.) พนักงานต้อนรับ The name on the paper. leather (n.) หนังสัตว์ I'm looking for a leather shoulder bag. Olympic competitions, a gold medal (n.) เหรียญรางวัล Inmedal is for first place. ศจรรย์ เยี่ยม In terms of salary, that job is fantastic (adj.) มหั ยอด วิเศษ fantastic. The cathedral had a religious painting cathedral (n.) มหาวิหาร on its ceiling.
1 department (n.) แผนก 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
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SAINT GABRIEL’S COLLEGE, THAILAND
M AT HE M AT ICS
MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
VOCABULARY
MATHEMATICS CHAPTER 1 : INTEGERS
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
1 integer (n.)
Thai Definition
Sentence
The set of integers includes negative numbers, positive numbers and zero. Negative integers are located in the left side of zero on the number line.
จ�ำนวนเต็ม
integer จ�ำนวนเต็มลบ 2 negative (n.) number จ�ำนวนเต็มศูนย์ Zero is a neutral number. 3 neutral (n.) The absolute value of an integer is absolute value 4 (n.) ค่าสัมบูรณ์ the numerical value of the integer without its sign. 5 opposite number (n.)
จ�ำนวนตรงข้าม
6 sum (n.)
ผลบวก
7 difference (n.)
ผลต่าง, ผลลบ, แตกต่าง
Positive five and negative five are opposite numbers. The aggregate of two or more amounts, whether positive or negative is the sum of the amounts. The difference between five and two is three. The numbers 3, 8, 9, 11 and 14 are arranged in ascending order. The numbers 14, 11, 9, 8 and 3 are arranged in descending order.
8 ascending (adj.) เพิ่มขึ้น 9 descending (adj.) ลดลง
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SAINT GABRIEL’S COLLEGE, THAILAND
MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
10 commutative property (n.) 11 associative property (n.) 12 distributive property (n.)
Thai Definition
Sentence
In commutative property, you can the numbers in an addition or สมบัติการสลับที่ swap multiplication problem and come up with the same answer. property of addition, the สมบัติการเปลี่ยน Insumassociative of three integers remains the same หมู่ in which way we group and add them. In distributive property, you get the same result if you multiply a single (a) by a set of numbers สมบัติการกระจาย number added together (b + c) as you do to the single number by each individual number in the set (ab + ac). CHAPTER 2 : EXPONENTS
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
1 exponent (n.)
เลขยกก�ำลัง
2 base (n.)
ฐานของเลขยก ก�ำลัง
The exponent of a number tells how many times the number multiplied by itself. In 23, 2 is the base and 3 is the exponent. Index or power is synonyms of the word exponent. Scientific notation is a form of writing a very large or very small numbers using the form a × 10n, where a is a terminating decimal such that 1 ≤ a ≤ 10 and n is an integer.
3 index / power (n.) เลขชี้ก�ำลัง notation สัญกรณ์ทาง 4 scientific (n.) วิทยาศาสตร์ SAINT GABRIEL’S COLLEGE, THAILAND
Sentence
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MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
Sentence
of exponents are laws that of exponent สมบัติของเลขยก Laws 5 law govern operations in numbers which (n.) ก�ำลัง are expressed in exponential notation. CHAPTER 3 : RATIO PROPORTION AND PERCENTAGE
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
Sentence
Ratio is the comparison of like quantities measured in like units. A ratio is said to be in its simplest ratio in simplest 2 form (n.) อัตราส่วนอย่างต�่ำ form when a and b (a : b) are integers with no common factor other than 1. Proportion is a statement of equality 3 proportion (n.) สัดส่วน between two ratios. In direct proportion, when one direct proportion 4 (n.) สัดส่วนโดยตรง quantity increases/decreases, so does the other. inverse proportion In inverse proportion, when one term 5 / indirect สัดส่วนกลับ increases, the other term decreases. proportion (n.) 1 ratio (n.)
อัตราส่วน
CHAPTER 4 : BASIC ALGEBRA
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
Sentence
Algebra is a part of Mathematics in 1 algebra (n.) พีชคณิต which signs and letters represent numbers. เกี่ยวกับพีชคณิต/ Algebraic expression is a combination algebraic 2 expression (n.) สัญลักษณ์ทาง of constants and literals connected by พีชคณิต the signs of fundamental operations.
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SAINT GABRIEL’S COLLEGE, THAILAND
MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
3 coefficient (n.)
Thai Definition
Sentence
is a constant quantity สัมประสิทธิ/์ ตัวเลข Coefficient before or multiplying the ที่คูณอยู่กับตัวแปร placed variable in an algebraic expression.
เอกนาม / ซึ่ง An algebraic expression containing ประกอบด้วยพจน์ one term is called a monomial. เดียวหรือค�ำเดียว ทวินาม / ซึ่ง algebraic expression containing 5 binomial (n.) ประกอบด้วยสอง An two terms is called a binomial. พจน์ พหุนาม / ซึ่ง is an algebraic expression 6 polynomial (n.) ประกอบด้วยหลาย Polynomial with more than two terms. พจน์ In the expression 3x + 5, 5 is a constant term 7 (n.) พจน์ของค่าคงที่ constant term for its value does not chang. Terms with the same literal factors 8 like terms (n.) พจน์คล้าย are called like terms. 4 monomial (n.)
CHAPTER 5 : ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
1 algebraic equations (n.)
Thai Definition
An algebraic equation is an open mathematical sentence that states that the values of two mathematical expressions are equal. Linear equation is an algebraic equation in which each term has an exponent of one.
สมการทาง พีชคณิต
equation สมการเชิงเส้น 2 linear (n.) SAINT GABRIEL’S COLLEGE, THAILAND
Sentence
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MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
3 simplify (v.) 4 consecutive numbers (n.)
Thai Definition
Sentence
Simplify means to condense an ท�ำให้เป็นผลส�ำเร็จ algebraic expression by grouping and combining like terms. จ�ำนวนที่เรียงตาม Consecutive numbers follow each ล�ำดับต่อเนื่องกัน other in order.
CHAPTER 6 : PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
Sentence
สามเหลี่ยมด้าน Equilateral triangle has 3 equal sides 1 equilateral triangle (n.) เท่า and 3 equal angles. triangle สามเหลี่ยมหน้าจั่ว The 2 adjacent sides and 2 base angles 2 isosceles (n.) of an isosceles triangle are equal. triangle สามเหลี่ยมด้านไม่ The 3 sides and 3 angles of a scalene 3 scalene (n.) เท่า triangle are not equal. สามเหลี่ยมมุม An acute-angled triangle has 3 acute 4 acute-angled triangle (n.) แหลม angles. สามเหลี่ยม One angle of a right-angled triangle 5 right-angled triangle (n.) มุมฉาก measures exactly 90o. สามเหลี่ยมมุม One angle of an obtuse-angled 6 obtuse-angled triangle (n.) ป้าน triangle is an obtuse angle. มุมประกอบหนึ่ง The sum 2 complementary angles 7 complementary angle (n.) มุมฉาก are 90o. The sum of 2 supplementary angles 8 supplementary มุ ม ประชิ ด angle (n.) is 180o. vertically Vertically opposite angles are the 9 opposite angle มุมตรงข้าม angles opposite each other when 2 (n.) lines intersect.
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SAINT GABRIEL’S COLLEGE, THAILAND
MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
10 corresponding angle (n.)
Thai Definition
Sentence
When 2 parallel lines are cut by a transversal line, the angles in a matching corners are called corresponding angles.
มุมสมนัย
angle มุมแย้ง 11 alternate (n.)
Alternate angles are equal. MEMO
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I DON'T WANT TO SCROUNGE AROUND AND BE HOMELESS, AND I WANT TO FINISH MY EDUCATION.
S CIE NC E A N D T E C H NO LO G Y
MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
VOCABULARY
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIT 1
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
1 apparatus (n.) 2 hypothesis (n.) 3 laboratory (n.) 4 technology (n.) 5 theory (n.) burner 6 Bunsen (n.) 7 cylindrical (adj.) 8 estimate (verb)
Thai Definition
Sentence
เครื่องมือ, อุปกรณ์
Beaker is an example of a Laboratory apparatus. The researcher made a hypothesis สมมุติฐาน after he gather information. laboratory is the place where ห้องปฏิบัติการ The experiments are conducted. Technology use scientific principles to เทคโนโลยี solve our problems and made us more productive. Natural selection is a key element of ทฤษฎี, Darwin’s theory of evolution. The หลักความรู้ scientific theory is usually backed up by facts and experiments. Bunsen burner is used in laboratory for ตะเกียงก๊าซ heating, sterilization and combustion. The graduated cylinder is a laboratory used to measure the มีรูปเป็นกระบอก equipment volume of a liquid and it has a narrow cylindrical shape. so many variables, the exact คาดคะเน, หยั่ง With cost ids difficult to estimate.
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SAINT GABRIEL’S COLLEGE, THAILAND
MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
Sentence
is define as scientific จง, อธิบาย, Science 9 explanation (n.) ชีค�ำ้แอธิ explanation uses observations and บาย, เหตุผล measurement.
12 hazard (n.)
อันตราย
Scientists are gathering quantitative information for research. A few experimenter have carried the verification much further. The spill on the floor was a safety hazard to be mopped immediately.
13 corrosion (n.)
การกัดกร่อน (โดยเฉพาะ โดยสารเคมี)
If you expose iron to water overtime, it will soon weaken by corrosion.
10 gather (v.)
รวบรวม
11 verification (n.) การพิสูจน์
The teacher asked the students to draw an inference based on the clues given. Planning the project requires careful estimation (n.) การคาดคะเน cost estimation. Data gathering is a very important gathering (n.) การรวบรวม steps of Scientific method. We should stop factories from harmful (adj.) เป็นอันตราย producing harmful gases. measuring The student use measuring cylinder กระบอกตวง cylinder (n.) to measure the liquids. test tube rack ที่วางหลอดทดลอง Test tube rack provides support to test (n.) tubes while having an experiment. The student used tripod stand to tripod stand (n.) ขาตั้งสามขา place a beaker above the flame.
14 inference (n.) 15 16 17 18 19 20
การอนุมาน
SAINT GABRIEL’S COLLEGE, THAILAND
34
MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
Sentence
science class uses scientific ทางวิทยาศาสตร์ The methods to solve the problem. The chemicals in the laboratory are 22 poisonous (adj.) เป็นพิษ poisonous. ไม้บรรทัดส�ำหรับ The teacher demonstrates how to use calliper วัดระยะอย่าง 23 vernier vernier caliper in measuring the (n.) ละเอียดโดยวิธีแบ่ง alinear measurements. เส้นให้เหลื่อมกัน 21 scientific (adj.)
UNIT 2
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
Sentence
The cell membrane is responsible for the in and out of the substances in the cell. 2 cell (n.) เซลล์ Cell is the basic unit of living things. cells have an organelle called งสังเคราะห์ Plant 3 chloroplast (n.) แหล่ Chloroplast responsible for ด้วยแสงของพืช photosynthesis. ่อยู่ Cytoplasm is a jelly-like material of a 4 cytoplasm (n.) ของเหลวที cell outside the nucleus. ภายในเซลล์ 5 eukaryote (n.) เซลล์ที่มีนิวเคลียส The fungi are example of eukaryotes. The nucleus is responsible for 6 nucleus (n.) นิวเคลียส controlling the activities that occur inside the cell. Individual organelles are usually 7 organelle (n.) อวัยวะเซลล์ separately enclosed within their own lipid bilayers. membrane เยื่อหุ้มเซลล์ 1 cell (n.)
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SAINT GABRIEL’S COLLEGE, THAILAND
MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
Sentence
Prokaryotes, most Protista, and some fungi are unicellular. In animals, vacuoles serve in exocytosis and endocytosis processes.
ที่ไม่มี 8 prokaryote (n.) เซลล์ นิวเคลียส ช่องว่างภายใน 9 vacuole (n.) เซลล์
UNIT 3
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
Sentence
A carpel is the female part of a flower. The seedlings of some flowering 2 cotyledon (n.) ใบเลี้ยงพืช plants have no cotyledons at all. Diffusion of the lemon and lime in the 3 diffusion (n.) การแพร่ air caused a citrusy aroma to move throughout the house. The average length of time from 4 fertilisation (n.) การผสมพันธ์ุ fertilisation until birth is about 266 days. The peasant bought a bag of chemical 5 fertiliser (n.) ปุ๋ย fertiliser in the market place. Keep the seeds in warm, damp 6 germination (v.) การงอก conditions to encourage germination. Fluids flows back into the tiny blood 7 osmosis (n.) ออสโมซิส vessels by osmosis. Phloem is a vascular tissue in plants ท่อล�ำเลียงอาหาร that conducts sugars and other 8 phloem (n.) ในพืช metabolic products downward from the leaves. Carbon dioxide is produced during 9 respiration (n.) การหายใจ respiration. 1 carpel (n.)
เกสรตัวเมีย
SAINT GABRIEL’S COLLEGE, THAILAND
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MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy. Pollination is the act of transferring pollen grains from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma. The male parts of the flower are the stamen and the anther. Plants release water through their leaves by transpiration. The xylem is a system confined to the transport of mineral elements.
การสังเคราะห์ 10 photosynthesis (n.) ด้วยแสง 11 pollination (n.)
การถ่ายเรณู
12 stamen (n.)
เกสรตัวผู้
13 transpiration (n.) การคายน�้ำ 14 xylem (n.)
Sentence
ท่อล�ำเลียงน�้ำ ในพืช
UNIT 4
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
1 anion (n.) 2 atom (n.) 3 brittle (adj.) 4 cation (n.) 5 ductile (adj.)
Thai Definition
Sentence
salt is a substance formed by the อะตอมที่มีประจุ Aunion of the anion of an acid with the ลบ cation of a base. อะตอม A molecule is made up of atoms. At about 200oC., the metal becomes เปราะ so brittle that it can be pounded in a mortar. A cation is a positively charged ion, ไอออนบวก with fewer electrons than protons. A ductile substance can be drawn into ตีเป็นแผ่นบาง wire, example of ductile materials are gold, silver and copper.
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SAINT GABRIEL’S COLLEGE, THAILAND
MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Sentence
An electron has a negative charge, a proton has a positive charge. Carbon is an element, while carbon element (n.) ธาตุ dioxide is a compound. A formula of an ion shows the ratio ion (n.) อะตอมที่มีประจุ of atoms of each element present in the ion. They are lustrous in color, supple, lustrous (adj.) เป็นมันเงา light, warm, and comfortable to wear. malleable (adj.) ตีเป็นแผ่นบาง Lead and tin are malleable metals. Concrete is a mixture of sand and mixture (n.) การผสม cement. A molecule of water is made up of molecule (n.) โมเลกุล two atoms hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. The proton has positive electric neutron (n.) นิวตรอน charge, the neutron has none An electron has a negative charge, a proton (n.) โปรตอน proton has a positive charge. sonorous (adj.) กังวาน There is a sonorous bell in the tower.
6 electron (n.) 7
Thai Definition
อิเลคตรอน
UNIT 5
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
Sentence
is a good medium for the 1 conduction (n.) การน�ำความร้อน Copper conduction of heat and electricity. 2 conductor (n.) ตัวน�ำความร้อน Metal is a good conductor of electricity. SAINT GABRIEL’S COLLEGE, THAILAND
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MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
Sentence
Cold causes contraction of the metal. air rises by the process of convection (n.) กาพาความร้อน Warm convection. The point in which the solid and the equilibrium (n.) สภาวะสมดุล liquid are in equilibrium is called the freezing point. expansion (n.) การขยายตัว Heat causes the expansion of gases. When you rub your hands together friction (n.) การเสียดสี the friction produces heat. Sunlight consists of different radiation (n.) การแผ่รังสี wavelengths of radiation. the thermometer is below zero thermometer (n.) เครื่องวัดอุณหภูมิ When water will freeze. Radiation is the transfer of heat transfer (v.) ย้าย, โอน energy through space by electromagnetic radiation. The airplane is being carried upward by two forces: the air pressure vacuum (n.) สูญญากาศ beneath it and the vacuum above it which draws it up.
3 contraction (n.) การหดตัว 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
UNIT 6
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
1 altitude (n.)
Thai Definition
Sentence
The plane flew at an altitude of 20,000 feet. Changes in the climate are due to pollution of the atmosphere.
ความสูง
2 atmosphere (n.) บรรยากาศ
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SAINT GABRIEL’S COLLEGE, THAILAND
MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Sentence
Driving during the blizzard was a nightmare. A tropical cyclone brought heavy rain cyclone (n.) พายุหมุน to the country last week drought (n.) ความแห้งแล้ง The crops failed because of drought. Many trees were blown down in the gale (n.) พายุ gale. The fields was devastated by the hurricane (n.) พายุโซนร้อน hurricane. meteor (n.) อุกกาบาต A meteor flashed through the sky. Meteorology is the science of the meteorology (n.) อุตุนิยมวิทยา weather. The monsoon rain started early this monsoon (n.) ลมมรสุม year. The ozone layer surrounding the ozone (n.) โอโซน earth protects our skin from being hurt by the ultraviolet rays. storm (n.) พายุ The storm blew over land and sea. thunderstorm (n.) พายุฝนฟ้าคะนอง Thunderstorm is common in summer. The tornado pulled up the old tree by tornado (n.) พายุหมุน its roots. typhoon (n.) พายุไต้ฝุ่น The village was hit by a typhoon.
3 blizzard (n.) 4
Thai Definition
พายุหิมะ
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I REALLY HAVEN'T HAD THAT EXCITING OF A LIFE. THERE ARE A LOT OF THINGS I WISH I WOULD HAVE DONE, INSTEAD OF JUST SITTING AROUND AND COMPLAINING ABOUT HAVING A BORING LIFE. SO I PRETTY MUCH LIKE TO MAKE IT UP. I'D RATHER TELL A STORY ABOUT SOMEBODY ELSE.
S OC I A L S T U DIES
MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
VOCABULARY
SOCIAL STUDIES GEOGRAPHY UNIT 1 : CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THAILAND AND NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
Sentence
The narrowest point of the Malay peninsula is the Isthmus of Kra. ดินดอน A delta which results from the 2 delta (n.) สามเหลี่ยม accumulation of sediment supplied by the river. ปากแม่น�้ำ Alluvial soils are soils deposited by surface water and the result of an 3 alluvial (adj.) ตะกอนน�้ำพา addition sediment owing to the heavy flow of the river and from the mouths of major rivers This region had an abundance of 4 abundance (n.) ความอุดมสมบูรณ์ natural plants because it is in the tropical zone. The utilization of fuel resources in the is hampered by some problems 5 utilization (n.) การใช้ประโยชน์ region concerning the lack of experts of energy. Land animals have dramatically decreased, and some species have 6 extinct (adj.) สูญพันธุ์ become extinct because of deforestation. 1 isthmus (n.)
คอคอด
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SAINT GABRIEL’S COLLEGE, THAILAND
MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
Sentence
Domestic animals were raised mainly 7 domestic (adj.) ภายในประเทศ for working and producing food purposes. Tropical rainforest grows in an area with hot humid climate, long rainy 8 tropical (adj.) ร้อนชื้น days and a high temperature all through the year. soils are mostly found in 9 volcanic (adj.) เกี่ยวกับภูเขาไฟ Volcanic Indonesia and the Philippines. The Malay Peninsula of southern 10 peninsula (n.) คาบสมุทร Thailand includes major mountain ranges and some archipelagos. UNIT 2 : PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF THAILAND AND NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES IN SOUTH-EAST ASIA
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
1 diverse (adj.)
Thai Definition
People in this region are diverse in nationality, religion and language. South-east Asia have been the trade routes since ancient times. The languages are usually influenced by religions Tagalog is a local dialect in the Philippines. The national costumes of South-east Asian people has similarities but with distinct features.
หลากหลาย
2 trade route (n.) เส้นทางการค้า 3 influence (v.)
มีอิทธิพลต่อ
4 dialect (n.)
ภาษาพื้นเมือง
5 distinct (adj.)
แตกต่างชัดเจน
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Sentence
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MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
6 traditionally (adv.)
ประเพณีดั้งเดิม
7 adapt (v.)
ท�ำให้เข้ากับ, ปรับ
8 government (n.) รัฐบาล
9 monarchy (n.)
การปกครองโดยมี พระมหากษัตริย์ เป็นประมุข
10 democracy (n.) การปกครองแบบ ประชาธิปไตย
Sentence
Burmese clothing is traditionally called Longyi. The Vietnamese national costume was adapted from the Chinese costume. The type of government in Vietnam is single-party socialist republic; the President is the head of state and the Prime Minister is the head of the government. The type of government in Brunei is absolute monarchy; the Sultan of Brunei is both the head of state and head of the government. The type of government in Indonesia is democracy; the President is the head of state and of government.
UNIT 3 : GEOGRAPHICAL TOOLS
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
Geographical tools are instruments used to collect, organize, or display geographical information. A map is a man - made tool used for showing what appears on the surface of the earth. A map is just like an aerial photograph but drawn as a diagram. Aerial photographs and satellite pictures are produced for making a map.
1 instrument (n.) เครื่องมือ 2 appear (v.)
ปรากฏ
3 aerial (adj.)
เกี่ยวกับอากาศ
4 satellite (n.)
ดาวเทียม
Sentence
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SAINT GABRIEL’S COLLEGE, THAILAND
MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
5 landform (n.)
ลักษณะผิวดิน
6 boundary (n.)
เขตแดน
7 indicate (v.)
ระบุ
8 distance (n.)
ระยะทาง
9 coordinate system (n.)
ระบบพิกัด
10 replica (n.)
รูปจ�ำลอง
Sentence
Physical maps indicate the location of landforms like deserts, mountains and plains. Political maps are designed to show governmental boundaries of countries Symbols on a map indicate the information of things naturally occurring and man - made information. The numerical scale of a map indicates the relationship of distance measured on a map and the distance on the ground. The geographical coordinate system uses the latitude and longitude. A globe is a geographical tool which is a replica of the whole world.
UNIT 4 : THE RELATIONSHIP OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SYSTEMS
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
Some examples of natural environment are forests, mountains, soils, water, climate and every kind of resource that originated from nature. Exhaustible resources can be used up and not replenished. A metal is a type of solid mineral substance that is usually hard and shiny and conducts heat.
1 environment (n.) สิ่งแวดล้อม 2 exhaustible (adj.) ที่ใช้หมดได้ 3 substance (n.)
สสาร
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MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Thai Definition
Sentence
Mangrove forest has a huge part in the ecology system. It protects ecology (n.) ระบบนิเวศ shorelines from damaging storm and hurricane winds, waves, and floods Energy or fuel was derived from the carcass (n.) ซากสัตว์ ancient carcass and humus. Laos has a great deal of minerals but lack (v.) ขาดแคลน lacks high technology to make use of it. A plenty of natural resources and a plenty (n.) จ�ำนวนมากมาย variety of plants are available in the region. East Timor and Australia signed a deal, to share the revenue from oil revenue (n.) รายได้ and natural gas deposits under the Timor Sea. The principal occupations of Thai agriculture (n.) เกษตรกรรม people are agriculture, livestock, forestry and fishery. The production system relies on irrigation (n.) การชลประทาน nature, irrigation, fertilization and investment UNIT 5 : ENVIRONMENT
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
การพัฒนาหรือ 1 breakthrough (n.) การค้นพบที่ยิ่ง ใหญ่ 2 cultural (adj.)
Sentence
Technological breakthrough upgrades the standard quality of living and value of humanity. Cultural art help to create peace, comfort, and safety for our society.
ทางวัฒนธรรม
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SAINT GABRIEL’S COLLEGE, THAILAND
MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
3 influence (v.)
4 prosperity (n.) 5 advance (n.) 6 stimulate (v.)
7 prevent (v.) 8 heritage (n.) 9 reputation (n.) 10 civilization (n.)
Thai Definition
Sentence
The cultural environment is essential not only for human life, but it also ก่อให้เกิด influences the human mind and aesthetics in both art and the nature. Culture help maintains peace in the prevents people from ความเจริญรุ่งเรือง society, selfishness and creates a social identity and prosperity. Technological breakthrough provides ความรุดหน้า industrial advances but display threat to the cultural heritage of the country. Accelerate and stimulate the government and its people to pay attention and กระตุ้น conserve the artistic environment correctly and appropriately. There were organization who aims to prevent the economic and social ขัดขวาง development to preserve the nation’s heritage. The government was expected to มรดก develop methods of conserving the cultural heritage. Enhancing the good reputation of the ชื่อเสียง cultural resources which are the cultural heritage of the country. Early civilization begun and cause the อารยธรรม, people to be proud of their unique ความเจริญ culture and tradition.
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MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
HISTORY UNIT 1 : CIVILIZATION IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
Sentence
It contains a vast mixture of races, cultures, and religions. The mountains are densely forested 2 densely (adv.) อย่างหนาแน่น and often infested with malariabearing mosquitoes Between 500 and 1500, several 3 develop (v.) พัฒนาขึ้น organized states developed throughout Southeast Asia At the same time, they adapted these 4 adapt (v.) ปรับ, ท�ำให้เหมาะ models to their own needs and created their own unique states. Vietnamese rulers realized the 5 centralized (adj.) ที่รวมศูนย์ advantages of taking over the Chinese model of centralized government. They were converted to Buddhism 6 convert (v.) เปลี่ยนแปลง and borrowed Indian political practices as well. By the fifteenth century, a new state 7 emerge (v.) ปรากฎขึ้น was beginning to emerge in the mainland Southeast Asia. After the Muslim conquest of northern India, Muslim merchant either Arabs 8 conquest (n.) ชัยชนะ or Indian converts had settled in port cities Most aristocrats lived in the major 9 aristocrat (n.) คนชั้นสูง cities of the region. 1 vast (adj.)
ใหญ่โต
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SAINT GABRIEL’S COLLEGE, THAILAND
MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
Sentence
Most of the societies in Southeast Asia gave greater rights to women 10 counterpart (n.) อีกฝ่าย than did their counterparts in China and India Eventually, Theravada Buddhism 11 mass (n.) มวลชน, คนทั่วไป became the religion of the masses in much of Southeast Asia. The construction of Angkor Wat, which took 40 years to complete, 12 enormous (adj.) ที่ใหญ่มหึมา required an enormous quantity of stone In all Southeast Asian societies, as in 13 blend (v.) ผสมผสาน China and Japan, old beliefs were blended with those of the new faiths Moreover, Theravada Buddhism 14 tolerate (v.) เปิดกว้างต่อ tolerated local gods and posed no threat to established new faith. UNIT 2 : SOUTHEAST ASIA IN THE ERA OF THE SPICE TRADE
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
1 stable (adj.)
Thai Definition
In 1500, mainland Southeast Asia was a relatively stable region. The Vietnamese gradually took control of the Mekong delta which was seized by the Khmer. The area was gradually penetrated by Muslim merchants who were attracted to the growing spice trade.
มั่นคง
2 gradually (adv.) ค่อยๆ 3 penetrate (v.)
ขยายอิทธิพล
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MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
4 successor (n.)
ผู้สืบต�ำแหน่ง
5 strategic (adj.)
เกี่ยวกับยุทธวิธี หรือกลยุทธ์
6 seize (v.)
ยึดครอง
7 attract (v.)
ดึงดูด
By 1800, the Khmer monarchy (the successor of the old Angkor kingdom) had virtually disappeared. Melaka owed its new power to its strategic location as well as to the rapid growth of the spice trade itself. In 1511, the Portuguese seized Melaka and soon occupied the Moluccas. Known to Europeans as the Spice Islands, the Moluccas were the chief source of the spices that had originally attracted the Portuguese to the Indian Ocean. The Dutch also began to consolidate their political and military control over the entire area of the Indonesian archipelago. The Europeans merchants set up trading posts in the Malay peninsula and its neighboring islands. French missionaries tried to stay, but their efforts were blocked by the authorities, who viewed converts to Catholicism as a threat to the prestige of the Vietnamese emperor. Buddhism has six realms into which a soul can be reborn.
8 consolidate (v.) รวมเป็นหนึ่ง
9 merchant (n.)
พ่อค้า
10 threat (n.)
การคุกคาม
11 realm (n.)
ขอบเขต
Sentence
51
SAINT GABRIEL’S COLLEGE, THAILAND
MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
Sentence
Like Buddhist rulers, Javanese kings were believed to have a sacred quality, 12 sacred (adj.) ศักดิ์สิทธิ์ and maintained the balance between the sacred and the material world Bureaucracy is a body of nonelected 13 bureaucracy (n.) การปกครองระบบ เจ้าขุนมูลนาย government officials. UNIT 3 : COLONIAL RULE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
1 2 3
4 5 6
Thai Definition
Sentence
In the nineteenth century, a new phase (n.) ขั้นตอน, ช่วง phase of Western expansion into Asia and Africa began. is the extension of a imperialism (n.) ลัทธิจักรวรรดินิยม Imperialism nation’s power over other lands. As European affairs grew tense, states sought to acquire colonies acquire (v.) ได้รับ abroad in order to gain advantage over their rivals. Those who fail to participate in this น่ า สงสาร, pitiable (adj.) น่าเวทนา great rivalry will play a pitiable role in time to come. erroneously believe that erroneously (adj.) อย่างเข้าใจผิด Racists particular races are superior or inferior. Europeans took a more humanitarian มีมนุษยธรรม Some religious and humanitarian approach (adj.) to imperialism. SAINT GABRIEL’S COLLEGE, THAILAND
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MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
7 evident (adj.)
ปรากฏชัด, ชัดเจน
8 steamship (n.)
เรือกลไฟ
9 frontier (n.)
ชายแดน
10 territory (n.)
อาณาเขต
The new imperialism of the late nineteenth century was evident in Southeast Asia. In the new age of steamships, Singapore soon became a major stopping point for traffic going to or from China. The difficult terrain along the frontier between Burma and China caused all their efforts to fail. The French eventually succeeded in making the Vietnamese ruler give up territories in the Mekong River delta Two remarkable rulers were able to prevent imperialism from happening in Siam. In 1896, Britain and France agreed to maintain Thailand as an independent buffer state between their possessions in Southeast Asia. Believing it was his moral obligation to “civilize” other parts of the world, President William McKinley decided to turn the Philippines as its colony. He began his revolt against the Spanish. Sometimes, resistance to Western control took the form of peasant revolts.
11 remarkable (adj.) เด่น, น่าจดจ�ำ 12 buffer state (n.) รัฐกันชน
13 obligation (n.)
สัญญาผูกมัด
14 revolt (n.)
ปฏิวัติ
15 peasant (n.)
ชาวนา
Sentence
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SAINT GABRIEL’S COLLEGE, THAILAND
MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
UNIT 4 : INDEPENDENT STATES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
1 independence (n.) 2 refusal (n.) 3 abandon (v.) 4 suppress (v.) 5 alliance (n.) 6 guerrilla (n.)
Thai Definition
Sentence
World War II, most of the states of ความเป็นอิสระ, After Southeast Asia received independence อิสรภาพ from their colonial rulers. France’s refusal to let go of Indochina ค�ำปฏิเสธ led to a long war in Vietnam. The Netherlands and France were สละ less willing to abandon their colonial empires in Southeast Asia. The Dutch tried to suppress a new หยุดยั้ง Indonesian republic that had been set up by Achmed Sukarno. In August 1945, the Vietminh, an alliance of forces under Communist พันธมิตร leadership, seized power throughout most of Vietnam. South Vietnamese Communist guerrillas กองโจร, known as Viet Cong had territorial กองก�ำลัง advantage than the US troops.
In March 1965, President Lyndon Johnson decided to send U.S. troops 7 troop (n.) กองทหาร to South Vietnam to prevent a total victory of the Communists. By the end of the 1960s, the war had 8 stalemate (n.) การคุมเชิงกันอยู่ reached a stalemate neither side was able to make significant gains. reunification of Vietnam under วกันใหม่ The 9 reunification (n.) การรวมตั Communist had an immediate (หลังจากแบ่งแยก) impact on theruleregion. SAINT GABRIEL’S COLLEGE, THAILAND
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MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
12 13 14 15
Sentence
In Cambodia, a brutal revolutionary regime under the dictator Pol Pot arose after World War II. In Cambodia, a brutal revolutionary revolutionary ระบอบปฏิวัติ regime under the dictator Pol Pot regime (n.) arose. Internal disputes within the new dispute (n.) ความขัดแย้ง countries weakened democratic governments. Fraud and corruption became fraud (n.) การคดโกง widespread in the Marcos regime. The new countries weakened governments, and opened autocratic (adj.) ที่มีอ�ำนาจเด็ดขาด democratic the door to both military and one-party autocratic regimes. A massive public uprising forced uprising (n.) การปฏิวัติ Marcos to flee the country.
10 brutal (adj.) 11
Thai Definition
โหดร้าย
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SAINT GABRIEL’S COLLEGE, THAILAND
OC C U PAT I O N
MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
VOCABULARY
OCCUPATION COMPUTER
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
Sentence
ตัวเชื่อมต่อ Connector attachment confirmed. ดัดแปลงมาเพื่อให้ Sometimes you need to adapt an idea adapt (v.) เหมาะสม to work better. Shut down all power circuits to reset reset (v.) ตั้งใหม่ the coordinates. When your remote has a dead battery (n.) ถ่านไฟฟ้า battery, you don’t replace it with another dead battery. Computers are machines. If you want command (n.) ค�ำสั่ง them to do something, you must give them a command to follow. to a computer, a word processor (n.) ตัวประมวลผล Compared processor has a single purpose. Unless you’ve changed the settings, default (n.) ค่าเริ่มต้น your phone should still have the factory default settings. accessories (n.) อุปกรณ์เสริม I bought an iMac with its accessories. Computers will save you much time energy (n.) พลังงาน and energy when you deal with figures and graphs.
1 connector (n.) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
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SAINT GABRIEL’S COLLEGE, THAILAND
MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
18 19
Thai Definition
โปรแกรมสืบค้น ข้อมูลบนอินเตอร์ เนต ตัวตรวจจับ
Sentence
I switch on my laptop, start up the browser (n.) browser, and type in the address I've already learnt by heart. sensor (n.) A laser sensor was placed on the door. Global markets are panicked in early การประกอบการ trading (n.) trading this morning in response to the ค้า crisis in Central Park. manufacturing is carried out by manufacturing อุตสาหกรรมการ Car computer-programmed robots in place (n.) ผลิต of human workers. Don't discriminate against people occupation (n.) อาชีพ based on nationality, gender, or occupation. computerized ท�ำงานโดยระบบ The computerized dog robot can even (adj.) คอมพิวเตอร์ lift its legs. The systems administrator tried to antenna (n.) สายอากาศ install his own antenna. การถ่ายหรือบรรจุ ข้อมูลที่เก็บไว้ใน I already downloaded the card onto download (v.) หน่วยเก็บของ my laptop. คอมพิวเตอร์ เครื่องใหญ่ We have to integrate the features of integrate (v.) รวมกัน several phones and create the ultimate phone. I believe the next generation of generation (n.) รุ่น phones will be amazing. SAINT GABRIEL’S COLLEGE, THAILAND
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MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
Sentence
Having an advantage can make it more likely for you to succeed.
20 advantage (n.) ความได้เปรียบ
TECHNOLOGY
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
Sentence
้นส่วน 1 mechanism (n.) กลไก,ชิ เครื่องจักร ความต่างศักย์, 2 voltage (n.) แรงดันไฟฟ้า 3 pulley (n.) 4 current (n.) 5 electricity (n.) 6 conductor (n.) 7 insulator (n.) 8 circuit (n.) 9 blender (n.) 10 outlet (n.) 11 charge (v.)
These automatic cameras have a special focusing mechanism. The increase of voltage resulted in a sharp increase of the radiation power. The blocks of stone had to be lifted รอก into position with a system of pulleys. Switch off the electric current before กระแส changing the bulb. Underground cables carry electricity ไฟฟ้า to all parts of the city. ตัวน�ำไฟฟ้า Metal is a good conductor of heat. Generally, plastics tend to be good ฉนวนไฟฟ้า insulators. A defect was found in the waterวงจร cooling/electrical circuit. dried plant parts were milled to a เครื่องปั่นน�้ำผลไม้ The fine powder using an electric blender. A device connected to the electricity เต้ารับ system that a plug fits into a wall is called outlet. She drove the car round the block to ประจุไฟฟ้า charge its batteries.
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SAINT GABRIEL’S COLLEGE, THAILAND
MY WORLD OF VOCABULARY
SECONDARY 1
Vocabulary & No. Parts of speech
Thai Definition
Sentence
The security device has a heat sensor อุปกรณ์ตรวจจับ which detects the presence of people and animals. roof has special beams to 13 rigidity (n.) ความแข็งแกร่ง The increase rigidity. If the foundations of the house aren't 14 stable (adj.) มีเสถียรภาพ stable, collapse is possible. Wire the fan and a 12-volt transformer 15 transformer (n.) หม้อแปลง to the light switch. The voltage is usually 220v, and we 16 adapter (n.) อุปกรณ์แปลง recommend that you take a universal plug adapter for electrical appliances. A DVI monitor port lets you connect a 17 port (n.) ช่องต่อ digital LCD monitor. Pliers consist of a pair of metal first-class levers joined at a fulcrum 18 plier (n.) คีม positioned closer to one end of the levers. 19 tool (n.) เครื่องมือ A hammer is a simple tool. 20 material (n.) วัสดุ Clay is a plastic material. 12 sensor (n.)
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MEMO
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SECONDARY 1
MEMO
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MEMO
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MEMO
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Morning Assembly Prayer Let us pray to the Lord of mercy, Who loves us tremendously, Who graciously protects us, Dear God, please grant us fortitude and strength, So that we can study well all day long. Please help us to progress creatively, To be good from day to day, To be honest, and morally conscious. Please bless our nation, and His Majesty our King, Bless our parents and teachers, Bless our fellow countrymen, So they may love one another, And live happily in peace and harmony. Amen.
Afternoon Prayer Let us pray to the Lord our God, Who is full of love and mercy, Who protects us from all evils, A day has passed and we have gained much knowledge. We thank you Lord for your mercy, Please bless and protect our nation, His Majesty our King, Our parents and teachers, Please forgive us our trespasses, And lead us away from temptation, and deliver us from danger. Amen.
LEARN AND EARN Chuan and Jing joined a wholesale company together just after graduation. Both worked very hard. After several years, the boss promoted Jing to sales executive but Chuan remained a representative. One day Chuan could not take it anymore. He tendered his resignation to the boss and complained the boss did not value hard working staff, but only promoted those who flattered him. The boss knew that Chuan worked very hard for the years but in order to help Chuan realize the difference between him and Jing, the boss asked Chuan to go find out anyone selling watermelon in the market. Chuan returned and said yes. The boss asked how much per kg? Chuan went back to the market to ask and returned to inform boss that it is $12 per kg. Boss told Chuan, “I will ask Jing the same question.” Jing went, returned and said, “Boss, only one person is selling watermelon. $12 per kg, $100 for 10 kg, he has inventory of 340 melons. On the table 58 melons, every melon weighs about 15 kg, bought from the South two days ago. They are fresh, red and of good quality.” Chuan was very impressed and realized the difference between himself and Jing. He decided not to resign but to learn from Jing. My dear friends, a more successful person is more observant, think more and understand in depth. For the same matter, a more successful person sees several years ahead, while you see only tomorrow. The difference between a year and a day is 365 times, how could you win? Think! how far have you seen ahead in your life? How thoughtful in depth are you?
