FOLLOW THE ORE Annisa Solihah Hao Liang Xin Su
Mineral Distribution
Ore Super-heated magma inside the earth triggering formation of the rocks, and of course, the mineral inside rocks. There are three basic transition that will distinguish type of rocks; Transition to sedimentary, Metamorphic, and Igneous
An ore is a type of rock that contain material
Rock Cycle
include metal in such quantities. Iit can be mined and worked commercially to extract
Svalbard, by Surya Dharma
that metal. The metal is
Transition to sedimentary
usually contained in
Weathering
chemical combination
Sedimentary rock can
with some other element
be formed from the lithification (pressing and
or
nsp Tra
compacting process) of
n tio
in addition to various
ta
impuritie.
fragments of rock / grain / organism.
Igneous rock (extrusive) Pluton
Deposition and compaction
Transition to metamorphic
wikipedia
Consolidation
Metamorphism Crystalization
Igneous rock (intrusive)
Transition to igneous.
Sedimentary rock
Magma, both from earth’s mantel and from melted rock will cooling down below the surface, then solidify into an igneous rock. Magma which comes out from the earth, as known as
Melting pressure
Magma
Metamorphic rock
Rock exposed to high temperature and pressure from igneous that heats up. Metamorpich rock also can be formed from crystalization by the heat of magma.
lava, at some point will cooling down and turn to solid rock.
Early earth xistence human e Ice Age began, ended 20k years ago. Ice caps in both poles began to grow Notable in the context of offshore oil drilling Chalk mineral found Calcium carbonate found Coal noticeable Sedimentary rock formed (Quartz and Feldspar)
a
250 Ma
Triasic
23
Ma
Paleogene
2.5 M
Triasic
Jurassic
Cretaceous 14
Ma
65.5 Ma
Cretaceous
“Future�
55
5.5
Ma
Paleogene
Jurassic
CENOZOIC
35 Ma
Neogene
MESOZOIC
Quaternary
a
0M
20
Quaternary
Prentice Hall, Inc 2003
Classification of Rock
Clastic
Sedimentary
Chemical Biologic Intrusive
Igneous
Limestone Dolostone Evaporites Coal Chert
Gabbro Diorite Granodiorite Granite
Extrusive
Basalt Andesite Dacite Rhyolite
Foliated Metamorphic
Slate Schist Gneiss
Non-foliated
stone-network.com
Conglomerate Breccia Sandstone Siltstone Mudstone Shale
Quartzite Marble
mohdabubakr@hotmail.com
essentiallyeducation.co.uk
Plates of the World Eurasian plate
North America plate
Cocos plate Pasific plate Indian-Australian plate
Nazea plate South America plate
African plate
Antartic plate
Divergent Boundary
Convergent Boundary
Transform Boundary
http://www.age-of-the-sage.org
Volcanic centers active within the last one million years.
Geology on Circumpolar Arctic Mainly sedimentary rocks Mixed volcanic, pyroclastic and sedimentary Mainly volcanic rocks Plutons Intrusive and metamorphic terrains
Tectonic assemblages, schist belts, melanges Ice Unclassified
Maps
SOUTH AMERICA Aluminum Chromium Coal Copper Gold Iron Lead Lithium Manganese Nickel Platinum REE Silver Tin Titanium Uranium Zinc Zirconium
Earth Tectonic Plates Contiental Convergent Boundary Contiental Rift Boundary Continental Transform Fault Oceanic Convergent Boundary Ocean Spreading Rift Ocean Transform Fault Subduction Zone
Holocene Volcanoes
Earthquake Last100 Days
Ore Location
AFRICA Aluminum Chromium Coal Copper Gold Iron Lead Lithium Manganese Nickel Platinum REE Sil Silver Tin Titanium Uranium Zinc Zirconium
Earth Tectonic Plates Contiental Convergent Boundary Contiental Rift Boundary Continental Transform Fault Oceanic Convergent Boundary Ocean Spreading Rift Ocean Transform Fault Subduction Zone
Holocene Volcanoes
Earthquake Last100 Days
Ore Location
ASIA Aluminum Chromium Coal Copper Gold Iron Lead Lithium Manganese Nickel Platinum REE Sil Silver Tin Titanium Uranium Zinc Zirconium
Earth Tectonic Plates Contiental Convergent Boundary Contiental Rift Boundary Continental Transform Fault Oceanic Convergent Boundary Ocean Spreading Rift Ocean Transform Fault Subduction Zone
Holocene Volcanoes
Earthquake Last100 Days
Ore Location
EUROPE Aluminum Chromium Coal Copper Gold Iron Lead Lithium Manganese Nickel Platinum REE Sil Silver Tin Titanium Uranium Zinc Zirconium
Earth Tectonic Plates Contiental Convergent Boundary Contiental Rift Boundary Continental Transform Fault Oceanic Convergent Boundary Ocean Spreading Rift Ocean Transform Fault Subduction Zone
Holocene Volcanoes
Earthquake Last100 Days
Ore Location
NORTH AMERICA Aluminum Chromium Coal Copper Gold Iron Lead Lithium Manganese Nickel Platinum REE Silver Tin Titanium Uranium Zinc Zirconium
Earth Tectonic Plates Contiental Convergent Boundary Contiental Rift Boundary Continental Transform Fault Oceanic Convergent Boundary Ocean Spreading Rift Ocean Transform Fault Subduction Zone
Holocene Volcanoes
Earthquake Last100 Days
Ore Location
OCEAN Aluminum Chromium Coal Copper Gold Iron Lead Lithium Manganese Nickel Platinum REE Sil Silver Tin Titanium Uranium Zinc Zirconium
Earth Tectonic Plates Contiental Convergent Boundary Contiental Rift Boundary Continental Transform Fault Oceanic Convergent Boundary Ocean Spreading Rift Ocean Transform Fault Subduction Zone
Holocene Volcanoes
Earthquake Last100 Days
Ore Location
World Production
Coal
World Total Production (2009)
Coal, a fossil fuel, is the largest source of energy for the generation of electricity worldwide, as well as one of the largest worldwide anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide releases. Gross carbon dioxide emissions from coal usage are slightly more than those from petroleum and about double the amount from natural gas. Coal is extracted from the ground by mining, either underground by shaft mining through the seams or in open pits.
6,938,000,000 ton
RUSSIA POLAND
GERMANY
KAZAKHSTAN
USA CHINA INDIA
Top 10 producer of coal (2009) T 1 CHINA
3,050,000,000
2 USA
975,153,000
3 INDIA
566,157,000
4 AUSTRALIA
415,252,000
5 RUSSIA
198,000,000
6 SOUTH AFRICA
250,581,674
7 INDONESIA
245,000,000
8 GERMANY
184,828,142
9 POLAND
135,172,766
10 KAZAKHSTAN
INDONESIA
AUSTRALIA SOUTH AFRICA
91,493,082
World total production of coal (1941-2009)
8000000000
1941
1950
Applications: 1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
-Fossil fuel -Industrial purposes
6000000000 4000000000 2000000000 0
Source: British Geological Survey
Fe
World Total Production (2009)
It is the most common element (by mass) forming the planet Earth as a whole, forming much of Earth’s outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth’s crust. Iron’s very common presence in rocky planets like Earth is due to its abundant production as a result of fusion in high-mass stars, where the production of nickel-56 (which decays to iron) is the last nuclear fusion reaction that is exothermic.
2,248,000,000 ton
RUSSIA CANADA UKRAINE USA CHINA
IRAN
INDIA
Top 10 producer of iron (2009) T 1 CHINA
880,171,400
2 AUSTRALIA
394,069,000
3 BRAZIL
327,000,000
4 INDIA
213,370,900
5 RUSSIA
92,000,000
6 UKRAINE
66,452,000
7 SOUTH AFRICA
55,313,053
8 IRAN
38,200,000
9 CANADA
31,699,000
10 USA
26,000,000
BRAZIL
AUSTRALIA SOUTH AFRICA
World total production of iron (1941-2009)
1500000000 1200000000 30000000
1941
1950
Applications: 1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
-Transportation, -Packaging -Household -Electronic shell -Electrical transmission
600000000 300000000 0
Source: British Geological Survey
Al
World Total Production (2009)
Aluminium is the third most abundant element (after oxygen and silicon), and the most abundant metal, in the Earth’s crust. It makes up about 8% by weight of the Earth’s solid surface. Aluminium metal is too reactive chemically to occur natively. Instead, it is found combined in over 270 different minerals. The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite.
36,900,000 ton
RUSSIA
NORWAY
CANADA
USA CHINA BAGRAIN UAE
INDIA
Top 10 producer of aluminium (2009) T 1 CHINA
12,846,000
2 RUSSIA
3,815,000
3 CANADA
3,030,269
4 AUSTRALIA
1,943,000
5 USA
1,727,200
6 BRAZIL
1,535,900
7 INDIA
1,302,100
8 NORWAY
1,090,000
9 UAE
1,009,800
10 BAHRAIN
BRAZIL
AUSTRALIA
850,000
World total production of aluminium (1941-2009)
40000000 30000000 20000000 10000000 0
1941
1950
Applications: 1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
- Transport manufacturing industry - Packaing - Water treatment - Construction - Cooking utensils - Electrical transmission lines _Electronics, CDs and transisSource: British Geological Survey
Ag
World Total Production (2009)
Silver is a soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it has the highest electrical conductivity of any element and the highest thermal conductivity of any metal. The metal occurs naturally in its pure, free form (native silver), as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite. Most silver is produced as a byproduct of copper, gold, lead, and zinc refining.
22,236,000 ton
RUSSIA CANADA
POLAND KAZAKHSTAN USA CHINA MEXICO
Top 10 producer of silver (2009) T 1 PERU
3,854,019
2 MEXICO
3,553,841
3 CHINA
2,900,000
4 RUSSIA
1,400,000
5 BOLIVIA
1,325,730
6 CHILE
1,301,018
7 USA
1,238,800
8 POLAND
1,150,000
9 CANADA
630,897
10 KAZAKHSTAN
618,100
PERU BOLIVIA
CHILE
World total production of silver (1941-2009)
25000000 20000000 15000000
1941
1950
Applications: 1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
- Precious metal - Electrical contacts and conductors - Mirrors - Catalysis of chemical reactions - Photographic film
10000000 5000000 0
Source: British Geological Survey
Cr
World Total Production (2009)
Chromium is the 21st most abundant element in Earth’s crust with an average concentration of 100 ppm.[6] Chromium compounds are found in the environment, due to erosion of chromium-containing rocks and can be distributed by volcanic eruptions. Although rare, deposits of native chromium exist.
18,700,000 ton
RUSSIA
FINLAND
KAZAKHSTAN ALBANIA TURKEY CHINA INDIA
OMAN
Top 10 producer of chromium (2009) T 1 SOUTH AFRICA
6,864,938
2 INDIA
3,372,000
3 KAZAKHSTAN
3,333,197
4 TURKEY
1,770,029
5 OMAN
730,000
6 BRAZIL
700,000
7 RUSSIA
416,194
8 CHINA
280,000
9 ALBANIA
274,140
10 FINLAND
247,000
BRAZIL
SOUTH AFRICA
World total production of chromium (1941-2009)
25000000 20000000 15000000 10000000 5000000 0
1941
1950
Applications: 1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
- Form stainless steel - Chrome planting - Dye and pigment - Wood preservative - Tanning - Refractory material - Catalysts Source: British Geological Survey
Cu
World Total Production (2009)
Copper has been in use at least 10,000 years, but more than 95% of all copper ever mined and smelted has been extracted since 1900. As with many natural resources, the total amount of copper on Earth is vast. However, only a tiny fraction of these reserves is economically viable, given present-day prices and technologies. Various estimates of existing copper reserves available for mining vary from 25 years to 60 years, depending on core assumptions such as the growth rate.
15,800,000 ton
RUSSIA CANADA
POLAND
USA CHINA
Top 10 producer of copper (2009) T 1 CHILE
5,389,600
2 PERU
1,274,725
3 USA
1,204,000
4 CHINA
1,029,000
5 INDONESIA
988,530
6 AUSTRALIA
854,000
7 RUSSIA
675,700
8 ZAMBIA
601,200
9 CANDA
494,524
10 POLAND
439,000
INDONESIA PERU ZAMBIA
AUSTRALIA CHILE
World total production of copper (1941-2009)
15000000 12000000
1941
1950
Applications: 1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
- Electronics and related devices - Archetecture and industry - Alloys - Antibiofouling application
9000000 6000000 3000000 0
Source: British Geological Survey
Zn
World Total Production (2009)
Zinc makes up about 75 ppm (0.0075%) of the Earth’s crust, making it the 24th most abundant element. The element is normally found in association with other base metals such as copper and lead in ores. Zinc is a chalcophile, meaning the element has a low affinity for oxides and prefers to bond with sulfides. Chalcophiles formed as the crust solidified under the reducing conditions of the early Earth’s atmosphere.
CANADA
11,400,000 ton
KAZAKHSTAN USA CHINA INDIA
MEXICO
Top 10 producer of zinc (2009) T 1 CHINA
3,091,600
2 PERU
1,509,129
3 AUSTRALIA
1,290,000
4 USA
735,700
5 CANADA
698,901
6 INDIA
677,069
7 MEXICO
489,766
8 BOLIVIA
430,879
9 KAZAKHSTAN
418,600
10 NAMBIA
244,400
PERU BOLIVIA
NAMIBIA AUSTRALIA
World total production of zinc (1941-2009)
12000000 9000000 6000000
1941
1950
Applications: 1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
- Galvanizing - Brass and bronze - Alloys - Chemicals - Semi-manufactures - Miscellaneous
3000000 0
Source: British Geological Survey
Pb
World Total Production (2009)
Lead is a soft, malleable poor metal. It is also counted as one of the heavy metals. Metallic lead does occur in nature, but it is rare. Lead is usually found in ore with zinc, silver and (most abundantly) copper, and is extracted together with these metals. The main lead mineral is galena (PbS), which contains 86.6 % lead by weight. Other common varieties are cerussite (PbCO3) and anglesite (PbSO4).
3,900,000 ton
RUSSIA CANADA
USA CHINA MEXICO
INDIA
Top 10 producer of lead (2009) T 1 CHINA
1,610,000
2 AUSTRALIA
506,000
3 USA
405,800
4 PERU
302,142
5 MEXICO
143,838
6 BOLIVIA
84,538
7 INDIA
84,025
8 RUSSIA
78,000
9 SWEDEN
69,293
10 CANADA
68,763
PERU BOLIVIA AUSTRALIA
World total production of lead (1941-2009)
40000000
1941
1950
Applications:
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
- Building construction - Batteries - Alloys - Bullets and shots - Weights
30000000 20000000 10000000 0
Source: British Geological Survey
Au
World Total Production (2009)
Gold is a dense, soft, shiny, malleable and ductile metal. Pure gold has a bright yellow color and luster traditionally considered attractive, which it maintains without oxidizing in air or water. It is one of the least reactive solid chemical elements. The metal therefore occurs often in free elemental (native) form, as nuggets or grains in rocks, in veins and in alluvial deposits. Less commonly, it occurs in minerals as gold compounds, usually with tellurium.
2,460,000 ton
RUSSIA CANADA
UZBEKISTAN
USA
CHINA
GHANA Top 10 producer of gold (2009) T 1 CHINA
320,000
2 USA
223,323
3 AUSTRALIA
222,000
4 RUSSIA
205,236
5 SOUTH AFRICA
197,628
6 PERU
182,390
7 INDONESIA
127,716
8 CANADA
97,367
9 GHANA
97,197
10 UZBEKISTAN
73,000
INDONESIA PERU
AUSTRALIA
SOUTH AFRICA
World total production of gold (1941-2009)
30000000 24000000 18000000
1941
1950
Applications: 1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
- Jewellery - Investment - Industrial uses - Dentistry and medicine - Catalyst and nanotechnology
12000000 600000 0
Source: British Geological Survey
Ni
World Total Production (2009)
nickel is reactive with oxygen that native nickel is rare on Earth’s surface, being mostly confined to the interiors of larger nickel–iron meteorites that were protected from oxidation during their time in space. On Earth, such native nickel is always found in combination with iron, in keeping with those elements’ origin as major end products of the nucleosynthesis process in supernovas. An iron–nickel mixture is thought to compose Earth’s inner core.
1,412,000 ton
RUSSIA
CANADA
CUBA PHILLIPINES Top 10 producer of nickel (2009) T 1 RUSSIA
261,900
2 INDONESIA
202,800
3 AUSTRALIA
166,000
4 PHILLIPINES
137,350
5 CANADA
136,594
6 NEW CALEDONIA
92,570
7 COLOMBIA
72,000
8 CUBA
67,000
9 BRAZIL
65,000
10 SOUTH AFRICA
34,610
COLOMBIA INDONESIA BRAZIL NEW CALEDONIA AUSTRALIA
SOUTH AFRICA
World total production of nickel (1941-2009)
2000000 1500000 1000000 50000 0
1941
1950
Applications: 1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
-Electroplanting applications -Alloys -Household -Construction -Chemical and food-processing industries - Batteries, jewellery and electrical components Source: British Geological Survey
Pt
World Total Production (2009)
Even though it has six naturally occurring isotopes, platinum is one of the rarest elements in the Earth’s crust and has an average abundance of approximately 5 μg/ kg. It is the least reactive metal. It occurs in some nickel and copper ores along with some native deposits, mostly in South Africa, which accounts for 80% of the world production.
429,000 ton
RUSSIA CANADA
USA
Top 10 producer of platinum (2009)
T 1 SOUTH AFRICA
271,393
2 USA
116,485
3 RUSSIA
112,759
4 ZIBABWE
13,393
5 CANADA
13,340
6 COLOMBIA
929
7 AUSTRALIA
726
COLOMBIA
ZIBABWE AUSTRALIA SOUTH AFRICA
World total production of platinum (1941-2009)
1941 600000 500000
1950
Applications: 1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
- Jewellery - Elecronics industry - Chemical industrial - Investment
400000 300000 200000 100000 0
Source: British Geological Survey
Sn
World Total Production (2009)
Tin is the 49th most abundant element in the Earth’s crust, representing 2 ppm compared with 75 ppm for zinc, 50 ppm for copper, and 14 ppm for lead. Tin does not occur as the native element but must be extracted from various ores.
279,000 ton
CHINA
VIETNAM Top 10 producer of tin (2009) T 1 CHINA
MALAYSIA
128,000
2 INDONESIA
46,078
3 PERU
37,530
4 BOLIVIA
19,581
5 AUSTRALIA
13,269
6 BRAZIL
10,000
7 CONGO
9,400
8 VIETNAM
5,400
9 RWANDA
3,154
10 MALAYSIA
CONGO
RWANDA
INDONESIA
BRAZIL
PERU BOLIAVIA
AUSTRALIA
2,412 120000
150000
World total production of tin (1941-2009)
25000000
1941
1950
Applications: 1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
- Solder - Specialized alloys - Tin plating
20000000 15000000 10000000 5000000 0
Source: British Geological Survey
REE
World Total Production (2009)
Despite their name, rare earth elements are relatively plentiful in the Earth’s crust. However, because of their geochemical properties, rare earth elements are typically dispersed and not often found in concentrated and economically exploitable forms. The few economically exploitable deposits are known as rare earth minerals. It was the very scarcity of these minerals that led to the term “rare earth”.
123,190 ton
RUSSIA
CHINA INDIA
MALAYSIA
BRAZIL
Top 10 producer of rare earth element (2009) T 1 CHINA
120,000
2 RUSSIA
2,500
3 BRAZIL
650
4 MALAYSIA
20
5 INDIA
20
World total production of rare earth element (1941-2009)
150000
1941
1950
1960
Applications: 1970
1980
1990
2000
- Consumer electronics - Environmental technologies - Military applications
120000 90000 60000 30000 0
Source: British Geological Survey
U
World Total Production (2009)
Uranium is a naturally occurring element that can be found in low levels within all rock, soil, and water. Uranium is also the highest-numbered element to be found naturally in significant quantities on earth and is always found combined with other elements. Along with all elements having atomic weights higher than that of iron, it is only naturally formed in supernovae. The decay of uranium in the Earth’s mantle is thought to be the main source of heat that keeps the outer core liquid and drives mantle convection, which in turn drives plate tectonics.
50,700 ton
RUSSIA
CANADA UKRAINE
KAZAKHSTAN UZBEKISTAN
USA
CHINA
NIGERIA
Top 10 producer of uranium (2009) T 1 KAZAKHSTAN
14,020
2 CANADA
10,173
3 AUSTRALIA
7,982
4 NAMIBIA
4,626
5 RUSSIA
3,564
6 NIGERIA
3,243
7 UZBEKISTAN
2,429
8 USA
1,453
9 UKRAINE
840
10 CHINA
750
NAMIBIA AUSTRALIA
World total production of uranium (1941-2009)
60000 45000 30000
1941
1950
Applications: 1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
- Production of electricity in nuclear power stations - Propulusion of ships - Research - Desalination - Military ordnance
15000 0
Source: British Geological Survey
Distribution of 14 Minerals
Coal
Cu
REE
Sn
Fe
Au
Ag
Pb
Al
Ni
Zn
Cr
Pt
U
10,000,000,000
World total production of 14 minerals (1941-2009)
80,000,000
6,000,000,000 Coal
60,000,000 40,000,000
2,000,000,000 0
World total production of the “others” minerals (1941-2009)
100,000,000
8,000,000,000
4,000,000,000
120,000,000
Iron Others
20,000,000 0
Source: British Geological Survey
Cu
REE
Sn
Fe
Au
Ag
Pb
Al
Ni
Zn
Cr
Pt
U
Coal
Growth Rate of Minerals (1990-2009)
Indian Ocean Earthquake Dissolution of the Soviet Union
The Gulf War
1990
1991
1992
Iraq War
The formation of World Trade OrganThe Euroization pean Union was formally established
1993
1994
1995
September 11, 2001 attacks
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
global financial crisis
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009