Follow The Ore

Page 1

FOLLOW THE ORE Annisa Solihah Hao Liang Xin Su


Mineral Distribution


Ore Super-heated magma inside the earth triggering formation of the rocks, and of course, the mineral inside rocks. There are three basic transition that will distinguish type of rocks; Transition to sedimentary, Metamorphic, and Igneous

An ore is a type of rock that contain material

Rock Cycle

include metal in such quantities. Iit can be mined and worked commercially to extract

Svalbard, by Surya Dharma

that metal. The metal is

Transition to sedimentary

usually contained in

Weathering

chemical combination

Sedimentary rock can

with some other element

be formed from the lithification (pressing and

or

nsp Tra

compacting process) of

n tio

in addition to various

ta

impuritie.

fragments of rock / grain / organism.

Igneous rock (extrusive) Pluton

Deposition and compaction

Transition to metamorphic

wikipedia

Consolidation

Metamorphism Crystalization

Igneous rock (intrusive)

Transition to igneous.

Sedimentary rock

Magma, both from earth’s mantel and from melted rock will cooling down below the surface, then solidify into an igneous rock. Magma which comes out from the earth, as known as

Melting pressure

Magma

Metamorphic rock

Rock exposed to high temperature and pressure from igneous that heats up. Metamorpich rock also can be formed from crystalization by the heat of magma.

lava, at some point will cooling down and turn to solid rock.


Early earth xistence human e Ice Age began, ended 20k years ago. Ice caps in both poles began to grow Notable in the context of offshore oil drilling Chalk mineral found Calcium carbonate found Coal noticeable Sedimentary rock formed (Quartz and Feldspar)

a

250 Ma

Triasic

23

Ma

Paleogene

2.5 M

Triasic

Jurassic

Cretaceous 14

Ma

65.5 Ma

Cretaceous

“Future�

55

5.5

Ma

Paleogene

Jurassic

CENOZOIC

35 Ma

Neogene

MESOZOIC

Quaternary

a

0M

20

Quaternary

Prentice Hall, Inc 2003


Classification of Rock

Clastic

Sedimentary

Chemical Biologic Intrusive

Igneous

Limestone Dolostone Evaporites Coal Chert

Gabbro Diorite Granodiorite Granite

Extrusive

Basalt Andesite Dacite Rhyolite

Foliated Metamorphic

Slate Schist Gneiss

Non-foliated

stone-network.com

Conglomerate Breccia Sandstone Siltstone Mudstone Shale

Quartzite Marble

mohdabubakr@hotmail.com

essentiallyeducation.co.uk


Plates of the World Eurasian plate

North America plate

Cocos plate Pasific plate Indian-Australian plate

Nazea plate South America plate

African plate

Antartic plate

Divergent Boundary

Convergent Boundary

Transform Boundary

http://www.age-of-the-sage.org

Volcanic centers active within the last one million years.


Geology on Circumpolar Arctic Mainly sedimentary rocks Mixed volcanic, pyroclastic and sedimentary Mainly volcanic rocks Plutons Intrusive and metamorphic terrains

Tectonic assemblages, schist belts, melanges Ice Unclassified


Maps


SOUTH AMERICA Aluminum Chromium Coal Copper Gold Iron Lead Lithium Manganese Nickel Platinum REE Silver Tin Titanium Uranium Zinc Zirconium

Earth Tectonic Plates Contiental Convergent Boundary Contiental Rift Boundary Continental Transform Fault Oceanic Convergent Boundary Ocean Spreading Rift Ocean Transform Fault Subduction Zone

Holocene Volcanoes

Earthquake Last100 Days

Ore Location


AFRICA Aluminum Chromium Coal Copper Gold Iron Lead Lithium Manganese Nickel Platinum REE Sil Silver Tin Titanium Uranium Zinc Zirconium

Earth Tectonic Plates Contiental Convergent Boundary Contiental Rift Boundary Continental Transform Fault Oceanic Convergent Boundary Ocean Spreading Rift Ocean Transform Fault Subduction Zone

Holocene Volcanoes

Earthquake Last100 Days

Ore Location


ASIA Aluminum Chromium Coal Copper Gold Iron Lead Lithium Manganese Nickel Platinum REE Sil Silver Tin Titanium Uranium Zinc Zirconium

Earth Tectonic Plates Contiental Convergent Boundary Contiental Rift Boundary Continental Transform Fault Oceanic Convergent Boundary Ocean Spreading Rift Ocean Transform Fault Subduction Zone

Holocene Volcanoes

Earthquake Last100 Days

Ore Location


EUROPE Aluminum Chromium Coal Copper Gold Iron Lead Lithium Manganese Nickel Platinum REE Sil Silver Tin Titanium Uranium Zinc Zirconium

Earth Tectonic Plates Contiental Convergent Boundary Contiental Rift Boundary Continental Transform Fault Oceanic Convergent Boundary Ocean Spreading Rift Ocean Transform Fault Subduction Zone

Holocene Volcanoes

Earthquake Last100 Days

Ore Location


NORTH AMERICA Aluminum Chromium Coal Copper Gold Iron Lead Lithium Manganese Nickel Platinum REE Silver Tin Titanium Uranium Zinc Zirconium

Earth Tectonic Plates Contiental Convergent Boundary Contiental Rift Boundary Continental Transform Fault Oceanic Convergent Boundary Ocean Spreading Rift Ocean Transform Fault Subduction Zone

Holocene Volcanoes

Earthquake Last100 Days

Ore Location


OCEAN Aluminum Chromium Coal Copper Gold Iron Lead Lithium Manganese Nickel Platinum REE Sil Silver Tin Titanium Uranium Zinc Zirconium

Earth Tectonic Plates Contiental Convergent Boundary Contiental Rift Boundary Continental Transform Fault Oceanic Convergent Boundary Ocean Spreading Rift Ocean Transform Fault Subduction Zone

Holocene Volcanoes

Earthquake Last100 Days

Ore Location


World Production


Coal

World Total Production (2009)

Coal, a fossil fuel, is the largest source of energy for the generation of electricity worldwide, as well as one of the largest worldwide anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide releases. Gross carbon dioxide emissions from coal usage are slightly more than those from petroleum and about double the amount from natural gas. Coal is extracted from the ground by mining, either underground by shaft mining through the seams or in open pits.

6,938,000,000 ton

RUSSIA POLAND

GERMANY

KAZAKHSTAN

USA CHINA INDIA

Top 10 producer of coal (2009) T 1 CHINA

3,050,000,000

2 USA

975,153,000

3 INDIA

566,157,000

4 AUSTRALIA

415,252,000

5 RUSSIA

198,000,000

6 SOUTH AFRICA

250,581,674

7 INDONESIA

245,000,000

8 GERMANY

184,828,142

9 POLAND

135,172,766

10 KAZAKHSTAN

INDONESIA

AUSTRALIA SOUTH AFRICA

91,493,082

World total production of coal (1941-2009)

8000000000

1941

1950

Applications: 1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

-Fossil fuel -Industrial purposes

6000000000 4000000000 2000000000 0

Source: British Geological Survey


Fe

World Total Production (2009)

It is the most common element (by mass) forming the planet Earth as a whole, forming much of Earth’s outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth’s crust. Iron’s very common presence in rocky planets like Earth is due to its abundant production as a result of fusion in high-mass stars, where the production of nickel-56 (which decays to iron) is the last nuclear fusion reaction that is exothermic.

2,248,000,000 ton

RUSSIA CANADA UKRAINE USA CHINA

IRAN

INDIA

Top 10 producer of iron (2009) T 1 CHINA

880,171,400

2 AUSTRALIA

394,069,000

3 BRAZIL

327,000,000

4 INDIA

213,370,900

5 RUSSIA

92,000,000

6 UKRAINE

66,452,000

7 SOUTH AFRICA

55,313,053

8 IRAN

38,200,000

9 CANADA

31,699,000

10 USA

26,000,000

BRAZIL

AUSTRALIA SOUTH AFRICA

World total production of iron (1941-2009)

1500000000 1200000000 30000000

1941

1950

Applications: 1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

-Transportation, -Packaging -Household -Electronic shell -Electrical transmission

600000000 300000000 0

Source: British Geological Survey


Al

World Total Production (2009)

Aluminium is the third most abundant element (after oxygen and silicon), and the most abundant metal, in the Earth’s crust. It makes up about 8% by weight of the Earth’s solid surface. Aluminium metal is too reactive chemically to occur natively. Instead, it is found combined in over 270 different minerals. The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite.

36,900,000 ton

RUSSIA

NORWAY

CANADA

USA CHINA BAGRAIN UAE

INDIA

Top 10 producer of aluminium (2009) T 1 CHINA

12,846,000

2 RUSSIA

3,815,000

3 CANADA

3,030,269

4 AUSTRALIA

1,943,000

5 USA

1,727,200

6 BRAZIL

1,535,900

7 INDIA

1,302,100

8 NORWAY

1,090,000

9 UAE

1,009,800

10 BAHRAIN

BRAZIL

AUSTRALIA

850,000

World total production of aluminium (1941-2009)

40000000 30000000 20000000 10000000 0

1941

1950

Applications: 1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

- Transport manufacturing industry - Packaing - Water treatment - Construction - Cooking utensils - Electrical transmission lines _Electronics, CDs and transisSource: British Geological Survey


Ag

World Total Production (2009)

Silver is a soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it has the highest electrical conductivity of any element and the highest thermal conductivity of any metal. The metal occurs naturally in its pure, free form (native silver), as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite. Most silver is produced as a byproduct of copper, gold, lead, and zinc refining.

22,236,000 ton

RUSSIA CANADA

POLAND KAZAKHSTAN USA CHINA MEXICO

Top 10 producer of silver (2009) T 1 PERU

3,854,019

2 MEXICO

3,553,841

3 CHINA

2,900,000

4 RUSSIA

1,400,000

5 BOLIVIA

1,325,730

6 CHILE

1,301,018

7 USA

1,238,800

8 POLAND

1,150,000

9 CANADA

630,897

10 KAZAKHSTAN

618,100

PERU BOLIVIA

CHILE

World total production of silver (1941-2009)

25000000 20000000 15000000

1941

1950

Applications: 1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

- Precious metal - Electrical contacts and conductors - Mirrors - Catalysis of chemical reactions - Photographic film

10000000 5000000 0

Source: British Geological Survey


Cr

World Total Production (2009)

Chromium is the 21st most abundant element in Earth’s crust with an average concentration of 100 ppm.[6] Chromium compounds are found in the environment, due to erosion of chromium-containing rocks and can be distributed by volcanic eruptions. Although rare, deposits of native chromium exist.

18,700,000 ton

RUSSIA

FINLAND

KAZAKHSTAN ALBANIA TURKEY CHINA INDIA

OMAN

Top 10 producer of chromium (2009) T 1 SOUTH AFRICA

6,864,938

2 INDIA

3,372,000

3 KAZAKHSTAN

3,333,197

4 TURKEY

1,770,029

5 OMAN

730,000

6 BRAZIL

700,000

7 RUSSIA

416,194

8 CHINA

280,000

9 ALBANIA

274,140

10 FINLAND

247,000

BRAZIL

SOUTH AFRICA

World total production of chromium (1941-2009)

25000000 20000000 15000000 10000000 5000000 0

1941

1950

Applications: 1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

- Form stainless steel - Chrome planting - Dye and pigment - Wood preservative - Tanning - Refractory material - Catalysts Source: British Geological Survey


Cu

World Total Production (2009)

Copper has been in use at least 10,000 years, but more than 95% of all copper ever mined and smelted has been extracted since 1900. As with many natural resources, the total amount of copper on Earth is vast. However, only a tiny fraction of these reserves is economically viable, given present-day prices and technologies. Various estimates of existing copper reserves available for mining vary from 25 years to 60 years, depending on core assumptions such as the growth rate.

15,800,000 ton

RUSSIA CANADA

POLAND

USA CHINA

Top 10 producer of copper (2009) T 1 CHILE

5,389,600

2 PERU

1,274,725

3 USA

1,204,000

4 CHINA

1,029,000

5 INDONESIA

988,530

6 AUSTRALIA

854,000

7 RUSSIA

675,700

8 ZAMBIA

601,200

9 CANDA

494,524

10 POLAND

439,000

INDONESIA PERU ZAMBIA

AUSTRALIA CHILE

World total production of copper (1941-2009)

15000000 12000000

1941

1950

Applications: 1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

- Electronics and related devices - Archetecture and industry - Alloys - Antibiofouling application

9000000 6000000 3000000 0

Source: British Geological Survey


Zn

World Total Production (2009)

Zinc makes up about 75 ppm (0.0075%) of the Earth’s crust, making it the 24th most abundant element. The element is normally found in association with other base metals such as copper and lead in ores. Zinc is a chalcophile, meaning the element has a low affinity for oxides and prefers to bond with sulfides. Chalcophiles formed as the crust solidified under the reducing conditions of the early Earth’s atmosphere.

CANADA

11,400,000 ton

KAZAKHSTAN USA CHINA INDIA

MEXICO

Top 10 producer of zinc (2009) T 1 CHINA

3,091,600

2 PERU

1,509,129

3 AUSTRALIA

1,290,000

4 USA

735,700

5 CANADA

698,901

6 INDIA

677,069

7 MEXICO

489,766

8 BOLIVIA

430,879

9 KAZAKHSTAN

418,600

10 NAMBIA

244,400

PERU BOLIVIA

NAMIBIA AUSTRALIA

World total production of zinc (1941-2009)

12000000 9000000 6000000

1941

1950

Applications: 1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

- Galvanizing - Brass and bronze - Alloys - Chemicals - Semi-manufactures - Miscellaneous

3000000 0

Source: British Geological Survey


Pb

World Total Production (2009)

Lead is a soft, malleable poor metal. It is also counted as one of the heavy metals. Metallic lead does occur in nature, but it is rare. Lead is usually found in ore with zinc, silver and (most abundantly) copper, and is extracted together with these metals. The main lead mineral is galena (PbS), which contains 86.6 % lead by weight. Other common varieties are cerussite (PbCO3) and anglesite (PbSO4).

3,900,000 ton

RUSSIA CANADA

USA CHINA MEXICO

INDIA

Top 10 producer of lead (2009) T 1 CHINA

1,610,000

2 AUSTRALIA

506,000

3 USA

405,800

4 PERU

302,142

5 MEXICO

143,838

6 BOLIVIA

84,538

7 INDIA

84,025

8 RUSSIA

78,000

9 SWEDEN

69,293

10 CANADA

68,763

PERU BOLIVIA AUSTRALIA

World total production of lead (1941-2009)

40000000

1941

1950

Applications:

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

- Building construction - Batteries - Alloys - Bullets and shots - Weights

30000000 20000000 10000000 0

Source: British Geological Survey


Au

World Total Production (2009)

Gold is a dense, soft, shiny, malleable and ductile metal. Pure gold has a bright yellow color and luster traditionally considered attractive, which it maintains without oxidizing in air or water. It is one of the least reactive solid chemical elements. The metal therefore occurs often in free elemental (native) form, as nuggets or grains in rocks, in veins and in alluvial deposits. Less commonly, it occurs in minerals as gold compounds, usually with tellurium.

2,460,000 ton

RUSSIA CANADA

UZBEKISTAN

USA

CHINA

GHANA Top 10 producer of gold (2009) T 1 CHINA

320,000

2 USA

223,323

3 AUSTRALIA

222,000

4 RUSSIA

205,236

5 SOUTH AFRICA

197,628

6 PERU

182,390

7 INDONESIA

127,716

8 CANADA

97,367

9 GHANA

97,197

10 UZBEKISTAN

73,000

INDONESIA PERU

AUSTRALIA

SOUTH AFRICA

World total production of gold (1941-2009)

30000000 24000000 18000000

1941

1950

Applications: 1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

- Jewellery - Investment - Industrial uses - Dentistry and medicine - Catalyst and nanotechnology

12000000 600000 0

Source: British Geological Survey


Ni

World Total Production (2009)

nickel is reactive with oxygen that native nickel is rare on Earth’s surface, being mostly confined to the interiors of larger nickel–iron meteorites that were protected from oxidation during their time in space. On Earth, such native nickel is always found in combination with iron, in keeping with those elements’ origin as major end products of the nucleosynthesis process in supernovas. An iron–nickel mixture is thought to compose Earth’s inner core.

1,412,000 ton

RUSSIA

CANADA

CUBA PHILLIPINES Top 10 producer of nickel (2009) T 1 RUSSIA

261,900

2 INDONESIA

202,800

3 AUSTRALIA

166,000

4 PHILLIPINES

137,350

5 CANADA

136,594

6 NEW CALEDONIA

92,570

7 COLOMBIA

72,000

8 CUBA

67,000

9 BRAZIL

65,000

10 SOUTH AFRICA

34,610

COLOMBIA INDONESIA BRAZIL NEW CALEDONIA AUSTRALIA

SOUTH AFRICA

World total production of nickel (1941-2009)

2000000 1500000 1000000 50000 0

1941

1950

Applications: 1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

-Electroplanting applications -Alloys -Household -Construction -Chemical and food-processing industries - Batteries, jewellery and electrical components Source: British Geological Survey


Pt

World Total Production (2009)

Even though it has six naturally occurring isotopes, platinum is one of the rarest elements in the Earth’s crust and has an average abundance of approximately 5 μg/ kg. It is the least reactive metal. It occurs in some nickel and copper ores along with some native deposits, mostly in South Africa, which accounts for 80% of the world production.

429,000 ton

RUSSIA CANADA

USA

Top 10 producer of platinum (2009)

T 1 SOUTH AFRICA

271,393

2 USA

116,485

3 RUSSIA

112,759

4 ZIBABWE

13,393

5 CANADA

13,340

6 COLOMBIA

929

7 AUSTRALIA

726

COLOMBIA

ZIBABWE AUSTRALIA SOUTH AFRICA

World total production of platinum (1941-2009)

1941 600000 500000

1950

Applications: 1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

- Jewellery - Elecronics industry - Chemical industrial - Investment

400000 300000 200000 100000 0

Source: British Geological Survey


Sn

World Total Production (2009)

Tin is the 49th most abundant element in the Earth’s crust, representing 2 ppm compared with 75 ppm for zinc, 50 ppm for copper, and 14 ppm for lead. Tin does not occur as the native element but must be extracted from various ores.

279,000 ton

CHINA

VIETNAM Top 10 producer of tin (2009) T 1 CHINA

MALAYSIA

128,000

2 INDONESIA

46,078

3 PERU

37,530

4 BOLIVIA

19,581

5 AUSTRALIA

13,269

6 BRAZIL

10,000

7 CONGO

9,400

8 VIETNAM

5,400

9 RWANDA

3,154

10 MALAYSIA

CONGO

RWANDA

INDONESIA

BRAZIL

PERU BOLIAVIA

AUSTRALIA

2,412 120000

150000

World total production of tin (1941-2009)

25000000

1941

1950

Applications: 1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

- Solder - Specialized alloys - Tin plating

20000000 15000000 10000000 5000000 0

Source: British Geological Survey


REE

World Total Production (2009)

Despite their name, rare earth elements are relatively plentiful in the Earth’s crust. However, because of their geochemical properties, rare earth elements are typically dispersed and not often found in concentrated and economically exploitable forms. The few economically exploitable deposits are known as rare earth minerals. It was the very scarcity of these minerals that led to the term “rare earth”.

123,190 ton

RUSSIA

CHINA INDIA

MALAYSIA

BRAZIL

Top 10 producer of rare earth element (2009) T 1 CHINA

120,000

2 RUSSIA

2,500

3 BRAZIL

650

4 MALAYSIA

20

5 INDIA

20

World total production of rare earth element (1941-2009)

150000

1941

1950

1960

Applications: 1970

1980

1990

2000

- Consumer electronics - Environmental technologies - Military applications

120000 90000 60000 30000 0

Source: British Geological Survey


U

World Total Production (2009)

Uranium is a naturally occurring element that can be found in low levels within all rock, soil, and water. Uranium is also the highest-numbered element to be found naturally in significant quantities on earth and is always found combined with other elements. Along with all elements having atomic weights higher than that of iron, it is only naturally formed in supernovae. The decay of uranium in the Earth’s mantle is thought to be the main source of heat that keeps the outer core liquid and drives mantle convection, which in turn drives plate tectonics.

50,700 ton

RUSSIA

CANADA UKRAINE

KAZAKHSTAN UZBEKISTAN

USA

CHINA

NIGERIA

Top 10 producer of uranium (2009) T 1 KAZAKHSTAN

14,020

2 CANADA

10,173

3 AUSTRALIA

7,982

4 NAMIBIA

4,626

5 RUSSIA

3,564

6 NIGERIA

3,243

7 UZBEKISTAN

2,429

8 USA

1,453

9 UKRAINE

840

10 CHINA

750

NAMIBIA AUSTRALIA

World total production of uranium (1941-2009)

60000 45000 30000

1941

1950

Applications: 1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

- Production of electricity in nuclear power stations - Propulusion of ships - Research - Desalination - Military ordnance

15000 0

Source: British Geological Survey


Distribution of 14 Minerals

Coal

Cu

REE

Sn

Fe

Au

Ag

Pb

Al

Ni

Zn

Cr

Pt

U

10,000,000,000

World total production of 14 minerals (1941-2009)

80,000,000

6,000,000,000 Coal

60,000,000 40,000,000

2,000,000,000 0

World total production of the “others” minerals (1941-2009)

100,000,000

8,000,000,000

4,000,000,000

120,000,000

Iron Others

20,000,000 0

Source: British Geological Survey


Cu

REE

Sn

Fe

Au

Ag

Pb

Al

Ni

Zn

Cr

Pt

U

Coal

Growth Rate of Minerals (1990-2009)

Indian Ocean Earthquake Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The Gulf War

1990

1991

1992

Iraq War

The formation of World Trade OrganThe Euroization pean Union was formally established

1993

1994

1995

September 11, 2001 attacks

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

global financial crisis

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009


Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.