The reappearance of Blue and Green __ Programme by Xin Su

Reappearance of Blue and Green

Diploma Program Xin Su Jingyuan Hu

Program Introduction Guangzhou got its life from water. Marine industry and geographical conditions orientated the urban expansion along the waterways during the last 2000 years. However, the population explosion came together with rapid economic urbanization overturned the urban-rural structure since 1980s, bringing two negative results, urban flooding and VICs. There have been numerous reporting over the last 10 years regarding both issues, pointing out the urgency of transformation and the importance of ecological restoration within these tasks. Unfortunately, few built projects exit to take these possibilities into reality. As part of water conservancy bureau's program, over billions of RMB have been invested in to projects due with urban flooding but most likely to focus on technical improvement. Zhigang Wu stated the death of VICs is inevitable yet the proposals done by the Centre of Urban and Regional Development Studies South

China Normal University pay more attention on financial balance, ignoring culture background and other feasibilities. Furthermore, almost no studies sees the interaction between these two issues. In this proposal we give preliminary design for using VIC as a possible site, restore waterway system during reformation and eventually reduce the chance of urban flooding and prevent new flooding sites. While trying to achieve these, to re-bond the VIC and the city is also an important goal of the project. The project is closely related to the different population and stakeholders in the village. However, it is a sociology issue and we cannot fully demonstrate or solve the problem. In this case, we will not go deep into the topic of topics related to these. Economy is also a essential problem in the rebuilding of VICs. We will present strategy rather than specific solution

to support the design. Due to the lack of transparency and complete information in China, the project to some extend bases on some assumptions and educational guesses. [figure 1] on cover page, Japanese military map of Guangzhou and its suburb.

Table of content The city of Guangzhou

The island of Haizhu

The Village of LIjiao

Interviews

Other materials

Introduction

Between 1933 and 1998

Brief history of Lijiao

Professions

Table

Basics of Guangzhou

Growing metro lines

Historical maps

Categories of villages

Development along water

examples:

Changes

-Lujiang

Water issues

-Shixi

VICs in Guangzhou

-Ke Cun -Chisha Cun -Xiaozhou Cun

Situation now

Dr. Yanliu Lin

Notes

Tissues

Yue Zeng

Figure sources

-Sections

Shi Aiguo

Bibliography

-Noli map

Prof. Wu Zhigang

-Texture

Dr. Huang Quanle

Disappeared water

Prof. Li Lixun Moye Villagers

The City of Guangzhou

10km

Introduction

The research started with the attention focused on two topics, urban flooding and VIC (village in city). Both are caused directly or indirectly by fast urban development and the VIC is a phenomenon that is particular to China. The method adopted for the pre-diploma work way was that of preliminary mapping in order to identify possible sites for the diploma and to better understand the complex

[figure 2] Guangzhou & Foshan, 2000

problem of flooding and the phenomenon of VIC. The work involved reading of cases, studying city in southern China, Guangzhou, while in Oslo through maps, the Internet, available literature and interviewing experts in Norway, Amsterdam, who have studied the city and VICs for several years. As well, during the pre-diploma, fieldwork way came out in

Guangzhou itself. In China, the fieldwork entailed sketching, interviewing and collecting as much information as possible. The series of interpretative maps were developed.

RUSSIA

MONGOLIA

RUSSIA

Beijing

CHINA Shanghai

INDIA Guangzhou BURMA VIETNAM LAOS

[figure 3] Map of China

[figure 4] Map of Guangdong Province and Pearl River Delta

Basics about Guangzhou Environment

Also known as Canton or Kwangchow, Guangzhou is the capital city and largest city of Guangdong province. It is also the third largest city in China, after Beijing and Shanghai. It locates very close to Hong Kong, the distance is about 130km, which has brought a lot of convenience and opportunities to Guangzhou. The city enjoys a very humid subtropical climate and it is influenced by the East Asian monsoon. This made the plants in the city thrive all year round. Guangzhou is also described as â&#x20AC;&#x153;City of Flowersâ&#x20AC;?.

Here summers are wet with high temperatures, high humidity and high heat index. Winters are mild and comparatively dry. Guangzhou has a length monsoon season, spanning from April through September. The relative humidity is approximately 68%, whereas annual rainfall in the metropolitan area is over 1,7000 mm1.

CONGHUA

HUA DU

Economy

ZENG CHENG

Guangzhou has historically been China’s leading commercial port. The city has a 2,000 year history of open trade. Since economic liberalization was adopted by the Chinese government in the late 1970s, the Pearl River Delta (PRD) has become one of the leading economic regions and a major manufacturing center of China and the world. Since 1978, almost 30% of all foreign investment in China was in the PRD. Afterwards, Guangzhou grew rapidly became a city with relatively strong secondary industry and developed tertiary2. By 2007 its GDP rose to US$448 billion which makes its economy about the size of Taiwan’s3. According to the Comprehensive Report on 2011 Guangzhou Economic and Social Development released by the Statistics Bureau of Guangzhou Municipality, the city of Guangzhou realized regional GDP of 1230.312 billion RMB. Guangzhou has always played a key role in the Pearl River Delta. It has attracted a considerable amount of capital and migrants for its labour intensive industries and service sector, there people are called “floating population”.

BAI YUN LUO GANG 4

2 1

LUO GANG

PAN YU

NAN SHA

[figure 5] Districts of Guangzhou

14 million Total Population Floating Population

12 10 8 6 4 2 0

1982

1990

2000

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

total population

floating population

[figure 6] Rapid urbanization of the eight original districts in the last 40 years [figure 7] population growth

Rapid urbanization Due to the fast growing population in the city, the government made the decision to increase the total area for the eight original districts from 165 square kilometers in 1980 to 317 square kilometers in 20024. Attendantly, the floating population of Guangzhou increased from 80,334 (1.55%) in 1985 to 561,186 (about 8.9%) in 1990, in 2010, it reached 6,642,840 (52.3%)5.

As a consequence, the government of Guangzhou expanded its administrative border in 2000. Now Guangzhou has in total ten districts and two administrative cities. Study area in this program includes 5 central districts, which consists of Liwan, Lixiu, Haizhu, Tianhe and Huangpu. They are the most urbanized and densely populated areas in the city.

[figure 8] Map of Guangzhou, Ming Dynasty

Historical Maps The map is dated from 1562, during Ming Dynasty. The ancient city of Guangzhou was surrounded by mountains, with higher latitude to the north while lower to the south. Depending on the mountains and facing the water was considered a perfect choice to build a city according to traditional Chinese Feng Shui culture. The central part of old Guangzhou city is comparatively flat, with a lot of waterways slowly going through the city, made it a great place to live.

[figure 9] Map of Guangzhou, Qing Dynasty

The map is from Qing Dynasty, illustrating the water system of ancient Guangzhou city. The system was not exactly the same through times, however, it was constructed and modified according to the terrain and shape of the city. It helped the city to guide and manage water and prevented the city against tide and flood hazards6. Besides, it also severed the residents in Guangzhou for other uses, such

as washing and fire control, transport, and trade. It had worked well till Republic of China7. However, the system doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t exist anymore. Due to the fast growing of the city, the system had been buried or covered during last century.

[figure 10] Map of Canton and its entire suburb, 1860

This map goes really into detail inside and outside of Guangzhou city. It provides a lot of information of the city in 1860: streets, city walls, waterways, markets and etc.. The city is expanding beyond the original limits, streets go into the Honan island to the south of the central area. Compare to nowadays, waterways in the city are kept well in 1860. City grows originally along waterways and Pearl River.

[figure 11] Topography Guangzhou and its suburb, 1930s

This map is from Japanese military. It is speculated that the this series map was a reproduction according to the maps from late Qing Dynasty and government of Republic of China8. However, it is a series of high quality maps. It included almost all the main cities in China during the War of Resistance (war against Japanese from 1937 to 1945). Map of

Guangzhou city is one of them, from the thirteenth year of Republic of China (1924). Details are illustrated, such as contour lines, urban areas, villages, fields, forests, and so on. It can also be seen that how the water connected the city to the rural areas and how it structured the city.

[figure 12] Planning of road system of Guangzhou, 1932

The map is from the twenty-first year of Republic of China (1932). This was a city planning map of the government that time. It was planned to move the city center to Honan island (Haizhu island/district today), since the old town could not fulfill the need for the development. From the map, some existing situation from that period can be seen. Urban development had been beyond the fortress and the city wall can be barely seen in this map. Most of the

city wall had been demolished between 1913 and 19229. There were a lot of debate about whether the wall should be kept or demolished, in the end, the development succeeded to occupy the main stream. Nowadays, there is only a very small part of the wall in the city that people can visit and experience the physic history.

[figure 13] Guangzhou city map, 1945

This map is from the year thirty-forth of Republic of China (1945), which saw the beginning of Civil War in Mainland China (1945-1949). The city has been zoned according to the color. Compare to the map in 1930s, the urban grew relatively fast in this period. They city expanded towards the north and west, not much to the south Honan island (Haizhu district today).

Qin Dynasty (221BC-207BC)

[figure 14a] Urban development along water, Qin Dynasty

Development Along Water The city of Guangzhou has started along water, like what most big ancient cities did. It relied on water and was shaped by water, it also made its contribution to the blue. The city dates back from over two thousand years ago. There are records of the city border from Qin Dynasty. The relation between the water and the city are briefly illustrated according to materials of text, pictures, and maps.

Water has always been essential to Guangzhou, however, things have changed from the beginning of last century. When the development speeded up, the original life pattern along the old urban space have been altered or totally wipe out of our sight.

Tang Dynasty (618-907)

[figure 14b] Urban development along water, Tang Dynasty

Song Dynasty (960-1279)

[figure 14c] Urban development along water, Song Dynasty

Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)

[figure 14d] Urban development along water, Ming Dynasty

Qing Dynasty (1644-1912)

[figure 14e] Urban development along water, Qing Dynasty

During Reublic of China, 1917

[figure 14f] Urban development along water, 1917

During P.R.China, 1984

[figure 14g] Urban development along water, 1984

During P.R.China, 1998

[figure 14h] Urban development along water, 1998

[figure 15] Skyline of Guangzhou in 1984

[figure 16] Skyline of Guangzhou in 1991

Changes There were not much changes before the Republic of China. The whole country stopped developing in late Qing Dynasty and people lived in old ways without knowing anything outside of the country. The forced open-up brought huge impact on Chinese. The following struggle, evolution, wars, and all kinds of effort were aimed to catch up with the West, though some in very wrong way.

After all the detour, things went back to track at the beginning of 1990s. Almost every step taken by the country was targeted on the ecomony. Since then, the original patterns of cities started fading out. Higher and higher buildings were occupying every spot in the city. Today it is realized that uniqueness may no long exists in Chinese cities.

[figure 17] Zhongshan 5th Road in 1983

[figure 18] Zhongshan 5th Road in 1990

[figure 19] Zhongshan 5th Road now

[figure 20] Guangzhou in 1981 or 1982

[figure 21] Guangzhou in 2008

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星期五

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规范建筑面积计算方法

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8.5 折后，房子总价为何更高

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市民怀疑恒大地产的优惠行动是假降暗升

市场

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因为我们踢得没那么臭

娱乐

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进前三，必须的！女足主帅谈亚洲杯

“装洋蒜”

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News of urban flooding

There are always complaint and news of urban flooding since Republic of China10. The situation has become severe since last two decades. The government has invested enormous labour and money to improve the facility and alter the situation, the effect was relatively too small. News in 2012. Looked back and reviewed important financial expense and act on the city flood. [Guangzhou Water affair Bureau]

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本报今晨消息羊城晚报记者姚颢实习 Ú Û Ü Ý Þ 生杨胜利报道今天凌晨的大雨造成天河立 ß à á Î â ã ä Â 交与中山一立交底层出现水淹今天早上记者今晨从交警部门了解到在早高 =月 9 日广告价格更高 å Á æ ç è ¢ é ê ë ì 时许立交桥底层因水浸交通封闭过往车辆峰期间广州大道环市路广园路中山大 í î Ð ï ð ñ ò ó ô 只能挤到立交桥中间层通行车辆排起长龙道黄埔大道等路段行车缓慢部分路段双 õ ö ÷ « ø è ù ú û ü 出现严重堵塞向拥堵交警人士表示凌晨的暴雨强度很 Ú ý þ ° ÿ ² ~ Á } | 早上时半许记者在中山一立交看到大市区多处路段出现水浸街最深处积水 { °±² 桥底的水深仍没过小腿堆积着一层淤泥桥接近一米不少汽车中招死火此外由 Î发两端的入口早已用黄色的铁马形成路障车于暴雨能见度极低司机视线[ 受\ 阻Ä 又 ] © 辆只能通过立交的中间层过桥而行人也只生了不少追尾事故析上班能绕过立交中间层人车抢道使原本拥堵的交警人士分早高\ 峰^ 车流激 _ 交通更加混乱增坏车事故车影响通 © 行部分路段尚有积水三项因素集中到一起这是今晨市区 \^ ` @ 从东风路往黄埔大道方向车辆排起了数公里的长龙行驶速度十分缓慢等得不耐烦大面积堵车的主要原因 ? ý ¢ > Ò 的司机还不断地鸣笛同样广州大道环市记者还了解到交通阻塞后交警部门 = Ð Ü < ; : / ] . - 立即出动调集大量警力赶到水浸坏车路 ,+*)( « '© 东路也同样出现大堵塞水务部门派车辆在立交桥底加紧排水交通部门加派警力疏导段疏导交通至上午时许市区交通秩序但是效果有限陆续恢复正常

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安的倒灌进地下停车场凌晨时许小区内十外的羊城晚报记者门口守候凌多在小区保今晨经过一夜暴雨后广州白云区黄石路一处停车场多辆车辆遭遇没顶之灾郑迅点摄指引下居委会与公安民警逐一敲开住在一几名保安冒雨搬沙袋挡水但还是没能阻止今天凌晨时许记者冒雨出街了解水

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In 2005, the government invest 10million RMB on 26 drainage projects.

on 73 drainage projects. In 2008, 37 drainage project would be taken into action.

In 2006, first test of water absorption pavement. In 2007, government announced to invest 20millions/year

In 2009-2010, 900million were offered to 228 flooding point in central district. 2011-2012, 60 drainage projects were implement while another 60 ones were listed in the budget.

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5km Flood point 2009

old axis

new axis

Flood point 2012 Water

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Urban area in 1984 Urban area in 1998 [figure 23] Mapping of flood points

District Liwan Yuexiu Haizhu Tianhe Huangpu Baiyun Luogang Panyu Huadu

Name Liuhua Lake Liwan Lake Lu Lake Dongshan Lake Haizhu Lake Zhihui City Water System Changhong Lake Longtou Lake Baiyun Lake Zhishicheng Jiulonghai Lake Zhishicheng Qibuqu Lake Lianhua Lake Jinshan Lake Huadu Lake

Conghua Yunling Lake Zengcheng Li (Gualv) Lake

Area (M2) 330,000 171,000 210,000 210,000 1,000,000 467,000 47,588 700,000 1,050,000 5,000,000 160,000 52,000 237,000 1,200,000 300,150 2,000,000

[figure 24] Artificial lakes in Guangzhou Lakes built in 1950s

Artificial lakes In the investigation of flooding points, it is interesting to note that Guangzhou started to build artificial lakes in recent years. In 2012, 6 new artificial lake projects were proposed and approved. Therefore, in addition to the old ones, Guangzhou will have in total 16 man-made lakes before 2014. From 2010 to 2012, Guangzhou built a “biggest lake ever” each year.

It was claimed that artificial lakes can change the climate of the surrounding areas, reducing heat in the city. More importantly, they can reduce the flooding risk and improve water quality. However, all these influences have not been well examined or clearly verified. Contrarily, many negative impacts have been exposed. For example, there were report saying that Haizhu lake made surrounding orchards drowned and caused loss to fruit grower.

Lakes built/ planned to constructed in recent years Area of the lake (m2) Population density

lakes built in 1950s lakes built in recent years & lakes planned to constructed area of the lake (m²) population density

[figure 25] Polluted canal

Polluted canals

Today residents in Guangzhou no long rely on the waterways to support living or transport. Waterways are totally replaced by big roads. Many of them disappeared, many were covered, and many shrank and are also polluted. It is easy to ignore their condition in such a big city. Nevertheless, canals are important to the city, they consist an important part of the whole water system and need more attention.

The government did start to pay attention to these waterways. They started monitoring and tested the water quality, but the result turned out to be very poor. They carried out a water quality report for the canals (see Table in the Other materials).

[figure 26a] Interior canal

[figure 26b] Shamien canal

[figure 26c] Stern River Boat

Historic pictures

Waterways were part of city life in Guangzhou. Sidney D. Gamble took many photographs of Guangzhou at the beginning of 20th century. Waterways in his photos were bustling with boats. However, they also exposed the decline of crowded canals to some extend. The scene in these photos can no longer been seen now. Life on water has faded out of urban life entirely.

1978

1992

1998 Urban Context Village

[figure 27] Generation of VICs

VICs in Guangzhou

“Villages in the city” (VICs) is a special phenomenon in China, as a result of rapid urbanization. Most of the VICs are characterized by an anomalous dense and compact spatial structure and the presence of informal settlements. The governments has levied cultivated land with low prices and took over surrounding area but left villages in order to reduced the cost. The villages were gradually swallowed up and eventually encircled by the urban context.

To the outsiders who still live in rural areas, VICs seem to be a community in the city. But from the urban residents’ point of view, they are temporary settlements for migrants and definitely apart from theirs. In Guangzhou, a total 139 VICs exist11. As Guangzhou moved its center eastwards, the VICs face the sharpening contradiction between the pressure of gentrification and the demands from the bottom society12.

N 0

5km VICs before Qing

old axis

new axis

Water

Old city

Urban area in 1984 Urban area in 1998 [figure 28] Distribution of VICs in Guangzhou

[figure 30] Liede after demolition

[figure 29] Liede before demolition

Transformations There were many attempts to alter the VICs into urban area. Liede is one of the villages that have been transformed. Old residential dwellings were all demolished and new high-raised buildings stood up. Only the ancestor temple remained due to the architectural and spiritual value. It is common of this kind of method, developers and government both benefited a lot13.

[figure 31] Side of the ancestor temple in Liede

[figure 32] Front gate of ancestor temple in Liede

[figure 33] Empty building in Xian Cun

Stagnation

[figure 34] A street in Xian Cun

Even though the government and developer work together to make the transformation happen, it is hard to convince and satisfy the villagers. For many reasonsâ&#x20AC;&#x201C; mostly related to money, the demolishment goes very slow or sometimes stops for years. This situation made the village even more isolated.

[figure 35] Waste from demolished building

[figure 36] Dead lake

Contrast

When everything changed outside the village and are coming closer and closer, the village becomes very awkward. The pictures are showing a village named Xian Cun. The process has been going very slow for years. Many dwellings are tored down, shops are closed, water is dead. However, there are still people living inside, many of who are among the floating population. Here can they find the lowest cost for living.

The Island of Haizhu

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Urban area

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[figure 37] Villages and urban area in 1933

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Orchards Urban area

City axis

0 0.5 [figure 38] Villages and1urban area in2.5km 1998

Today metro line

Growing Lines

Future metro line

The metro system in Guangzhou is developing fast. In 2013, there are only 4 lines in Guangzhou, however, according to the planning and some prediction14, metro lines in 2020 will be covering the whole city as densely as possible. There will possibly be 22 lines in 2020 in the city, and some will be connected to commuting fast trains to other neighboring cities, such as Foshan.

Station

Water

[figure 39] Development of metro lines

Metro lines in Haizhu district will also increase a lot in next decade. A lot of areas will be stimulated due to the metro lines, including a lot of Villages in the city. It is an opportunity but also a challenge to these areas.

N 0

2.5km

Water

Categories of Villages According to the survey we had in Guangzhou, VICs in the Haizhu district are characterized into five types, based on different life routines: small industry based, factory based, rental based agriculture based agriculture based with fast development.

Rental based

Agriculture based

Small industry based Factory based

Agriculture based with fast development [figure 40] Village categories

migrants

produce and sell product on ground floor

1. Small industry based village Exsample: Lujiang

Small business based villages are all within the buffer zone of the Zhongda Fabric Terminal Market. Most part of the village have been transformed into household factory in relevant business. First floor for trading, upper floor for manufacturing and top floor for living. These villages are fully occupied by migrants. Original villagers who own these properties seldomly live here.

villagers

families move to better residential area

inhabitants

Markets

patterns

Village

rent rooms

urban area

fabric terminaladditionally built village market

urban area

Busy main road

Factories in Lujiang

Household factory

Advertising board and migrant workers waiting for jobs [figure 41] Photos of Lujiang

migrants

work in the surrounding factory

Village

Factories

villagers

rent rooms

owner of small business in the village

Example: Shixi

Factory based villages are mostly distributed along the riverbank and in distance from center. They were established around 1980s under the government-lead industrialization in Haizhu district. Migrants came as workers and set their roots there. But since the government started to remove factory off the city, these villages undoubtedly fell into decay.

patterns

2. Factory based villages

inhabitants

families live in self-build house

urban area

factory

additional built village

urban area

path in Shixi

abandoned factory

electricity lines above path [figure 42] Photos of Shixi

migrants

work on construction sites/ service industry in the city

Rental based villages are fully developed ones. Most of them locate in central areas close to public transport. Apartment in these villages are sought-after, which cause a huge number of illegally built up structures. The external spaces are narrow and dark, people sit and chat wherever the path gets a little wider, but still in shadow. The relation with migrants and villagers are intense. People seems to be maintain high vigilance at all time.

villagers

3. Rental based village Example: +Ke Cun

rent rooms

families move to better residential area

inhabitants

500m metro buffer zone

patterns

Village

urban area

extreme built village

urban area

an entrance of Ke Cun

an entrance with arch

small factory

public path in Ke Cun [figure 43] Photos of Ke Cun

Citizens migrants

visit orchard/ buy fruits

work on villageowned factory

Village

Orchard

villagers

rent rooms work on own orchards

sell fruits on local markets/ in markets cities

Agriculture based villages are located within or around the protected orchard area. Most villagers there still own cultivated land. But they also started to realized the value of their properties, as villagers in VICs located in central area got a fine penny from the transformation.

patterns

4. Agriculture based Example: Chisha Cun

inhabitants

families live in self-build house

orchard

new village

villageowned factory

orchard

temple now used for other purpose

old temple

temple and the public space in front [figure 44] Photos of Chisha Cun

migrants

Citizens

visit exhibition/ buy art

artist live and work in studio space/ students

Village

Orchard

villagers

rent rooms

sell fruits on local markets/ in markets cities

work on own orchards

Example: Xiaozhou Cun

Agriculture based with fast development refers in particular to several villages hidden in the protected orchard area. The special geographic location saved them from urbanization. Somehow they remain the traditional texture that became a great attraction to tourists and experts.

patterns

5. Agriculture based with fast development

inhabitants

families live in self-build house

village orchards

traditional village

village orchards

boat in polluted river

heavily polluted river

narrow path

temple [figure 45] Photos of Xiaozhou Cun

The Village of Lijiao

Brief History of Lijiao

Village of Lijiao is the biggest one in Haizhu district, locates at the south end of the new axis.. It has a history about 900 years. There are 13 ancestor temples respectively from Song Dynasty, Ming Dynasty, Qing Dynasty, and Republic of China. Though most of them are used as dwelling or storage, they all have great architectural and historical value. It is reported that the whole village (about 1.5 million square meters) will be transformed in next decade15. [figure 46] Satellite image of Lijiao

[figure 47] Boat house

[figure 48] Vacant land

Situation Now

The demolishment in Lijiao has not started yet expect for the part close to the metro station [figure 48]. However, the high-raised commercial building has already been built. It somehow represents that the Chinese style urbanization is coming [figure 47]

[figure 49a] Urban farm

[figure 49b] Urban farm

[figure 49c] Urban farm

Vacant lots left by the demolishment were turn into vegetable fields by the villagers. They grow a lot kinds of vegetable as additional supplement. This has beocme a form of urban farming [figure 49 a-c].

[figure 50] Yard

[figure 51] Narrow path

Though residents tried to add additional floors and small joint, the original patterns of the village is kept somehow [figure 50] and [figure 51].

[figure 52] Ancestor temple

[figure 53] Small path

The main ancestor temple has been maintained, however, the surrounding space has been totally altered. The temple is now encircled by new buildings and industries [figure 52]. A glimpse from some small paths inside the village, the reflection of the old life can be found and felt [figure 53].

[figure 54] Main canal

The water used to be a very important element in the village. It was used for washing, playing, trading, transports, and so on. Now it is only a ditch that left behind by passengers [figure 54].

[figure 55] Filthy water

[figure 56] Sewage

[figure 57] Rubbish in the canal

Because lack of control, treatment, and basic facilities, the water quality in these canals is really poor that no one likes to walk along it [figure 55]. Many sewages from the residential buildings are directly connected to these canals. People are used to dump rubbish into the canal. Though promised to improve the water quality, it has taken too long to wait for the governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s action [figure 56].

Tissues

Three tissues of 400 and 400 meters are chosen to research on the pattern and outdoor texture of the village. Each tissue are visited specifically through the second field trip to Guangzhou in September, 2013.

N 0 .5 1 Village dwelling

Water

New constructions

tissue

2.5km

[figure 58] Map of Lijiao

2.5 0

10m

[figure 59a] Section a

Sections

These sections are showing the present situation. Many original open waterways are underground pipes now. Section a [figure 59a] expresses the canal in tissue a, Section b [figure 59b] is showing the general situation in tissue b, while Section c [figure 59c] illustrate the main canal in tissue c.

2.5 5

2.5

[figure 59b] Section b

[figure 59c] Section c

10m

[figure 60a] Tissue a

[figure 60b] Tissue b

[figure 60c] Tissue c 0

100m

Tissues-noli map [figure 60a] illustrates inside pattern of the village. The pattern has grown from old times and it is natural and organic. [figure 60b] is showing the space between the new residential block and the VIC. It is a big contrast between the modern and old fabrics. [figure 60c] is showing how the VIC is connected to the industrial area, and how they come to the waterfront.

[figure 61a] Texture 1

[figure 62b] Texture 2

[figure 63c] Texture 3 0

100m

Tissues-texture The texture of open and green space in the tissues. [figure 61a] gives evenly distributed pattern. However, the open space inside the village is too less and squeezed. [figure 61a] is showing the green space in the newly built dwellings in VIC shown in the third tissue is even less. The form and construction are without consideration of outdoor space. [figure 61a] is showing the dominate road in the center. It is planned to extend along the waterfront. Now it stopped on the one side of Lijiao.

Disappeared water After some short interviews with the old in the village, it is claimed that almost all the asphalt roads in the village now were once waterways. The main canal was much wider before and was reduced to make room for the roads. Many old people were not willing to talk about the past. Some said that it made them so sad to remember the environment in the past while looking at the surroundings today. It is a shame that the life quality is lower than thirty years ago. Some also complained that it would be inconvenient and isolated to move to high-raised buildings. Helpless can be heard from their words.

N 0 Village dwelling

Water

New constructions

2.5km

[figure 62] Original water system in Lijiao

Other Materials: interviews

Dr. Yanliu Lin

Postdoctoral Researcher at Spatial Planning Section, Geoscience Faculty, Utrecht University Doctoral thesis topic: The â&#x20AC;&#x153;Village in the Cityâ&#x20AC;? in Guangzhou, China: Exploitative Research of a New Planning Approach

Villages in the city are generated due to the fast urbanization. It is inevitable and those villages have already become part of the city. They also partly represent the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s characteristics. Villages locate in the city center are mature and hard to change. However, for those locate in the suburban areas, which are still growing, they are much more flexible. In addition, growing ones are actually in need of guidance for the right direction. It is more valuable to do research and give suggestions for the growing ones to make them well prepared for the rapid urban development.

There are many types of villages even for the growing ones. Different strategies should be taken out for different ones. The development of the village highly depends on the transportation such as the metro line. Other factors like industries and resources should also be taken into consideration.

Yue Zeng Architect in Zhuguang Company In charge of the transformation of Lijiao Graduate from Southwest Jiaotong University in China

As an employee, I represent the interest of the developer. As one of the designers in the company, we design to maximize the profit. It is a crucial reality that most constructions in China today are driven by interests. For the project in Lijiao, we consider much more of the plot ration and floor ratio, rather than the landscape. We need to find the balance among the developer, government and the villagers. In order to make the villagers satisfied and make profit at the same time, it is necessary to build high floor area ratio buildings.

For the landscape, we considered about small rivers, which go through Lijiao Cun. We are trying to make them better. We also considered how to protect those old temple and you can see them on our model. We plan to preserve some of them.

Mr. Shi Aiguo Chief Designer of Guangdong Guangfo MISP Development & Construction Co., LTD

As a landscape architect, it is important to consider thoroughly about the background and context of the site. I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t like the result of Liede Cun. It is totally a disaster of design. The old temple stands right next many high buildings, without any sense of beauty. For Lijiao Cun, it should never be another Liede. I hope it can be a different but much better one. I am looking forward to seeing a suitable transformation of the village. I think landscape architects and architects are suppose to take the responsibility. There

much be suitable solutions for each village. I think Lingnan project in Foshan is a really good example though it is a commercial project. The transformation preserved the origin of the village and showed the history and culture of Southern China. You can find many construction details there that can rarely see in normal life. I like that project and I highly recommend you go and see it.

Prof. Wu Zhigang Professor and Director in Center for Urban and Regional Development Studies South China Normal University

Our work is to make strategy for the government how to treat the VICs. There are three things that are really important in our planning: replacement (where to settle resident when the VIC is demolished), protection (how to protect the historic buildings), development (make the future promising). We have developed many creative ideas on how to transform the village. Personally, I believe that the death of VICs in the near future is predictable. It is a natural process of the urbanization will replace VICs. However, I think for now the good way to deal with a VIC is either demolish it or leave it as it

is. The economy is the driving force. Villages will gradually disappear due to the economic development and we have to accept that. One thing that is not expected in my work was that the government broke its promise on never intervene in the transformation of VICs. They got involved in because of the huge profit. I believe the situation will be much better if the government can put them in the right position.

Prof. Huang Quanle PhD, Urban Designer, Architect at Architecture Design & Research Institute,South China University of Technology

The original pattern of VIC is essential to them. It represents and consists the life in the village. The temple, the open space, the composition of commercial and residential, and etc. have already become fixed to people inside. The pattern has gone through the time and proved itself lively and sustainable. It should be seriously considered when design with the pattern of VICs.

for the fast and new development of the city, however, it would totally wipe out the pattern and thus the history of a place. This proposal could have changed life of Shipai entirely, making it no difference to other part of the city. I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t think this kind of solution is good for urban development. I hope that planners and designers can figure out how to develop a city with its history and special characteristics.

There was an proposal for Shipai Village, however, because of the protest it did not come into reality. The proposal suggested two roads cross the center of the village, which was an gathering place for villagers. It would soon destruct the original life of the village and make people isolated. It would be helpful

The site you have chosen is very interesting. My husband and I have walked through many villages in Guangzhou city. The plan of Lijiao looks special since the waterways composed the main structure of the village. This can be an important and interesting start for your project.

Prof. Li Professor and Director in Geography and Planning School at Sun Yat-Sen University

Guangzhou has tried many methods to catch up with Shenzhen, including the new CBD plan. There is always competition between these two cities. We cannot say the new CBD plan is a waste since there are needs from the market. Guangzhou is developing to gain its competitive power against Shenzhen. As the rapid development, there is always economic dispute. For villages in the city, the contradiction becomes severe due to the special social and political structure. Maintain or demolish, as I see, is a complicated problem. It depends on the location and the status of the village. If we need to completely solve the problem, we need to start from the basis of our policy, which has caused problem in the first place. It is a huge question for the government as well as the entire society. For now, VICs are indeed important to

Guangzhou, they serve as a low rental place for the floating population, but some of them especially the central ones will be transformed and become part of the city physically. The water issue is also a problem brought by the rapid development. The example of Donghao canal is just a slight touch. The flooding in Guangzhou city should be seen and related as a whole system rather than independent canals.Guangzhou should look more and invest more into this problem. I am happy to see that you bring this problem together with the issue of VICs, it can be a possible and creative direction. There is not much research and attempt on the combination but it may has good potential.

Mr. Moye Journalist and leader in NGO for reserving the culture in VICs

We are devoting ourselves to maintain and recapture the cultural value of villages in the city. There are a lot of things that worth keeping, however, they are ignored while the economy is driving driving everything in this society. We wanted to evoke people how important the culture it is and how emergence we need to take action. However, the effort we paid has not got the attention we expected. People in the village are facing relatively poor condition and they are so eager to get their living condition improved, rather than protecting those old things. Indeed it is hard to see long term future if one is facing basic living problems.

We are trying to take the responsibility of reserving the physical memory and cultural value. We are so frustrated since it is more than hard to convince the villagers and make them cooperate. Personally, I feel heartbreaking when villagers took advantages of our effort to bargain and challenge the government. Even so, my teammates are not giving up. Most times we are in a awkward position in between the villagers and the local government, nevertheless, we are so encouraged that there are a lot of attentions from the society, the academic realm, and even some villagers. We hope that more and more people will learn to see to things from a long-term view and in that way we will learn how to manage the wealth.

Interview with a villager in Jiu Shi Tou V: villager, I: interviewer

I: Hi! Are you a villager who lives here?

I: But you live on letting, don’t you?

V: Yes I am.

V: Yes, we had some cultivated land around Chigang Pagoda before 1992. But the government bought them out when the regime changed, only left some village-owned industry. The subsidies is so poor and since we are not well-educated, letting is the only to survive.

I: Great! Can we have your family name? V: It’s Wu. There, can you see that stele? That’s from our ancestral temple. It was once there, they built up the economic cooperative office there after the ancestral temple collapsed. I: I see. So the pond is part of the temple, right? It is so dirty now… V: Exactly! The migrants, it is their fault! I don’t want to be mean but they don’t care about the environment at all! Those live by the pond throw every piece of the garbage directly from the flat into the pond! These poorly educated people have brought so many problems to our village! The next generation might be better but you can not count on them now.

I: So most people who live here are migrants? V: You are right. We are not that popular in rental market cause the village is small. You should see Guitian and Ke Cun next to us. They are far more densified than us. I: So if some developer come and say they want your land, do you want to move? V: Definitely! Of course I mean if the price is fair enough. But I definitely want to move to a better place!

Interview with a villager in Lijiao Cun V: villager, I: interviewer

V: Hey, you are students, aren’t you? What are you doing here? Have a look at the village before demolition? ( Laugh) I: Yes, kind of. We have visit several villages for now. We find Lijiao is a nice one. But the stream (river?) is heavily polluted, isn’t it? V: Yes. What a shame! We could drink the water directly from the stream a few decades ago. But now? You will feel itchy after you touch water. I: I would never do that. But is there anyone ever want to do something? V: No. You know the government claimed that they had spent hundreds of millions of money on water issue but nothing has happened here so far. Oh, yes! A few years ago some said they would rebuild the drainage system along the stream a few years ago. They tore down all the houses at where we are standing right now. But that’s it, nothing

happened after that. I: Well, do you know a developer want to bought Lijiao and build a upscale community? Do you think it will happen soon? V: I know. Posters are everywhere in the village. But look at Yangji, it has been 10 years since they started rebuilding. It is still unfinished due to some opposition. I don’t think they can get the land so easily. You will see. I: But do you want to move away? V: Move away? Where can I live? The money we suppose to get can only afford a toilet in the city! I: Really? But look at Liede, the villagers are so rich now! V: You can not compare us with Liede, the are literally in the city center.

I: Yes. But I think the developer plan to move you back when the construction is done. V: Well, I don’t have that chance. I was only a worker in the village-owned industry. I do not have any property here. If they reach an agreement, where can I live? The pension is far from enough to rent a place outside the VICs. Where can I move to?

Interview with a villager in Lijiao Cun V: villager, I: interviewer

V: Hi, what are you looking for here? I: Hey, I am a student working with a relevant project in Lijiao, so I just walk around and have a look. This ancestor temple is beautiful! Why don’t you open the front door so everybody can come? V: The front door is too heavy! We only open it on some special occasion. I: I see. So the normally the temple is not open to the public? V: Yes,it is. But people don’t like to come. It is too far away and they need to go through a long path without trees, it is too hot walking under the blazing sun. They prefer the riverbank. That small space is covered by an old tree and with the river nearby, people consider the air condition is better. I: True. I did see a quite a lot people there. So no one spending their time in the temple? V: Well, there is another one a bit north to us. Some old guys might be there. You should go, they know a lot about the village. What a shame that we are not well-educated, otherwise we can tell the history and stories about our village. I: Never mind! I have found a lot online, I would rather listen to your opinions.

V: Haha, I am afraid I would not able to give you any valuable answer. I don’t really have many thoughts.

V: Exactly. It is too embarrassed to give up now. That is why I would not be an anti-remover.

I: It is okay, just tell me what you know. What do you think about the demolition project in Lijiao? I saw a lot of posters hanging around.

I: And it must be better to live in a new building, isn’t it?

V: Well, I am ok with the demolition. You know, the city is developing so fast, you can argue nothing when everybody around consider you as a stain in the city. Just give me what I deserve and I will move out. But the developer should first built up several building to allow us have a place to live. They should deal with the factories first! A good example can convince those who hesitate. I: So you would not be one of the “nail-houses” owner? V: Definitely not! To be honest I think they are kind of stupid. After all these years “fight” they do themselves no benefit. No one is willing to rent their flats since it is out of water and electricity supply. They resisted to move because the developer refused to pay for the illegally built area. Now they even asked for the lost rent of these years. They would never reach an agreement if they don’t make a concession. I: Yes, but that will be a tough decision to make. They had put themselves in such a difficult position. It is too far to recede.

V: Well, it is not about how nice the new apartment might be. The developing progress would never stop, you have to change when the time comes. Actually the older generation is afraid of the elevator. You know Xinhui Yuan, it is a test for demolition. The quality of the building is terrible. The elevators always stuck on the half way! I: Seriously? That’s horrible! You must feel jealous of Liede, their apartment are so nice and really popular in the market. V: Liede? They were just farmers and orchardists. We used to be the center of southern Guangzhou. They are just too lucky to be part of central district today! You are really proud of your village! Don’t you feel bad that the village would be totally changed after the demolition? Personally I am fine with that. As I said the urbanization now is just one step away from us now and we don’t have any other choice.

Interview with a villager in Ke Cun V: villager, I: interviewer

I: Hello!

V: What question?

V: Yes? What are you doing here? What do you want?

I: Well. The environment is not that comfortable as we experienced. Do you have any thought about the demolition?

I: Can we have a water? V: Water? What do you want? I: We just want to buy a bottle of water. V: Okay. There. What do you really want? I: Nothing else. We are just students, not journalist or any other kind of people. V: So what? I am not afraid of anyone. I am running a legal business! I: Fine. So can we ask you some questions about the village?

V: Demolition? Haha, that would not happen to us. Do you know how much the landlords here can earn every month? The price for a single room here is 700. They can sit there and get over ten-thousands per month! No one will sign the contract with any developer. Even if there is one, how much can the developer afford to pay? (Even if the developer comes, can they afford?) I: But donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t you want to move to a better place (either)? V: It doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t matter at all. No one will sign the contract.

Other Materials: notes, source

Waterway Donghao Chong Xinhepu Chong Shahe Chong

District Yuexiu District

Haizhu Chong Huangpu Chong Chigang Chong

Table 1

Haizhu District

Shiliugang He Beihao Chong Kangle Chong Liwan Chong Huadi He Dasha He Donglang Chong Jiansha Chong

Liwan District

Shaji Chong Sha Chong Sima Chong Waterway Lide Chong

District

Chengjie Chong Tangxia Chong Chebei Chong

Tianhe District

Shen Chong Shahe Chong

The table is translated by author, according to the official report. Water quality in China has been divided into levels, from level I to level V, good to bad. There are also sub-levels to describe more details, which is not presented in this table.

Wen Chong Miaotou Chong Wu Chong Nangang He

Huangpu District

Target water quality level

Water quality now

Reach the mark (Y/N)

Lower than V

Target waterV quality level

Lower than now V Water quality

Reach theNmark (Y/N)

Lower than V

V V V

Lower than V Lower than V Lower than V

N N N

III

Lower than V

Problem Ammonia nitrogen (0.56), Dissolved oxygen(DO) -Ammonia nitrogen (1.24), Dissolved oxygen(DO) Ammonia nitrogen (1.4), Total phosphorus (0.28), Dissolved oxygen(DO) Ammonia nitrogen (1.27), Total phosphorus (0.25), Dissolved oxygen(DO) Ammonia nitrogen (1.19), Total phosphorus (0.15), Dissolved oxygen(DO) -Ammonia nitrogen (0.92), Dissolved oxygen(DO) Ammonia nitrogen (0.29), Dissolved oxygen(DO) Ammonia nitrogen (1.92), Total phosphorus(0.35) Ammonia nitrogen (0.66), Dissolved oxygen(DO) -Ammonia nitrogen (1.32), Total phosphorus(0.22) Ammonia nitrogen (0.42), Dissolved oxygen(DO) Ammonia nitrogen (1.05), Dissolved oxygen(DO) Ammonia nitrogen (2.26), Total phosphorus (0.6), Dissolved oxygen(DO) Ammonia nitrogen (0.42) Problem Ammonia nitrogen (1.58), Total phosphorus(0.85) Ammonia nitrogen (1.83), Total phosphorus(0.68) Five-day BOD(1.27), Ammonia nitrogen (1.25), COD (1.07), Total phosphorus (1.02) Ammonia nitrogen (0.82), Total phosphorus (0.58), Five-day BOD (0.25), COD (0.02) Ammonia nitrogen (1.26), Total phosphorus (0.66), Five-day BOD (0.25), Dissolved oxygen Ammonia nitrogen (2.38), Total phosphorus (0.15) Ammonia nitrogen (0.58) Ammonia nitrogen (0.43) Ammonia nitrogen (0.9) Ammonia nitrogen (1.69), COD (1.28), Five-day BOD (1.12), Dissolved oxygen

Notes

1. Information from website of Guangzhou Observatory and Guangzhou Record 1990

9. Guangzhou local archive (http://www.gzsdfz. org.cn/rsgz/ctwh/200803/t20080324_1650.htm)

Official site of Guangzhou city government

Xinhua News Agency, 2009

10. Nandu Daily (http://gcontent.oeeee.com/3/ af/3af9c18dfa6098d8/Blog/400/c0f7c9.html)

Guangzhou Statistics Handbook, 2012

5. National population census 1882, 1990, 2000 and 2010; Xie, Shouhong, 2007:12 6. According to the report from Yangcheng newspaper (http://www.ycwb.com/epaper/ycwb/html/201211/03/content_1527797.htm) 7. Website of Guangzhou history and culture (http://www.gzzxws.gov.cn/wszx/ycwsxx/200909/ t20090914_14144_9.htm) 8.

Nike Shen: 2009

11.

Guangzhou Urban Redevelopment Office: 2010

12.

Chen, Liuqin: 2008

13.

Zhigang Wu: 2013

14.

Predictions from unofficial source

15. Planning of Lijiao, Guangzhou Urban Redevelopment Office (http://www.gzuro.gov.cn/azcg/45/845.html)

Figures 1. Japanese millitary map of Guangzhou and its suburb 1932, from Taiwan Acdamic Sinica

8. Map of Guangzhou, Ming Dynasty Library of Kyushu University, Japan.

2. Guangzhou & Foshan 2000, by Peter Bosselmann et al, from website of Global Metropolitan Observatory, http://www.ced.berkeley.edu/research/metropolitanlandscapes/?page_id=1360

9. Six vain system in Guangzhou, Qing Dynasty Zhongshan Library, Guangzhou, Guangdong Provice.

Map of China Authors’ illustration

4. Map of Guangdong Province and Pearl River Delta Authors’ illustration 5.

Districts of Guangzhou Authors’ illustration

6. Rapid urbanization of the eight original districts in the last 40 years by Qihao Weng, Shihong Yang. Managing the adverse thermal effects of urban development in a densely populated Chinese city. Journal of Environmental Management, pp145 - 156. 7. Population composition and change in Guangzhou by authors, based on information from: http://www.gzstats.gov.cn (National population census 1882, 1990, 2000, 2010); Guangzhou statistic office, Guangzhou Statistic handbook; Xie, Shouhong, Analysis of migrant spatial movement in Guangzhou, Urban Issues, Vol 149 (2007: 12).

10. Map of the city and entire suburbs of Canton 1860 by Vrooman, D. National Library of Australia, MAP LMS 636. 11. Topography of Guangzhou and its suburb 1930s Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiwan 12. Planning of road system of Guangzhou 1932, Guangzhou Archive 13. Guangzhou city map 1932, Guangzhou archive 14. Diagram of Development along water based on various sources: news from Xinhua New Agency (http:// news.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2013-08/16/c_125181905. htm), and collected hitoric maps. 15. Skyline of Guangzhou in 1984 by anonym, from the website of http://tianya.cn. 16. Skyline of Guangzhou in 1991 by anonym, from the website of http://tianya.cn.

17. Zhongshan 5th Road in 1983 by Leroy W. Demer 18. Zhongshan 5th Road in 1990s by anonym, from the website of http://tianya.cn 19. Zhongshan 5th Road now by anonym, from the website of http://tianya.cn 20. Guangzhou in 1981 or 1982 by anonym, from the website of http://tianya.cn 21. Guangzhou in 2008 by anonym, from the website of http://tianya.cn 22. Flooding news from Yangcheng Newspaper, Guangzhou Daily. 23. Mapping of flooding points by authors, based on the information from: Guangzhou water affair bureau 24. Artificial lakes in Guangzhou by authors, based on the information from: http://gcontent.oeeee.com/0/0e/00e26af6ac3 b 1 c 1 c / B l o g / 7 b 0 / a d f 8 a 7 . h t m l h t t p : / / w w w. g z s e w a g e . c o m / i n d e x . a s p x h t t p : / / w w w. y c w b . c o m / e P a p e r / y c w b / html/2012-09/25/content_1499280.htm http://www3.hp.gov.cn/djphb/jd/t20090115_84535.htm h t t p : / / e p a p e r. n f d a i l y. c n / h t m l / 2 0 1 0 -

0 8 / 0 2 / c o n t e n t _ 6 8 6 6 2 1 3 . h t m http://gz.house.163.com/special/xf_zaohuyundong/ http://gcontent.oeeee.com/0/0e/00e26af6ac3 b 1 c 1 c / B l o g / 7 b 0 / a d f 8 a 7 . h t m l http://baike.baidu.com/view/75423.htm http://baike.baidu.com/view/1619366.htm h t t p : / / w w w . l i u h u a h u . c n / http://baike.baidu.com/view/2762765.htm http://baike.baidu.com/view/8433470.htm

2013

50. Yard taken by authors, September, 2013

35. Waste from demolished building taken by authors, September, 2013

51. Narrow path taken by authors, September, 2013

25. Pulluted canal taken by author, April, 2013

38. Village and urban area in 1998 by authors, based on the planning map in 1998

26. Interior canal, Shamien canal, Stern River Boat taken by Sidney Gamble, 1917-1919, Duke University Library 27. Generation of VICs by Guangzhou Planning Institute 28. Distribution of VICs by authors, based on the information from Guangzhou Urban Redevelopment Office

36. Dead lake taken by authors, September, 2013 37. Villages and urban area in 1933 by authors, based on the map from 1933 on page ?

39. Development of metro lines by authors, based on the metro map today and prediction from unofficial news 40.

Village categories by authors

41. Photos of Lujiang taken by authors, April, 2013 42. Photos of Shixi taken by authors, April, 2013

29. Liede before demolition by anonym

43. Photos of Ke Cun taken by authors, April, 2013

30. Liede after demolition from Southern Metropolis Daily

44. Photos of Chisha Cun from website of Baidu baike (http://baike.baidu.com)

31. Side of the ancestor temple in Liede taken by authors, September, 2013

45. Photos of Xiaozhou Cun taken by authors, April, 2013

32. Front gate of ancestor temple in Liede taken by authors, September, 2013

46. Satellite image of Lijiao from Google map

33. Empty building in Xian Cun taken by authors, September, 2013 34.

A street in Xian Cun taken by authors, September,

47. Boat house taken by authors, September, 2013 48. Vacant land taken by authors, September, 2013 49. Urban farm taken by authors, September, 2013

52. Ancestor temple taken by authors, September, 2013 53. Small path taken by authors, September, 2013 54. Main canal taken by authors, September, 2013 55. Filthy water taken by authors, September, 2013 56. Sewage taken by authors, September, 2013 57. Rubbish in the canal taken by authors, September, 2013 58. Map of Lijiao by authors 59. Sections by authors 60. Tissue 1-3 by authors 61. Texture 1-3 by authors, with the help from Peijun Wen and Claudia Rojas 62. Original water system in Lijiao based on interviews in the village and exhibition of Lantian organization

Bibliography

Andersson, Cecilie, “Migrant Positioning -- Ub Transforming Urban Ambience Urban Villages and the City, Guangzhou, China” (2012) Chen, Liuqin, “VICs: A Must-solved Probelm in healthy urbanization”, Forward Position in Economics, (2008:11) Francesco, Vazzano, “Cheng Zhong Cun, I “Village nella citta”, a Guangzhou”, Universatà degli Studi de Ferrara, (2006/2008):81 Guangzhou Statistics Office, National population census (1882, 1990, 2000 and 2010) Guangzhou Observatory Website, www.tqyb.com.cn Guo, Zhiyong, et al, Guangzhou Statistics Handbook, Guangzhou Statistics Office, Guangzhou, (2012):25-28 Guangzhou Water affair Bureau Website, www.gzwater. gov.cn

Guangzhou Urban Redevelopment Office Website, http://www.gztopwork.cn/czcda.asp Lin, Shusen, et al, Guangzhou Records, Guangzhou, Guangdong People’s Publishing House, Vol 4 (1997) Lin, Shusen, et al, Haizhu Records, Guangzhou, Guangdong People’s Publishing House, (2000) Lin, Yanliu, et al, “Understanding the “Village in the City” in Guangzhou: Economic INtegration and Development Issue and their implications for the Urban Migrant”, Urban People’s Daily Website, www.people.com.cn Southern Mertopolis Daily Website, epaper.oeeee.com Stokman, Antje, et al, “Beijing’s New Urban Countryside - Designing with complexity and Strategic Landscpe Planning”, Faculty of Architecture and Landscape sciences, University Hanover, Journal of Landscape Architecture, (Au-

tumn, 2008): 30-45 Xie, Shouhong, “Analysis of Migrants’ Spacial Movement in Guangzhou”, Urban Issues, Vol 149,(2007:12) Xinhua News Agency, “Achievements, challenges in China’s Pearl River Delta plan”, website of http://news.xinhuanet.com, (2009)