[RE]Search [DIA]Logues: Ecology + Landscape by The Yamuna River Project

[RE[SEARCH [DIA]LOGUES

RE-CENTERING DELHI UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

ECOLOGY

INTRODUCTION Lauren Anne Nelson

New Delhi, located in a Humid Subtropical Climate, is the capital of India and is situated along the Yamuna River Basin. Although the city is only a small percentage of the overall length of the river, it contributes the most pollution to the water. This startling fact elucidates the need of the built environment to work with the natural systems and the environment in Delhi. The compilation of ecology data includes information on climate, the Yamuna River, the geology (soil types and seismic), vegetation and species, solar, wind, and heat. Additionally, two speculative compilations included at the end of the book seek to combine gathered information to inform the studioâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s design proposals.

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GLOBAL CLIMATE Delhi is a part of the Humid Subtropical climate, CWA under the Koppen-Geiger classification system. Global climate is an important design consideration in planning at the city scale and designing at the site and building scales.

[SOURCE: â&#x20AC;&#x153;File: World Koppen Map.png.â&#x20AC;? Wikimedia Commons. Accessed September 20, 2014. < http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World_Koppen_Map.png>]

GLOBAL CLIMATE Af

BWh

Csa

Cwa

Cfa

Dsa

Dwa

Dfa

BWk

Csb

Cwb

Cfb

Dsb

Dwb

BSh

Cwc

Cfc

Dsc

Dwc

Dfc

Dsd

Dwd

Dfd

BSk

Cwa

CWA_ KOPPEN-GEIGER CLIMATE

HUMID SUBTROPICAL CLIMATE

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SEASONS AND TEMPERATURE The seasons and temperature inform future design strategies and provide context information for Delhi.

[SOURCE: “Climate of Delhi.” Wikipedia. Accessed September 20, 2014. < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climateof_ Delhi >] [SOURCE: “Delhi Geography” Maps of India. Accessed September 20, 2014. < http://www.mapsofindia.comdelhi/ geography.html>]

1/4

of the year is rainy season

TEMPERATURE

5 ° C winter low

45 ° C summer high

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RAINFALL Rainfall catchment should be considered as a means of supplementing the water supply of Delhi and included in future design proposals.

[SOURCE: “Environment.” Govt. of NCT of Delhi. Accessed September 20, 2014. < http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/ wcm/connect/a25637804c2c347981c2859991226613/93+-+105+Environment.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-616713885&CACHEID=a25637804c2c347981c2859991226613 >]

611 mm

avg. annual rainfall

2500 Million Liters / Day harvesting potential

â&#x20AC;&#x153;If even 25% of the annual rain water harvesting potential could be harvested, it is estimated that it may make available 625 million liters per day and may meet the existing gap in the availability of raw water resources and water requirement.â&#x20AC;?

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COUNTRY TO REGIONAL CONTEXT These maps show the location of the Yamuna River Basin in India.

REGION YAMUNA RIVER BASIN

COUNTRY INDIA

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YAMUNA RIVER BASIN This data situates the Yamuna River within its regional context.

[SOURCE: â&#x20AC;&#x153;Current condition of the Yamuna River - an overview of flow, pollution load and human use.â&#x20AC;? The Forum on Religion and Ecology at Yale. Accessed September 20, 2014. < http://fore.research.yale.edu/files/Current_ Condition_of_Yamuna_River.pdf >]

“THE YAMUNA RIVER IS THE LARGEST TRIBUTARY OF THE RIVER GANGA.”

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YAMUNA AREA AND CATCHMENT This data shows the proportion and scale of the Yamuna River Basin, providing a scalar reference.

40.2%

of Ganga Basin

10.7% of India

Delhi contributes

0.4%

of the total catchment area of the Yamuna.

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YAMUNA RIVER POLLUTION Delhi is adversely affecting the Yamuna River at a regional scale and the amelioration of this pollution should be a primary design consideration in any proposals the class makes.

“THE RIVER IS POLLUTED BY BOTH POINT AND NONPOINT SOURCES, WHERE NATIONAL CAPITAL TERRITORY (NCT) - DELHI IS THE MAJOR CONTRIBUTOR, FOLLOWED BY AGRA AND MATHURA.”

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EXTRACTION AND ADDITION POINTS This diagram shows the points along the Yamuna River when water is extracted and added back to the water source.

Karnal Tons Giri

Hill Streams Canal Canal DAK PATTHAR BARRAGE Aglar Asan

Western Yamuna Canal

Eastern Yamuna Canal

Bhudhi Yamuna Choti Yamuna Khakhadi Katha Canal and Waste water from Panipat Wazirabad Water works WAZIRABAD BARRAGE Delhi Waste water

MOST POLLUTED

Thermal Power Plant

Agra Canal

THE DELHI SEGMENT

Hindon Cut Canal OKHLA BARRAGE Waste water from Delhi, Ghaziabad and Noida

Faridabad Waste Water

Mathura, Vrindavan Waste Water Mathura Water Works

Hindon River

Mathura Waste Water GOKUL BARRAGE

Agra Waste Water Agra Water Works

Chambai Sind Belwa Ken

Agra Waste Water Etawah Waste Water Allahabad Waterworka Allahabad Waste Water

NG GA

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YAMUNA RIVER FLOW This graph illustrates the estimated annual average water flow of the Yamuna River during different times throughout the year. During the monsoon season there is a considerably greater flow than in the pre-monsoon and post -monsoon seasons.

Pre-Monsoon

Monsoon

Post-Monsoon

1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800

Flow (m3/sec)

600 400 200 0 1999 2000 Year

2005

2009

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River Flow 10 Yamuna This chart describes the estimated flow of the Yamuna River in the Monsoon and Non-Monsoon seasons.

80%

Monsoon River Flow (July-Sept)

20%

Non-Monsoon River Flow (Oct-June)

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RIVER LENGTH 11 YAMUNA This map places the city of Delhi and the length of the Yamuna within the city in a regional context.

[SOURCE: “Current condition of the Yamuna River - an overview of flow, pollution load and human use.” The Forum on Religion and Ecology at Yale. Accessed September 20, 2014. < http://fore.research.yale.edu/files/Current_ Condition_of_Yamuna_River.pdf >] [SOURCE: “Environment.” Govt. of NCT of Delhi. Accessed September 20, 2014. <http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/ wcm/connect/a25637804c2c347981c2859991226613/93+-+105+Environment.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-616713885&CACHEID=a25637804c2c347981c2859991226613 >]

A UN

M YA

Tajewala Barrage

DELHI

Wazirabad Barrage Okhla Barrage

GAN GA R

IVE

48 km

the length of the Yamuna River in the National Capital Territory of Delhi

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RIVER LENGTH: THE DELHI SEGMENT 12 YAMUNA The Yamuna River between the Wazirabad Barrage and the Okhla

Barrage is only a very small percent of the overall length of the river.

1.6% (22 km)

of the length of the Yamuna River is the Delhi Segment from Wazirabad Barrage to Okhla Barrage

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OF DELHI 13 LOCATION This data provides the geographical location of Delhi.

[SOURCE: “Delhi Geography” Maps of India. Accessed September 20, 2014. < http://www.mapsofindia.comdelhi/ geography.html>]

latitude:

23.38 N longitude:

77.13 E

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AREA 14 DELHI This data illustrates the proportion of flood plain area within Delhi to its total area.

area of Delhi:

1485 sq.km. Flood Plain Area

97 sq.km. 7% of total area

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SPACE 15 GREEN The report provides the percentage of green space and also qualifies it with the spaces included in the calculation

[SOURCE: “Environment.” Govt. of NCT of Delhi. Accessed September 20, 2014. <http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/ wcm/connect/a25637804c2c347981c2859991226613/93+-+105+Environment.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-616713885&CACHEID=a25637804c2c347981c2859991226613 >]

green area in Delhi

300 sq. km. 20% of the city “The green area includes forest area, area under District Parks, City Parks, Community Parks, Neighbourhood Parks and the open area covered under plantation in the residential as well as the large complexes like President’s Estate, JNU, IARI, Delhi University Complex and plantation along open spaces, Roadside and drains.”

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16 GEOLOGY This map shows the geology breakdown of Delhi with soil types.

[SOURCE: “Geology Details.” Rainwaterharvesting.org. Accessed September 20, 2014. <http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/index_files/geology.htm>]

typologies Delhi Ridge

quartzite - limited yield prospectus

Yamuna Flood Plain

river deposits - high yield prospectus

The Plains

alluvial - low to moderate yield prospectus

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TYPES OF INDIA 17 SOIL This map shows the distribution of soil types across India. New Delhi is located in the Alluvial soil type.

[SOURCE: “1. Reservoir Fisheries Resources of India.” FAO Corporate Document Repository. Accessed September 20, 2014. <http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/v5930e/v5930e01.htm>]

SOIL TYPES OF INDIA Red and Yellow Laterite Saline and Desert Alluvial Deep and Medium Black Forest and Hill

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TYPES OF THE YAMUNA BASIN 18 SOIL The primary soil type of the Yamuna River Basin is the Alluvial Soil at 42.0%.

SOIL TYPES OF YAMUNA RIVER BASIN 42.0% Alluvial 25.5% Medium Black 15.0% Mixed Red & Black 5.5% Deep Black 5.0% Red & Yellow 4.0% Brown Hill 2.5% Red Sandy 0.5% Calcareous Seirozemic

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ZONES OF INDIA 19 SEISMIC This map illustrates the distribution of the seismic conditions around India.

[SOURCE: “Seismic Zoning Map.” India Meteorological Department. Accessed September 20, 2014. <http:// www.imd.gov.in/section/seismo/static/seismo-zone.htm >]

SEISMIC ZONES OF INDIA Zone II - Low Intensity Zone, 43% Zone III - Moderate Intensity Zone, 27% Zone IV - Severe Intensity Zone, 18% Zone V - Very Severe Intensity Zone, 12%

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ZONE OF DELHI 20 SEISMIC Severe seismic conditions in Delhi require design considerations in our proposals.

[SOURCE: â&#x20AC;&#x153;Seismic Zoning Map.â&#x20AC;? India Meteorological Department. Accessed September 20, 2014. <http:// www.imd.gov.in/section/seismo/static/seismo-zone.htm >]

Earthquakes

Delhi is in Seismic Zone IV, Severe Intensity

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STATIONS IN DELHI 21 SEISMIC The seismic intensity of Delhi is monitored by 16 stations, further illustrating the importance of seismic considerations for future design proposals.

[SOURCE: â&#x20AC;&#x153;Seismological Activities.â&#x20AC;? India Meteorological Department. Accessed September 20, 2014. <http:// www.imd.gov.in/section/seismo/static/welcome.htm>]

Delhi has a digital seismic telemetry network, consisting of 16 field stations and a Central Receiving Station

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SEISMIC MONITORING 22 INDIA This chart describes the locations of the seismic monitoring network in India.

[SOURCE: “National seismological network of India Meteorological Department (82)” India Meteorological Department. Accessed September 20, 2014. <http://www.imd.gov.in/section/seismo/static/List_of_observatories. pdf>]

National seismological network of India Meteorological Department (82) S. No. Name of Station

Code

State

Latitude (Deg:Min)

Longitude (Deg:Min)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 25 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

AJM AKL ALBD BRCH BHK BHV BHPL BHJ BWNR BLSP BOK CAL MDR DDI NDI GOA JMU JHNI KAD KOD LATR LGT MNGR MNCY BOM NGP PTH PBA POO SHBJ SALM SHL SLGI SRIN THN TRD VLK VAR VJWD VIS

Rajasthan Maharashtra Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradesh Punjab Gujarat Madhya Pradesh Gujarat Orissa Chhattisgarh Jharkhand West Bengal Tamilnadu Uttarakhand NCT of Delhi Goa Jammu & Kashmir Uttar Pradesh Maharashtra Tamilnadu Maharashtra Uttarakhand Karnataka Lakshadweep Islands Maharashtra Maharashtra Uttarakhand A& N Islands Maharashtra Jharkhand Tamilnadu Meghalaya West Bengal Jammu & Kashmir Punjab Kerala Bihar Uttar Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh

26:28.75N 20:42.17N 25:18.54N 27:34.00N 31:25.00N 21:45.00N 23:14.46N 23:15.24N 20:17.73N 22:07.75N 23:47.69N 22:32.35N 13:04.08N 30:19.35N 28:41.00N 15:29.50N 32:43.00N 25:27.95N 17:18.45N 10:14.00N 18:24.98N 29:25.00N 12:56.50N 8:16.89N 18:53.75N 21:06.11N 29:35.00N 11:39.34N 18:31.77N 25:13.00N 11:39.00N 25:34.01N 26:42.00N 34:06.00N 32:26.00N 8:30.48N 27:19.00N 25:18.00N 16:31.00N 17:43.26N

74:38.59E 77:00.92E 81:48.51E 81:35.00E 76:25.00E 72:08.60E 77:25.47E 69:39.24E 85:48.35E 82:07.91E 85:53.15E 88:19.84E 80:14.78E 78: 3.33E 77:13.00E 73:49.48E 74:54.00E 78:32.37E 74:11.00E 77:28.00E 76:33.57E 80:06.00E 74:49.36E 73:03.59E 72:48.76E 79:03.73E 80:13.00E 92:44.64E 73:50.95E 87:40.00E 78:12.00E 91:51.36E 88:25.00E 74:51.00E 75:43.00E 76:57.51E 83:52.00E 83:01.00E 80:39.00E 83:19.72E

41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 70 67 68 69 70 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82

Ajmer Akola Allahabad Behraich Bhakra Bhavnagar Bhopal Bhuj Bhubaneshwar Bilaspur Bokaro Kolkata Chennai Dehradun Delhi Goa Jammu Jhansi Karad Kodaikanal Latur Lohaghat Mangalore Minicoy Mumbai Nagpur Pithoragarh Portblair Pune Sahibganj Salem Shillong Siliguri Srinagar Thein Dam Thiruvananthapuram Valmikinagar Varanasi Vijayawada Visakhapatnam Lodi Road Campbell Bay Dharmshala Diglipur Hyderabad Shimla Bahadurgarh Sohna Bisrakh Agra Kurukshetra Rohtak Kalagarh Ausora Rataul Kundal Ayanagar Onchagaon Khetri Kalpa Jaisalmer Joshimath Dhubri Mokokchung Agartala Jorhat Belonia Gangtok (Tadong) Kohima Imphal Aizwal Silchar Lekhapani Ziro Tezpur Itanagar (Yupia) Tura Guwahati Dibrugarh Tawang Pasighat Saiha

LDR CMBY DHRM DGPR HYB SMLA BHGR SONA BIS AGRA KKR RTK KALG ASR RTUL KUDL AYAN UGON KHE KALP JASL JOSM DHUB MOKO AGT JORH BELO GTK KOHI IMP AZL SILR LKP ZIRO TEZP ITAN TURA GUWA DIBR TAWA PASG SAIH

Delhi A&N Islands Himachal Pradesh A&N Islands 1 Andhra Pradesh Himachal Pradesh Haryana Haryana Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradesh Haryana Haryana Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradesh Haryana NCT of Delhi Uttar Pradesh Rajasthan Himachal Pradesh Rajasthan Uttarakhand Assam Nagaland Tripura Assam Tripura Sikkim Nagaland Manipur Mizoram Assam Assam Arunachal Pradesh Assam Arunachal Pradesh Meghalaya Assam Assam Arunachal Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Mizoram

28:35.00N 07:01.15N 32:14.86N 13:10.67N 17:25.18N 31:07.70N 28:41.26N 28:14.70N 28:34.26N 27:13.83N 29:57.69N 29:02.00N 29:30.37N 28:45.35N 28:49.93N 28:08.65N 28:28.93N 28:18.60N 28:04.44N 31:32.77N 26:55.46N 30:33.35N 26:01.21N 26:19.26N 23:53.33N 26:44.58N 23:14.91N 27:19.15N 25:43.22N 24:49.8 N 23:44.30N 24:46.88N 27:19.98N 27:31.59N 26:37.01N 27:08.68N 25:31.01N 26:11.60N 27:28.06N 27:35.64N 28:03.66N 22:30.00N

77:13.00E 93:55.59E 76:18.40E 92:55.83E 78:33.11E 77:10.00E 76:56.33E 77:03.78E 77:26.34E 77:56.63E 76:49.24E 76:24.86E 78:45.22E 77:46.33E 77:20.51E 76:29.35E 77:07.60E 77:54.60E 75:48.38E 78.15.60E 70:54.18E 79:33.49E 89:59.73E 94:30.94E 91:14.77E 94:15.08E 91:26.83E 88:36.11E 94:06.48E 93:56.79E 92:41.38E 92:48.17E 95:50.76E 93:50.99E 92:47.93E 93:43.32E 90:13.45E 91:41.48E 94:54.67E 91:52.02E 95.19.56E 93:00.00E

Height above m. s.l. (Mtrs) 540 310 107 123 410 182 520 80 46 398 282 6 15 682 230 58 360 250 582 2345 620 1700 31 2 6 311 1669 79 560 37 278 1600 120 1587 621 64 100 88 18 82 200 10 1995 30 510 2200 214 180 200 169 250 220 1814 160 223 227 220 237 320 2724 223 1889 33 1353 18 79 20 1348 1353 792 969 18 139 160 83 214 406 88 90 297 167 729

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DISCUSSION IN THE NEWS 23 SEISMIC India’s high seismicity has led to stringent design guidelines. These guidelines should be adhered to for any new construction proposed as part of the project.

[SOURCE: “Are we really safe in our homes” moneycontrol.com. Published August 19, 2014. Accessed September 20, 2014. <http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/real-estate/are-we-really-safeour-homes_1159322.html>]

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Protection from earthquake: In India, 55% of land area is highly vulnerable to earthquake. To avoid destruction of buildings through this natural disaster, a few stringent guidelines have been approved by our Prime Minister Mr. Manmohan Singh, who also heads the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA). When constructing high-rise apartments, these guidelines should be adhered to. The disaster caused by earthquakes can be averted if the building is seismic-proof.â&#x20AC;?

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PLANTS 24 DELHI This data illustrates the types of plants that live in the various geological typologies.

[SOURCE: “Delhi Geography” Maps of India. Accessed September 20, 2014. < http://www.mapsofindia.comdelhi/ geography.html>]

PLANT LIFE Delhi Ridge: acacias and cacti

Alluvial Plains: sheesham trees (Indian Rosewood)

Yamuna Flood Plain weeds and grasses

Delhi Ridge Yamuna Flood Plain The Plains

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PLANT 25 AQUATIC This plant grows in the Yamuna River and helps with contamination.

Most Prevalent Aquatic Plant in the Yamuna River (near barrages):

water hyacinth

introduced to absorb contaminants

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PLANTATION 26 DELHI This data describes previous plantation goals in Delhi.

[SOURCE: “Environment.” Govt. of NCT of Delhi. Accessed September 20, 2014. <http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/ wcm/connect/a25637804c2c347981c2859991226613/93+-+105+Environment.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-616713885&CACHEID=a25637804c2c347981c2859991226613 >

â&#x20AC;&#x153;To increase the green cover area in Delhi, massive plantation is being undertaken during each year with the involvement of all Govt. agencies, NGOs, RWA, Children and Students through Eco-clubs in Schools/Colleges. The target for plantation for the year 2011-2012 was 1 million. Plants are being made available free of cost to the citizens willing to participate in Plantation drives.â&#x20AC;?

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TREES 27 DELHI This analysis is included in the, “Common Trees of Delhi” publication by the Department of Forests and Wildlife of the GNCT of Delhi.

This information is important to consider for the landscape strategies we may propose as part of our Master Plan or Site Interventions.

[SOURCE: “Common Trees of Delhi.” Department of Forests and Wildlife. Accessed September 20, 2014. < http:// www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/7d832f804e38e9428a4dcefc55cca0d2/DELHI+TREESSS.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=1623608915>]

1. Botanical name- Cassia fistula Locally known as Amaltas/girmala/kiar/alash A medium-sized deciduous, ornamental tree with an irregular canopy. Yellowish bark, more or less smooth but got crusty when old. Leaves are feather-compound with 4-8 pairs of large leaflets. Flowers are bright yellow in colour and in long, droopy clusters with 5 petals. Fruits are long, cylindrical pipes which are green when young but later turned into black. Flowering usually occurs during late April or May and fruit mature around MarchApril of the year following flowering. Medicinally, it is useful in skin diseases, cardiac disorders, and intermittent fever and also as an anti-inflammatory.

2. Botanical name- Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Locally known as harshingar/har/kuri/saherwa A small deciduous tree with drooping 4-angled branchlets. Bark pale or dark grey in colour, sometimes greenish, rough and wrinkled. Leaves in opposite pairs, dark green, very rough on upper surface, paler and hairy below, margins often large with distant teeth with pointed apex. Flowers white in colour with 5-8 petals at the end of bright orange tube in clusters and are highly fragrant. Fruits are flat, with round capsule bright green at first and later turned brown. Leaves shed in February or March and renewed in June-July. Flowering occurs in August with peaking in September-October. Fruit ripen in April-May.

3. Botanical name- Ehretia laevis Locally known as chamrod/chambal/desi papdi/sakar A medium-sized deciduous tree recognised by its pale, knobbly trunk and in season by loose white star shaped flowers. Bark is generally yellowish or grey. Leaves are usually quite broad, hairy at first becoming smooth and shiny lately with a pointed apex. Flowers are small, white star-shaped and present in loose clusters. Fruits are in form of tiny berries, bright orange, turned black when ripe. Prime time of flowering is March. Fruit set very quickly after the flowering, mostly by late March and turned orange in mid- April.

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TREES 28 DELHI This analysis is included in the, “Common Trees of Delhi” publication by the Department of Forests and Wildlife of the GNCT of Delhi.

This information is important to consider for the landscape strategies we may propose as part of our Master Plan or Site Interventions.

4. Botanical name- Neolamarckia cadamba Locally known as kadamb/kadam A quick growing deciduous tree with a long, clean bole and spreading branches. Branches are stiff diverging at right angles to the trunk. Bark of old trees dark, rough with vertical fissures. Leaves are large in opposite pairs, shiny on top with arching parallel secondary nerves. Flowers are deep yellow in colour, tiny, clustered in round heads. Fruits are yellow in round heads. Leaves start shedding in March and renewed by the June. Flowering is for a short duration mostly in August- September. Fruit ripen and fall in January- February.

5. Botanical name(Earpod Wattle)

Acacia

auriculiformis

Locally known as kadamb/kadam A medium-sized evergreen tree having greybrown bark with fissures. Leaves are actually modified appendages called â&#x20AC;&#x153;phyllodesâ&#x20AC;? which are thicker, more leathery, usually curved with 3 arching nerves. Flowers are yellow, fragrant with 90-100 tiny flowers crowded together in form of an elongated spikes. Fruit pods are green at first become intricately coiled and almost got woody when ripe and split open on the tree. Flower usually in rainy season from August to early November. Fruit formed by October, ripening in late April or early May.

6. Botanical name- Mimusops elengi Locally known as maulsari/maulshree/bakul A middle-sized evergreen tree with low branching forming a dense, dark, glossy head. Bark is nut-brown or greyish, deeply fissured and cracked. Leaves are long, glossy on top with wavy edges. Flowers are white, fragrant with numerous narrow petals. Fruit is a beery, green at first and turned redyellow when ripe. Leaves nearly evergreen and new leaves appear in late April contrasting to older ones. Flower in May- June; another flush in rainy season. Fruiting is from February to June.

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TREES 29 DELHI This analysis is included in the, “Common Trees of Delhi” publication by the Department of Forests and Wildlife of the GNCT of Delhi.

This information is important to consider for the landscape strategies we may propose as part of our Master Plan or Site Interventions.

7. Botanical name- Psidium guajava Locally known as guava/amrood A small semi-evergreen tree with an open crown and a slender, crooked stem often branching close to the ground. Bark is reddish brown, peeling off to expose smooth white or greenish underbark. Leaves are long with rounded base, pointed or blunt apex, usually downy on undersurface, edges often wavy. Flowers are solitary or in small clusters, pure white, fragrant. Fruits are round or pear shaped skin green and turned yellow to pink when ripe, flesh is sweet with numerous embedded seeds.

8. Botanical name- Ficus religiosa (Sacred fig) Locally known as peepal/peepli A large tall deciduous tree. Trunk is short, thick, often fluted and exudes milky latex. Bark is yellowish or grey brown, smooth and become scaly with age. Leaves are large with wavy margins and long stalk, heart-shaped at base with very long pointed tip. Figs are in pairs, grow out from leaf axils, reddish at first and eventually turned deep purple when ripe. Leaves start to fall in January and new leaves emerge in late March to late April. Figs ripen around mid-April. Sometimes second flush of figs ripen in October. The juice of bark is used as a mouthwash, for curing toothache and weak gums.

9. Botanical name- Ficus virens Locally known anjeer/palakh/pakad/pakdi

pilkhan/ram

A fairly common large deciduous tree with an immense, spreading canopy that displays wonderful changing tints during foliage renewal in Spring season. Bark is greyish with a slivery tinge having milky sap. It has long aerial roots which tend to wrap themselves around the top of the trunk unlike Banyan tree. Leaves begin to drop in mid February and new leaves starts coming up in early March with colour changing from dusty purple to red, from bronze to pale green. Figs ripen usually during July to September.

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TREES 30 DELHI This analysis is included in the, “Common Trees of Delhi” publication by the Department of Forests and Wildlife of the GNCT of Delhi.

This information is important to consider for the landscape strategies we may propose as part of our Master Plan or Site Interventions.

10. Botanical name- Ficus benghalensis Locally known as bargad/bargat/banyan/bar/badh A large spreading nearly evergreen tree. Bark is greyish with a slivery tinge having milky sap. Leaves are long leathery broadly oval with a rounded base, hairy at base, mostly smooth when mature. Figs in pairs, on short stalks, white speckled with red dots when ripe. Leaves more or less evergreen, new flush in March-April can be strikingly beautiful because of pink tints. Figs ripen in April- May, but on some trees in late October. The Banyan has a host of medicinal uses.

11. Botanical namekrishnae

Ficus benghalensis var.

Locally known as makkhan katora/Krishna badh A comparatively smaller version of the banyan tree. This middle sized deciduous tree is having a greyish, dull and wrinkled bark. Aerial roots are occasional, thin and wiry. Leaves are diagnostic cup-shaped, forming a pocket at base and upper surface of leaf forms the outside of the pocket with a velvety underside. Figs are singled or paired, without stalks, dark pink in colour when ripe. Leaves thin out in late February and trees look straggly till mid May. Figs appear from March to June.

12. Botanical name- Morus alba Locally known as shahtoot/toot/chinni/kandi A modest deciduous tree with a spreading and irregular crown. Bark is brown, rough with vertical furrows. Leaves are variable, mostly oval, often lobed, heart-shaped base with toothed margins. Flowers are tiny, greenish and in spikes. Male and female flowers are separate but on the same tree. Fruits are succulent berries crowded together on short spikes, ripe fruit can be white, red or deep violet.

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TREES 31 DELHI This analysis is included in the, “Common Trees of Delhi” publication by the Department of Forests and Wildlife of the GNCT of Delhi.

This information is important to consider for the landscape strategies we may propose as part of our Master Plan or Site Interventions.

13. Botanical name- Syzigium cumini Locally known as jamun/jaman/paiman/phalinda A beautiful large canopied tree, more or less evergreen. Bark is pale brown, flaky and rough especially on lower trunk. Leaves are long, smooth and leathery with numerous secondary veins running parallel and united with marginal vein. Flowers in dense clusters with small petals and are whitish to creamish in colour. Fruit is a round or oblong berry, deep purple when ripe with sweet or tart flesh. The canopy looks loveliest in late March- April. Flowering is in May and fruit ripen by late June or July. The fruit is used in folk medicines for diabetes, dysentery and diseases of spleen.

14. Botanical name- Drypetes roxburghii Locally known as putranjiva/putr jiva/ putajan/ joti/juti A handsome evergreen tree with long, drooping branchlets bearing dark, glossy leaves. Bark is corky, grey or yellowish with white dots. Leaves are glossy on top, narrowed at both the ends with finely toothed edges. Flowers are greenish yellow in colour, tiny in size and male and female flowers on separate trees. Flowering is in early April. Fruit are small, nearly round and dun coloured when ripe and form very quickly after the flowers but do not ripen till February or March of the following year. The leaves and fruits are used to treat the cold, fever and rheumatism.

15. Botanical name- Polyalthia longifolia Locally known as ashok/devdaru/ashupal A tall, erect and nearly evergreen tree with dark grey-brown bark which become darker, scabby and cracked with age. Leaves are slim, glossy and long with wavy edges and extended pointed tips. Flowers are in clusters with 6 long, narrow with pale-green petals. Fruit are of grape-size, present in clusters growing from a common stalk and dark purple when ripe. Flowers during late March or early April and last for a short time. Fruit ripen between late June and early August. The bark is used medicinally to allay fevers.

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TREES 32 DELHI This analysis is included in the, “Common Trees of Delhi” publication by the Department of Forests and Wildlife of the GNCT of Delhi.

This information is important to consider for the landscape strategies we may propose as part of our Master Plan or Site Interventions.

16. Botanical name- Polyalthia pendula Locally known as ashok A medium, christmas-tree shaped and nearly evergreen tree with dark grey-brown bark which become darker, scabby and cracked with age. Usually attain a narrowly conical form with short, drooping branches. Leaves are slim, glossy and long with wavy edges and extended pointed tips. Flowers are in clusters with 6 long, narrow with pale-green petals. Fruit are of grape-size, present in clusters growing from a common stalk and dark purple when ripe. Flowers during late March or early April and last for a short time. Fruit ripen between late June and early August.

17. Botanical name- Mangifera indica Locally known as aam/amri/ambi A semi-evergreen medium-sized tree with grey-brown bark with shallow cracks. Leaves are slender with a long tapering apex, bluntly pointed with wavy edges. Flowers are yellowish green and tiny, strongly scented, in huge branched clusters even upto 6000 flowers with 45 yellow petals. Leaves shed mostly in January and renewed in March. Flowers firsts seen in mid February and at peak in March. Fruit is smooth skinned,waxy,in various colours, fleshy,fibrous or pulpy, stone flattened or kidney shaped. Fruit ripen in May-July depending on variety of mango. 18. Botanical name- Terminalia arjuna Locally known as arjun/arjan A large massive deciduous tree with a broad, oval crown with smooth bark an buttressed trunk. Leaves are opposite, rounded or slightly pointy tip with faintly heart-shaped at base. Flowers are tiny, creamy, yellow, crowded in long spikes, no petals, flower-cup with long prominent stamens. Fruits are ovoid, woody with flat wings running along its length. Leaves shed towards mid April, renewed in late April or May. Flowers in late April and last through most of May. Fruit ripen nearly a year after flowering, dropping sometime between February and June. The bark is highly valued medicinally as a cure for cancer, heart, skin, urinary and gynaecological disorders.

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TREES 33 DELHI This analysis is included in the, “Common Trees of Delhi” publication by the Department of Forests and Wildlife of the GNCT of Delhi.

This information is important to consider for the landscape strategies we may propose as part of our Master Plan or Site Interventions.

19. Botanical nameFrangipani)

Plumeria obtusa (White

Locally known as khair champa/ safed champa/champa A small near-evergreen frangipani tree with a greyish brown bark with knobbly and warty trunk having milky sap. Flowers are in clusters and fragrant with narrow, white-petals and a deep yellow throat in the centre. Leaves are long, apex broad with a notch or only a tiny point. Fruit is in a pair of dark, shiny pods, joined in the centre. Flowering is in April, peaking in May and again in the rains and fruits can be seen in May. 20. Botanical namevar. latifolia

Madhuca longifolia

Locally known as mahua/mahula/maul A large deciduous shapely, long lived tree with a twisted trunk and wide, spreading crown. Bark is grey-brown, rough, lightly fissured with milky sap. Leaves are firm; long, broadly oval, pointy-tipped, prominently clustered near the ends of branchlets. Flowers creamy white, in dense clusters near the ends of twigs. Fruit oliveshaped, fleshy and orange when ripe. Leaves start turning yellow in late March, most trees are bare by late April. New leaves appear early in May. Flowers through most of April. Fruit ripen in July or August.

21. Botanical name- Terminalia bellirica Locally known as baheda/bhaira/bharla/sagona A tall handsome deciduous tree with a massive some-shaped crown and broad leaves prominently clustered at the ends of twigs. Flowers greenish yellow, in slender, crowded spikes, scent sweet but nauseating. Fruit ovoid or flask shaped, grey brown, velvety on the outside. Leaves drop in late March and new leaves appear in early April. Flowering starts along with the new leaves towards end April. Fruit ripen in winter. Used in ayurvedic medicine Triphala.

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TREES 34 DELHI This analysis is included in the, “Common Trees of Delhi” publication by the Department of Forests and Wildlife of the GNCT of Delhi.

This information is important to consider for the landscape strategies we may propose as part of our Master Plan or Site Interventions.

22. Botanical name- Tectona grandis Locally known as teak/sagwan/sagaun Teak is tall evergreen tree. The bark is pale yellowish to brown in colour. It is generally grown straight with the uneven texture, medium lustre and the oily feel. The fruit is a drupe. It has bluish to white flowers present in very large terminal clusters. The fruit is enclosed by the bladder like calyx, which is light brown, ribbed and papery. The bark is bitter tonic and is considered useful in fever.

23. Botanical name- Jatropha curcas Locally known as pahadi/jangli arand It is a perennial, monoecious small tree having bark pale brown; branches glabrous, ascending, stout. Leaves alternate, lobes acute or shortly acuminate at the apex, margins entire or undulating, leaf base deeply cordate, glabrous or pubescent only on the veins below. Male and Female flowers are separate, greenish-yellow in colour and are bell-shaped. Fruit an ellipsoid 3-lobed capsule, yellow, turning black when ripe.

24. Botanical name- Pterospermum acerifolium Locally known champa/kaniar/muchkand

kanak/katha

A large deciduous tree with very broad, shallowly lobed leaves, dark green on top and downy pale on underneath. It has large fragrant nocturnal white flowers. Fruit is a 5-angled woody capsule. Leaves shed in late February and followed soon after by new leaves. Flowers appear in March, with some trees still in flower at the end of April. Fruit take nearly a year to develop, releasing their seed in February-March.

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TREES 25 DELHI This analysis is included in the, “Common Trees of Delhi” publication by the Department of Forests and Wildlife of the GNCT of Delhi.

This information is important to consider for the landscape strategies we may propose as part of our Master Plan or Site Interventions.

25. Botanical name- Azadirachta indica Locally known as neem/nimbi A tall evergreen tree with the small bright green leaves. It has a straight trunk. Its bark is hard rough and scaly, fissured even in small trees. The colour of the bark is brown greyish. The leaves are alternate and consist of several leaflets with serrated edges. It blossoms in spring with the small white flowers. Its flowers are small and white in colour. The fruit is oval, round and thin skinned and edible. Neem also holds medicinal value. Each part of neem is used in the medicines. Neem oil extracted from its seeds is used in medicines, pest control and cosmetics etc. Its leaves are used in the treat Chickenpox.

26. Botanical name- Prosopis Juliflora Locally known keekar/babool

Vilaiti

keekar/

kabuli

A medium-sized, thorny deciduous tree with crooked main branches and a spreading, feathery canopy. Bark is ruddy brown with long vertical fissures and ridges. Spines in pairs, straight, arising from leaf axils. Leaves twice feathered and numerous crowded, blunt leaflets. Flowers tiny greenish yellow, crowded or narrow spikes. Fruit is a pod flattish, straw coloured and slightly curved. Flowering from mid March to late April and Fruit ripen in April-May or in late October- November also.

27. Botanical name- Albizia lebbeck Locally known as siris/siras/sirar/kalshish/tantia A middle-sized deciduous tree with a shortish bole and thin, spreading crown. Bark is rough and brownish in colour. Leaves twice-feathered with only a few pairs of side-stalks, each side stalk has 3-10 pairs of leaflets. It bears long â&#x20AC;&#x153;powder puffâ&#x20AC;? fragrant flowers with long, greenish-yellow stamens and is festooned for many months with straw coloured pods. Leaves start dropping in January, bare till March, when new leaf begins. Flowering is in early April; new flushes are triggered by showers in June and July. Fruit pods start turning yellow in November and lasts till March. It is useful as a medicine for leprosy.

28. Botanical name- Bergera koenigii

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TREES 26 DELHI This analysis is included in the, “Common Trees of Delhi” publication by the Department of Forests and Wildlife of the GNCT of Delhi.

This information is important to consider for the landscape strategies we may propose as part of our Master Plan or Site Interventions.

28. Botanical name- Bergera koenigii Locally known neem/gandhela/bowala

kadi

patta/meetha

A small deciduous tree, usually in a form of bush. Bark is thin and purplish brown. Leaves are feathercompound with pointy leaflets, asymmetric base, notched apex, edges often with rounded teeth. Flowers are small,white, fragrant, in sprays at the ends of twigs, 5 petals. Fruit is a berry, pink at first, turning purple, then shiny black with rough skin. Leaves are strongly scented and used in many Indian cuisines.

29. Botanical name- Cordia dichotoma Locally known as lasora/lasuda/bhokar/gondi/laswara A middle-sized deciduous tree with characterstic long, drooping branchlets. The bright green leaves are broadly oval, the upper half nearly always wavy-edged. Fruits are like a pale cherry with sticky pulp. Flowers are small, white, in loose clusters, opening at night with petals curved backwards and fused into tube at base.

30. Botanical name- Ficus racemosa Locally known goolar/umri/dimeri/batbar/ daduri/palak An attractive middle-sized deciduous tree with a crooked trunk and open, spreading crown. The bark is greyish yellow to rusty with milky sap. Leaves are long, leathery, tapering at both ends and toothed when young. The red, furry figs are very distinctive and arranged in short, branching clusters growing from the trunk or main branches. Figs often produced in 2 crops, one in March- April and the second one in rains.

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TREES 27 DELHI This analysis is included in the, “Common Trees of Delhi” publication by the Department of Forests and Wildlife of the GNCT of Delhi.

This information is important to consider for the landscape strategies we may propose as part of our Master Plan or Site Interventions.

31. Botanical name- Melia azederach Locally known as bakain/drek/deikna A long-limbed deciduous tree with a dense, spreading crown, superficially resembling the neem. Bark is dark brown with long, flat ridges and furrows. Leaves are large, twice-feathered, forking into 3-7 pairs of side stalks with 3,5 or 7 coarsely toothed leaflets on each side stalk. Leaves shed in January, renewed late in January or February. Flowers in loose clusters, white petals tipped with lilac, stamens fused into a purple central column. Flowering is in March and mostly over by April. Fruit shaped like miniature apples, in pendant clusters. Fruit ripen by October and remain till February.

32. Botanical name- Moringa oleifera Locally known sonjna/sainjhna/shajna/munga

A graceful, softwooded, medium-sized deciduous tree with an airy crown of fern-like foliage and generous clusters of creamy flowers. Bark is pale brown or silvery white with furrows. Leaves are twice-feathered, very large, main leaf stalk branches into 4-6 pairs of widely spaced side stalks; leaflets are bluntly oval. Flowers are white, present in large clusters and somewhat pea-like in form. Fruits are bean like, long with 9 faint ribs, pale green and tender at first, becoming dark green and firm later. Leaves start to fall in December and new foliage came by March. Flowering in February â&#x20AC;&#x201C;March, sometimes twice a year. Fruit ripen in April- May. Fruits and leaves are rich source of calcium, iron and vitamin B, C and A.

33. Botanical name- Punica granatum Locally known as anar A small shiny-leaved bush or diminutive tree. Bark is thin, grey or brown in colour. Leaves are narrow, usually in opposite pairs, sometimes in tufts, margins are slightly wavy and glossy on top. Flowers are showy, funnel-shaped with a scarlet

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TREES 28 DELHI This analysis is included in the, “Common Trees of Delhi” publication by the Department of Forests and Wildlife of the GNCT of Delhi.

This information is important to consider for the landscape strategies we may propose as part of our Master Plan or Site Interventions.

flower cup with numerous stamens and are ornage-red in colour. Fruits are large, globular with a leathery shell, enclosing numerous embedded seeds in sweet pulp. Fruit juice is usually helps in increasing haemoglobin.

Botanical name- Prosopis cineraria

34.

Locally known as jhand/jat/kanda/sangria/khar/sheh/shami A middle-sized deciduous tree with deeply fissured bark. Twigs are reddish when young and spines are solitary and scattered on twigs. Leaves are twice-feathered, small and pointy. Foliage is grey-green in colour that droops delicately from the ends of branches. Leaves shed in January and came by March. Flowering from late March to early May. Fruit ripen between May and August. The bark is used medicinally to treat a range of maladies from asthma, leprosy to tremors.

35.

name â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Toona ciliata

Botanical

Locally known as toon/tun/tuni/mahaneem Toona ciliata is a large deciduous tree with a spreading crown. Bark dark grey or reddish-brown, with shallow reticulate cracks exfoliating in irregular woody scales. Leaves usually glabrous, margin entire or wavy, base oblique. Flowers are white, small, honey scented, cream coloured, in drooping or sub-erect terminal panicles, usually shorter than the leaves. Capsule dark brown, oblong, usually smooth outside. Seeds pale brown, very light, winged at both ends. Flowering by mid March and lasts till early April. Fruiting is in May-June.

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TREES 29 DELHI This analysis is included in the, “Common Trees of Delhi” publication by the Department of Forests and Wildlife of the GNCT of Delhi.

This information is important to consider for the landscape strategies we may propose as part of our Master Plan or Site Interventions.

36.

Botanical name â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Bombax ceiba

Locally known as sema/shembal/semur A towering deciduous tree capable of reaching even 60 m. Large trees are supported at base by thin, spreading flanges. Its branches grow in tiers radiating from the trunk like the ribs of an umbrella. Leaves are palmately compound with 5-7 leaflets. Flowers are large, deep red, coral or yellow with 5 waxy petals. Fruit is a long capsule with white silky cotton inside. Flowering in February, lasts upto mid March. Fruit ripen and split open in May releasing microfibers in the air. Semal bark and roots are used as a tonic and a stimulant.

37.

Botanical name â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Acacia nilotica

Locally known as Babool/gum/kikar A medium sized tree with a short, usually attaining a height of 15 m with bark almost black to dark brown, deeply cracked, or longitudinally, fissured; leaves bipinnate, with spinscent stipulates. Flowers crowded in long-peduncled globose heads, forming axillary clusters of 2-5 heads, fragrant, golden-yellow. Pods white, flat containing 8-12 seeds. Bark is medicinally used to cure gum diseases, also used in toothpaste.

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TREES 30 DELHI This analysis is included in the, “Common Trees of Delhi” publication by the Department of Forests and Wildlife of the GNCT of Delhi.

This information is important to consider for the landscape strategies we may propose as part of our Master Plan or Site Interventions.

Botanical name – Acacia leucocephala

38.

Locally known as ronjh/rinj/reru/rini/kareer/nimbar A miidle-sized deciduous tree with a yellowish bark having dark blotches. Spines are paired, straight and brown. Leaves are twice-feathered with 6-13 pairs of side stalks each one with upto 30 pairs of tiny , crowded leaflets. Flowers are tiny, creamy, clustered in round heads. Fruit is a khaki pod, velvety, curved and curly. Leaves shed in January and new leaves appear in April. Flowering during rainy seasons. Fruit ripen in January and fall in April.

Botanical name – Delonix regia

39.

Locally known as gulmohar/gulmohur/gul mohr A middle-sized, ornamental deciduous tree with a spreading, sometimes flat-topped crown. Bark is light brown in colour. Leaves are twice-feathered, blunt leaflets. Flowers in loose clusters, 5 petals- 4 scarlet, one white splashed with scarlet and yellow. One of the most beautiful flowering trees. Fruits are flat pods, woody and dark. Flowering begins in late April and over by June. Fruit pods persist till March or April.

40.

name – Kigelia africana

Botanical

Locally known as sausage tree/balam khar/jhaar/fanoos The tree is nearly evergreen .The leaves are opposite or in whorls of three with six to ten oval leaflets. The flowers hang down from branches on long flexible stems. Flowers are produced in panicles; they are bellshaped, orange to reddish or purplish green. Individual flowers do not hang down but are oriented horizontally. The fruit is a woody berry hangs down on long, rope-like peduncles. The fruit pulp is fibrous and pulpy, and contains numerous seeds.

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TREES 31 DELHI This analysis is included in the, “Common Trees of Delhi” publication by the Department of Forests and Wildlife of the GNCT of Delhi.

This information is important to consider for the landscape strategies we may propose as part of our Master Plan or Site Interventions.

Botanical name – Dalbergia sissoo

41.

Locally known as shisham/sisam/sissai/tali/sissoo/shewa A medium to large-sized deciduous tree with large, wide spreading crown. Bark thin, grey, longitudinally furrowed, exfoliating in narrow strips. The leaves are imparipinate; leaflets 3-5, alternate, broad ovate. Flowers are inconspicuous, pale white to dull yellow present in short clusters. Pods are thin, narrowed at the base, flat with 1-4 seeds. Seeds are kidney shaped, thin and flat, light brown. Flowering in mid March. Fruit form soon after the flowering, persist till the following February. Wood rasping and bark is used medicinally for curing leprosy, boils, dysentery and skin diseases.

42.

name – Butea monosperma

Botanical

Locally known as dhak/palash/tesu/kesu/chhichra A medium-sized deciduous tree with a pale-brown flaky bark. The compound leaves with 3 large, leathery leaflets form a patchy, open crown. Flowers are showy, bright orange in clusters on leafless branches in March are unmatchable. Fruit pods are velvety with a single seed. Flowering sputters in April. Fruit form quickly after flowers and ripe just before the rains. 43.

– Callistemon viminalis

Botanical name

Locally known as botalburoosh/weeping bottlebrush/drooping bottlebrush A graceful, willowy middle-sized evergreen tree with slender, drooping branchlets. Bark is dark brown, rough with deep, vertical furrows. Leaves are narrow, tapering at both ends. Flowers are small, crowded on spikes forming a bright scarlet with long red coloured stamens. Flowering in last week of February and fruit ripen in July- August.

44.

Bauhinia variegata

Botanical name –

Locally known as kachnar/koilar/guiral/padrian/kaniar

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TREES 32 DELHI This analysis is included in the, “Common Trees of Delhi” publication by the Department of Forests and Wildlife of the GNCT of Delhi.

This information is important to consider for the landscape strategies we may propose as part of our Master Plan or Site Interventions.

A medium-sized deciduous tree with a short bole and spreading crown. The bark is light brownish grey, smooth to slightly fissured and scaly. Inner bark is pinkish, fibrous and bitter. The twigs are slender, zigzag; when young, light green, slightly hairy, and angled, becoming brownish grey. Leaves broadly ovate to circular, tips of lobes broadly rounded. Flower clusters are unbranched at ends of twigs. Flowers are showy, variously coloured with 5 petals. Fruit is a flat pod. Flowering begins in January and over by mid April. Fruit form quickly after flowers and ripe towards late May.

Botanical name – Bauhinia purpurea

45. Locally

known

kaniar/keelra/kandan/kachnar/karar A small-sized nearly evergreen tree with a short, crooked trunk supporting a compact, cheerful canopy. Leaf are typically camel’s hoof and slightly longer than broad. Flowers are rose pink or lilac with 5 narrow petals. Fruit is a thin, flat pod. Flowering in mid- November. Fruit form quickly after flowers and ripe towards March- April when they burst open.

46.

name – Bauhinia racemosa

Locally known jhinjheri/jhinjha/gurial/maula/ghila/thaur

Botanical as

A small-sized deciduous tree with a short, crooked trunk having a spreading canopy with drooping branches. Leaves are typical Bauhinia like, shaped like cow's hooves. Small flowers are greenish white, borne in loose racemes. Fruit are pods thick, woody, dark reddish brown or black. Flowering in February-May. Fruit pods ripen in October- November and remain on the tree for many months.

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TREES 33 DELHI This analysis is included in the, “Common Trees of Delhi” publication by the Department of Forests and Wildlife of the GNCT of Delhi.

This information is important to consider for the landscape strategies we may propose as part of our Master Plan or Site Interventions.

Botanical name â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Pithecellobium dulce

47. Locally known babool/vilaiti imli

jungle

jalebi/dakhani

A spiny large deciduous tree with a broad, spreading crown, commonly clipped down to form a dense, beautiful hedge. Leaves are twicefeathered, with only one pair of side-stalks each with one pair of curving blunt leaflets. Flowers in round, woolly clusters with long dirty white stamens. Fruit is slightly flattened pod, becoming tightly coiled as it matures, green tinged with red. Flowering from March to mid- April. Fruit ripen in June. In folk medicine, a decoction of its bark can cure frequent bowel movement. The leaves can be applied as plasters for pain and veneral sores. Decoctions of leaves are also used for indigestion and abortifacient.

48.

name â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Tamarindus indica

Botanical

Locally known as imli/amli/tentul/chinta Tamarindus indica is a large evergreen tree with dense crown, widely spreading, rounded; bark rough, fissured, greyish-brown. Leaves alternate, compound, with 10-18 pairs of opposite leaflets; slightly notched; base rounded,with a tuft of yellow hairs; margin entire, fringed with fine hairs. Stipules present, falling very early. Flowers are small attractive pale yellow or pinkish.Fruit a pod, indehiscent, subcylindrical, straight or curved, velvety, rusty-brown; the shell of the pod is brittle and the seeds are embedded in a sticky edible pulp. 49.

Botanical name â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Phyllanthus emblica

Locally known as amla/aonla/aunra/amlaki A distinctive medium-sized deciduous tree with a fluted trunk, fine, feathery foliage and thin grey bark peeling in small, irregular patches. The leaves are tiny, narrow,close-set and tiny pointed at apex. Flowers are also small with 6 pink or greenish petal like segments, in clusters on naked twigs below the leaves, male and female flowers are separate. Fruit is nearly round, smooth, yellow-green with thin, translucent skin, flesh crisp and extremely sour. Flowering from late

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TREES 34 DELHI This analysis is included in the, “Common Trees of Delhi” publication by the Department of Forests and Wildlife of the GNCT of Delhi.

This information is important to consider for the landscape strategies we may propose as part of our Master Plan or Site Interventions.

March to mid April. Fruit ripen in just under a year but remain long on the tree. Medicinally used as a source of Vit. C.

Botanical name â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Hardwickia binata

50. Locally known as anjan

A large deciduous ornamental tree.Graceful, drooping slender branches; crown conical in early life, becoming broader later. Bark of saplings almost silvery white and smooth, exfoliating in narrow flakes. Usually have a long, straight, cylindrical bole with an elevated crown. Leaves small, alternate, pinnate, almost kidney shaped and greyish-green. Flowers are tiny, white, and inconspicuous. Fruit is a short, flat brown pod with a single seed. Flowering in August- September. Fruit appear soon after flowers and remain till following May.

Botanical name â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Senna siamea

51. Locally known as kassod

A middle-sized deciduous tree with a dense, spreading crown of near-glossy leaves. Bark is light grey in colour and become cracked and rough. Leaves are feather-compound with upto 14 pairs of dark-green leaflets with blunt tips. Flower is pale yellow in colour in large clusters at branch ends having 5 unequal petals and 10 stamens of different sizes. Fruit is flattish narrow pod. The pods feel minutely furry. Young pods are often tanned deep magneta on sun facing side and pale green on side facing away. Leaves start to fall in late January and new leaf appears in late March or early April. Flowers in two distinct peaks, the major one after the rains lasting into December, a shorter one in May. Fruit ripen towards late February. The roots are used to treat intestinal worms.

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TREES 35 DELHI This analysis is included in the, “Common Trees of Delhi” publication by the Department of Forests and Wildlife of the GNCT of Delhi.

This information is important to consider for the landscape strategies we may propose as part of our Master Plan or Site Interventions.

Botanical name â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Ailanthus excelsa

52.

Locally known maharukh/mahaneem/pirneem/ulloo.ardu/arua

A large deciduous tree with a neat, domeshaped crown. The main branches typically emerge at right angles to the massive trunk before sweeping upwards. Bark is grey,corky,thick and with intense vertical fissures. Leaves are very large, feathercompound with 8-14 pairs of toothed leaflets. Flowers are small, greenish yellow and in large clusters, male and female flowers on separate trees. Fruit is a thin, papery pod with pointed ends, single seeded, hanging in large bunches. The canopy fills out only in the rains. Flowering is over before the March end. Fruit form quickly on female flower trees and drop by July. Its leaves and bitter bark is used as a tonic and for curing fever, bronchitis and dyspepsia.

53.

name â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Jacaranda mimosifolia

Botanical

Locally known as neel gulmohar/ neelmohur A delicate-leaved moderate-sized deciduous tree with an open crown and low-branching habit. Bark is pale or dark-brown, shallowly cracked and fissured. Bipinnately compound leaves hold till late in winter. Flowers in spring are trumpet like lavender. There are white and pink also. If the tree is given too much water, the leaves appear first, somewhat spoiling the startling effect of the flowers. The flowers are followed by woody, disc-shaped seed pods.

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AND POLLUTION 36 VEGETATION This information is critical to understanding the negative implications of Yamuna River pollution on the food system and the public health of Delhi residents.

[SOURCE: Fushkarna, Neha. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Toxic Yamuna veggies on your menu: Health fears iver river bank vegetable contaminated with sewage water.â&#x20AC;? Mail Online India. Published February 17, 2013. Accessed September 20, 2014. < http://www.dailymail.co.uk/indiahome/indianews/article-2280168/Toxic-Yamuna-veggies-menu-Health-fears-river-bank-vegetables-contaminated-sewage-water.html>

â&#x20AC;&#x153;A study conducted by three associate professors of Deen Dayal Upadhyay College in Delhi University shows that the amount of fecal matter in river water has increased exponentially since the Central Pollution Control Board came out with its findings in 2009.â&#x20AC;?

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37 SPECIES This data describes the variation of species of the Yamuna River and Flood Plain.

[SOURCE: Kumar, Ritesh. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Reviving floodplains, Reviving Yamuna.â&#x20AC;? Wetlands International. Published September 24, 2010. Accessed September 20, 2014. <http://www.slideshare.net/WetlandsInternational/reviving-floodplains-reviving-the-yamuna-river-india>

Yamuna Fish

35 species

including carp, merrels, cat fish and minnows

Flood Plain

69 species of vegetation;

131 species of avifauna;

76 species of phytoplankton

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POTENTIAL 38 SOLAR This article describes the solar potential in Delhi. Solar collection should be considered in potential design interventions.

[SOURCE: â&#x20AC;&#x153;Delhi eyes rooftop solar power.â&#x20AC;? The Times of India. Published June 6, 2014. Accessed September 20, 2014. < http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Delhi-eyes-rooftop-solar-power/articleshow/36116656. cms >

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POTENTIAL 39 SOLAR Rooftops should be considered for solar energy generation.

[SOURCE: “Delhi eyes rooftop solar power.” The Times of India. Published June 6, 2014. Accessed September 20, 2014. < http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/Delhi/Delhi-eyes-rooftop-solar-power/articleshow/36116656. cms >

solar potential potential to generate

2,557 MW 31 on

sq. km. roof space

â&#x20AC;&#x153;The same report estimates that of 700 sq km which is Delhi's total built-up space, 31sqkm is available roof space that can be utilized for the solar roof top project and that has a potential to generate 2,557 MW...â&#x20AC;?

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SOLAR DATA 40 DAILY An example of daily solar values for April. Other months differ.

[SOURCE: Weather Tool]

Tabulated Daily Solar Data Latitude: 28.6¡ Longitude: 77.2¡ Timezone: 82.5¡ [+5.5hrs] Orientation: 0.0¡

Date: 1st April Julian Date: 91 Sunrise: 06:16 Sunset: 18:34

Local Correction: -25.1 mins Equation of Time: -3.9 mins Declination: 4.1¡

Local

(Solar)

Aziumuth

Altitude

HSA

VSA

06:30 07:00 07:30 08:00 08:30 09:00 09:30 10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00 12:30 13:00 13:30 14:00 14:30 15:00 15:30 16:00 16:30 17:00 17:30 18:00 18:30

(06:04) (06:34) (07:04) (07:34) (08:04) (08:34) (09:04) (09:34) (10:04) (10:34) (11:04) (11:34) (12:04) (12:34) (13:04) (13:34) (14:04) (14:34) (15:04) (15:34) (16:04) (16:34) (17:04) (17:34) (18:04)

87.0¡ 90.6¡ 94.2¡ 98.1¡ 102.2¡ 106.9¡ 112.3¡ 118.7¡ 126.6¡ 136.6¡ 149.4¡ 165.2¡ -177.0¡ -159.7¡ -144.9¡ -133.0¡ -123.8¡ -116.4¡ -110.4¡ -105.3¡ -100.8¡ -96.8¡ -93.0¡ -89.4¡ -85.8¡

3.0¡ 9.6¡ 16.2¡ 22.7¡ 29.2¡ 35.6¡ 41.8¡ 47.7¡ 53.3¡ 58.2¡ 62.2¡ 64.8¡ 65.5¡ 64.1¡ 61.0¡ 56.7¡ 51.5¡ 45.8¡ 39.8¡ 33.5¡ 27.1¡ 20.6¡ 14.0¡ 7.5¡ 0.9¡

45.3¡ 93.4¡ 104.3¡ 108.5¡ 110.8¡ 112.1¡ 113.0¡ 113.5¡ 113.9¡ 114.2¡ 114.4¡ 114.5¡ 114.5¡ 114.5¡ 114.3¡ 114.1¡ 113.8¡ 113.4¡ 112.7¡ 111.7¡ 110.2¡ 107.5¡ 101.9¡ 85.4¡ 11.9¡

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SUN PATH 41 STEREOGRAPHIC This chart describes the path of the sun throughout the year in Delhi.

[SOURCE: Weather Tool]

Stereog raph ic Diag ram

Location: NEW DELHI, IND

345¡

Sun Position: 165.2¡, 64.8¡ HSA: 165.2¡, VSA: 114.5¡ © We at he r To ol

15¡

330¡

30¡ 10¡

315¡

45¡ 20¡

30¡ 300¡

60¡ 40¡ 1st Jul

1st Jun 50¡ 1st May 285¡

1st Aug

60¡

75¡

70¡

1st Sep

80¡

1st Apr 270¡

90¡ 1st Oct

1st Mar

255¡

1st 105¡ Nov

1st Feb 1st Dec

1st Jan 17

240¡

120¡

225¡

135¡

210¡

Time: 12:00 Date: 1st April Dotted lines: July-December.

150¡ 195¡

165¡ 180¡

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SUN PATH 42 ORTHOGRAPHIC This chart describes the path of the sun throughout the year in Delhi.

[SOURCE: Weather Tool]

Orthog raph ic Projection

Date/T ime: 12:00, 1st April Dotted lines: July-December. HSA: 165.2¡, VSA: 114.5¡

Location: NEW DELHI, IND

Sun Position: 165.2¡, 64.8¡ © We at he r To ol

12 13

60 10 15

9 16 40

8 30

7 18

10 6 19 ALT -180

-150

-120

-90

-60

-30

North

120

150

180

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POLLUTION 43 AIR Improved mobility options that reduce car traffic could greatly contribute to improved air quality in the city of New Delhi.

[SOURCE: “Environment.” Govt. of NCT of Delhi. Accessed September 20, 2014. <http://www.Delhi.gov.in/wps/ wcm/connect/a25637804c2c347981c2859991226613/93+-+105+Environment.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-616713885&CACHEID=a25637804c2c347981c2859991226613 >]

â&#x20AC;&#x153;The main sources of air pollution in Delhi are vehicle emission (around 70%), industrial emission around 20%) and the remaining from other sources like Diesel generators and Domestic cooking etc.â&#x20AC;?

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ROSES_YEAR 44 WIND These charts illustrate the wind direction and speed for Delhi.

[SOURCE: Weather Tool]

a n

n a

u n

n s y

31s

28 6

a y

00 00

77 2

24 00

a h r 50 km/ h

h rs 43+ 38 34 30 25 21 17 12 8 <4

40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h

50 km/ h 40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h

10 km/ h

J a n u a ry

r u a ry

50 km/ h

h rs 42+ 37 33 2 25 21 16 12 8 <4

40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h 10 km/ h

40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h

h rs 34+ 30 27 23 20 17 13 10 6 <3

40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h 10 km/ h

50 km/ h 40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h 10 km/ h

40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h

h rs 48+ 43 38 33 28 24 1 14

h rs 41+ 36 32 28 24 20 16 12 8 <4

h rs 36+ 32 28 25 21 18 14 10 7 <3

50 km/ h 40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h

h rs 56+ 50 44 3 33 28 22 16 11 <5

50 km/ h 40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h

10 km/ h

Ju y

u u s

50 km/ h 40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h 10 km/ h

h rs 58+ 52 46 40 34 2 23 17 11 <5

10 km/ h

a r h

Ju n

50 km/ h

10 km/ h

a y

50 km/ h

h rs 75+ 67 60 52 45 37 30 22 15 <7

h rs 42+ 37 33 2 25 21 16 12 8 <4

50 km/ h 40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h

h rs 83+ 74 66 58 4 41 33 24 16 <8

h rs 4 + 44 3 34 2 24 1 14 <4

10 km/ h

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ROSES 45 WIND These charts illustrate the wind direction and speed for Delhi.

[SOURCE: Weather Tool]

Prevailing Winds W ind Fre q ue ncy (H rs ) Location: NEW DELHI, IND (28.6¡, 77.2¡)

NO RT H

Date: 1st January - 31st January Time: 00:00 - 24:00

345 ¡

50 km/h

hrs

15 ¡

43+

30 ¡

38 34

40 km/h 315 ¡

45 ¡

25 21

30 km/h

17 300 ¡

60 ¡

12 8

20 km/h

<4 285 ¡

75 ¡

10 km/h

WE ST

EAST

255 ¡

105 ¡

240 ¡

120 ¡

225 ¡

135 ¡

210 ¡

150 ¡

195 ¡

165 ¡ SO UT H

Prevailing Winds W ind Fre q ue ncy (H rs ) Location: NEW DELHI, IND (28.6¡, 77.2¡)

NO RT H

Date: 1st February - 28th February Time: 00:00 - 24:00

345 ¡

50 km/h

hrs

15 ¡

75+

30 ¡

67 60

40 km/h 315 ¡

45 ¡

45 37

30 km/h

30 300 ¡

60 ¡

22 15

20 km/h

<7 285 ¡

75 ¡

10 km/h

WE ST

EAS T

255 ¡

105 ¡

240 ¡

120 ¡

225 ¡

135 ¡

210 ¡

150 ¡

195 ¡

165 ¡ SO UT H

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ROSES 46 WIND These charts illustrate the wind direction and speed for Delhi.

[SOURCE: Weather Tool]

Prevailing Winds W ind Fre q ue ncy (H rs ) Location: NEW DELHI, IND (28.6¡, 77.2¡)

NO RT H

Date: 1st March - 31st March Time: 00:00 - 24:00

345 ¡

50 km/h

hrs

15 ¡

48+

30 ¡

43 38

40 km/h 315 ¡

45 ¡

28 24

30 km/h

19 300 ¡

60 ¡

14 9

20 km/h

<4 285 ¡

75 ¡

10 km/h

WE ST

EAS T

255 ¡

105 ¡

240 ¡

120 ¡

225 ¡

135 ¡

210 ¡

150 ¡

195 ¡

Prevailing Winds

165 ¡ SO UT H

W ind Fre q ue ncy (H rs ) Location: NEW DELHI, IND (28.6¡, 77.2¡)

NO RT H

Date: 1st April - 30th April Time: 00:00 - 24:00

345 ¡

50 km/h

hrs

15 ¡

58+

30 ¡

52 46

40 km/h 315 ¡

45 ¡

34 29

30 km/h

23 300 ¡

60 ¡

17 11

20 km/h

<5 285 ¡

75 ¡

10 km/h

WE ST

EAS T

255 ¡

105 ¡

240 ¡

120 ¡

225 ¡

135 ¡

210 ¡

150 ¡

195 ¡

165 ¡ SO UT H

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ROSES 47 WIND These charts illustrate the wind direction and speed for Delhi.

[SOURCE: Weather Tool]

Prevailing Winds W ind Fre q ue ncy (H rs ) Location: NEW DELHI, IND (28.6¡, 77.2¡)

NO RT H

Date: 1st May - 31st May Time: 00:00 - 24:00

345 ¡

50 km/h

hrs

15 ¡

42+

30 ¡

37 33

40 km/h 315 ¡

45 ¡

25 21

30 km/h

16 300 ¡

60 ¡

12 8

20 km/h

<4 285 ¡

75 ¡

10 km/h

WE ST

EAS T

255 ¡

105 ¡

240 ¡

120 ¡

225 ¡

135 ¡

210 ¡

150 ¡

195 ¡

165 ¡ SO UT H

Prevailing Winds W ind Fre q ue ncy (H rs ) Location: NEW DELHI, IND (28.6¡, 77.2¡)

NO RT H

Date: 1st June - 30th June Time: 00:00 - 24:00

345 ¡

50 km/h

hrs

15 ¡

41+

30 ¡

36 32

40 km/h 315 ¡

45 ¡

24 20

30 km/h

16 300 ¡

60 ¡

12 8

20 km/h

<4 285 ¡

75 ¡

10 km/h

WE ST

EAS T

255 ¡

105 ¡

240 ¡

120 ¡

225 ¡

135 ¡

210 ¡

150 ¡

195 ¡

165 ¡ SO U TH

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ROSES 48 WIND These charts illustrate the wind direction and speed for Delhi.

[SOURCE: Weather Tool]

Prevailing Winds W ind Fre q ue ncy (H rs ) Location: NEW DELHI, IND (28.6¡, 77.2¡)

NO RT H

Date: 1st July - 31st July Time: 00:00 - 24:00

345 ¡

50 km/h

hrs

15 ¡

56+

30 ¡

50 44

40 km/h 315 ¡

45 ¡

33 28

30 km/h

22 300 ¡

60 ¡

16 11

20 km/h

<5 285 ¡

75 ¡

10 km/h

WE ST

EAS T

255 ¡

105 ¡

240 ¡

120 ¡

225 ¡

135 ¡

210 ¡

150 ¡

195 ¡

165 ¡ SO UT H

Prevailing Winds W ind Fre q ue ncy (H rs ) Location: NEW DELHI, IND (28.6¡, 77.2¡)

NO RT H

Date: 1st August - 31st August Time: 00:00 - 24:00

345 ¡

50 km/h

hrs

15 ¡

83+

30 ¡

74 66

40 km/h 315 ¡

45 ¡

49 41

30 km/h

33 300 ¡

60 ¡

24 16

20 km/h

<8 285 ¡

75 ¡

10 km/h

WE ST

EAS T

255 ¡

105 ¡

240 ¡

120 ¡

225 ¡

135 ¡

210 ¡

150 ¡

195 ¡

165 ¡ SO UT H

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ROSES 49 WIND These charts illustrate the wind direction and speed for Delhi.

[SOURCE: Weather Tool]

Prevailing Winds W ind Fre q ue ncy (H rs ) Location: NEW DELHI, IND (28.6¡, 77.2¡)

NO RT H

Date: 1st September - 30th September Time: 00:00 - 24:00

345 ¡

50 km/h

hrs

15 ¡

34+

30 ¡

30 27

40 km/h 315 ¡

45 ¡

20 17

30 km/h

13 300 ¡

60 ¡

10 6

20 km/h

<3 285 ¡

75 ¡

10 km/h

WE ST

EAS T

255 ¡

105 ¡

240 ¡

120 ¡

225 ¡

135 ¡

210 ¡

150 ¡

195 ¡

165 ¡ SO UT H

Prevailing Winds W ind Fre q ue ncy (H rs ) Location: NEW DELHI, IND (28.6¡, 77.2¡)

NO RT H

Date: 1st October - 31st October Time: 00:00 - 24:00

345 ¡

50 km/h

hrs

15 ¡

36+

30 ¡

32 28

40 km/h 315 ¡

45 ¡

21 18

30 km/h

14 300 ¡

60 ¡

10 7

20 km/h

<3 285 ¡

75 ¡

10 km/h

WE ST

EAS T

255 ¡

105 ¡

240 ¡

120 ¡

225 ¡

135 ¡

210 ¡

150 ¡

195 ¡

165 ¡ SO UT H

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ROSES 50 WIND These charts illustrate the wind direction and speed for Delhi.

[SOURCE: Weather Tool]

Prevailing Winds W ind Fre q ue ncy (H rs ) Location: NEW DELHI, IND (28.6¡, 77.2¡)

NO RT H

Date: 1st November - 30th November Time: 00:00 - 24:00

345 ¡

50 km/h

hrs

15 ¡

42+

30 ¡

37 33

40 km/h 315 ¡

45 ¡

25 21

30 km/h

16 300 ¡

60 ¡

12 8

20 km/h

<4 285 ¡

75 ¡

10 km/h

WE ST

EAS T

255 ¡

105 ¡

240 ¡

120 ¡

225 ¡

135 ¡

210 ¡

150 ¡

195 ¡

165 ¡ SO UT H

Prevailing Winds W ind Fre q ue ncy (H rs ) Location: NEW DELHI, IND (28.6¡, 77.2¡)

NO RT H

Date: 1st December - 31st December Time: 00:00 - 24:00

345 ¡

50 km/h

hrs

15 ¡

49+

30 ¡

44 39

40 km/h 315 ¡

45 ¡

29 24

30 km/h

19 300 ¡

60 ¡

14 9

20 km/h

<4 285 ¡

75 ¡

10 km/h

WE ST

EAS T

255 ¡

105 ¡

240 ¡

120 ¡

225 ¡

135 ¡

210 ¡

150 ¡

195 ¡

165 ¡ SO UT H

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SUMMARIES 51 WIND These charts illustrate the wind frequency, average wind temperature, average relative humidity, and average rainfall for Delhi.

[SOURCE: Weather Tool]

i in W inds

Wind Frequency (Hrs) c

e 1s y 31s i me 0 0 00 2 4 00 W e her

(2 8 6

5 0 k m/ h 77 2 )

y 4 0 k m/ h

3 0 k m/ h

2 0 k m/ h

h rs 42+ 37 33 29 25 21 16 12 8 <4

1 0 k m/ h

2 0 k m/ h

1 0 k m/ h

er e

i e H u mid i y

3 0 k m/ h

2 0 k m/ h

e r e W in d e m e r u re s

5 0 k m/ h

3 0 k m/ h

45+ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 <0

4 0 k m/ h

1 0 k m/ h

W in d Fre q u e n c y (H rs)

4 0 k m/ h

5 0 k m/ h

5 0 k m/ h 95+ 85 75 65 55 45 35 25 15 <5

mm 1 0+ 0 9 0 8 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 <0 1

4 0 k m/ h

3 0 k m/ h

2 0 k m/ h

1 0 k m/ h

er e

(mm)

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HUMIDITY, SOLAR, WIND, CLOUD 52 TEMPERATURE, These charts illustrate summaries for temperature, humidity, solar radiation, wind speed, and cloud cover Delhi.

[SOURCE: Weather Tool]

¡ C

5 0

4 0

4 0 W k 5 2 4 8 4 4 4 0

3 0

4 0 W k 5 2 4 8 4 4 4 0

3 0

3 6

2 0

1 2

1 0 0 0

8 0 0 W k 5 2 4 8 4 4 4 0

6 0 0

3 6 3 2 4 0

1 2

3 2

2 0

1 2

2 0 0

1 2

8 0 W k 5 2 4 8 4 4 4 0

W k 5 2 4 8 4 4 4 0

6 0

3 6

3 2 2 8

H r

2 0

2 4

2 0

1 6

1 6 1 2

1 2

1 0

2 8 4 0

pee (km )

2 4

2 0

1 6

1 6 1 2

1 2

2 0

Average W

3 2 H r

Average C u

C v er ( )

8 4

1 0 0

3 0

2 0 0 4

k m

4 0

1 2

5 0

1 6

e at ve Hum t ()

2 4 2 0

2 0

1 2

3 2 2 8 4 0 0

2 4

1 6

1 2

H r

2 4 2 0

2 0

1 6

4 0 0

2 4

2 0

3 6

2 8

H r

2 4

W k 5 2 4 8 4 4 4 0

6 0 0

3 6

2 8

H r

8 0 0 W k 5 2 4 8 4 4 4 0

6 0

mum Temperature (¡C)

1 0 0 0

8 0

1 2

1 0 8

mum Temperature (¡C)

1 0 0

1 6

2 4 2 0

2 0

2 4

1 2

1 0

Average Temperature (¡C)

2 8

H r

2 4 1 6

1 6

1 2

1 0

2 0

1 6

2 0

2 4

2 0

3 2

2 8

H r

2 4

3 6

3 2

2 8

H r

W k 5 2 4 8 4 4 4 0

3 0

3 6

3 2

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DATA 53 THERMAL These charts describe the monthly diurnal averages throughout the year and daily conditions of January 1st.

[SOURCE: Weather Tool]

ยกC

MONTHLY DIURNAL AVERAGES - NEW DELHI, IND

1.0k

0.8k

0.6k

0.4k

0.2k

-10

0.0k Jan

ยกC

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

DAILY CONDITIONS - 1st January (1)

1.0k

0.8k

0.6k

0.4k

0.2k

-10

LEGEND Comfort: Thermal Neutrality Temperature Rel.Humidity Wind Speed

Direct Solar Diffuse Solar Cloud Cover

0.0k

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CHART 54 PSYCHROMETRIC This chart can be used to determine thermal comfort and passive design strategies for future design interventions.

[SOURCE: Weather Tool]

Psychrom tr c Ch rt o c to

y 1st ry to 31st D c m y T m s 00 00 24 00 Hrs T m s 00 00 24 00 Hrs B rom tr c Pr ss r 101 3 P

t h r T oo

5 Comfort

DBT(ยกC)

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LANDFILLS 55 SANITARY Landfills are being utilized as a source of energy production. This

example is an interesting and creative solution to both energy and sewage demands in the city.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;The Solid Waste is being utilized for making compost as Okhla and Bhalswa Sanitary Landfill sites. Solid Waste is also proposed to be used for generation of electricity as Gazipur and Okhla Sanitary Landfill sites through Private Sector Participation.â&#x20AC;?

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SUMMARY 56 CLIMATE These charts summarize climate data for New Delhi, India.

[SOURCE: Weather Tool]

CLIMATE SUMMARY

D A Y L T

LATITUDE: 28 .6¡ LONGITUDE: 77 .2¡ TIMEZONE: +5.5 hrs

I R R A D

8 6

Wind 3pm

4 2 0

Wind 9am

T E M P

40 30 20 10 0

1005

400

300

200

20 00

100

DEGREE HOURS (Heating, Cooling and Solar)

H S

C JF

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RIVER SUMMARY 57 YAMUNA This graphic explains that the Delhi Segment of the river is the most polluted, while also only 1.6% of the total length of the river.

WATER

THE YAMUNA RIVER Areas of Addition and Extraction of Water

Karnal Tons Giri

Hill Streams Canal Canal

DAK PATTHAR BARRAGE

M YA

Aglar Asan

Western Yamuna Canal

Tajewala Barrage

Eastern Yamuna Canal

Wazibad Barrage

Bhudhi Yamuna Choti Yamuna Khakhadi

Okhia Barrage

Katha Canal and Waste water from Panipat Wazirabad Water works WAZIRABAD BARRAGE

1.6% (22 km)

Delhi Waste water

of the length of the Yamuna River is the Delhi Segment from Wazirabad Barrage to Okhla Barrage

Thermal Power Plant

Agra Canal

DELHI SEGMENT

MOST POLLUTED

Hindon Cut Canal

OKHLA BARRAGE

Faridabad Waste Water

Mathura, Vrindavan Waste Water Mathura Water Works

Waste water from Delhi, Ghaziabad and Noida Hindon Rive r

Mathura Waste Water

GOKUL BARRAGE Agra Waste Water Agra Water Works

Chambai Sind Belwa Ken

ECOLOGY

RE-CENTERING DELHI Lauren Anne Nelson

Agra Waste Water Etawah Waste Water Allahabad Waterworks Allahabad Waste Water

NG GA

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COMBINED 58 CLIMATE This graphic summarizes data throughout the book into an under-

standable format. This information can help to inform of designs at multiple scales.

[SOURCE: Combined - Throughout Book]