[RE[SEARCH [DIA]LOGUES
RE-CENTERING DELHI UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
MOBILITY
INTRODUCTION
Ben DiNapoli and Andrew Shea
As the second largest city in terms of agglomerated population, sitting behind Tokyo with 25 million inhabitants, Delhi is one of the fastest growing cities in the world. By 2030, it is expected to have upwards of 36 million inhabitants. The city is not necessarily prepared to deal with the mobility issues that come with this growth, however. Delhi’s road networks are constantly congested with heavy and unorganized traffic, making it difficult drive, walk, use the extensive metro system or take a bus. Cyclists and pedestrians have been virtually ignored when it comes to urban transportation infrastructure, with the focus favored towards motorized transport. Regional transportation systems lack any connection to the city’s center. However, there is a bright future for Delhi’s mobility with the newly revised 2021 master plan, which, along with 27,000 kilometers of additional roads, seeks to construct 245 kilometers of rail, a bus-rapid-transit system, bike lanes, and multimodal transit centers.
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DELHI IN COMPARISON TO GLOBAL MEGACITIES These infographics compare Delhi to four of the world’s largest megacities. The information begins to form a realization that, although Delhi has one of the largest populations, their transportation systems are under-utilized, as well as inefficient.
Metro Area Population in Millions
Mexico City 19.5
New York 48 Mins
Tokyo 37.1
New York 20.5
Shanghai 20.9
Delhi 22.2
Mexico C 54 Min
Tokyo 53 Mins
De 44 M
Shanghai 47 Mins
ulation in Millions
Average Commute Times Bus Lines By City New York 48 Mins
Tokyo 37.1
Mexico City 54 Mins.
Public Transport Use Metro Areas
Metro Riders on 8/24
Toky 57%
Mexico City 53%
Tokyo 138
Delhi 22.2
Shanghai 20.9
Tokyo 53 Mins
Delhi 44Delhi Mins 517
Shanghai 1000
New York 305
Mexico City 5
Mexico City Tokyo 54 Mins. 138 Delhi 517 Delhi 44 Mins
New York hanghai 305 ico City 47 Mins 5
Public Transport Use in Metro Areas Metro Riders on 8/24/2014 Number of Passengers PerMexico KM City of UsableTokyo Rail 57% 53%
Jahangirpuri 2011-12 900,500 44,941
Delhi 40%
Dilshad Garden 400,000
Shanghai 2004-05 2003-0447% 26,336 28,737 Delhi Inderlok Dilshad Garden 40% 100,000 400,000 Gurgaon Rapid Metro 2005-06 2009-10 50,000 28,033 39,594 Central Secretariat
Inderlok 100,000
Central by Secretari Metro Stops Cit Road Surface 200,500 (s
Tokyo Bus Ownership Mexico City Urban 142 195 Month (2 Increase per 402,447 Project 278,931
2002-03 24,891 Dwarka 1,000,500
New York 2010-11 56% 41,809
Shang D 47 1,0
Jahangirpuri New York 900,500 56%
Shanghai 47 Mins
ommute Times es By City
k
Average Commute T
Nov 14
Sep New York 4687 PWD Apr 1,208,526 8
Sh May 20 Delhi 135
Oc 4
Jun 11.8
Au 11
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GETTING TO WORK IN DELHI The streets of Delhi are often extremely congested, causing extended commute times, excessive noise, air pollution, and dangerous conditions for pedestrians and cyclists. Although over 27% of the Delhi population owns a personal motorized vehicle, the Delhi metro system still has one of the highest daily riderships in the world.
“Statistical Abstract of Delhi 2012.� Government of NCT of Delhi. Accessed September 12, 2015.
Daily Metro Ridership Purple Line 218,734
Green Line 99,357
Blue Line 1,023,245
Red Line 382,188
Yellow Line 962,428
The Delhi Commute
By Foot 33%
Public Transit 40%
Individual 27%
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NAVIGATING THE STREETS OF DELHI The congestion of the primary and secondary roads also spreads into the back streets of Delhi. Markets, vendors, and livestock commonly congest side streets, making pedestrian, bicycle, and rickshaw travel difficult.
[Michelle Fournier, “Michelle’s Year in Southeast Asia,” Blogger, May 9, 2012, http://michelleinsoutheastasia.blogspot.com/2012/05/ new-delhi-india.html]
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TRAFFIC IN DELHI As Delhi continues to expand at an extremely high rate, the issue of traffic becomes a greater and greater issue for the city in terms of air pollution and mobility. The ring roads surrounding Delhi are often pointed to as major contributors to the traffic dilemma.
[Jason Burke, “Delhi’s Traffic Chaos has a Character of its Own,” The Guardian, October 10, 2011, Accessed September 21, 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/oct/11/delhi-traffic-chaos-jason-burke]
“As ‘lane driving’ is seen as an odd, foreign practice, the result is gridlock...by 5pm, the ring road is a strip of snarling, grinding vehicles. The buses, now with passengers packed against doors and windows, loom like ships full of refugees above a choppy sea of jerking cars. The air is black with fumes.” Jason Burke, South Asian correspondent for the Guardian and Observer newspapers
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DELHI PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION OVERVIEW Although Delhi has a metro area population of over 25 million people, its public metro system is dwarfed in size in comparison to other megacities. On the other hand, Delhi’s bus system is the second largest in the world.
se in
Metro Area Population in Millions
Ave
Metro Stops by City Mexico City 19.5 Mexico City 195
yo %
Tokyo 142
New York 20.5
nghai 7%
New York 468
Delhi 22.2 Delhi
Tokyo 37.1
Shanghai 357 Shanghai 20.9
To 53
135
sq. m)
Rural 1,632,269
Bus Lines By City Projected Passenger Load In Millions
2016-17 10.4 Shanghai 1000
Tokyo 138 2012-13 8.4 Delhi 517
2013-14 8.8 2015-16 New York 9.8 305 Mexico City 5 2014-15 9.3
Metr
Ja
D
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DELHI’S STREET COMPOSITION As seen in the photo to the right, all modes of transportation and mobility, ranging from buses to pedestrians, collide on the streets of Delhi. Markets and vendor stands spill out into the street, creating detours and obstacles for an already unorganized traffic pattern. Even if traffic was not the biggest problem, the road surfacing within Delhi and also throughout the surrounding region is a major issue. Almost 46 percent of roads are considered rural, of which just under half are considered non-motorable, or not suited for motorized transit.
[“Delhi Metro and CNG Buses in Azadpur Neighborhood,” Wikimedia Foundation, May 1, 2013, Accessed September 20, 2014, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Delhi_Metro_and_CNG_Buses_in_Azadpur_Neighborhood.jpg]
n 8/24/2014
Road Surface (sq. m)
Urban 402,447
2016-17 10.4
Project 278,931
Dwarka 1,000,500
Projected Passeng
Rural 1,632,269 2015-16 9.8
PWD 1,208,526
Inderlok 100,000
20 Gurgaon Rapid Metro 50,000
l Secretariat 00,500
rship nth (2012)
May 20
Oct 4 Mar 16 Aug 11
Increase in Newly Registered Vehicles (2012) Non Transport Vehicles 6.8%
Registered Moto
Buses 40,947 Trucks & Lorries 14%
Two Wheelers 6.5%
Light Motor Vehicles(Goods) Light Motor 14.7% Vehicles(Passengers) 2.5% Taxis 18%
Buses 6%
Motercycles/ Scooters 5,297,697
Tax 78,6
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PRIMARY ROADS AT THE SCALE OF CITY Like the regional Indian Railways, primary highways link the suburbs and surrounding cities to Delhi while avoiding the center of the city. Two million people per day use these roads to commute to work.
[Megha Suri Singh, “Delhi Wastes Rs 11.5cr in Traffic Jams Daily,” The Times of India, October 15, 2009, Accessed September 20, 2014,
Kundli Industrial Area
Banker
Tronica City
Rameshwar Park
Loni
Rohini
HINDON AIR FORCE STATION
Shahdara
Seelampur
Sahibabad
Paschim Vihar Lok Nayak Puram
Vasundhara Karol Bagh
Kakarduma
Delhi
Kaushambi
Vikaspuri
Indirapuram
Hari Nagar Janakpuri
New Delhi
arh
Mayur Vihar II
Delhi Cantonment Dwarka
Noida
RK Puram
Jasola INDIRA GANDHI AIRPORT
Noida Spe
Sarita Vihar
Vasant Kunj
Gejah Tala
Mehraull
Nagil Sakpur
Gurukul Basti Dayal Basti
Gurgaon
Rajeev Nagar
Ankhir
Badkhal Village Bhandwari
Old Faridabad Sant Nagar
Faridabad
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DELHI’S RING ROADS Delhi’s overly congested streets and highways currently inhibit efficient mobility throughout the city and pose a major problem to the city’s future. The inner Ring Road currently carries over five times its designed capacity and the 1200 cars added to Delhi’s roads per day threaten both traffic and air quality. This occurs even though the innner Ring Road was built for the sole purpose of addressing these issues.
[Maneesh Panday, “Growing Congestion on Delhi’s Roads Likely to Reduce Traffic Speed to 5kmph, India Today, September 20, 2014, Accessed September 20, 2014, http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/get-ready-to-crawl-at-5kmph-in-delhi/1/209708.html]
Tronica City
Rameshwar Park
Loni
Rohini
HIND
Shahdara
Seelampur Paschim Vihar
ak Puram
Karol Bagh
Kakarduma
Delhi
Kaushambi
Vikaspuri Hari Nagar Janakpuri
New Delhi
Mayur Vihar II
Delhi Cantonment Dwarka RK Puram
Jasola INDIRA GANDHI AIRPORT
Sarita Vihar
Vasant Kunj Mehraull
Gurukul Basti Dayal Basti
Gurgaon
Rajeev Nagar
Ankhir
Badkhal Village
Old Faridabad Sant Nagar
Faridabad
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IMPROVING THE RING ROADS In an attempt to keep up with the swelling number of cars on Delhi’s roads, work is in process on widening and improving the ring roads. The Delhi Public Works Department is looking at increasing the number of raised flyovers and widening roads, among other options, to increase traffic efficiency. However, these projects are critically behind schedule, causing a spike in traffic and safety concerns.
[Vishal Kant, “Delhi Outer Ring Road Project Running Behind Schedule,” The Hindu, March 4, 2014, Accessed September 21, 2014, http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-outer-ring-road-project-running-behind-schedule/article5747419.ece]
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FOR 2 NEW ARTERIAL ROADS 10 PROPOSAL In order to ease some of the traffic on the ring roads of Delhi, a plan
has been put in place by the Public Works Department for two arterial roads to access inner parts of the city. The roads are expected to include both elevated and underground sections along with underpasses and flyovers.
[Neha Lalchandani, “2 New Arterial Roads to Decongest Delhi,� The Times of India, September 18, 2014, Accessed September 21, 2014,
The project will also help in the revival of the New Delhi railway station development plan. Sources said that transit oriented development had been the focal point of the station’s redevelopment, especially as the Airport Metro line also starts there and footfall in the area is expected to rise significantly in the next few years. Neha Lalchandani, writer for the Times of India
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ROADS: PRIMARY ROADS 11 DELHI Within the city of Delhi, primary roads up to 60 meters in width are
located along the Yamuna River and in rings around the city. Major highways currently take up 21% of the city’s open space and form major infrastructural barriers, affecting not only pedestrian and cycle traffic, but the flexibility of expanding and modifying the network.
[Maneesh Panday, “Growing Congestion on Delhi’s Roads Likely to Reduce Traffic Speed to 5kmph, India Today, September 20, 2014, Accessed September 20, 2014, http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/get-ready-to-crawl-at-5kmph-in-delhi/1/209708.html]
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ROADS: SECONDARY ROADS 12 DELHI Secondary roads in Delhi connect the primary roads and highways to the cities neighborhoods. These roads serve as primary thoroughfares link major points in the city such as the Rajpath, Humayun’s Tomb, and the Red Fort.
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ROADS: TERTIARY ROADS 13 DELHI Tertiary roads in Delhi connect between secondary roads and
neighborhoods. Many of these roads weave between buildings and are unsuitable for anything larger than pedestrian, cycle, and rickshaw traffic.
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RAIL TRANSPORT 14 DELHI Traveling by rail is the primary mode of transportation for passengers attempting to connect from the outlying districts of Delhi to the city center. The larger India Rail, alongside the outdated and forgetten Ring Rail serve to connect passengers to the inner city metro system. The major problem related to the regional rail, however, is the disconnect between the regional tracks and the metro, both directly and through other means of mobility, such as a bus feeder system.
Central Secretariat Metro Station (N-1)
Rajiv Chowk (N-2)
Yamuna Bank (N-3)
Anand Vihar Terminal Station (N-4)
Legend Regional Commuters
Regional Rail
Ghaziabad
2,187,286 Commuters
Metro Line Proposed Metro Line
Train Stops Regional/ Metro Interchange
N-0
2021 Masterplan Transport Zone
Red Line N-5 Green Line N-6
N-4
Delhi NTC/ Bahadurgarh
N-7
N-8
170,426 Commuters
Noida
N-2
528,000 Commuters
N-3 Blue Line
N-1
Orange Line
Yellow Line
Violet Line Gurgaon
Faridabad
876,824 Commuters
Kashmere Gate (N-5)
Inderlok (N-6)
1,041,400 Commuters
Kirti Nagar (N-7)
New Delhi Railway Station (N-8)
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DELHI METRO SYSTEM 15 THE Although the streets of Delhi are congested with trucks, cars, buses, rickshaws, pedestrians, and livestock, the metro system is efficient and state of the art. Delhi’s metro is projected to be the seventh largest metro line in the world by 2016.
[Lydia Polgreen, “In India, Hitching Hopes on a Subway,” The New York Times, ,May 13, 2010, Accessed September 20, 2014 http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/14/world/asia/14delhi.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0]
“The Delhi Metro manages to defy just about every stereotype of urban India. It is scrupulously clean, impeccably maintained and almost unfailingly punctual. Its cars are the latest models, complete with air-conditioning and even power outlets to let commuters charge their mobile phones and laptops� The New York Times
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METRO MAP 16 DELHI The Delhi Metro rail system connects the Delhi Suburban Railway
and Ring Railwa, as well as the regional Indian Railways, to the city suburbs and inner neighborhoods of Delhi. Delhi’s metro is currently one of the fastest growing systems in the world.
CHANDNI CHOWK
CHAWRI BAZAAR
PREET VIHAR
RK ASHRAM MARG NIRMAN VIHAR
JHANDEWALAN
LAXMI NAGAR
SHIVAJI BRIDGE RAJIV CHOWK BARAKHAMA ROAD TILAK BRIDGE MANDI HOUSE
YAMUNA BANK
PRAGATI MAIDEN
INDRAPRASTHA AKSHARDHAM
PATEL CHOWK
CENTRAL SECRETARIAT
UDYOG BHAWAN
MAYUR VIHAR
KHAN MARKET
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MAYUR VIHAR EXTENSIO
RACE COURSE
210.0
NEW AS
LODHI COLONY
JOR BAGH JL NEHRU STADIUM
INA LAJPAT NAGAR
AIIMS
MOOLCHAND
GREEN PARK KAILASH COLONY
NEHRU PALACE
KALKAJI
OKHLA JASOLA
HAUZ KHAS SARITA VIHAR
MOHAN ESTATE
SARVPRIYA VIHAR
TUGLA
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METRO RIDERSHIP 17 DELHI The Delhi Metro currently serves over 2.3 million people per day
with a record high of 2.7 million people on August 4th, 2014. With future expansion in mind, the Dwarka-Noida City Centre/Vaishali and the Jahangirpuri-HUDA City Centre are by far the most used transportation hubs by commuters.
[“Delhi Metro Records Highest Ridership of 2.7 Million Commuters,� New Delhi Television, August 6, 2014, Accessed September 20, 2014
Millions
yo .1
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lhi 17
Average Commute Times
New York 48 Mins
Mexico City 54 Mins.
Tokyo 53 Mins
Delhi 44 Mins
New Yo 56%
Shanghai 47 Mins
Metro Riders on 8/24/2014
Dwarka 1,000,500
Jahangirpuri 900,500
Dilshad Garden 400,000
Inderlok 100,000
Central Secretariat 200,500
Gurgaon Rapid Metro 50,000
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OF METRO EXPANSION 18 CHALLENGES As the metro system expands, Delhi will need to acquire more land
for stations, rail lines, depots, and infrastructure. In the final phase IV of the Delhi Metro expansion, which is expected to be completed in 2021, the total length of the metro system will reach 434 kilometers, with 67 new stations, six additional corridors, and an expected ridership of 6 million passengers per day.
Ranjan, Rakesh. “Delhi Metro’s Ambitious Fourth Phase Will Take Trains to City’s Remote Corners.... and Make Network Bigger than London’s Tube.” Mail Online. October 16, 2014. Accessed September 12, 2015.
metro and bus service facilities are located along the Yamuna River. As the metro and bus systems continue to expand, space will have to be cleared in either the suburbs or city to accommodate the larger systems.
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INFRASTRUCTURE 19 TRANSIT Similar to the rest of Delhi’s industry, most of the
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AT GRADE UNDERGROUND ELEVATED
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RING RAILWAY MAP 20 DELHI The Delhi Suburban Railway connects nearby suburbs of Delhi along
with intersecting with the Delhi metro and regional Indian Railways stations. The line has been criticized in the past as the “Delhi Avoiding Line,” but future expansion of the metro and interchange stations brings hope of revival to the system. The line, expected to be fully completed in 2016 will be 59 Km long (Shiv Vihar- Mukundpur Line) and will feature numerous flyovers to clear the existing airport express line (Orange Line).
[“Delhi Suburban Railway,” Delhi Unlimited, 2012, Accessed September 20, 2014 http://www.delhiunlimited.com/transport-in-delhi/delhi-suburban-railway.htm]
SADAR BAZAAR
NEW DELHI RAILWAY STATION
SHIVAJI BRIDGE
TILAK BRIDGE
PRAGATI MAIDEN
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HAJRAT NIZAMUDDIN
JUNG
LAJPAT NAGAR SAROJINI NAGAR
LODI COLONY
SEWA NAGAR
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INDIAN RAILWAYS MAP 21 DELHI Indian Railways services the outer Delhi surburbs along with cities
throughout India. Indian Railways makes very few stops in the city of Delhi, but passengers are linked to the city through the suburban ring rail and metro systems.
SADAR BAZAAR
NEW DELHI RAILWAY STATION
SHIVAJI BRIDGE
TILAK BRIDGE
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JUNG
LAJPAT NAGAR SAROJINI NAGAR
LODI COLONY
SEWA NAGAR
OKHLA
SARITA VIHAR
MOHAN ESTATE
TUGLA
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CURRENT STATE OF DELHI’S RAIL SYSTEM 22 THE Travel reviews of the New Delhi Railway Station, which is spread
out over 86 hectares, criticize the station as chaotic, dirty, and dangerous even though it serves as a major point of entry into the city for more than 500,000 people a day. In addition to the outdated facilities, the current railroad network is losing money and the Indian governement is threatening to raise passenger and freight fares.
Helen Nicholson, “The Future of Rail Travel? From Chaotic Hub to Urban Icon,” Associated Newspapers Ltd., June 24, 2014, Accessed September 21, 2014,
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THE NEW DELHI RAILWAY STATION 23 UPDATING Today’s New Delhi Railway Station, one of the city’s most prominent
gateways, sits overcrowded and exposed to the elements with open platforms. However, plans are in the process to bring this station up to the 21st Century. The new station will be designed with 18 platforms, which will be able to accommodate over 500,000 passengers a day, reversing the chaotic, dirty and dangerous conditions present in its current state.
Helen Nicholson, “The Future of Rail Travel? From Chaotic Hub to Urban Icon,” Associated Newspapers Ltd., June 24, 2014, Accessed September 21, 2014,
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OF NON MOTORIZED TRANSIT 24 DANGERS Although over one third of Delhi’s population walks or cycles to work
every day, these modes are extremely hazardous in the heavy and unorganized traffic. Of all the accidents that occured in 2012 alone, 25 percent were fatal. On average there are 5 road accident deaths a day, of which 4 are attributed to pedestrians. The majority of these accidents occur near major intersections, fly-overs, and junctions.
[Triptar Lahiri, “Why its so Tough to Walk in Delhi,” The Wall Street Journal, October 24, 2014, Accessed September 20, 2014, http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2013/10/24/photos-why-its-so-tough-to-walk-in-delhi/] “Delhi Tops the Country in Fatal Road Accidents and in Number of Pedestrians and Cyclists Falling Victim, Says New CSE Assessment.” Center for Science and Environment. June 23, 2014. Accessed September 13, 2015.
“Walking in India’s capital can be really tough. In many locations, sidewalks are just wide enough for one person. In others, they’re non-existent. Even when they do exist, the pavements of Delhi are covered with a wide variety of protuberances and eruptions, ready to fell all but the most watchful walkers.” Most Dangerous Roads for Pedestrians Per Km/Year
Delhi Road Fatalities 2006- 2009
Aurbinok Marg .65 Rohtak Rd. .83 Ring Road 2.22 NH-8 .90 Other 4,167
Pedestrians 4,336
Mehrauli Badarpur 1.58
Outer Ring Road 1.03
Grand Trunk Rd 1.50 Shivaji Marg 1.28
“Here, the [zebra crossing] stripes serve a purely decorative purpose. So proceed with the same caution you would use elsewhere, as if jaywalking across an expressway at night. Make that a foggy night.” Wall Street Journal India Real Time Writer Tripti Lahiri
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INTERSECTIONS OF DELHI 25 DANGEROUS The map on the right details some of the most dangerous
intersections in Delhi for Pedestrians based on a GIS survey. A majority of these intersections fall nearby to existing transit depots along with intersections on or near the ring road. The most incidents occur right in the middle of the site in North Delhi, located near the Inter State Bus Terminus, where the area’s population density is very high. The cause of these dangerous hot spots is a combination of the lack of rules of the road and the absence of pedestrian infrastructure.
[Shalini Rankavat and Geetam Tiwari, :Pedestrian Accident Analysis in Delhi Using GIS,� Eastern Asian Society for Transportation Studies, 2013, Accessed September 20, 2014, http://easts.info/on-line/proceedings/vol9/PDF/P272.pdf]
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IN DELHI 26 WALKING Unlike the United States, Delhi does not have accessibility codes
for sidewalks and crosswalks. Due to manholes, obstructions, construction, and narrow walkways, pedestrians are often forced to walk in the street, slowing down traffic and creating a hazardous pedestrian environment.
“Templetokens.� Templetokens. February 14, 2014. Accessed September 12, 2015. https://templetokens.wordpress.com/.
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IN DELHI 27 CYCLING Like pedestrians, cyclists are often prone to traffic accidents when
on the streets of Delhi. There are more than 100 kilometers of cycle track and lanes in the city, but a lack of connectivity prevents them from becoming popular as a mode of transportation.
[Jayashree Nandi, “Cyclists in Delhi Bullied, Stalked by Death,� The Times of India, October 22, 2013, Accessed September 21, 2014, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Cyclists-in-Delhi-bullied-stalked-by-death/articleshow/24542804.cms]
“Cars and bigger vehicles don’t respect the cyclist’s right to the road. Interestingly, Delhi has more than 100 km of cycling tracks according to official data but no enforcement... Delhi unfortunately has gone in the wrong direction. The city seems to be almost addicted to personal motor vehicles” Nalin Sinha, coordinator of Delhi Cycling Club
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ROOM FOR CYCLISTS IN DELHI 28 MAKING In Delhi, large amounts of unorganized traffic make cycling difficult along exisiting roadways. In an effort to making cycling in the city safer, some bike lanes have been constructed to separate cyclists from cars, trucks, and rickshaws. However, these designated lanes are often taken over by cars and rickshaws attempting to weave through traffic or as on street parking.
In a city where traffic issues dominate the public thoroughfares, additional space added to the side of the road for a “cycle lane” is not always effective. With the current cycle lanes Delhi has implemented throughout the city, cyclists are faced with issues such as parked vehicles and motorized traffic in lanes such as rickshaws.
Bindu Shajan Parappadan, “Bicycles are Back on Track; Delhiites Take to Pedaling,” The Hindu, June 2, 2014, Accessed September 21, 2014 Mark Bergen, “A Wild Ride Down India’s First Cycle Lane,” Atlantic Monthly Group, October 25, 2012, Accessed September 21, 2014, http://www.citylab.com/commute/2012/10/wild-ride-down-indias-first-bike-lane/3685/ Vineet Gill, “Gurgaon to get 22km Cycle Lanes,” The Times of India, May 19, 2014, Accessed September 21, 2014, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/Gurgaon-to-get-22km-cycle-lanes/articleshow/35317438.cms
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Existing Bicycle Tracks
Most Heavily Used Bicycle Roads
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“Although Gurgaon’s urban mobility plan proposed around 210 kilometres of cycle lanes for the city years ago, this would be the first significant civic upgrade meant entirely to serve the NMT category on the roads.” Vineet Gill, writer for the Times of India Segregated Bicycle Tracks
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BIKE SHARE PROGRAM 29 DELHI In 2010, the Delhi Integrated Multi-Modal Transit System launched
the Green Bike Initiative, establishing 5 bike share stations along the Bus Rapid Transit corridor and 3 along the metro system, with each station containing 13-18 bicycles. However, this system has not been very successful due to its non-automated system, having to provide a legal document to rent a bike, and the necessity to return the bike to the station of origin. The average daily ridership varies between 6 people a day in the summer and 15 people a day in the winter.
[Umang Jain, “Bikeshare in Delhi - Room for Improvement, “The City Fix, Septermeber 27, 2012, Accessed September 21, 2014, http://thecityfix.com/blog/bikeshare-in-delhi-room-for-improvement/]
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AUTO-RICKSHAW 30 THE Delhi’s city streets are currently covered by over 60,000 auto
rickshaws. Used as a primary mode of transportation in Delhi, the auto rickshaw is cheaper and more efficient than a typical taxi due to its compact size and cheap operating cost. However, auto rickshaw engines are inefficient and attempts to convert to natural gas have been so far unproductive. As a result of this, electric Rickshaws have mostly replaced cycle driven ones, and are starting to replace many of the auto based ones. the auto unisons however are claiming these are illegal on the road, as an attempt to dampen their widespread use. The Delhi government is attempting to release a cap on the number of rickshaws allowed to be registered, in efforts to increase the fleet size by 2.26 lakh, yielding just over 325,000 rickshaws in the city to combat increasing population sizes.
[“Delhi to get 25,000 More Auto-Rickshaws,” The Indian Express, Ltd., November 22, 2012, Accessed Septermber 21, 2014, http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/delhi-to-get-25000-more-autorickshaws/1034908/] “ In Delhi, it’s E-Rickshaws vs Auto Rickshaws,” The Indian Express, June 23, 2014, Accessed September 12th, 2016, http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/e-rickshaws-vs-auto-rickshaws/
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RICKSHAW MARKET 31 THE In a survey conducted by Hitotsubashi University in Japan, rickshaw drivers in Delhi were interviewed about the influence of the metro system expansions.
[Takashi Kurosaki, “Urban Transport and Poverty Reduction: Delhi Metro’s Impact on the Cycle Rickshaw Rental Market,” Hitotsubashi University, March 2012, Accessed September 21, 2014, http://hermes-ir.lib.hit-u.ac.jp/rs/bitstream/10086/22870/1/No24-dp.pdf]
RICKSHAW DRIVERS: DO YOU PREFER TO WORK NEAR A METRO STATION?
NO
MORE CUSTOMERS NEAR A METRO STATION
THERE IS NO NEARBY METRO STATION
CUSTOMERS PAY A HIGHER AMOUNT
YES NO
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IN DELHI 32 PARKING The info graphic to the right highlights the staggering amount of
parking needed to accommodate the current cars in Delhi, As the number of cars continues to increase at a rapid rate in Delhi, the lack of parking becomes more and more of an issue, causing traffic congestion, impeding pedestrian walkways, and encroachment on parks and buildings. According to a 2012 report, there are now 7.5 million cars on Delhi’s roads, not including buses, trucks, scooters, and rickshaws. To make matters worse, 160,000 cars are registered in Delhi per year, and the number of cars bought per year is up 88% from 2002-2003.
[Darpan Singh, “Delhi: Cars, Cars Everywhere, Just no Place to Park,” Hindustan Times, August 13, 2013, Accessed September 21, 2014,
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SOLUTIONS 33 PARKING To accommodate millions of cars in the center of the city, Delhi must
be creative with solutions to parking. The Delhi Metro Corporation maintains privately run parking facilities at 91 of it’s metro stations. In 2012, the Connaught Place shopping district received a 1,408 space automated parking facility consisting of a lift that the stores and retrieves cars, saving valuable ground space and building volume.
“Station Facilities,” Delhi Metro Rail Corporation, 2015, Accsessed September 12, 2015, http://www.delhimetrorail.com/parking.aspx [“The Connaught Place Parking Blues Gets a Facelift,” Associated Newspapers, Ltd., June 12, 2012, Accessed September 21, 2014, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/indiahome/indianews/article-2158353/Connaught-Places-parking-blues-lift.html]
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STOPS 34 BUS Although the metro system in Delhi has become increasingly popular, buses are still the preferred mode of public transportation. Due to their low ridership cost, relatively low maintenance costs, and higher area served, buses will continue to remain popular across all classes and the Delhi government. Most buses operated in the city are privately owned, with only 3,000 operated by the Delhi Transport Corporation.
“CNG Delhi- the worlds cleanest public bus system running on CNG,� The Product Life Institute, 2015, Accessed September 12, 2015, http://www.product-life.org/en/archive/cng-delhi
.5
207
210.0
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POLLUTION AND PUBLIC TRANSIT 35 AIR Between 1990 and 2005, Delhi phased out all diesel buses for more
environmentally friendly compressed natural gas (CNG) buses in an attempt to cut down on air pollution through the 1998 Supreme Court Directive. The majority of these were new purchases, while some were engine conversions. However, attempts made to apply this technology to rickshaws and three wheelers has not been as successful. The second phase of the directive includes light and medium commercial vehicles and cars, but the lack of sufficient supply of natural gas has put this initiative on hold. Furthermore, most car companies in India have refused to convert their vehicles to the power-trains, hindering the process
“CNG Delhi- the worlds cleanest public bus system running on CNG,” The Product Life Institute, 2015, Accessed September 12, 2015, http://www.product-life.org/en/archive/cng-delhi
[Urvashi Narain and Alan Krupnick, “The Impact of Delhi’s CNG Program on Air Quality,” Resources for the Future, February 2007, Accessed September 20, 2014, http://www.rff.org/documents/rff-dp-07-06.pdf]
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NEED FOR FUTURE BUS EXPANSION 36 THE As part of Master Plan Delhi 2021, the Indian Government and the
Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC) have reassessed the inefficient and unreliable bus system currently in place. The plan includes a goal for increasing bus ridership from the current 40 percent to 80 percent by 2020. Three directional Inter State Bus Terminals have been constructed, along with two more in the works at Dwarka and Narela. The city plans to create 100 Km of High Capacity bus corridors, 32 km of which will be integrated with the future electric trolley.
Delhi Masterplan MPD 2021, August 23, 2014, Accessed September 16, 2014, http://delhi-masterplan.com [Atul Mathur, “Efficient Public Transport: Has Delhi Missed the Bus,� Hindustan Times, September 10, 2014, Accessed September 16, 2014, http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/efficient-public-transport-has-delhi-missed-the-bus/article1-1262143.aspx]
engers e Rail
Bus Ownership Increase per Month (2012)
Increase in N
03 1
3-04 737
2004-05 26,336
2005-06 28,033
2006-07 34,076
Sep 7 Apr 8
Nov 14
May 20
Oct 4 Mar 16
Jun 11.8
Aug 11 Jul 37
“Delhi needs a high-frequency, high-capacity bus system. There should be about 14,000-15,000 buses on road by 2021. Bus stands should be within a walking distance of mere five minutes from all areas. Bus frequency should be a maximum of 2-3 minutes in peak hours and 5 minutes during off-peak hours.� Former Director of Unified Traffic and Transportation Infrastructure advisor Ashok Bhattacharjee
Non Tran Vehic 6.8
Two W 6
Lig Vehicle
T 1
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RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEM 37 BUS A Bus Rapid Transit System is thought of as a “surface subway” and
defined by a bus having its own right of way along with individual stations in an attempt to reduce the amount of time spent in traffic on a regular city bus. The system has been largely ineffective due to many factors, particularly entrance of cars into the system. Originally, the system was to include 14 lines, but has never expanded past the first 3.6 mile corridor. One of the largest obstacles is the city structure, which is fragmented and decentralized, causing issues when retrofits take place. BRT systems in Delhi are increasingly seen as a “band-aide fix” over the larger problems facing mobility. Opponents argue the lanes remove valuable space for already congested roads while also reallocating funding from metro and road projects. Throughout the country, $840 million U.S Dollars have been invested in BRT corridors.
[“Bus Rapid Transit System,” Delhi Integrated Multi-Modal Transit System, 2013, Accessed September 20, 2014, http://www.dimts.in/]Projects_Bus-Rapid-Transit.aspx
Banker
Tronica City
Rameshwar Park
Loni
Rohini
HINDON
Seelampur
Shahdara
Paschim Vihar
uram Kakarduma
Delhi
Karol Bagh
Kaushambi
Vikaspuri Hari Nagar Janakpuri
New Delhi
Mayur Vihar II
PROPOSED BUS RAPID TRANSIT CORRIDOR FROM DR. AMEBDKAR NAGAR TO DELHI GATE Delhi Cantonment
Dwarka
Gurgaon
RK Puram
Jasola INDIRA GANDHI AIRPORT
Sarita Vihar
Vasant Kunj Mehraull
Gurukul Basti Dayal Basti Rajeev Nagar
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THE MILLENNIUM BUS DEPOT 38 RE-LOCATING In 2010, Delhi constructed the 60 acre Millennium Bus Depot along
the western bank of the Yamuna River to accommodate buses for Commonwealth Games. Future locations of the bus depot have been discussed by the Delhi high court, and land in Karkari More, 10 kilometers northeast of the current location, seems popular. The development, spread over 60 acres of the Yamuna Riverbed, has been ordered by a court to move due to its original status as being a temporary installation for the Games. The depot is a major source of pollution in the river from motor oil and grease. The removal of this is problematic however, due to the already minimal allocation of parking for buses, especially when considered with the future addition of 10,000 more.
Singh, Darpan. “AAP Government Fights to Save Illegal Bus Depot Which Pollutes The Yamuna Riverbed,” August 2, 2015, Accessed September 12, 2014, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/indiahome/indianews/article-3183264/ AAP-government-fights-SAVE-illegal-bus-depot-pollutes-Yamuna-riverbed.html [“Delhi Govt Decides to Shift Milennium Bus Depot,” January 15, 2014, Accessed September 21, 2014, http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-01-15/news/46224691_1_bus-depot-yamuna-river-bed
“We should not tamper with the fragile Yamuna ecology and tomorrow we will convey the same to the court. Structures which are developed will remain there but no new structures would be built. We will rather develop it for people. Maybe, we can set up a park there.� Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal
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39 AIRPORTS Indira Gandhi International Airport is located 22 kilometers southwest
of Delhi and can be accessed by the airport express metro line or the Gurgaon Expressway from Delhi. The airport currently serves over 16.5 million people annually and functions as a major point of entry and departure from the capital region. It is the 8th largest airport in the world by size, and the 30th busiest.
[“Indira Gandhi Airport Overview,� FlightStats, September 20, 2014, Accessed September 20, 2014, http://www.flightstats.com/go/Airport/airportDetails.do?airportCode=DEL]
HINDON AIR FORCE STATION
Ghaziabad
Delhi
New Delhi
Noida
INDIRA GANDHI AIRPORT
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GANDHI AIRPORT EXPANSION 39 INDIRA Much like the road and metro system expansion projects, Delhi’s
main airport, Indira Gandhi International Airport, must also expand in response to the growing population. By 2021, the airport is expecting to add on three more terminals along with new runways, cargo facilities, and parking. Terminal T4 is expected to open in 2016(Phase 3), followed by T6 in 2021( Phase 4) and T5 in 2012 (Saturation Phase).
[“Master Plan,” Delhi Indira Ganda Airport,” September 21, 2014, Accessed September 21, 2014, http://www.newdelhiairport.in/
Satellite View of Terminal 3 Construction
Projected Future Terminal Rendering
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TRANSIT WITH SUSTAINABILITY 40 COMBINING The Badarpur- Faridabad Metro Corridor has received rooftop solar
generation capacity in the past few years, powering the station’s lighting and auxiliary requirements. The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation has also signed a Power Purchase Agreement for the next 25 years, ensuring the expansion of solar generating capacity across more lines with an eventual goal of 50 Mwp generating capacity. The Delhi Metro has been awarded for being a lead public sector project to shift to solar energy production, hoping to offset it’s peak 150 MW demand by 50 Mw in the future. Rooftop solar generation is necessary for the metro, due to the lack of open space in the city for large scale installations
“A Sustainable New Delhi,” Earth Hour City Challenge, 2015, Accessed September 12th, 2015, http://www.ehcitychallenge.org/peopleschoice/city/newdelhi` “Delhi Metro Awarded For Increased Use of Solar Power,” Clean Technica, September 2, 2015, Accessed September 12, 2015, http://cleantechnica.com/2015/09/02/delhi-metro-awarded-increased-use-solar-power/ “Delhi Metro Boosts Solar Power Facilities,” GeoOctane, 2015, Accessed September 12, 2015, http://www.geooctane.com/delhi-metro-boosts-solar-power-facilities/ [“Delhi Metro Station Gets Solar Power Plant,” The Times of India, August 11, 2014, Accessed September 21, 2014, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Delhi-Metro-station-gets-solar-power-plant/articleshow/40072493.cms]
2021 413 KM 2021 413 KM
Emissions Saved in Tons Emissions Saved in Tons By the Metro By the Metro
Metro Expansion
2016 651,848 2016 651,848
2015 625,663 2015 625,663
2014 600,483 2014 600,483
2011 190 KM
2011 530,617 2011 530,617 2012 552,994 2012 552,994
2021 413 KM
2013 576,271 2013 576,271
Metro Rooftop Solar Capacity Metro Rooftop Solar Capacity
Present 3.7 MW Present 3.7 MW
Emissions Saved in Tons By the Metro
2016 651,848
2011 530,617 2015 625,663 2012 552,994 Future 50 MW Future 50 MW
2014 600,483
2013 576,271
Metro Rooftop Solar Capacity
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MASTER PLAN - MPD 2021 41 DELHI Overseen by the Delhi Developmental Authority (DDA), the Delhi
Master plan was formed in 2007, and has been periodically revised, the most recently being between 2014-15. The overall objective of the master plan seeks first the restructuring of physical infrastructures to accommodate the rapidly increasing population, alongside secondary measures regarding the development of a green-belt recreation system and re-evaluating building codes to better utilize land.
Delhi Masterplan MPD 2021, August 23, 2014, Accessed September 16, 2014, http://delhi-masterplan.com
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2021 - MULTI MODAL TRANSIT STATIONS 42 MPD A priority of the master plan is to create a semi-regional system of
Integrated Passenger Terminals (IPTs), adding to existing stations, in order to create efficient, organized means of transport throughout the Delhi metropolitan area. Planned locations for the IPTs include the stations of AnandVihar, Sarai Kale Khan, Dwarka Sector-21, Tikri Kalan and Kashmir Gate. In addition to the stations themselves, the MPD calls for additional improvements to the stations including “accommodation faculties and commercial hubs that will allow for a seamless travel experience.”
“DDA to Take up Projects to Decongest Five Critical Roads.” DDA to Take up Projects to Decongest Five Critical Roads. Accessed September 13, 2015.
Kundli Industrial Area
Banker
Tronica City
Rameshwar Park
Loni
Rohini
HINDON AIR FORCE STATION
adurgarh
Shahdara
Seelampur
Sahibabad
Ghaziabad
Paschim Vihar Lok Nayak Puram
Vasundhara Karol Bagh
Kakarduma
Delhi
Kaushambi
Vikaspuri
rheri
Indirapuram
Hari Nagar Janakpuri
New Delhi
Najafgarh
Mayur Vihar II
Delhi Cantonment Dwarka
Noida
RK Puram
Kakrala Jasola INDIRA GANDHI AIRPORT
Noida Special Economic Zone
Sarita Vihar
Vasant Kunj
Gejah Talattulabad
Mehraull
Allahbas
Nagil Sakpur
Shahdara Garhi
Gurukul Basti
du
Dayal Basti
Gurgaon
Jhatta Rajeev Nagar
Badauli Bangar
Shafipur
Harsaru
Kambakashpur Kondli Ankhir
Badkhal Village Bhandwari
Gari Sam Old Faridabad Sant Nagar
Faridabad
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2021 - TYPICAL STREET SECTION 43 MPD The typical multi-modal cross section shows a the combination
of all different types of transportation systems in Delhi, including the mixing of non-motorized and motorized transport. Certain infrastructures are in place, such as raised curbs, median strips and dead zones to combat the problem of vehicles not adhering to their lane designations. The section clearly demonstrates the importance of single-use bus lanes, along with exclusive pedestrian and motorized traffic zones.
“UTTIPEC: Projects Approved by UTTIPEC.� UTTIPEC. Accessed September 13, 2015. http://uttipec.nic.in/writereaddata/linkimages/0111609740.jpg