[RE]Search [DIA]Logues: Housing by The Yamuna River Project

[RE]SEARCH [DIA]LOGUES

RE-CENTERING DELHI UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

HOUSING

INTRODUCTION Sean Sullivan

There is a direct correlation between the growing urban population in Delhi and the increased need for the city’s housing infrastructure. As statistics reveal, majority of the growing population tends to be migrants from the Low Income Group (LIG) who travel from impoverished royal areas in search for labor. With the land prices rising in Delhi, these migrants are unable to afford planned housing (i.e., Apartments, Builder’s Flats, and Villas), forcing them to alternative living solutions, such as slums, JJ Clusters, and other informal settlements. Furthermore, nearly three quarters of residential structures are self-constructed, resulting in unsafe and unhealthy living conditions. Currently, initiatives have been made to improve these informal settlements in addition to relocating residents to resettlement colonies. Recent efforts have been successful, while others prove to cause more harm than good. Multiple organizations, architects, and NGOs are continuing this on-going effort to propose new solutions addressing Delhi’s existing infrastructure and the development of new housing. This book aims to hone in on specific conditions of Delhi’s housing sector to better understand the role of each building typology to the larger context of the urban fabric. In addition, current initiatives and case studies are analyzed to help grasp the daunting issue of the living conditions in Delhi.

OVERVIEW OF HOUSING IN NEW DELHI

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URBANIZATION OF DELHI Due to the amount of growth in Delhi’s urban population, an increased need for housing becomes a pressing issue for its residents. As a result of this growth, majority of the population is forced to live in substandard housing.

“Economic Survey of Delhi 2012-13: Housing & Urban Development,” Govt. of NCT of Delhi, March 23, 2014, accessed September 2, 2015, http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_planning/Planning/ Economic+Survey+of+Dehli/Economic+Survey+of+Delhi+2012+-+2013.

19 01

2011

01 20

18,000,000 14,000,000

19 91

11 19

10,000,000 6,000,000 2,000,000

1981

1921 Total Population Urban Population 19 31

1951

41 19

19 61

71 19

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URBANIZATION OF DELHI During the course of the 20th century, Delhi’s population has been steadily increasing to urban living conditions versus a rural lifestyle. As of 2011, the urban population has reached a staggering 97%.

100 80 60 40 20

97% Urban

1921 1941 1951 1991 2011 2021

6 out of every 10 peopl e lived in an urban area. 7 out of every 10 peopl e lived in an urban area. 8 out of every 10 peopl e lived in an urban area. 9 out of every 10 peopl e lived in an urban area. 9.7 out of every 10 peopl e lived in an urban area. 10 out of every 10 peopl e will live an urban area.

2011

2001

1991

1981

1971

1961

1951

1941

1931

1921

1911

1901

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MIGRANTS Not only is Delhi currenlty facing issues among its population and demand for adequate housing, but a large percent of the population increase of Delhi is attributed to immigration, with nearly 78, 000 people migrating to Delhi annually.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Human Development Report 2013: Shelter and Basic Service,â&#x20AC;? Govt. of NCT of Delhi, March 23, 2014, Accessed September 2, 2015, http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_planning/Planning/Misc./Index+Human+Development+Report+2013.

~78,000

MIGRANTS TO DELHI ANNUALLY

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POPULATION DENSITY Delhi’s average population density compares to that of New York City, but the real problem of Delhi’s density is attributed to the informal settlements outside of the city center, reaching densities as high as 17, 664 persons per sq. km.

“Human Development Report 2013: Shelter and Basic Service,” Govt. of NCT of Delhi, March 23, 2014, Accessed September 3, 2015, http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_planning/Planning/Misc./Index+Human+Development+Report+2013. “New York City,” Wikipedia. September 21, 2014. Accessed September 3, 2015. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ New_York_City “Washington, D.C.,” Wikipedia. September 15, 2014. Accessed September 3, 2015. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Washington,_D.C. “Charlottesville, VA,” Wikipedia. September 14, 2014. Accessed September 3, 2015, http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia.

AVERAGE POPULATION DENSITY

11,297 PERSONS PER SQ. KM

AS HIGH AS

17,664 PERSONS PER SQ. KM

NEW YORK CITY 10,725 PERSONS PER SQ. KM WASHINGTON D.C 4,066 PERSONS PER SQ. KM CHARLOTTESVILLE 1,634 PERSONS PER SQ. KM

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BUILDING DENSITY This map shows the distribution of building density in Delhi along the Yamuna River. The level of density corresponds to the housing types and income level of the residents. The clear difference in spatial conditions of built structure on either side of the river makes divisions between classes and demographics as a result.

Adaptation from R. Himes, â&#x20AC;&#x153;Building Density,â&#x20AC;? Re-Centering Delhi, University of Virginia, School of Architecture. Spring 2014.

FSI

Floor Area Ratio

2.5-3.0 2.0-2.5 1.5-2.0 1.0-1.5 0.5-1.0

Gross Floor Area Floor Plot

BUILDING DENSITY 01. RESEARCH HOUSING & SPACE 1:750 S. SULLIVAN

A spatial understanding of the building density around the river corridor brings about an understanding of the cityĂ&#x2022;s growth, poverty, and government divisions. With a large population occupying areas east of the river and north of the central city, buildings have a high Floor Area Ratio above 2.5 as there tend to be multiple stories built on a plot of land and little to no open space. In the cityĂ&#x2022;s government center in New Delhi, the Floor Area Ratio is often below 1.0 as a result of the spacious residential patterns and large plots. The clear difference in spatial conditions of built structure on either side of the river makes divisions between classes and demographics as a result.

HOUSING TYPOLOGIES

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OF HOUSING TYPOLOGIES 13 DISTRIBUTION This chart reveals the distribution of population among the various

living conditions, ranging from planned colonies to JJ Clusters. With less than a quarter of the population living in planned colonies, majority resides in substandard housing.

Graphic adapted from Narayanan, Nipesh P. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Housing In Delhi,â&#x20AC;? Slideshare. March 5, 2012. http://www.slideshare. net/Nipesh/housing-in-delhi.

4, 000, 000

Sub-Standard Housing

3, 000, 000

2, 000, 000

76% JJ Clusters

Resettlement Colonies

Urban Villages

Walled City

Unauthorized and Regularized Colonies

1, 000, 000

Planned Colonies

Population

Standard Housing

of the population lives in sub-standard housing

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OF THE POPULATION LIVES IN SUBSTANDARD 15 76% HOUSING The majority of the population of Delhi lives in substandard housing. Essentially, they are lacking basic infrastructure and societal needs.

Narayanan, Nipesh P. “Housing In Delhi,” Slideshare. March 5, 2012. http://www.slideshare.net/Nipesh/housing-in-delhi.

76%

of the population lives in sub-standard housing

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17 OWNERSHIP Around 63% of the population owns their own house. The housing

type with the largest percentage of ownership in planned colonies and the JJ Clusters, the two extremes of Delhi’s living conditions, highlighting the vast difference among classes and income.

Graphic adapted from Narayanan, Nipesh P. “Housing In Delhi,” Slideshare. March 5, 2012. http://www.slideshare. net/Nipesh/housing-in-delhi.

0 JJ Clusters

Resettlement Colonies

Unauthorized and Regularized Colonies

Urban Villages

Walled City

Planned Colonies

Number of Units

800,000 Owners

Renters

600,000

400,000

200,000

63% of the population owns their house.

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ACCORDING TO HOUSING TYPE 19 INCOME It is clear from this graph that residents living in the planned colonies have the highest income and those living in the JJ Clusters and Walled City have the lowest income. More than half of the population earns less than 15 K per year.

Graphic adapted from Narayanan, Nipesh P. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Housing In Delhi,â&#x20AC;? Slideshare. March 5, 2012. http://www.slideshare. net/Nipesh/housing-in-delhi.

0 JJ Clusters

Resettlement Colonies

Unauthorized and Regularized Colonies

Urban Villages

Walled City

Planned Colonies

Number of Units

800,000 0-5K

5 - 15 K

600,000 > 15 K

400,000

200,000

52% of the population earns less than 15 K.

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21 CONSTRUCTION 74% of Delhi’s residents have constructed their own houses.

Because of the dangers of construction, this puts a large portion of the population at risk of injury.

Graphic adapted from Narayanan, Nipesh P. “Housing In Delhi,” Slideshare. March 5, 2012. http://www.slideshare. net/Nipesh/housing-in-delhi.

0 JJ Clusters

Resettlement Colonies

Unauthorized and Regularized Colonies

Urban Villages

Walled City

Planned Colonies

Number of Units

800,000 Self-Constructed

Not Self-Constructed

600,000

400,000

200,000

74% of the population constructs their house.

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PERCEPTION 23 PUBLIC This graphic aims to find a correlation among the different regions

of Delhi with the total number of housholds in these sectors and the public’s perception of various topics ranging from district-wise availability of drinking water to drainage facilities for waste water disposal.

“Human Development Report 2013: Shelter and Basic Service,” Govt. of NCT of Delhi, March 23, 2014, Accessed September 2, 2015, http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_planning/Planning/Misc./Index+Human+Development+Report+2013.

West

South West

South

523, 703

462, 772

553, 722

East 354, 385

Central

North East 395, 060

114, 587

North 175, 890

New Delhi

North West 730, 034

Typical Neighborhood

Hou seholds by Ownership s tatus (percent) Owned Owned

1, 000, 000

Rented Other

Distri ct-wise Availability of Drinking Water (pe rcent)

800, 000

Availability Availability Unavailability

Distri ct-wise Latrine Facili tes (percent)

600, 000

Within Premise Within Premise Public

Rating Cleanliness of Public Toilets (pe rcent)

400, 000

Below Average Below Average Above Average

Draina ge Facility for Waste Water Disposal (percent)

200, 000

Closed Drainage Closed Drainage Open Drainage

Number of Households

30, 385

No Drainage

Number of Hou seholds

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PERCEPTION - NORTH WEST 25 PUBLIC Majority of the public in the North West district own their own homes, drinking water is available, and use latrine facilites within premise. Interestingly majority of the public rates the cleanliness of public toilets as below average. In addition, about half of the public in the North West use open pipes for waste water disposal.

North NorthWest West

North North

730, 730,034 034

175,890 890 175,

Typical Neighborhood Typical Neighborhood

Hou seholds by Hou seholdss by Ownership tatus Ownership s tatus (percent) (percent) Owned Owned Owned Owned Rented Rented Other Other

1, 000, 000 1, 000, 000

Distri ct-wise Distri ct-wiseof Drinking Availability Availability of Drinking Water (pe rcent) Water (pe rcent) Availability Availability Availability Availability Unavailability Unavailability

800, 000 800, 000

Distri ct-wise Latrine Distri ct-wise Latrine Facili tes (percent) Facili tes (percent) Within Premise Within Premise Within Premise Within Premise Public Public

600, 000 600, 000

Rating Cleanliness of Rating Cleanliness of Public Toilets (pe rcent) Public Toilets (pe rcent) Below Average Below Average Below Average Below Average Above Average Above Average

400, 000 400, 000

Draina ge Facility for Draina Water ge Facility for Waste Disposal Waste Water Disposal (percent) (percent) Closed Drainage Closed Drainage Closed Drainage Closed Drainage Open Drainage Open Drainage No Drainage No Drainage

200, 000 200, 000

Number of Hou seholds Number of Hou seholds Number of Households Number of Households

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PERCEPTION - NORTH 27 PUBLIC Three quarters of the North district on their own homes and have

drinking water available. The North has the highest rating among latrine facilites, with almost 94% using latrine facilites within premise. Around 60% of the population rates public toilets as below average.

1, 000, 000

Rented

800, 000

600, 000

400, 000

North

North East

Above Average

Draina ge Facility for Waste Water Disposal (percent)

200, 000

Closed Drainage Closed Drainage Open Drainage

Number of Hou seholds Number of Households

175, 890

No Drainage

395, 060

200, 000

730, 034

Number of Households

400, 000

175, 890

Number of Hou seholds

Rating Cleanliness of Public Toilets (pe rcent) Below Average Below Average

Above Average

No Drainage

600, 000

Public

Below Average Below Average

Open Drainage

Distri ct-wise Latrine Facili tes (percent) Within Premise Within Premise

Public

Closed Drainage Closed Drainage

800, 000

Unavailability

Within Premise Within Premise

Draina ge Facility for Waste Water Disposal (percent)

Distri ct-wise Availability of Drinking Water (pe rcent) Availability Availability

Unavailability

Rating Cleanliness of Public Toilets (pe rcent)

1, 000, 000

Other

Availability Availability

Distri ct-wise Latrine Facili tes (percent)

Hou seholds by Ownership s tatus (percent) Owned Owned Rented

Other

Distri ct-wise Availability of Drinking Water (pe rcent)

North West

Typical Neighborhood

730, 034

Households by Ownership s tatus (percent) Owned Owned

North

North West Typical Neighborhood

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PERCEPTION - NORTH EAST 29 PUBLIC Three quarters of the North East district on their own homes and

have drinking water available. The North East has the second highest rating among latrine facilites. Around 72% of the population uses open drainage for waste water disposal.

North

East

North West

North East

North

North West

Typical Neighborhood

Hou seholds by Ownership s tatus (percent) Owned Owned

1, 000, 000

Rented Other

Distri ct-wise Availability of Drinking Water (pe rcent)

800, 000

Availability Availability Unavailability

Distri ct-wise Latrine Facili tes (percent)

600, 000

Within Premise Within Premise Public

Rating Cleanliness of Public Toilets (pe rcent)

400, 000

Below Average Below Average Above Average

Draina ge Facility for Waste Water Disposal (percent)

200, 000

Closed Drainage Closed Drainage Open Drainage

175, 890

354, 385

730, 034

Number of Households

395, 060

Number of Hou seholds 175, 890

730, 034

No Drainage

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PERCEPTION - EAST 31 PUBLIC Majority of the population has drinking water available and uses

latrine facilities within premise. Around two-thirds of the East district owns their house. More than half of the population rates public toilets as below average.

North

New Delhi

North West

East

North East

North

Typical Neighborhood

Hou seholds by Ownership s tatus (percent) Owned Owned

1, 000, 000

Rented Other

Distri ct-wise Availability of Drinking Water (pe rcent)

800, 000

Availability Availability Unavailability

Distri ct-wise Latrine Facili tes (percent)

600, 000

Within Premise Within Premise Public

Rating Cleanliness of Public Toilets (pe rcent)

400, 000

Below Average Below Average Above Average

Draina ge Facility for Waste Water Disposal (percent)

200, 000

Closed Drainage Closed Drainage Open Drainage

175, 890

30, 385

730, 034

Number of Households

354, 385

Number of Hou seholds 395, 060

175, 890

No Drainage

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PERCEPTION - NEW DELHI 33 PUBLIC The biggest difference among New Delhi and the other districts is onwnership of households. Only 13% of the population, where as 55% of the population reports to rent their home and nearly 32% are other alternatives of living. In other words 87% of the population, or nearly 9 in 10 people do not own their home in New Delhi. In addition, New Delhi, reports the highest use of latrine facilites in public places.

North

Central

North West

New Delhi

East

North East

Typical Neighborhood

Hou seholds by Ownership s tatus (percent) Owned Owned

1, 000, 000

Rented Other

Distri ct-wise Availability of Drinking Water (pe rcent)

800, 000

Availability Availability Unavailability

Distri ct-wise Latrine Facili tes (percent)

600, 000

Within Premise Within Premise Public

Rating Cleanliness of Public Toilets (pe rcent)

400, 000

Below Average Below Average Above Average

Draina ge Facility for Waste Water Disposal (percent)

200, 000

Closed Drainage Closed Drainage Open Drainage

175, 890

114, 587

730, 034

Number of Households

30, 385

Number of Hou seholds 354, 385

395, 060

No Drainage

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PERCEPTION - CENTRAL 35 PUBLIC Almost 90% of the population in the Central district reports to use

latrine facilites within premise, uses closed drainage for waste water disposal, in addition to availability of drinking water. Just under half the population rates the public toilets as below average

North

West

North West

Central

New Delhi

East

Typical Neighborhood

Hou seholds by Ownership s tatus (percent) Owned Owned

1, 000, 000

Rented Other

Distri ct-wise Availability of Drinking Water (pe rcent)

800, 000

Availability Availability Unavailability

Distri ct-wise Latrine Facili tes (percent)

600, 000

Within Premise Within Premise Public

Rating Cleanliness of Public Toilets (pe rcent)

400, 000

Below Average Below Average Above Average

Draina ge Facility for Waste Water Disposal (percent)

200, 000

Closed Drainage Closed Drainage Open Drainage

175, 890

523, 703

730, 034

Number of Households

114, 587

Number of Hou seholds 30, 385

354, 385

No Drainage

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PERCEPTION - WEST 37 PUBLIC More than 60% of the population in the west rate public toilets as below agerage. Nearly three quarters of the population reports to own their own home and use closed drainage for waste water disposal.

North

South West

North West

West

Central

New Delhi

Typical Neighborhood

Hou seholds by Ownership s tatus (percent) Owned Owned

1, 000, 000

Rented Other

Distri ct-wise Availability of Drinking Water (pe rcent)

800, 000

Availability Availability Unavailability

Distri ct-wise Latrine Facili tes (percent)

600, 000

Within Premise Within Premise Public

Rating Cleanliness of Public Toilets (pe rcent)

400, 000

Below Average Below Average Above Average

Draina ge Facility for Waste Water Disposal (percent)

200, 000

Closed Drainage Closed Drainage Open Drainage

175, 890

462, 772

730, 034

Number of Households

523, 703

Number of Hou seholds 114, 587

30, 385

No Drainage

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PERCEPTION - SOUTH WEST 39 PUBLIC Nearly 40% of the population in the South West rent their homes.

Half rate public facilites as below average. And almost 75% report to use closed drainage for waste water disposal.

South West North West

South North

462, 772 730, 034

553, 722 175, 890

West

Central

Typical Neighborhood

Hou seholds by Ownership s tatus (percent) Owned Owned

1, 000, 000

Rented Other

Distri ct-wise Availability of Drinking Water (pe rcent)

800, 000

Availability Availability Unavailability

Distri ct-wise Latrine Facili tes (percent)

600, 000

Within Premise Within Premise Public

Rating Cleanliness of Public Toilets (pe rcent)

400, 000

Below Average Below Average Above Average

Draina ge Facility for Waste Water Disposal (percent)

200, 000

Closed Drainage Closed Drainage Open Drainage

Number of Hou seholds 523, 703

114, 587

No Drainage

Number of Households

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PERCEPTION - SOUTH 31 PUBLIC The South district has highest rating of public toilets, with nearly

45% of the population reporting them as above average. Almost onethird of the population uses open drainage for waste water disposal.

North West

North

730, 034

175, 890

South

South West

West

Typical Neighborhood

Hou seholds by Ownership s tatus (percent) Owned Owned

1, 000, 000

Rented Other

Distri ct-wise Availability of Drinking Water (pe rcent)

800, 000

Availability Availability Unavailability

Distri ct-wise Latrine Facili tes (percent)

600, 000

Within Premise Within Premise Public

Rating Cleanliness of Public Toilets (pe rcent)

400, 000

Below Average Below Average Above Average

Draina ge Facility for Waste Water Disposal (percent)

200, 000

Closed Drainage Closed Drainage Open Drainage

Number of Households

553, 722

Number of Hou seholds 462, 772

523, 703

No Drainage

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TYPOLOGIES 43 STRUCTURAL These categories define the majority of structural typologies of

housing in Delhi, though each category is manifested in countless ways according to the builder’s income and desires. For example, incremental housing is a product of the owner’s income and avilabilty to materials.

Adaptaion of drawing from Himes, R. “Housing Typologies,” Re-Centering Delhi, University of Virginia, School of Architecture. Spring 2014.

INCREMENTAL HOUSING

VILLA

BUILDERâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S FLAT

APARTMENT

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TYPOLOGIES 45 STRUCTURAL This map aims to highlight the different housing typologies among

the Yamuna River. A majority of the population lives in substandard or informal housing. There has been an increase of builder’s flats being constructed alonf the east side of the river.

Adaptaion of drawing from Himes, R. “Housing Typologies,” Re-Centering Delhi, University of Virginia, School of Architecture. Spring 2014.

HOUSING

RE-CENTERING DELHI SEAN SULLIVAN

Walled City Informal Apartment Builder Flat $$ Builder Flat $

Villa Bungalow Non-housing 1:27,000

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OF INCREMENTAL HOUSING 47 CONTEXT Incremental housing is the primary building type in 76% of the population of New Delhi, specifically in the areas to the right.

1. Rural areas 2. Slum 3. JJ Cluster 4. Unauthorized and authorized colonies 5. Resettlement colonies 6. Urban Villages 7. Walled City

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HOUSING 49 INCREMENTAL In informal settlements, buildings grow in an incremental nature as

resources become available to the dweller. This diagram categorizes the different stages of growth and the estimated cost of each.

King, Julia. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Unthinking Housing for the Urban Poor,â&#x20AC;? Incremental Cities. September 18, 2012. Accessed September 10, 2014. http://incrementalcity.wordpress.com/2012/09/18/unthinking-housing-for-the-urban-poor/

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OF INFORMAL HOUSEHOLDS 51 OCCUPANCY 28.8% of the informal households in Delhi include 6-8 residents.

In light of the previous statistic, a majority of these households are most likely crowding into houses with only one or two rooms.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Human Development Report 2013: Shelter and Basic Service,â&#x20AC;? Govt. of NCT of Delhi, March 23, 2014, Accessed September 11, 2014, http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_planning/Planning/Misc./Index+Human+Development+Report+2013.

7% 7%

28%

14%

1 2 3

18% 20%

4 5 6~ 8 9+

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53 ACCESS TO BASIC SERVICES IN SLUMS Though most everyone has access to electricity, only half has access to latrine facilities.

“Human Development Report 2013: Shelter and Basic Service,” Govt. of NCT of Delhi, March 23, 2014, Accessed September 11, 2014, http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_planning/Planning/Misc./Index+Human+Development+Report+2013.

0.38 MILLION SLUMHOUSEHOLDS 1

100%

97% HAVE ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY 97

97% 3

51%

51% HAVE ACCESS TP WATER FACILITY

49% 97

50%

51% HAVE ACCESS TO LATRINE FACILITIES

50% 97

44%

56%

44% HAVE ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY, WATER AND LATRINE FACITY

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DEVELOPMENT 55 INCREMENTAL This diagram shows the growth of informal housing over time. As

residents have access to resources, they continue to invest in the development of their house, soon adding sanitation services, new floors, and transforming the main level into a shop.

Information adapted from King, Julia. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Unthinking Housing for the Urban Poor,â&#x20AC;? Incremental Cities. September 18, 2012. Accessed September 10, 2014. http://incrementalcity.wordpress.com/2012/09/18/unthinking-housingfor-the-urban-poor/

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OF INFORMAL HOUSING TYPES 57 DISTRIBUTION A majority of the population of informal communities lives in Pucca’s.

Information adapted from King, Julia. “Unthinking Housing for the Urban Poor,” Incremental Cities. September 18, 2012. Accessed September 10, 2014. http://incrementalcity.wordpress.com/2012/09/18/unthinking-housingfor-the-urban-poor/

pucca

semi pucca

served kucca

unserved kucca

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OF INFORMAL HOUSING TYPES 59 DIFFERENCE A majority of the population of informal communities lives in Puccaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s.

URBAN VILLAGES: PLANNING FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF HOUSING & LIVING STANDARDS, Joel Michael

TYPE

EVOLUTION

POPULATION

Unauthorize d Colonies

Developed on agricultural land by illegal means (land assembling, division and disposal)

0.74 mn (5.7%)

DWELLING STANDARD Haphazard but not fully dilapidated with no tenure security

INFRASTRUCT URE STATUS Minimal Govt. intervention into regularization has improved the condition Haphazard layouts creates difficulties in extension of amenities

Regularized Unauthorize d Colonies

Advanced form of unauthorized colonies

1.75 mn (12.7%)

Improved condition with greater tenure security

Urban Villages

Rural villages that got urbanized due to city expanding around them

0.88 mn (6.4%)

High degree of tenure security but congested living

Rural Villages

Rural villages inside the city boundaries which have not been yet urbanized

Juggi Jhopdi Clusters

Arisen by encroachment on public and private lands

2.07 mn (14.8%)

Extremely poor

Rarely exist Meager improvements

Almost nil but not essential too

Notified Slums

Improved version of JJ clusters

2.66 mn (19.4%)

Juggi Jhopdi Resettlemen t Colonies

Formed by relocating squatters and slum households from the heart of the city to its periphery in order to improve their living condition

Improvements in the form of tenure security

1.75 mn (12.7%)

Same as it is in Rural Villages

Basic amenities (water supply and sewage disposal) provided

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CLUSTERS IN DELHI 61 JJ According to DUSIB, 53% households occupy less than 20 sqm.

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SITUATION OF JJ CLUSTER 63 BASIC Though the acres of slum land are small compared to the total acre-

age of Delhi, the amount of households that fits on this land is quite large and accounts for 33.9% of the population (including both JJ Clusters and designated slums). There are 2.07 million people living in JJ clusters, which is the worst dewelling in Delhi.

http://www.microhomesolutions.org/download/resettlement-colonies-and-case-savda-ghevra-0

Population: 2.07 million(14.8%) people, 0.3 households.

Area: 8million sqm, 675

clusters.

Dewelling Standard: Extremely poor.

Infrastructure Status: Rarely exist. Main Building type: Kucca

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OF JJ CLUSTERS IN DELHI 65 LOCATION This interactive map developed by the Delhi Urban Shelter Improve-

ment Board (DUSIB) identifies the location of every JJ Cluster in Delhi, and includes information of each such as its name, area, and number of Jhuggies (houses).

http://delhishelterboard.in/main/?page_id=3644

Riverside slum development in reaction to

South Delhi Expansion (1950-1970)

Location of of Slum JJ Cluster Location within Assembly Constituency

Government-sanctioned Resettlement Colonies

Assembly Constituency Riverside slum development in reaction to

Self Constructed Housing Within TransYamuna Government Housing Projects

South Delhi Expansion (1950-1970)

Dhobi Ghat Village Okhla Delhi Slums Along the Barrage Slum Development Along River Banks Site Plan 1:40,000

Beginning in the 1970s, government-driven “resettlement colonies” further fostered slum development- spreading poor infrastructure further from the city center.

Number of Housing Units 2011 20,000 and above

SLUM DISPERSION

In response to a growing populati

10,000 the Delhi City Government initiate

of government constructed and s their homes and resituated throug such nieghborhoods have only fo concentrated within the urban cor

01. RESEARCH HOUSING 1:1500 A.IACCARINO

he 1970s, riven “resettlement colonies” d slum spreading poor further from the city center.

5,000

making invisible such derelict livin the many desperate residents livi

1 8, 1%

2,000

Less than 1,000 N

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CLUSTERS IN DELHI 67 JJ According to DUSIB, 53% households occupy less than 20 sqm.

http://delhishelterboard.in/main/?page_id=3644

Area/house hol d 14, 2% 7, 1 % 1, 0 % 8, 1 % 11, 2% 30, 5% 55, 8%

n 1-20 n 21-40 360, 53%

n 41-60 n 61-80

189, 28%

n 81-100 n 101-120 n 121-200 n 200-600 n 8000

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CLUSTERS IN DELHI 69 JJ JJ clusters were always arisen by encroachment on public and private land in urban area. Most of them are surrounded by residential area or along the railway.

A. vacant urban land B

B. urban apartment C. JJ cluster

a. bamboo A

b. mud wall c. wood d. thatch e. unburnt bricks f. rust metal panel

1. bedroom 2. water storage 3. kichen 4. playground

5. water supply

a 4

1 2

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71 UNAUTHORIZED COLONY/ URBAN VILLAGE Building type in both districtions look same and the only difference between them is the ownership.

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DATA OF URBAN VILLAGE 73 BASIC Urban villages in Delhi are the village in side bid Delhi area. They get urbanized because of the city expanding around them.

http://www.slideshare.net/Nipesh/housing-in-delhi

Population: 0.88 million(6.4%) people

Dewelling Standard:

High degree of tenure security but congested living.

Infrastructure Status: Haphazard layouts cre-

ates difficulties in extension of amenities.

Main Building type: Pucca & Kucca.

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KHAZ: AN URBAN VILLAGE 75 HAUS A gentrified urban village. This is one precedent for the revitalization of urban villages through commercialization.

Photograph by Michelle Stein. June 2014

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DATA OF UNAUTHORIZED COLONIES 77 BASIC Unauthorized colonies are developed on agricultural land by illegal means (land assembling, division and disposal).

http://www.slideshare.net/Nipesh/housing-in-delhi

Population: 0.74 million(5.7%) people

Dewelling Standard:

Haphazard but not fully dilapidated with no tenure security

Infrastructure Status: Minimal. Main Building type: Pucca.

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DEVELOPMENT 79 BUILDING Those zones are highly self-sufficient and not having the need to travel long distances to get daily things done.

1 B

Ground floor

Typical floor

1. bedroom 2. toilet 3. kichen 4. playground 5. water supply C

A. farm B. rural village house C. urban village

3 Section

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COLONIES 81 RESETTLEMENT Formed by relocating squatters and slum households from the heart of the city to its periphery in order to improve their living condition.

http://www.india.com/topic/Delhi-Resettlement-Colonies/

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SITUATION 83 BASIC The government’s relocation of JJC residents is explicitly motivated by the concept of ‘rehabilitation’, an impetus that suggests resettlement sites should have the basic services like water and sewerage that JJCs so often lack. In reality, however, these colonies are rarely serviced before residents arrive.

http://www.microhomesolutions.org/download/resettlement-colonies-and-case-savda-ghevra-0

Population: 1.75 million(12.7%) people, 0.3 households.

Infrastructure Status: Basic amenities (water

supply and sewage disposal) provided.

Main Building type: Pucca & Flat

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MAP IN DELHI 85 RESETTLEMENT Since Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Independence, Delhi has seen three waves of relocation: in the 1960s, in the 1970s, and, most recently, in the 2000s.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oh9mMo0Bs7o

1990-1995

1996-2002

2002-2010

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COLONIES IN DELHI 87 RESETTLEMENT The most recent wave of relocation in Delhi was marked by eviction

and resettlement of JJC residents to make way for infrastructure projects necessary for the Commonwealth Games, held in Delhi in 2010. During this period, residents were relocated to 11 sites, mostly in north, northwest, and west Delhi. These newest resettlement colonies—which include Savda Ghevra, Bawana, Holambi Kalan, Papan Kalan, Rohini, and Narela9—bring Delhi’s total number of resettlement colonies to 55.

http://www.slideshare.net/Nipesh/housing-in-delhi

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COLONIES 89 RESETTLEMENT Services follow residents after they are relocated, resulting in the

same disorganised and incomplete service delivery present in the JJCs these colonies are meant to ‘rehabilitate’. This means that resettlement colonies, though planned, end up having many slumlike characteristics. It is a reality that has led scholars to label such resettlement colonies ‘planned slums’

1. Flat build by government 2. Self-built pucca 3.slum in colony 4. playground

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FURTHER AWAY 91 MOVING The movement of resettlement colonies further and further from

the cities has caused significant problems for the residents who are increasingly disconnected from the life of the city.

Narayanan, Nipesh P. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Housing In Delhi,â&#x20AC;? Slideshare. March 5, 2012. http://www.slideshare.net/Nipesh/housingin-delhi.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;With each subsequent wave, resettlement colonies moved further away from city center creating further problems including poor housing, unemployment and transportation issuesâ&#x20AC;?

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OF VILLAS 93 CONTEXT Villas are essentially individually-owned houses. They are the most expensive housing type. Lutyen’s Bungalow Zone was designed as part of the original plan for New Delhi. These are very extravagent homes given to the highest government officials.

Adaptation from Himes, R. “Housing Typologies,” Re-Centering Delhi, University of Virginia, School of Architecture. Spring 2014

1. Lutyenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Bungalow Zone 2. Individually-Owned Plots

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OF VILLAS 95 CONTEXT Being the most expensive housing typology in Delhi, Villas can sell for

upwards of 1, 100, 000, 00 rupees (equivalent to around $18 millions USD). One of the most lavish communites of villas is in Sunder Nagar, an upscale neighborhood in New Delhi.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Independent House/Villa for Sale in Sunder Nagar, Delhi Central,â&#x20AC;? 99acres.com. August 30, 2014. Accessed September 21, 2014. http://www.99acres.com/Independent-House/Villa-in-Sunder-Nagar-Delhi%20Central-4Bedroom-bhk-for-Sale-spid-W15436450

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IN CONTEXT OF DELHI 97 VILLAS Villas are typically on the western side of the Yamuna river, arranged

south of Old Delhi. They are typically owned by government officials impress with their scale, clean lines, and use of material.

Adaptaion of drawing from Himes, R. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Housing Typologies,â&#x20AC;? Re-Centering Delhi, University of Virginia, School of Architecture. Spring 2014.

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- TYPICAL NEIGHBORHOOD 99 VILLAS Before India’s independence, the British often designated large open areas adjacent to Old Delhi British miltary officials associated with the Indian Army. The basic model developed into a more European classical form in outward appearance with Doric, and later Tuscan columns, defining the evolution of an Indian prototype.

Adaptaion of drawing from Himes, R. “Housing Typologies,” Re-Centering Delhi, University of Virginia, School of Architecture. Spring 2014.

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101VILLAS - TYPICAL ARRANGMENT

Villas are typically single storied, designed with deep verandas to protect rooms from direct exposure to the sun, high ceilings, and ventialtors to ensure proper cross ventilation, especially before the days of air conditioning.

Adaptaion of drawing from Himes, R. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Housing Typologies,â&#x20AC;? Re-Centering Delhi, University of Virginia, School of Architecture. Spring 2014.

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103CONTEXT OF BUILDER’S FLATS

Builder’s flats are often found in the same neighborhoods as villas, and can be a cheaper alternative to living alone while still enjoying a smaller-scaled living situation.

Adaptaion of drawing from Himes, R. “Housing Typologies,” Re-Centering Delhi, University of Virginia, School of Architecture. Spring 2014.

1. Plotted group housing 2. Privately owned lots with builder floors for rent

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105CONTEXT OF BUILDER’S FLATS

Builder Flats are described as a middle path for residents in the Middle Income Group (MIG). They are considered an inexpensive alternative to living independently.

“Real Estate in India.” Makaan.com. Accessed September 10, 2015.http://www.indianghar.com

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107BUILDER’S FLATS IN CONTEXT OF DELHI

As this map indicates, there is a large portion of Builder’s Flats among the population of Delhi. Majority of the flats are seperated into two income groups, with most of the lower income flats being situated along the east side of the Yamuna River.

Adaptaion of drawing from Himes, R. “Housing Typologies,” Re-Centering Delhi, University of Virginia, School of Architecture. Spring 2014.

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109BUILDER’S FLATS - TYPICAL NEIGHBORHOOD

“Not everyone wants to live in tall building. On the other hand, independent villas are expensive. Builder floors offer a middle path.” -Pritam P. Hans, May 2012

Adaptaion of drawing from Himes, R. “Housing Typologies,” Re-Centering Delhi, University of Virginia, School of Architecture. Spring 2014 Hans, Pritam P, “Grounded Life.” Money Today. May 2012. Accessed September 21, 2014. http://businesstoday. intoday.in/story/real-estate-buy-builder-floors-independent-living/1/24262.html..

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111BUILDER’S FLATS - TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT

Generally, Builder’s Flats are arranged in two-four floors in a low-rise independent building that has a few other flats.

Adaptaion of drawing from Himes, R. “Housing Typologies,” Re-Centering Delhi, University of Virginia, School of Architecture. Spring 2014.

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113CONTEXT OF APARTMENTS

Apartments are either privately owned society apartments, which tend to be more expensive and include shared amenities such as pools, gymnasiums, etc., or government owned DDA Flats which are often subsidized and provide a more affordable option for low income residents.

Adaptaion of drawing from Himes, R. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Housing Typologies,â&#x20AC;? Re-Centering Delhi, University of Virginia, School of Architecture. Spring 2014.

1. Society Apartments (Privately Owned) 2. DDA Flats (Government Owned)

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115HISTORY OF APARTMENTS

The new DDA 2014 housing scheme is offering 25,034 flats. The excitment among the general population over this scheme manifested in the website crashing at the launch of the site.

Shakti Associates, â&#x20AC;&#x153;For Sale DDA LIG Flat, Dwarka Sector 14, Pocket 3, New Delhi,â&#x20AC;? Shakti Associates. Accessed September 10, 2015. http://www.shaktiassociates.in/propertyDetails.php?id=281

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117APARTMENTS IN CONTEXT OF DELHI

Apartments in Delhi are among the most diverse in location. With majority of the flats located east of the Yamuna River, there are pockets of apartments situated inbetween Villas and Builder’s Flats.

Adaptaion of drawing from Himes, R. “Housing Typologies,” Re-Centering Delhi, University of Virginia, School of Architecture. Spring 2014.

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119APARTMENTS - TYPICAL NEIGHBORHOOD

“DDA has promised an even bigger and high-end housing scheme in December 2016 for all those who could not land a flat or weren’t impressed with the size of the residences.” There is a 200% increase in the promised housing by the DDA from the 2014 scheme.

Adaptaion of drawing from Himes, R. “Housing Typologies,” Re-Centering Delhi, University of Virginia, School of Architecture. Spring 2014. TNN, “Bigger Flats in 2016 scheme.” The TImes of India. January 3, 2015. Accessed September 12, 2015. http:// timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Bigger-DDA-flats-in-2016-scheme/articleshow/45737098.cms

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121APARTMENTS - TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT

40, 000 apartment flats are proclaimed to be supplied by the DDA in 2016, with 24, 660 to be one bedroom apartments for the LIG and the remaining would be a mix of two to three bedroom apartments for the MIG and HIG.

CASE STUDY

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125Savda Gherva by Julia King

Savda Gherva is resettlment colony located about 40 km west of New Delhi. This colony was developed by the Delhi Urban Shelter Improvement Board (DUSIB) to re-house slum dwellers evicted from inner city areas. Home to more than 20, 000 families, Savda Gherva is likely to be the largest resettlment colony in Delhi.

King, Julia. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Unthinking Housing for the Urban Poor,â&#x20AC;? Incremental Cities. September 18, 2012. Accessed September 2, 2015. https://incrementalcity.wordpress.com/2012/09/18/unthinking-housing-for-the-urban-poor/

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127Savda Gherva by Julia King

“Such housing is built by a process that is not planned in this paper is defined as ‘incremental’ the following image shows the typical stages that epitomizes the execution of types found in Savda Ghevra” -Julia King

King, Julia. “Unthinking Housing for the Urban Poor,” Incremental Cities. September 18, 2012. Accessed September 2, 2015. https://incrementalcity.wordpress.com/2012/09/18/unthinking-housing-for-the-urban-poor/

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129Savda Gherva by Julia King

This model developed represents a prototype house, which is currently being tested in Savda Ghevra. Key components of the “Core House”: 1. Skeleton, free-standing concrete pillar and rigid floor 2. Floors are connected by in-situ cast concrete stairs and a toilet pan is placed on the level best suited to the client 3. Single brick walls enclose the toilet pan and the blackwater waste pipework installed would either connect to mains sewerage or a private tank. 4. Enclosures are built using reclaimed material from the previous kuchha house. 5. The house is consolidated with more walls for increased privacy 6. Alternative infilling can be used or cheap jali walls can offer partial segregation and improved air circulation.

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