[RE]Search [DIA]Logues: Food Systems by The Yamuna River Project

[RE[SEARCH [DIA]LOGUES

RE-CENTERING DELHI UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

FOOD SYSTEMS

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AGRICULTURE: INDIA India is the world’s largest producer of milk, pulses, and spices. The country has the world’s largest cattle herd (buffaloes), as well as the largest area under wheat, rice and cotton. It is the second largest producer of rice, wheat, cotton, sugarcane, sheep & goat meat, fruit, vegetables, and tea. The country has about 195 m Ha under cultivation, of which about 63% are rain-fed (roughly 125m Ha). Conversely, 37% of the land is irrigated (70m Ha). Globally, India is the third largest producer of cereals, with only China and the USA ahead of it. In addition, it is ranked third in fish production. During the last 30 years, India’s food grain production nearly doubled from 102 million tons to nearly 200 million tons. Virtually all of the increase in the production resulted from yield gains rather than expansion of cultivated area. Despite the impressive growth and development, India is still home to the largest number of poor people of the world. With about 250 million below the poverty line, India accounts for about one-fifth of the world’s poor. Child malnutrition extracts its highest toll in this country. About 25% children suffer from serious malnutrition. More than 50 percent of the pre-school children and pregnant women are anemic. The depth of hunger among the undernourished is also high. “India: Issues and Priorities for Agriculture.” The World Bank. May 17, 2012. Accessed September 17, 2014 Sinha, Neha. “Agricultural and Allied Commodities Anchor India’s Exports.” National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange, 2013. Accessed September 17, 2014. http://www.ncdex.com/Downloads/Knowledge/pdf/Agri_and__AlliedCommodities_4.pdf.

India in Agricultural Products 35

Net Exports Total Exports

$ Billion

2001

2003

2005

2009

2007

2013

20119

$ = $1,000 USD

WHEAT BUFFALO PULSES

$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$

WALNUT GRAPE

$$$

DAIRY

$$$$$$

EGGS

HONEY

RICE COCOA

$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$ $

MAIZE

$$$$$$$$$$

ONION

$$$$$

MANGO STATE DOMESTIC PRODUCT

3.85% AGRICULTURE

LAND USE PATTERN

48%

CULTIVABLE LAND

MARKET PRODUCE

MAIN CROP

FROM GROUNDS IRRIGATED IN/DELHI

WHEAT PRODUCTION

71%

64.6%

SHEEP PROCESSED MEAT

$$ $

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AGRICULTURE: DELHI The main crops of Delhi are wheat, jowar, rice, and bajra. Due to the dramatic population increase, Delhi has high pressure on land and other resources to meet its food and development needs. Urban food needs are expected to be fulfilled by rural areas. Yet, most of the time, these needs are not met. The rural region lacks proper storage, adequate irrigation, transport means to market, and an organized market system. Most times, farmers are dependent upon local traders and middlemen to sell their products at market. The traders take a large portion of profit and thus leave the farmers impoverished. The river basin has become the main agricultural producer for urban centers. However, floodplain agriculture, in addition to being illegal, is mainly for subsistence of the tenants. Overall, this type of farming leaves severe repercussions on the dwellers and the environment.

“India: Issues and Priorities for Agriculture.” The World Bank. May 17, 2012. Accessed September 17, 2014 Sinha, Neha. “Agricultural and Allied Commodities Anchor India’s Exports.” National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange, 2013. Accessed September 17, 2014. http://www.ncdex.com/Downloads/Knowledge/pdf/Agri_and__AlliedCommodities_4.pdf.

18,000

82,000

67,000

12,000

52,000

9,000

37,000

6,000

22,000

3,000

7,000

Rice

Wheat

Jowar

Bajra

Sugarcane

2.82 Yield

4.36 Yield

0.93 Yield

1.90 Yield

92 Yield

Production (Tons)

PROBLEMS?

1,000 PEOPLE migrate to Delhi EVERYDAY AGRICULTURAL LAND turned into NON-AGRICULTURAL LAND RURAL areas NOT meeting FOOD NEEDS Low FOOD SECURITY 50-80% of INCOMES spent on FOOD

WHY? SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE in city 2/3 of farming dependent upon MOONSOONS OUTDATED mechanisms HIGH CROPPPING along riverbank LACK of suï¬&#x192;cient STORAGE

ated Area (Ha)

Cultivated Area (Ha)

15,000

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AGRICULTURE: CROPPING SEASONS In the basin, three distinct crop seasons are Kharif (May-October), Rabi (October-April), and Zaid (Febuary-May). The majority of agricultural land is sown more than once in a single calendar year, and therefore the cropping intensity of the basin is more than 100%. It is evident from the map that the most cropping occurs along the river or in the irrigation command area. The average cropping intensity of the Yamuna basin is 141%. Through the years, when the cropping intensity has increased, the net sown area in Delhi has decreased.

“Exclusive: Fruits, Vegetables Grown on Yamuna River Bank Contain Deadly Fecal Coliform Bacteria, Finds Study.” : North, News. Accessed September 11, 2014. Rai, Raveendra Kumar. “Soil, Landuse and Agriculture.” In The Yamuna River Basin Water Resources and Environment, 135-171. Dordrecht: Springer Science Business Media B.V., 2012.

27.9 cm 24.1 cm

70째 F

60째 F

Kharif Season Sowning

High

Harvesting Jowar Bajra Rice Maize Cotton Jute Groundnut Hemp Sugarcane Tobacco

50째 F 11.9 cm 40째 F

Low

5.3 cm

1.5 cm

1.3 cm

Rainfall

1 cm

0.5 cm

1.8 cm

0.8 cm

Rabi Season Sowning Harvesting

Climate

Winter

Summer

Traditional

Shishira

Vasanta

Southwest Monsoon

Grishma

Wheat Barley Gram Linseed Mustard Masoor Pea Potato

Northeast Monsoon

Varsha

Sharada

Hemanta

Zaid Season Sowning

Cropping

Harvesting

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEPT

OCT

NOV

DEC

Watermelon Toris Cucumber Musk Melon Gourd

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AGRICULTURE: LIVESTOCK The biggest chunk of the population is dependent on farming and allied activities. Farmers use livestock in an agricultural environment with the intent of providing food, textiles, labor, or fertilizer to their owners. Common examples of livestock are cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, pig, horses & ponies, mules, donkeys, camels, mithun, and yak. In addition to labor, some domesticated animals provide products. The main ones in Delhi are milk, eggs and meat. The total livestock population in India was 512.05 million in 2012. According to the 2013 Livestock census, population of India’s livestock has declined by 3.33% in the past year. This may be due to the country witnessing a shortage in rainfall. Farmers are known to sell cattle in distress.

“Exclusive: Fruits, Vegetables Grown on Yamuna River Bank Contain Deadly Fecal Coliform Bacteria, Finds Study.” : North, News. Accessed September 11, 2014. Kumar, Ashuk. “India’s Livestock Population Down.” OneWorld South Asia. Accessed12 September2015. Stefaan Van Eric. “Plowing Rice Fields.” Flickr. Accessed 12 September 2015. Jain, Meha. Livestock Farming. Digital image. National Geographic. Accessed 12 September 2015.

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AGRICULTURE: URBAN WHOLESALE MARKETS Okla Mandi is th one of the biggest vegetable wholesale markets in Delhi. It was developed by DDA (Delhi Development Authority) and is called the “fruits and vegetable market sub yard-Okhla”. Farmers from all adjacent villages come here to sell their produce to the retailers and also to consumers. All the areas around Delhi get their supply of vegetables and fruits from Okhla Mandi, especially South Delhi, Ghasiabad, Noida and Gurgaon. Most markets are concentrated in Old Delhi. Few appear in New Delhi and on the East Bank.

KALA, ANANT VIJAY, and MUKESH JAGOTA. “Rising Food Prices Push Up Indian Wholesale Inflation in May.” The Wall Street Journal. June 16, 2014. Accessed September 11, 2014 Kazmin, Amy. “India Tackles Supply Chain to Cut Food Waste - FT.com.” Financial Times. April 11, 2014. Accessed September 11, 2014.

Loss: Storage

Personal Consumption

Market

Storage

Loss: Dryers

Loss: Rodents Insects Fungi

Loss: Moisture

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AGRICULTURE: WHOLESALE MARKET NETWORK The orange dots represent the established markets. The yellow dots represent the markets proposed in the 2021 Master Plan. While the MPD accounts for more markets, the rural zones would benefit from a broader market network due to their lower density. Fresh crops must go to market quickly in order to prevent spoilage. However, a large portion of rural agricultural crops spoil before going to market due to lack of organized road systems and the informality of the market system. The urban markets tend to have fresher produce due to the proximity of farms to wholesale markets and bazaars.

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TRENDS: GLOBALIZATION & CONSUMPTION As incomes go up, the food basket becomes more diversified. Cereal consumption decreases and the consumption of other foods increases. Urban people consume fewer cereals and more of other items. Protective foods such as pulses, fruit and vegetables, milk, eggs, and meat are easily available in the urban environment. When economic prosperity rises, more balanced diets (away from cereals and towards protective high-protein foods, vegetables, and fruits) exist.

AVG. CONSUMPTION OF CEREAL (KG/PERSON)

11.23 kg/person

10 9.32 kg/person

8 RURAL URBAN

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5-10

10-20

20-30

30-40

40-50

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Top 5

CONSUMTION CLASS (%)

Fig. 1: Cereal consumption between the rural and urban population RICE PREPARED SWEETS

SALTED REFRESHMENTS

WHEAT/FLOUR

5 PULSES 4

BISCUITS

LIQUID MILK

1 SUGAR

EGGS !"

1987-88 1993-94 1999-2000

MILK FAT

LEMONS

EDIBLE OILS

BANANAS

FLESH FOODS

MANGOES LEAFY VEGETABLES

VEGETABLES

Fig. 2: Change in consumption patterns of major food items in the urban population

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TRENDS: 2030 CONSUMPTION Currently, India achieves just 50-60% of its potential yield for most crops because of poor technology adoption, weak links between farmers and industry, unexplored opportunities in branding, marketing, and exports, lack of infrastructure support, and dearth of extension support. Rising affluence shifts urban India’s food consumption patterns from being primarily driven by basic foods(grains and cereals) to more “high-value foods” such as fruits, vegetables and complex proteins. Mango, banana potato, soybean, and poultry are the five items to drive the next wave of growth in Indian agriculture. As an outcome, the agricultural sector could grow by 5.2% to 5.7% over the next 20 years.

[Live Mint Wall Street Journal, “India’s food consumption to more than double by 2030: CII-McKinsey report” Apr 2013, accessed 7 Sept 2014]

“A 320% increase in India’s per-capita gross domestic product (GDP) by 2030 is likely to drive a 4% increase per annum in overall food consumption from $11 trillion in 2010 to 22.5 trillion in 20 years” -Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) & McKinsey and Co.

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TRENDS: FOOD WASTE Studies suggest that in 2010 as much as 16 million tons of Indian-grown grain was lost to spoilage, enough to feed an estimated 118 million people for a year. Even a small improvement could save lives and stabilize food prices in a country that battles chronic undernourishment and double-digit food inflation. As a result of demographics and legislation that limits farm sizes, India’s agricultural sector is surprisingly fragmented when compared with other countries. The average farmer works with just a couple of acres. This means that while efficiency improvements could benefit farming communities rather than large agricultural corporations, typical farmers don’t have the scale or capital to make necessary technology and infrastructure investments that could bring about these efficiencies.

Kornstein, Samuel, and Paul Artiuch. “Research Project: Battling Food Waste in India.” InPEC International Politics Energy Culture. January 14, 2012. Accessed September 11, 2014. Pai, Sandeep. “Rice, Wheat worth Rs. 2,050 Crore Wasted in 3 Yrs in Govt Godowns - Hindustan Times.” Http:// www.hindustantimes.com/. July 14, 2013. Accessed September 11, 2014.

Food Loss from Transit

177,037 MT

196,477 MT

184,159 MT

174,904 MT

204,761MT

170,300 MT

Food Loss from Storage

1,107,638 174,904 MT MT of Grains Lost in 3 Years

2010-2011

2011-2012

2012-2013

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TRENDS: FOOD DISTRIBUTION India holds the second-largest stockpile of surplus grain in the world, after China. However, half the nation’s fruit and vegetables spoil before getting to market. Typically, after production, grains are distributed by truck to open storage facilities. However, due to the lack of quality storage and infrequency of distribution, the sacks of grain are susceptible to rotting. Thus, advocates say that more than 252 million poor Indian residents reap few benefits of the grain stockpile and often go hungry. Grain and produce waste could be reduced by refrigerating vehicles with liquid air, which would cost a fraction using diesel engines. Trucks and rail containers fitted with engines that run on super-cold fuels could transport produce at between a fifth and a third of the cost of using diesel for the same job, said Tim Fox, the organization’s head of energy environment. Agriculture accounts for 13 percent of India’s diesel consumption currently.

Pearson, Natalie Obiko. “Chilled Air Cheaper Than Diesel for India Food Transport.” Bloomberg.com. July 4, 2014. Accessed September 22, 2014. Bajaj, Vikas. “As Grain Piles Up, India’s Poor Still Go Hungry.” The New York Times. June 7, 2012. Accessed September 22, 2014. Laborers Loading Grain. Dhaka Tribune. Accessed 12 September 2015. Refrigerated Truck. Trade India. Accessed 12 September 2015.

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TRENDS: FOOD INFLATION As Asia’s third largest economy, India’s food inflation has hit double-digits in recent years. In 2014, the wholesale price index rose 6.01%, as shown by Commerce Ministry data. This was well above the median 5.4% rise predicted in a poll of 16 economists by The Wall Street Journal. Analysts are worried inflation could climb further if India receives less than the usual levels of rainfall during the June-to-September monsoon season.

Kala, Anant Vijay. “Rising Food Prices Push Up Indian Wholesale Inflation in May.” The Wall Street Journal. June 16, 2014. Accessed September 22, 2014.

A worker checks the quality of a pumpkin at a wholesale vegetable market in Kolkata on Monday. India’s wholesale inflation in May accelerated to a five-month high.

“Food inflation will be a challenge and a top priority for the government” -Finance Minister Arun Jaitley

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YAMUNA BASIN: LAND USE Out of total reported area, more than 50% of area is agricultural followed by forestry. Other categories of land uses have almost equal distribution in the basin. Out of that agricultural area, most of land is composed of smaller farms. As seen from the pie chart, the majority of farmers hold marginal-sized farmer of 1 Ha or less.

Rai, Raveendra Kumar. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Soil, Landuse and Agriculture.â&#x20AC;? In The Yamuna River Basin Water Resources and Environment, 135-171. Dordrecht: Springer Science Business Media B.V., 2012.

Large >10 Ha

Medium 4-10 Ha

Semi-Medium 2-4 Ha

Small 1-2 Ha

Marginal <1 Ha

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YAMUNA BASIN: SOIL TYPE Alluvial soil is the most important and widespread type. It covers 40% of the land area, including the entire Northern Plains. The deposits are brought down by three great Himalayan rivers: Sutlej, Ganga, and Brahmaputra. Our site falls under the Trans Gangetic Plains Region. Thus, Delhi is composed of Alluvial soil.

Rai, Raveendra Kumar. “Soil, Landuse and Agriculture.” In The Yamuna River Basin Water Resources and Environment, 135-171. Dordrecht: Springer Science Business Media B.V., 2012. Haq, Zia. “Here’s How to Fight Hunger: Don’t Write off the PDS Yet - Hindustan Times.” Dead-duck Public Delivery System Making a Promising Comeback in Five More States. July 28, 2013. Accessed September 22, 2014.

SOIL TYPES OF YAMUNA RIVER BASIN 42.0% Alluvial

25.5% Medium Black 15.0% Mixed Red & Black 5.5% Deep Black 5.0% Red & Yellow 4.0% Brown Hill 2.5% Red Sandy 0.5% Calcareous Seirozemic

Crops Suitable for Alluvial Soil

Sugarcane

Maize

Green Space Flood Plain River Deposits Wheat Alluvial Soil Quartzite Ridge Access Point

Potato

1:27,000

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YAMUNA BASIN: FLOODING Identifying the extent of floods throughout the year is a vital factor to planning future uses for the Yamuna floodplain. 203: Safe 204: Danger zone - flood water creeps up embankment walls 205: Submerges major slums on the lower west bank 206: Higher embankment walls near capacity 207: 1978; Delhi experienced the worst flood in its history of recording Yamuna water levels with an official death toll of 3,800 208: Embankments predicted to fail at this level (100 year flood instance)

203 cm

204 cm

205 cm

206 cm

207 cm

208 cm

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YAMUNA BASIN: ILLEGAL FARMING Cultivation along the banks of the Yamuna River has been occurring for several generations. Most tenants do not own the property on which they farm. They have no access to government services, live under constant threat of eviction, and must rebuild their houses each year after the river banks flood during the monsoons. Nearly 4,000 acre of land on the floodplains has been occupied illegally. On these farmlands, farmhouses are being built and sold to buyers as developers tap into a swelling demand for spacious housing. While this developing goes on, the floodplains slowly deteriorate. These areas are ecologically fragile zones. Construction in any form, whether buildings or concrete roads, is banned on land extending usually up to 500m from both sides of the river’s course.

Vashishtha, Akash. “Robbing Yamuna’s Riches: Farmhouses Eat up 30km of Nodia Floodplain Area Set aside for Agriculture after Mafia Move in.” Mail Online India. February 12, 2012. Accessed September 22, 2014. Redwood-Martinez, Joseph. “Urban Agriculture in Delhi: Thousands of Invisible Farmers.” The Huffington Post. May 8, 2013. Accessed September 10, 2014. Prasad, Aditya V. Yamuna River. Flickr. Accessed 13 September 2015. Dolkar...photographe. Delhi-Yamuna River. Flickr. Accessed 13 September 2015. Tending to the Climate Affected. Delhi Greens. Accessed 13 Septemvber 2015.

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YAMUNA BASIN: IRRIGATION The basin land classifies as arable. Due to this condition, irrigation is an important use of Yamuna river water. In the entire Yamuna basin, the irrigated land is about 12.3 million hectares. 67% area is irrigated through groundwater resources. Only 27% agriculture water demand is met by canal systems, and the rest 6% area is irrigated through tanks, ponds, etc. It is estimated that about 92% of Yamuna river water is used for irrigation.

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YAMUNA BASIN: GROUNDWATER Since independence, the population in the Yamuna basin has been increased by 2.5 times. To ensure the food security, various irrigation schemes have been subsequently developed. Currently, the irrigated area in the basin has doubled since 1950. Between 1950 - 2010, the contribution of groundwater resources for irrigation has tripled. The rest of the irrigation water is met by other sources like ponds, tanks, anicuts, etc.

Upadhyay, A., and R.K. Rai. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Brief Overview of the Yamuna River Basin and Issues.â&#x20AC;? In Water Management and Public Participation: Case Studies from the Yamuna River Basin, India, 13-24. Springer, 2013.

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YAMUNA BASIN: CONTAMINATION The agriculture is one of the main sources of contamination in the Yamuna River, which directly or indirectly affects river water quality. In the non-monsoon time, the majority of the river streams shrink, and their banks are used for farming. The ground and surface water run off of agricultural land through monsoon and non-monsoon precipitation. Thus, this process directly adds pesticides residue, artificial fertilizer residue, insecticides, herbicides, and farmyard waste in the river. In general, the river is not only contaminated from agriculture but also from waste, which poses as a huge health hazard. A study conducted by three associate professors of Deen Dayal Upadhyay College in Delhi University shows that the amount of fecal matter in river water has increased exponentially since the Central Pollution Control Board came out with its findings in 2009. The amount of Fecal coliform (bacteria available in human and animal feces) has grown by as much as 30 times.

Yamuna River, India. Mother Earth Network. Accessed 12 September 2015. Misra, Anil Kumar. “A River about to Die: Yamuna.” J. Water Resource and Protection, 2010. Accessed September14, 2014. Pushkarna, Neha. “Toxic Yamuna Veggies on Your Menu: Health Fears over River Bank Vegetables Contaminated with Sewage Water.” Mail Online. February 17, 2013. Accessed September 22, 2014.

River water quality can be assessed by the analysis of nutrients, chemistry, and biology. The criteria for a healthy river are that it should contain at least 5 mg/L of Dissolved Oxygen (vital for the survival of marine life) and about 3 mg/L of Biochemical Oxygen Demand. Further the Pathogens (disease causing bacteria’s) represented by the Faecal Coliforms counts should not exceed 500 per 100 mL of water.

Yamuna River is categorized as Class E: River water is suitable only for industrial cooling, irrigation, etc.

“58 % of Delhi’s waste gets dumped straight into the river.”

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YAMUNA BASIN: PUBLIC OPINION As much as the river is the source of contaminated crops and health problems, the local farmers and beneficiaries of the land seem to be okay with their return. Even when stains of pollution are recognized, the respect and sense of devotion to the river remain the same.

Holtmeyer, Dan. “Yamuna: India’s Fallen Goddess.” Viewfinder. September 5, 2014. Accessed September 22, 2014.

“Everyone likes these vegetables,” Rani said. “That’s why I’m here.”

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YAMUNA BASIN: STORAGE India produces about 150 million tons of food grains per year. Production has been steadily increasing due to advancement in production technology, but losses have remained static at 10%. This means that the loss of food grains is also increasing with the increase in food production. The main reason for this is improper storage. 70% of farm produce is stored by farmers for their own consumption. Farmers store grain in bulk, using different types of storage structures made from locally available materials. The pre-treatment necessary for better storage life is cleaning and drying of the grain, but storage structure design and its construction also play a vital role in reducing or increasing the losses during storage. The storage capacity in India is mainly concentrated towards production centers. Thus, a huge imbalance in the storage distribution between regions exists. Only 22% of total storage capacity is available in the major consumption states.

“Research and Development Issues in Grain Postharvest Problems in Asia - Overview of Grain Drying and Storage Problems in India (cont.).” FAO Corporate Document Repository. Accessed September 22, 2014. ”Storage of Grains.” 77 Mosrenta. Accessed 12 Sept. 2015. Gunny Bag Storage. Alriyadh. Accessed 12 Sept. 2015. Nayak, Abhay. “Agriculture Warehousing in India - Data, Statistics and Opportunities.” Agriculture Warehousing in India – Data, Statistics and Opportunities. July 24, 2011. Accessed September 22, 2014. Qadri, Altaf. Wheat Rot. The Star. Accessed 12 Sept. 2015.

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YAMUNA BASIN: RIVER ACCESS Due to the abundance of illegal farming on the riverbank, public access is denied to the river. The red shows the established roads. However, many of these compose of roads that lead to the bridges that cross the river. Thus, they do not give direct access to the water. The black dotted line shows the informal paths created over time. They tend to divide the farms along the basin. These paths do lead to the river. However, many are hidden or unaccessible to the public.

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YAMUNA BASIN: ENCROACHMENTS Being a mega-city, Delhi’s urban space comes at a premium, and is heavily-prized by construction companies and developers. Large sections of the floodplains to the west have been built over with structures ranging from power plants to bazaars. Over the last 10–15 years, the river bed in the east has also seen developments including the Delhi Metro, Akshardham Complex, and the Commonwealth Games Village 28. Experts say that such construction has resulted in reducing water infiltration capacity of these areas by three to four times, and warn that any more construction in the Yamuna flood plain “will adversely impact the underground water recharge and cause more flooding and disasters”.

Redwood-Martinez, Joseph. “Urban Agriculture in Delhi: Thousands of Invisible Farmers.” The Huffington Post. May 8, 2013. Accessed September 10, 2014.

RAJ GHAT POWER PLANT DELHI STOCK EXCHANGE DELHI SECRETARIAT

COMMONWEALTH GAMES VILLAGE AKSHARDHAM TEMPLE

FLY ASH DUMP

RAIJIV SMRITI VAN

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POLICY: FOOD SECURITY ACT In 2013, Congress Vice-President Rahul Gandhi and the UPA Coalition enacted the National Food Security Act (NFSA) in hopes of eradicating hunger from India. By implementation, 67% or about 800 million Indians are given access to cheap grains. However, subsidized food grains provided under the law are about half the consumption by the poor, both in urban and rural areas. Also, the national per capita consumption is about twice the entitlement under NFSA.

Singh, Darpan. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Only a Sewerage Overhaul Can save Delhi - Hindustan Times.â&#x20AC;? Http://www.hindustantimes.com/. September 21, 2014. Accessed September 22, 2014. Food Security Crisis. Ekalavvya. Accessed 12 September 2015.

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POLICY: STATE-RUN GRAIN PROCUREMENT AGENCY The Food Corporation of India buys about one-third of total wheat output to run welfare programs and keep stocks for emergency needs. It has stored 57.38 million tonnes of food grain (compared to the required stocks of 16.2 million tonnes and strategic reserves of 5 million tonnes). However, grains are still spoiling, and impoverished people are still going hungry. This is due to the poor management of India’s growing food stockpile and serious cost inefficiencies set by the Food Corporation of India. As a result, a panel was set up to address plans to reduce waste and help control high food prices.

[Manoj Kumar, “Govt begins revamp of Food Corporation of India to cut waste, tame prices” Aug 2014, accessed 7 Sept 2014] Rai, Raveendra Kumar. “Soil, Land use and Agriculture.” In The Yamuna River Basin Water Resources and Environment, 135-171. Dordrecht: Springer Science Business Media B.V., 2012.

“It is commonly perceived that FCI is plagued today with several functional and cost inefficiencies, which need to be removed for efficient management of food grains and saving costs...”

“Prime Minister Narendra Modi...[promises to break up the Food Corporation of India (FCI) into three divisions for handling procurement, management and distribution].”

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POLICY: PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS (PDS) Public distribution systems are food security systems that make subsidized foods available to the poor sections of society. Major commodities in the public distribution systems include wheat, rice, sugar, and kerosene. They provide rationed amounts of basic food items as well as other basic non-food products at regulated prices to consumers through a network of Fair Price Shops.

Haq, Zia. “Here’s How to Fight Hunger: Don’t Write off the PDS Yet - Hindustan Times.” Dead-duck Public Delivery System Making a Promising Comeback in Five More States. July 28, 2013. Accessed September 22, 2014.

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POLICY: CHAWAL UTSAV DIN (FOOD DAY) The 7th of every month brings cheer in Mahasund district’s Nayapara area. People queue up outside Public Distribution System shops for Chawal Utsav Din (food day). These shops dispense the month’s quota of ration. The standard items include: 35 kg of rice 2 kg of lentils Free salt 2 liters of kerosene

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POLICY: TARGETED PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS (TPDS) Targeted Public Distribution Systems (2001) look to reform and improve the public distribution systems. They identify the persons/families living below poverty line (BPL) and issue a distinct ration card for buying specified cereal items through public distribution outlets at specially subsidized rates (generally half of the normal issue price under the system).

TPDS. Indolink. Accessed 12 September 2015. Haq, Zia. “Here’s How to Fight Hunger: Don’t Write off the PDS Yet - Hindustan Times.” Dead-duck Public Delivery System Making a Promising Comeback in Five More States. July 28, 2013. Accessed September 22, 2014. “Public Distribution System.” Planning Department. March 23, 2014. Accessed September 15, 2014.

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POLICY: STREET VENDORS ACT According to the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, there are 10 million street vendors in India, 200,000 of which are in Delhi. Most of them are immigrants or laid-off workers. Even after working for 10–12 hours a day, most remain impoverished. The Street Vendors Bill was passed by Rajya Sabha on February 19, 2014. It provides for protection of livelihood rights and social security of street vendors.

Street Vendors Act, 2014. Street Vendors of India. Accessed 12 Sept. 2015. Progress in the Implementation of the Street Vendors Act. Nation Association of Street Vendors of India. Accessed12 Sept. 2015. Haq, Zia. “Here’s How to Fight Hunger: Don’t Write off the PDS Yet - Hindustan Times.” Dead-duck Public Delivery System Making a Promising Comeback in Five More States. July 28, 2013. Accessed September 22, 2014.

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POLICY: SAFE STREET FOOD ZONES The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India created eight safe street food zones in Delhi where food lovers can enjoy the delights of the capital city without being worried about falling ill. The National Association of Street Vendors of India (NASVI) trained nearly 2,000 vendors in these eight zones. The concept will be replicated in other parts of the capital. The eight zones (Nizammuddin, Chandni Chowk, Sarojini Nagar, Karol Bagh, Paharganj, New Delhi Railway Station, Tilak Nagar and Krishna Nagar Jheel) were took up in the pilot project because of their popularity and high traffic pattern.

Pushkarna, Neha. “Is This the End of ‘Delhi Belly’? Capital to Get Eight ‘safe Zones’ Where Street Food Vendors Are Trained in Food Hygiene.” Mail Online. October 17, 2013. Accessed September 22, 2014.

SADAR BAZAAR

KHARI BAOLI

H A RGA N

RO L NE

W DEL

TION TA

CHANDNI CHOWK

A I L WAY

MMUDD

I N

SHANKAR MARKET

AZADPUR MANDI

WHOLESALE MARKET

FOOD STORAGE

STREET VENDORS

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FUTURE: 2021 DELHI MASTER PLAN PROPOSAL The redefined master plan has been created keeping in mind all the issues found in the 2001 Master Plan. It aims to compliment the increasing population and the changing requirements in the city. The Master Plan is promising to be the biggest opportunity of the next two decades. The 2021 Proposal stipulates that the land along the peripheral boundary will be maintained as a Green Belt. Inside the Green Belt, farmhouses, or Low Density Residential Plots, are permitted. In this area, a variety of practices are allowed: forestry, agriculture, vegetation, pig farms, poultry farms, wild life sanctuary, nursery, orchard, floriculture farm, water harvesting. The proposal also calls for a reserved park at the bottom of the region. Farmhouses are not permitted in this area.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Farm House New Delhi.â&#x20AC;? Delhi Master Plan MPD 2021. Accessed 13 September 2015.

Permitted Non-permitted

20,423 Ha

11,474 Ha

Illegal

2,637

Forest Park

Greenbelt

Park

Farm

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FUTURE: 2021 DELHI MASTER PLAN RURAL ZONES The rural zones are under major planning under the 2021 Master Plan. These authorized villages are located in the Greenbelt. They are responsible for the agricultural production for the outer perimeters of Delhi. The pie charts show the relationship of the Greenbelt population and area to the total zone population and area. As one can see, the Greenbelt villages account for a small percentage of the total zone population. Overall, the total agricultural population and area seem insignificant to the total population and area of Delhi.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Farm House New Delhi.â&#x20AC;? Delhi Master Plan MPD 2021. Accessed 13 September 2015.

Hamidpur Jhangola Palla Singhu Tajpurkalan

P-I

Bakaner Ghoga Lampur Mamurpur

P-II N

Auchandi Mungeshpur Qutabgarg Khor Punjab Chatesar Jaunti GarhiRinhale Nizampur-Rasidpur TikriKalan Hareoli

Mandoli

M C H B

K-I

D K-II

G 2 4 6 8 10

Badusaria Bakargarh Deorala Dhansa Ghalibpur Ghumanhera Isapur Jainpur JharodaKalan Jhatikara Kair Kanganheri Mitaon Mundhelakhurd Nanakheri Raghopur Rauta Shikarpur Surekhpur Tikrikalan

Bamnoli Bijwasan

J 2 4 6 8 101214 16 18 20 22

Bijwasan Kapashera Salahpur Rajokri

Green Belt Population Total Rural Zone Population Green Belt Area Total Rural Zone Area 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

X 1000

2 4 6 8 10

2 4 6 8 10 12

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

2 4 6

K-II

2 4 6 8 10

2 4 6 8 10 12

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

2 4 6

K-II Large >10 Ha

Medium 4-10 Ha

Small 1-2 Ha

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

2 4 6 8 10

P-I

2 4 68

P-II

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

2 4 6 8 10

P-I

2 4 68

P-II

Margin <1 Ha

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FUTURE: HORIZONTAL FARM 60% of the Indian workforce is distributed in the countryside and contribute to the farm economy. Yet, in cities, like New Delhi, agricultural infrastructure is lacking. Horizontal Farm is a design competition focusing on New Delhi to find a solution that integrates the culture and traditions of Indian society with improved living conditions of slums inhabitants.

Saenz, Diego. Slum resettlement proposal for New Delhi, India. Archinect. Accessed 13 Sepember 2015. Singh, Darpan. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Only a Sewerage Overhaul Can save Delhi - Hindustan Times.â&#x20AC;? Http://www.hindustantimes.com/. September 21, 2014. Accessed September 22, 2014.