Graduation Thesis , Architectural Design and Museology on Archeological Sites

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Abstract

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History

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Museo Cisterno

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6-7 Palimpsestic Situation on site

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Propylea-Erectheon-Parthenon-Old Museum

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Current Situation

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Capital III

Inspiration

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Capital I

Capital II

Gareden of Eden

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The Lift

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Leo Von Klenze _ Ideale Ansicht der Akropolis und des Areopag in Athen _ 1846

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ABSTRACT Society that holds high and divine regard towards nature reminds perpetually it’s loyalty to gods.Acropolis is one of the significant example of this dependence and not suprisingly find itself in the center of the city of Athens.Offering some gifts to gods is one of the main rituel in the ancient practice of religion.Acropolis gives a unique chance to understand dedication of city sanctuary.

Architects through the history of mankind,used many instruments to communicate and express their wills to design.Acropolis;from its beginning is a will to show dependance of people towards their gods and designed as a sacred hill of devotion by it’s architects. From the little figurenes to massive but simple marble structures on the hill , it is not that hard to feel that will.

This research focused on sequential progression of myriad phenomenas with their accompenyings,trying to understand the hyerarchy and sanctity in the zone with the help of instruments of design.

Project,along the process,focused on orientation of senses rather than physical space building-up.Nowaday in the current situation in Acropolis these attempt of ancient builders can be withnessed in every detail.According to the analysis that we made , it directs us to bringing back the sacredness or in another word evoking the holiness.With a respective mindfulness of historical past of the cite and palimpsestic situation of the area we stay focused staying away of mimicking the old consctructions and attempts and replacint missing part. Project aimed to stay minimal interventions to create maximum authenticity. Reversibilty, complete accesibilty and authenticity became our main vision in the process. In order to bring back sacrality to Acropolis , some radical actions had been taken in the project.

Through out the project we abstain fromany possible excavation needed designs.

Thereby ; rather than eredicating the layers of palimpsestic situation or refering to one layer of the hill , we aimed to desing our own time situation.

Terminally ; with help of installations and designed enstruments inside of the area contains both contradiction and compliment towards mankind and it’s nonnegligible efforts to create this sanctuary. Soever we are worshipping to gods/god,but humankind itself is the one that creates the god/gods and have the geometry.

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HISTORY Early finding of human habitation in Athens started and begun circa between 7000 BC and 5000 BC around Acropolis Hill and Agora.Early era before Mycenians could not provide us many informations but so far we know that Mycenians setteled on very high hill of Acropolis . On the other hand , water and accesibilty to water were so important for them ,so they built up a spring fountain which is 400m. deep on mountain side. With Dorian destruction in 1200 BC, a dark age of Hellas begun and lasted till 700 BC . In 700 BC , we found out the examples of aristocracy in Attika.

After The Athenians defited Persians at the battle of Marathon in 1490 BC and again repel the attack at second time by the Persian invasion at Salamis in 480 BC Athens became as a great power in Greece. An era started in 447 BC , which is also known and named as Golden Age or Age of Periscle , constructions begun on Acropolis under the leadership of Periscle and in the following years construction of Propylea started under the supervision of Minescles and finally at 431 BC Parthenon was constructed by architects Ictinus and Callicrates.

Under Ottoman dominion ,1453-1821, Athens played no significant role and it developed some contribution to small scaled - industry such as; workshops of tanner , soap etc. Turks made lots of changes on Acropolis Hill and even converted Parthenon to a mosque by placing a minaret to East facade, placed some dwellings on site and used Erecthion as Sultan’s harem. Many of figurines on architrave of Parthenon sold to Lord Elgin and was takent to England (today in British Museum).

During the Venetion Siege,1687 resulted a huge destruction on Acropolis espetially on Parthenon.

In 1821 with The Independance war held by Greeks,Turkish dominion ended and Athens begun to ruled by Greeks with became as a new capital.After that date several restorations on Acropolis held and nowadays it is still continuing.

A war between Sparta and Athens in 431-401 BCE ; Palaponesian War ; ended as a disaster and Athens started to rule by Spartans. Walls of the city destroyed and wealth was gone.This situation ended with victory of Macedonian Philip II in the battle at Charonea , at 338 BC. After that , Macedonian administration ended by Roman Empire.City and also Acropolis continued to do so under Roman dominian.

Roman Emperor’s coming was like a gift for Athens.Two Roman Emperors ; Augustus and Hadrian made some additions and restore the structures in Acropolis.

Romans built some significant structures such as;Herodion,Hadrians Library,Roman Agora ,aquaducts systems and some other public facilities were built.

In the time considered as The dawn of Athens correspond to 5 BC after that Attika ruled by foreigners. Neverthless , Athens remaind as intellectual center of that time.

With Byzantines in 330-1453 ,decadens begun. Phlosophy schools were closed and Olympian Gods felt. Parthenon converted to church and all pagan features of it erased.Various churches had given to citys at this period.

In 1453 , with the collapse of Constantinopolis (Istanbul) ; Byzentine Emperire ended and Athens started to rule by Ottomans. During this period ; city appereance remind constant without small additions.

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PALIMPSEST Acropolis and Agora area inhabited since 6000BC.Unfotunately,there is not much information about building system until the prehellenistic period.However, it can be seen that there are considerable amount of structures around Acropolis by the Mycenaeans.Fortification of settlement must be the most important feature that they bring Athens.Also they build a palace which is the beginnig of long journey of Acropolis.The other important element is water.They made couple of fountains and wells mostly located at the north side of the hill to provide clean water.Huge amount of pots found by the archeologist in these wells.Morover,Mycenaean fountain and well can still be observed by the visitors.

During this period first monumental temples were built.The first one dedicated to Athena which is located in the same spot with Parthenon, were built around 560BC. The second bigger known as Ancient Temple was built next to it around 520BC. Enterance to the hill is gated by the Archaic Propilea and small temple of Athena Nike.Although they started to build much bigger marble temple,it is never finished because of Persian War.City completely burned down after persian invasion at 480BC.

There was a huge need of reconstruction because of the fires occured in Acropolis.

Beside,Athens took the control of mediterrenean sea and become very powerful after defeating Persians.Therefore,construction of new temples started and led by the Pericles.New Parthenon designed by Ictinus and Kallikrates and supervised by the Pheidias.Ivory statue of Athena is located in the temple and covered with gold.

Prophilea constructed in a completely new and monumental way.But symmetry could not be sustained due to Peloponnesian War.Also Erechtheion which is the most sacred place in hill has been built and dedicated to couple of gods and heroes.

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There is not much changes during Hellenistic era.Many new statues were erected by kings of hellenistic period. Around 220-230BC one of the most important statue depicting war between Greeks and Gauls which is the gift of Pergamon Attalus I. to Athens,is placed south of wall next to the walls.

Even though there was not big changes in Acropolis,Erechtheion is repair during the Roman Empire command.New circular temple of Rome and Augustus has built in front of the Parthenon,probably having the statue of emperor.On the other side south slope has new buildings.The structures like Herodeion,Theatre of Dionyssos, The Odeum of Pericles were added and many other renovation works have been done.

Till the end of Ottoman domination Acropolis hosted many nations.During the Byzantine period,Parthenon has beed transformed to church and bell tower addded.

Propilea is turn to fortified palace and also the walls are fortified through the time. In 1456,Ottomans occupied the cittadel but did not give harm the existing buildings.Only a few changes occured such as,minaret addition for Parthenon and transforming Erechtheion to harem.

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PROPYLEA Propylae ; a gate with a symbolic divisinon between secular part and religious part of the city ; is a Minoan architectural feature in 17. Century , in Crete .Acropolis Propylea is on of the best known and preserved on that we have on hand today.

Propylea of Acropolis was built under Periscles following by his great rebuildingAthens program in 437 BC. Since Mycenean times , principal entrances to acropolis has always on west sides.

After destruction of old Propyleon by Persians , new Propylea was built with white Pentellic and grey Eleunisian marble and lied on east- west axis . Bank of step is 10 mts. wide and 80 mts. long. which leads us to centaric Doric styled Propylea. Doric styled proplea cointains 2 corridors with Ionic columns on the sides and one 6 Doric column facade. Marble coffered ceiling was used to cover the monument.

When we take a look at South-West axis , we faced with Athena-Nike Temple , built with supervision of Kallikrates ( architect ) in mid. 5th century . A celebration place for sacrifices in honour of the gods lies in front of temple is altar. Bronze acroteria used as a decoration for the pediment , which depicted Bellerophon and fyling Victories , scenes of Gigantomachia also repressented by sculpture in the temple.

boetticher1888_pagina 225

In fallowing centuries , place used for differnt function such as ; Byzantine bishops’es palace , a Florantine Villa and a Turkish governors residance. Propylea resulted with damages in 17th century and in 20-21 centuries restoration works held in this place.

Joseph BĂźhlmann_Rekonstruktion:Propylaen Neg-Nr. 1.029.030 * Repo * Aufname 1906/1908

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ERECHTHEION The temple was built by Mnesicles in the classical era between 421-406BC in the golden age of the city.The sculptor of the structure was Pheidias who was comissioned by the Pericles to build also Parthenon.The origin of the name ‘Erechtheion’ is coming from the great mythical king Erechtheus.This temple and surroundings considered as a most sacred place in Acropolis.Temple is dedicated to defender god of the city Athena and also hosts the wooden statue of it.Beside,it has more ancient cults for other war heroes and gods like Hephaistos and Poseidon.Trace of Poseidon’s Trident and the olive tree of Athena is making site more sacred than the rest.

The structure has two porches and they are located north and south facades.While the one in north roof is carried by six ionic columns,the one in south facade is the most well known porch with it’s extraordinary statue like columns.Although there are a lot of comments about aesthetic value and relation with the site,these caryatids put new vision of ancient greek art.Grandiose combination of art and architecture appreciated by the different rulers of Athens.During the Roman Empire,some of them repaired for the first time.

James Stuart _1787

Building had been changed and used for different functions; since the pagan era is over by the Byzantines.Initially it is fortified and turned into a church with courtyard.Later on,it is transformed to palace by the Franks.While the Ottomans occupied and settled on the hill,Erechtheion used as a harem for the pleasure.

In,1801 Lord Elgin took the permission from Turkish government and moved one Caryatid to Britain.It is still can be seen in British Museum.At the moment,all of the Caryatids replaced by the replica’s and moved to the New Museum of Acropolis because of security reasons.

Otto Jahn und Adolf Michaelis (von Südwesten)* von 1901 Neg - Nr . 1.021.501 * Repo * Aufnahme 1906/1908

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PARTHENON 15 year lasting construction of Parthenon is a temple dedicated to Goddess Athena that built in 5th century on Acropolis of Athens. This Doric styled temple is one off the most important exampe with it’s rational harmony and fine details. Besides the fondation built from indigenious limestone , all other parts are built by using Pentellic marble. Ictınus and Callicrates were architects and Phidias was the head-sculpturer of the monument. Sizes of the Parthenon is approxemetly 31-69 mts with 4 to 9 ratios. In total it contains 46 columns , 8 columns in each short edge and 17 in each long edge. Whole building formes by two rooms , big room named Cella and enteres from cantilever on east ( Pronaos) . Cella surrounded by two lined Doric columns.

Between these columns statue of Athena used to be located which was made by Phidias from bronze-ivory mixture and with eyes made from jewelleries. Upper parts and vertical parts of Cella contains 170 mts long frisians.

Art of Parliement _ October 17.1787

Parthenon’s grandioseness was not bounded with it’s divine proportions and ratios of big marbles.Exterior facade was decorated more than any other greek temple which exist on that time.

Releves est restauration de Paccard 1845

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Padiment of Parthenon is not completey flat. There is a calculated slope and convulution from edges to center. Columns locate on the corners of the monuments oblique to inside in order to create optic illusion. Additional thickness to corner columns was given and they are closer to neighboor columns than the others. Parts of the columns are built up by without using o mortar but using to wooden decent material put in the middle of the drums.

by James Stuart and Nicholas Revett

OLD MUSEUM OF ACROPOLIS -0.205

In 1801,Lord Elgin has already started transporting some scluptures and relief to Britain. Until the withdrew of Turkish forces in 1833,Acropolis,hill was completely out of concern.After foundation of Greek State conversations about new museum and conservation procedures are started.Building process finalized around 1886 and the last changes had been done in 1946.With it’s 800 square meter closed space and nearly 6 meter height it was quite impossible to accomodate those huge amount of relics.Unfortunately,museum could not resist that much density of visitors and by the leadership of Constantinos Karamanlis new area is defined to build contemporary museum for Acropolis.After couple of architectural competitions new museum is constructed by Bernard Tschumi.

ΕΞΟΔΟΣ ΓΙΑ ΤΗΝ ΜΕΤΑΦΟΡΑ ΕΚΘΕΜΑΤΩΝ

ΤΟΜΗ Α-Α

ΕΞΟΔΟΣ ΓΙΑ ΤΗΝ ΜΕΤΑΦΟΡΑ ΕΚΘΕΜΑΤΩΝ

ΣΗΜΕΙΩΣΗ :

ΤΟΜΗ Β-Β

ΟΡΓΑΝΙΣΜΟΣ ΑΝΕΓΕΡΣΗΣ ΤΟΥ ΝΕΟΥ ΜΟΥΣΕΙΟΥ ΑΚΡΟΠΟΛΕΩΣ

ΠΡΟΜΕΛΕΤΗ

ΕΠΙΣΚΕΥΗ ΚΑΙ ΕΚΣΥΓΧΡΟΝΙΣΜΟ ΤΟΥ ΠΑΛΑΙΟΥ ΜΟΥΣΕΙΟΥ ΤΗΣ ΑΚΡΟΠΟΛΗΣ

ΤΟΜΗ Γ-Γ

TITΛOΣ ΣXEΔIOY:

ΚΛΙΜΑΚΑ :

ΥΠΑΡΧΟΥΣΑ ΚΑΤΑΣΤΑΣΗ ΤΟΜΕΣ 1:100

APIΘMOΣ ΣXEΔIOY:

A-0-3

ΗΜΕΡΟΜΗΝΙΑ :

ΟΚΤΩΒΡ. 2009

ΜΕΛΕΤΗΤHΣ:

Γ. ΤΣΑΓΚΑΡΑΚΗΣ

ΑΡΧΙΤΕΚΤΩΝ ΜΗΧΑΝΙΚΟΣ

From drawings of K. Karanassos

ΥΠΟΓΡΑΦΗ - ΣΦΡΑΓΙΔΑ

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Master Plan by authors

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CURRENT SITUATION Current situation of Acropolis today is a bit complicated.Restaurations and site works of archeologist still on going and it will last at least one more decade.

Picture taken from Google.com

Old museum built on the site today left idle. Even the design of the museum is not correspounding with contemporary solutions of design on archeological site and building itself ; if we regard it’s idleness nowadays ; hosts difficulties for accesibilty.

Rather than destroy it , possible usage of building must be considered.And using the building as a stop possible promanade solutions for visitors and even can be used to evoke sacrality back in place.

Picture taken by authors

As a cause of the destructions through out of the history entrance part of the Propylea lost it’s identity and was apart from its divinity and sacred feature and also sybolism itself which was a challange has to be suffered before reaching divinity and sacredness.

Picture taken from Google.com Picture taken from Google.com

On going restoration inside and nearby the Parthenon blocked experianced the Monument from every sides. And somehow the promenade left uncompleated which is a very important phenomena in architecture and directly inserted with visitor’s perception of the site.So expressing the sacrality of hill becomes harder and beside the sacrality even showing an appreciation towards this uniqe monuments cannot compleated.

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As can be seen from the picture there are some solutions for accesibilty to hill but these are not well designed and can not used without the help of another person.

And there is still also some places on the hill which is not accesible for disabled people because of the surface and there is no alternative pathway and guidance for disabled people on the hill.

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INSPIRATION Tower of Babel,one of the seven greats of the world.It is a stimulation to give a form to metaphysics and emotions by the composition of tangible objects.It is a challenge between mankind and nature.Dilemma of trial to reach supreme god and the greed to reveal, even the most high being might reachable.There are many paintings about Tower of Babel but Marten van Valckenborch (1535-1612) emphasise the way of reaching is not surrounded by pleasant ramps and the shadows of pine trees,it is the stairs that make one exhausted.He will receive his gift only if he can afford to climb through holiness.

Babel Tower is not the only example,many civilizations used his metaphor to procure sacredness.Ziggurat can be the best sample for it.Summerians build their temple with altar on top of pyramids which is only reachable by very high stairs.

Tower of Babel _ Marten van Valckenborch _ 1535-1612

It was not a hard reseach to find sacred elements in Acropolis.On the other hand,it is crucial to pick tangible object rather than intangibles.To overcome this situation,we re-read the most sacred space in Acropolis, ‘Erechtheion’.Building and surroundings dedicated to gods and heroes.And one can be physically perceived on the site - olive trees -.

In this magnificent painting by ‘René Antoine Houasse - The Dispute of Minerva and Neptune, 1689’ we are witness to contest between Athena (Minerva) and Poseidon (Neptune) to give his/her name to the city of Athens.Athena hits her wand to the ground and an olive tree grows,it represents peace and posperity.Morover,it is known that olive trees are placed around Erectheion and can be seen still today.

The Dispute of Minerva and Neptune _René Antoine Houasse _ 1689

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Narcissus is a masterpiece without doubt by Italian artist Caravaggio,1597.In this poetic painting we are not interested how handsome he is,but how he is charmed by his own reflection.Maybe it is not the first time he seen himself on water or reflective stone but this time space looks quite appropriate to enhance the effect of beauty.

So far,this is one of the main idea of our researh.We would like to invite people to re-discover this great beauty of Acropolis which is a production of mankind.While they adore these great geometry and aestectic taste of ruins,they will understant that they are capable of making it.

Narcisso _ Caravaggio _ 1597

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CAPITAL I

Sketch by authors

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-PROPYLEA-

Through history Propylea affected by destructions from several time and it lost it’s authenticity. Some of the old stairs lost on the area .

In order to bring back the feeling of sacrality to space , stairs renewed as one after the other till the gate . As far as you reached to the hill , an utopic idea welcomes you to Garden of Eden.

Furthermore walking path , with an excaptable slope before the stairs connected till Mycenian Fountain area located on foothill and connected with a lift for disabled people to carry them up to the point between the end of Propylea and Erechtheon.

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- Master Plan of Propylea -

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- Section from North to South -

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- Render of Propylea -

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-THE LIFT-

A lift is curricial for the space to make the area fully accesible and with an awereness of the existing lift , we would like to offer more to observe for people; like ancient springs on the foothill.

An existing pathway before stairs of Propylea canceled and a new light structured pathway designed to decrease angles and create a comfortable slope connected till Mycenean Spring Fountain and from that point ends with a lift to carry handicaped people to up. Ending point of the lift located between the end of Propylea and Eretteo , nowaday a place where the barracks located , and connectes with the paths of sacrality that designed as a project.

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- Render of The lift and pathway 25

- Detailed persp. section from pathway -

Wooden light pathway twines the hill , ends in Mycenian Fountain Springs . A loadbearing structure reinforced with steel in purpose for people reach to hill without any help needed and resting platforms designed for them along the path.

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CAPITAL II

Sketch by authors

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-ACROPOLIS-

As it is seen in the master plan,a radical change has been made.Acropolis hill transformed to garden which represents ‘Garden of Eden’.Idea was to not replicating what Pericles and all the architects did before.Since we do not have all the original elements who provides a composition,it was not possible to perceive ancient visual relation based on perspective.Rather than puting missing pieces where they are before,we tried to emphasise the ideology of sacredness by the help of what is exist.

While visitors approach Propylea,they will perceive reinforced perspective by the stair addition.In the same time,there is a chance to go up by lift from the pathway going through north walls.Exit of the lift firstly connects with the exist of Propylea,so each visitor can have equal experience.Later on,main road takes people through the upper parth of Parthenon which is located on ancient pathway.

Pathway gently splits two arms on higher point.While the one leads people through Erechtheion,the other goes towards the enterence facade of Parthenon and then pass the new museum.

One of the main idea is to activating interest of people during the visit.Rather than pushing visitors to experience strictly defined zones,we would like to invite them to re-discover these monuments between the holy olive trees of Athena.

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- Master Plan of ProjectG N O T H I

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- Section fromWest to East -

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- Elevation from South -

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-SOUTH SLOPES-

Turning the site to garden of eden is the idea has been to evoke the sacrality. The pavement of the site covered with green and olive trees added . As far as known that olive tree is blessed ,decision had been taken to use that tree which also has a strong connection with greek culture.

With addition of the trees apperance from the site became different and among the trees ancient monuments can be perceived totaly in a different perception.

With so far additions Propylea and Parthenon gained back their lost sacrality.

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- Render of the hill with Olive trees addition and restored stairs of Propylea -

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- Render of Parthenon among the olive trees and the pavimentation -

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-GARDEN OF EDEN-

Once visitors left Propylea ; a different view welcomes them, Parthenon and Erechtheion seen between trees creating a eden like illusion.

Olive trees placed in Acropolis according to a programme , not randomly . Levels on the hill arranged properly to topography .Trees places on cascades by yellowish metal plates aimed to once highlighted the topography and trees .So visitors can promonade by following their desires instead of roads disegned by architects.

Old percorso that leads us to Parthenon from Propylea ; became accesible to all site with placing prefabricated concrete plates .

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- Cisterno Museum Master Plan -

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- Cisterno Museum Plan -

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-CISTERNO-

Another stop on hill is The old museum of acropolis. After opening Acropolis Museum by Bernard Schumii , this building closed to visitors.

As a part of the bringing back the sacrality project turning this museum into a cisterno came as a decision by taking references from the history ( Basilica Cistern in Ä°stanbul). With miniimal interventions museum mostly kept as it is and covered with water , so that one of the main missing springs on the hill somehow echoed .

With the help of designed platforms accesibilty in the space provided .

Hight differences on the site used to create a walkable and green roof in an hormony with our idea on all of the area . Which is also help to hide the building ; hovever slopes located on the south side invites people to come in . Existing entrance of the museum changed to create more accesible space for people . And eith an oculus on the roof , reproductioned Athena Statue lightened from roof .

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- Render from Cisterno Museum -

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CAPITAL III

Sketch by authors

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-CELLA -

As a compliment of the idea of sacrality ; an installatıon placed inside the Parthenon’s cella ; on the same place where Phisidias’s Athena Statue used to be.An installation is a 3 mts*3mts steel structured box with 7 mts height , covered by a polished carrara graphite black marble seramics to reflect the surrounding.

The idea of the installations is to highlight once the idea of the whole area is a production of mankind and a rebel towards god.Showing mankind in the old place of goddes is that mankind itself is the one that creates the harmony , ratio ,perspective and the geometry.

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GNOTHI SEAUTON’ SOKRATES

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- Cella Plan -

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- Installation Detail -

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- Render from Cella -

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Bibliography Durant,Will. Felsefenin Öyküsü. TR: İz Yayıncılık, 2014

Hurwit,M. Jeffrey. The Athenian Acropolis. UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999

Zevi,Bruno. Architecture As Space. USA: DA CAPO PRESS,1954-1957

Barbara,Mercedes. A History Of Western Architecture. UK: Laurence King Publishing, 2005

Rhodes,Robin Francis. Architecture and Meaning on the Athenian Acropolis. UK: Cambridge University Press, 1995

Cartwright, Mark, Ancient History Encyclopedia,< https://www.ancient.eu/ Erechtheion>,09.03.2019

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