Research Booklet_ Form of life by Jenny Ho

Form-of-Life Oxford Brookes 2019-2020 DS7 JENNY YEN JU HO 18006602 RESEARCH BOOKLET

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Page 3 MonasticismPrefaceCONTENTS An example of a form of life House of cenobities Plan of Saint Gall Modernity and Domesticity Industrial Individualismrevolution Case Studies Room (Case Study l) Serviced Apartments in London (Case Study ll) UoL Student Accommodation in London (Case Study lll) Collective Living - PodShare (Case Study lV) Is there a form of my life? (Case Study V) BibliographySummary 8 12 14 22 26 34 40 46 58 64 73 74 5

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The case studies are to test the Agamben's statement "Life is inseparable from a form". Investigating a way of living of five individuals from different background.

Page 5 PREFACE

The painting of Saint Jerome in His Study by Antonello Da Messina expresses a monk's life is hard to be distinguished from the monastic rule, in every one of its duties, of its outfit, of its objects and of its silience, it has appeared as a group of living under a specifit routine.

Domesticity = A form of life is framed by rules and routine. After the industrial revolution in England , people created new rules on working hours and type of dwelling for labour classes. Following that, is has influenced the movement of individualism which again changed residential demographic per dwelling and social behaviour.

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Page 7 Chapter 1 Monasticism

Page 8 (Figure 1) Antonello Da Messina Saint Jerome in His Study 1474-1475 Monasticism

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This painting (figure. 1) is “Saint Jerome in His Study” by Antonella da Messina between 1474 and 1475, this painting presents a meticulous and mysterious form of life inside the Bornmonastery.inthefourth

century, Jerome had an excellent education in theology and classical literature in Rome before leaving the city to escape its many temptations. He lived in the desert surrounding the city for some time, famously befriending a lion, and later established a monastery where he began his work of translating the Bible from Greek into FromLatin.

The book “The Highest Poverty” by GiorgioAgamben turns phenomenon of Western monasticism from Pachomius to St. Francis, in detail the life of the monks shows their gestures, words or salience are under the monastic rules. Even the habit of the monk does not really bear on the care of the body, but is instead “an example of a way of life”. (Agamben, 2011) The monk’s outfit remind his role, the environment and objects around St. Jerome illustrate his duty and the strict segregation of time gives them certain routine and enough time to meditate and practice the spiritual race. Moreover, in the early 9th century, a sophisticated architectural blueprint for a utopian monastic community has been produced - the Plan of St. Gall.

the one-point perspective , the setting is carefully displayed that a man of letter sits reading inside a symmetrical stone nave, like a frame within a frame; saint Jerome in profile, in a raised platform of wooden carrel. Messina is a scrupulous artist; the light rays coincide with the perspective axes, centring on the saint’s bust and hands; shelves surround him with carefully placed significant objects. Everything shows iconographic program of theological and contemplative life of a monk. (Jolly, 1983) An example of Form-of-life An example of Form-of-life

Page 10 (Figure 2) Saint Jerome’s outfit and role Monasticism

Looking closely at the painting, St. Jerome has taken off his hat when he come from outside that presents that he feels the interior as a safe and secure space. Moreover, he is now on holy ground because, in common with so many other Flemish paintings, he has taken off his shoes. Furthermore, a perfectly elliptical water bowl stand outside the illusory stone frame that may show he believed he is the master of the place so he has taken care of the animals there.

The small mantle with which they covered the collar and shoulders symbolises humility. The sandals that they put on their feet signify that “the feet of our soul ... must always be ready for the spiritual race.” In addition, Jerome’s translation, which provided non Greek-speakers with access to the holy text, is still used by the Catholic Church today. He is usually shown dressed as a cardinal in long red robes and a wide-brimmed hat in honour of his status and importance in the Catholic Church.

The outfit of a monk

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The monk’s clothing is not only to present who they are but also the remainder of their role and life in a form under the monastic Thusrule. the small hood that the monk wear day and night is an admonishment to “hold constantly to the innocence and simplicity of small children” (Cassian I, pp.42/23). The short sleeves of their linen tunic “suggest that they have cut off the deeds and works of this world” (ibid. 44/24) The thin wool ropes that, passing under the armpits, kept the clothes closely fitted to the monk’s bodies, signify that they are ready for all manual labour.

Page 12 (Figure 3) House of cenobites (Reference image modified) Monasticism

House of cenobities House of cenobities ; the description of Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de‘ Medici’s study in the inventory of 1498 is strikingly similar: ’a large writing desk … with boards and a backrest, and with a cupboard with a cornice made of walnut, and compartments decorated with inlay. Underneath the desk, where one puts one’s feet, is a wooden platform raised up from the Furthermore,ground.' an array of miniature still lifes line the study’s shelves, including books, a ceramic vase and a jar – - are often found together, and they appear commonly within the context of religious activities. Monastery is just a description of a place where monks live but “house of cenobites” points to the character and the way of life of the profession. (Agamben, 2011)

The modified image (Fig.3) removes all the living figures but the character of the space is remained. Antonella has constructed a broad, multi-layered stage set for the saint to inhabit, bursting with props. The subject matter itself: a fictive stone wall, pierced by a broad archway, creates a solitary space for Jerome to study while simultaneously inviting the viewer to peek into his environment, as though looking into a doll’s house. Also, there are numerous iconic objects reveal the owner’s life and duty. Jerome’s study is at the heart of a lofty, cathedral-like space , its imposing high vaults reflecting the saint’s exalted spirituality and intellect.. The austere, Gothic, ecclesiastical setting with its slender columns and arches, which might be intended to represent the saint’s monastery. The rounded chair called a cathedra; normally reserved for highranking clerics, usually bishops, it reinforces his status. The study resembles a modern purpose-built office with built-in shelves and desk, and the whole structure is raised up on a platform accessible by a small flight of integrated steps. We know that this kind of study actually existed in the fifteenth century

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Page 14 (Figure 4) Plan of Saint Gall 820 - 830AD (to guide Benedictine monastic planning in the Carolingian era) Monasticism

Firstly, the heart of the ritual layout was the choir, where the monks chanted the services seven times a day, starting with Vigils and ending with Compline. In the era, the timing followed nature, rather than the clock and so varied with the seasons. Prime was at dawn and so on through the day. This round of prayer was the whole function of the monastery and everything else was designed to support it. (Manco, 2004)

Thirdly, the cloister (closed garden that was open to the sky) was the quiet centre of the contemplative life, the great court was the hub of its practical support. There all would be noise and bustle. Around it were ranged the kitchen, bakehouse, brewhouse and workshops. Finally, Monasticism was a self-sufficient community. Outside the wall were orchard and mill. Although there are a couple of places where people outside of the community would come, in fact the monastery has strict segregation between monks and normal people.

Page 15 St. Gall

For hundreds of years, the plan of St. Gall is an architectural blueprint for religious and secular architecture. the St Gall of the blueprint had never been built. It was an idea that had only ever made it as far as the parchment – the 9th century equivalent of paper.Uniformity, rationality and planning were the watchwords of the day, reflected on the concept of St. Gall. More importantly, it provides a rare glimpse into both technology and daily life in the Age of Charlemagne. (Winter, 1980)

Secondly, the plan is highly functional; The main buildings were placed around a cloister preferably on the south side of the church to catch the sun. The dormitory was on the first floor of the east range with a night stairs down into the south transept, so Plan of St. Gall that the monks could go straight from their beds to the choir to chant Vigils and Lauds. During the day they would file into the choir from the cloister. On the south side of the cloister was the refectory. For convenience, the kitchen was linked to the refectory and close to the cellarium in the west range. The cellarium was not an underground cellar, but the storehouse for food, ale and wine.

Page 16 (Figure 5) A reconstruction of a possible interpretation of the Plan of St Gall Monasticism

Page 17 St. Gall Mary Carruthers, the author of “The Craft of Thought”, suggests that the Plan of St. Gall whose purpose was to serve as a meditation machine. It has cognitive similarity to oriental mandalas (Fig.6), a likeness in use. The entrance to the whole monastery, is the gateway to the holy temple for the multitudes, by means of which they conduct their prayer and return in joys. The way into the monastery is also of the monastic life. As Wolfgang Braunfels comments, “the Plan is to promote mediation upon the meaning and worth of the monastic life”. In architecture influence, mandala pictures , in some conventions, architectural complexes built around a central square. In western monastic practice to the use of mandalas is the church-cloister compound itself. A meditational instrument (Figure 6) Oriental mandala In various spiritual traditions, mandalas as a spiritual guid ance tool, for establishing a sacred space and as an aid to meditation and trance induction.

Page 18 Monasticism (Figure 7) Scenes in “Into Great Silence” Philip2007Groening

Monastery is typically located in an isolated area; “Great Into Silence” is an intimate portrayal of the everyday lives of Carthusian monks of the Grande Chartreuse, a monastery high in the French Alps. According to this documentary, I see these communal hermits praying in their cells, gathering in the chapel, working in the tailor's workroom, the laundry, the farm, the gardens, the kitchen, a cobbler's workshop. The film captures the feeling of silence, of timelessness, of contemplation, of spiritual discipline, of communion with God. The dark interior images bring to mind the paintings of St. Jerome in His Study.

Monastic Life St. Gall

The monastic life From the documentary film “Into Great Silence” and the book “24 Heures De La Vie D'Un Moine”, which expresses the life of monks in the monastery in the twenty-first century, under the rule and strict timetable.

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Every day from 4am to 8pm, in these sixteen hours, the monks they have their daily prayers (eight times) at a certain time, tasks ( labouring in segregate duty), rituals (hierarchical society) and rare outdoor excursions. (Dom, 2011) Through the rejection of the material world; a meditation on lives given over to poverty, prayer and solitude.

The daily life in the monastery is an experience from within a repetitive, spiritual existence.

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Page 21 Chapter 2 MODERNITY AND DOMESTICITY

Page 22 Modernity and Domesticity (Figure 9) Hector Gavin Lodging House in Field Lane 1848

Over the past two centuries, Britain has experienced seismic changes in society, politics, technology and culture. From Victoriana to the digital age, industrial revolution has played a pivotal role. Over the last hundred and fifty years has shaped the modern housing. At the same time new and unstoppable demographic and societal changes are on the immediate horizon, including further decreases in family size and a growing trend towards single occupancy -

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Theindividualism.19thcentury saw massive social change as a largely agrarian past was overtaken by an industrial future. Slum conditions had become commonplace in many industrial cities and overcrowding perpetuated illnesses (Evans, R. and Architectural Association, 1997). The worst case is the rookeries (Figure. 9), where with no implicit purpose full of disease, criminal conspiracy and sexual promiscuity. The two features that rendered rookeries as unfit dwellings were the endless opportunities to create ways in and out of buildings and between rooms and single room dwellings. This combination endured that whatever activities residents undertook was made public and familiar, activities such as cooking, fornicating, and defecating all took place in close proximity. Industrial revolution Industrial revolution (Figure 10) Henry Roberts Plan of Model House for Four Families 1851 Model Houses for four families designed for the Great Exhibition of 1851 (Figure. 10). Two critical conditions were sown into the plan, one between families and the other between members of each family; The dwellings were arranged in pairs around an open stair, facilitating ventilation and allowing families to enter and exit their home without crossing another families threshold. Families were placed within their own self-contained territory divided into a living room, privy, scullery and three bedrooms. The segregation of bedrooms was seen as essential to morality and privacy. Reforming domestic architecture were walls used as general sequestration and doors to structure personal relationships.

Page 24 Modernity and Domesticity (Figure 11) Tenement block buildings on Farringdon Road 1874

Page 25 Tenement Block

Le Corbusier’s ideology that the ‘house is a machine for living in’ demonstrates the blurring of public and private as public values became a part of designing the domestic interior. In the removal of all sentimental and emotional attachment to the family home, reducing it to its most basic function –a place to live. He introduced the Five Points of Architecture as an operational response. Through the use of pilotis (columns), a roof terrace, a free plan, horizontal windows and a freely designed façade he believed the environment of the dwelling would fulfil mans need for the sun, space and vegetation providing psychosomatic comfort; regulated temperature, ventilation, acoustics and insulation. He didn’t think of the aesthetic, his approach was on its performance by criteria.

Victorian Tenement Blocks in London (Figure 12) George R. Sims Tenement blocks recently built off the Farringdon Road ‘Living London’ 1902

Page 26 Modernity and Domesticity (Figure 13) Andrea Palladio Palazzo Antonini, Udine 1556 (Figure 14) Sir Roger Pratt Coleshill, Berkshire 1650-67 (Figure 15) John Webb Anuesbury House 1661 (Figure Catherine16)Baur Modern Housing 1935

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Individualism presents a layout could have minimise conflict between occupants in dialy life.

Today, the demographic in household had dramatic changes by increasing number of single person and single parent's individual living.

Individualism Definition of Individualism: a social theory favouring freedom of action for individuals over collective or state control. Modernism tendencies identified with the forces for social progress, that there was an assumed parallel between architectonic reform and the contemporaneous attempt to reform the populace's thought and behaviour, to bring into being an intelligent and cohesive

Robinproletariat.Evans'

reserch of people, door and passage shows that we can see the social interaction was changed from the plan of dwellings. In the 16th (Figure 13), every room has more than one door that creates multiple routes through the rooms. People had more passion on sharing their activities. In the 17th (Figure 14&15), the staircase has become the core in layout close to the front door also the clear passage was designed to seperate the people from diffrent class. From the 19th, Robert Kerr argues the room has more than one door did not provide enough privacy and respect to the residents, hence Modern Housing (Figure 17)

Page 28 Modernity and Domesticity VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED PRODUCEDBYANAUTODESKSTUDENTVERSION VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED (Figure 19) Plan of Saint Jerome in His Study (Figure 18) Antonello Da Messina Saint Jerome in His Study 1474-1475

Page 29 (Figure 21) Plan of Jerome in His Vacation Individualism (Figure 20) Jerome in His Vacation (Reference image modified)

Page 30 A B (Figure 22) Construction Detail (Reference Image) A B B Double-skin streuctural wall: 450mm sandstone 300mm intermediate cavity with wall 450mmtiessandstone A B A B 1. post: solid steel sections welded together 2. ;aminated safety glass (Figure 23) Construction Detail (Modified image) A B A B A B Modernity and Domesticity

Page 31 Individualism

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Page 33 Chapter 3 CASE STUDIES

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Page 35 " life is inseparable from a form " - Agamben (The Highest Poverty) Is life inseparable from a form?

Page 36 0 1 2 3 4m VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED PRODUCEDBYANAUTODESKSTUDENTVERSION VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED (Figure 24) Plan of the “Room“ 0 1 2 3 4m VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED PRODUCEDBYANAUTODESKSTUDENTVERSION VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED Case Study l

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Room (2015 film) Room (Figure 25) Internal

CASE STUDY l

The film expresses a form of life has been trapped in a squalid shed they call "Room" (no division wall), with limited furniture and material. In Akron, Ohio, a woman who has been held captive for seven years and whose 5-year-old son was born in captivity; they live in a squalid shed they call Room. They share a bed, toilet, bathtub, television, and rudimentary kitchen; the only window is a skylight. Perspective of the “Room“

Page 38 0 10 20 30 40m PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED PRODUCEDBYANAUTODESKSTUDENTVERSION VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED (Figure 26) Site Plan of the “Room“ Akron, Ohio, the USA 0 10 20 30 40m PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED PRODUCEDBYANAUTODESKSTUDENTVERSION VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED Case Study l

Page 39 0 1 2 3 4m PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED PRODUCEDBYANAUTODESKSTUDENTVERSION VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED (Figure 27) Sections of the “Room“ 0 1 2 3 4m PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED PRODUCEDBYANAUTODESKSTUDENTVERSION VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED Room

Page 40 (Figure 28) Axonometric of a “Room” (There is no division wall so it is just a “room” for living) PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED PRODUCEDBYANAUTODESKSTUDENTVERSION VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED Case Study l

Page 41 limited furniture and materials. The certain furniture defines the characteristics of each space. The physical and social activities are constrained by resources and technology (without internet and phone). It is a life with no privacy and freedom. (Figure 30) Skylight 0 1 2 3 4m PRODUCEDBYANAUTODESKSTUDENTVERSION VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED (Figure 29) A room for all funstions Room

Page 42 (Figure 31) Site Plan of Studios2Let VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED PRODUCEDBYANAUTODESKSTUDENTVERSION VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED PRODUCEDBYANAUTODESKSTUDENTVERSION VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED Case Study ll

Page 43 Service Apartments in London

Studios2Let at Cartwright

The Studios2Let Apartments offer wellappointed accommodation in Bloomsbury, Central London. The aim of this serviced apartment is providing functionable studios to fit all budgets and needs. Moreover, it has competitive rates in the area (Figure. ); Serviced Apartment could offer more space and value for money and the freedom to prepare own meals. It has excellent location for tourists and students due to it is close to famous attractions and schools. It also has strategic position for working commuters and travellers as there are three stations at a walking distance. Euston with underground and National Rail Service. Kings Cross St Pancras with underground and Rail Services for National and International destinations. Russel Square with underground services to Piccadilly and the West End. Garden and attractions around Studio2Let

CASE STUDY ll (Figure 32) Stations

Page 44 (Figure 33) Plan of a standard studio in Studios2Let VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCEDVERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED PRODUCEDBYANAUTODESKSTUDENTVERSION VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED Case Study ll

Service Apartments in London

This standard studio is about 12 square meters and it costs about 588 pounds per week. It is En-Suite with open fully fitted kitchens, with cooking ware, utensils and air-conditioning. When you in the room, the connection to the outside world are one window consider as free view, TV channels (Sky living and Sky Sports main event) and Wi-Fi. There is one double bed (140cmx200cm) and the studio is maximum for two people. According to the description of the standard studio at Studios2Let, it has many similarity to the previous case study “room”; comparable internal space Standard Studio at Studios2Let

This kind of form of life follows the rule of capitalism and it is discomfort and unequal.

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(Figure 34) Highest average rental prices per month for studio and one bedroom properties in London (2019) and facilities for two people (Is it the proper capacity?). However, as a renting property its health and safety conform to the building regulation, also the cost of the standard studio is approximately 2300 per month. Furthermore, there are a shared lounge and a laundry room for each building which makes Studios2Let an ideal choice for long time holiday makers, students or workers. If you pay more, you could have a bigger space; if you pay less, you could get the room in the basement without a window.

Page 46 (Figure 36) Internal Perspective of a standard studio in Studios2Let (Figure 35) Section of a standard studio in Studios2Let Case Study ll VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED PRODUCEDBYANAUTODESKSTUDENTVERSION VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCEDSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED PRODUCEDBYANAUTODESKSTUDENTVERSION VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBY

Page 47 (Figure 37) Axonometric of a standard studio in Studios2Let Service Apartments in London VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED PRODUCEDBYANAUTODESKSTUDENTVERSION VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Page 48 Case Study lll (Figure 38) Perspective of The Garden Halls

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The Garden Halls (University of London) CASE STUDY lll The Garden Halls in London Brand new student accommodation (long corridor layout) completed in 2016, located in the heart of Bloomsbury, Central London ( opposite to the case study 2), Garden Halls is a fantastic new development offering cutting edge, affordable student accommodation with facilitiesoutstandingdesigned to meet the needs of the modern student. This contemporary accommodation complex provides a wealth of communal spaces for students to socialise, study and relax at their leisure including music practice, games & cinema rooms, tennis courts and landscape gardens.

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Page 49 (Figure 39) Site Plan of The Garden Halls

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Page 50 Case Study lll PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED AUTODESKSTUDENTVERSION

Page 51 AUTODESK STUDENTPRODUCEDVERSIONBYANAUTODESK VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED (Figure 40) Ground Floor Plan of The Garden Halls The Garden Halls in London PRODUCEDBYANAUTODESKSTUDENTVERSION

Page 52 Case Study lll PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED STUDENTVERSION

Page 53 AUTODESK STUDENTPRODUCEDVERSIONBYANAUTODESK (Figure 41) Typical Floor Plan of The Garden Halls PRODUCEDBYANAUTODESKSTUDENTVERSION The Garden Halls in London

Page 54 Case Study lll (Figure 42) Typical Floor Plan of The Garden Halls VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED

Page 55 The Garden Halls in London (Figure 43) urbanest Westminster Bridge room types StudioApartment419PW En-suite Room 329 PW PrivateRoom284PW TwinRoom 245PW This new development houses a total of 1,200 students and comprises of a mixture of en-suite, townhouse and ensuite rooms with shared shower facilities to cater for all students and budgets. Meals are available as part of the catered accommodation package and are provided from our onsite catering hub at the basement. Although there are various room types for subjective choices and different budgets, the design is still not spontaneous and accessible with fixed furniture and exclusive price. I think the Garden Hall illustrates the form of life in a hierarchy system due to the rooms being classified.

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Page 57 PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED PRODUCEDBYANAUTODESKSTUDENTVERSION VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED (Figure 45) Axonometric of The Garden Halls The Garden Halls in London En-suite with shared shower Shared House En-suite

Page 58 (Figure 46) Site Plan of PodShare in Los Angeles, the USA Case Study lV 0 50 100 250 500m PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED PRODUCEDBYANAUTODESKSTUDENTVERSION VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED

Collective Living - PodShare CASE STUDY lV Collective Living - PodShare (Figure

and

STFU

longer should

on purpose.) Friends

an open

Co-living is about socializing as much as lower rent. Sharing breaks down walls that over time could make one a more educated voter, kinder neighbor, empathetic employer, better collaborator, and grateful citizen. 47) the cost Podshare normal rent room Rules: Share (Don’t take.) (Quiet hours: 10pm – 10am.) Privacy (Do not build a tent, fort clothesline – we’re community space (Make new ones – wait lobby staying purchase a day pass $15.)

in the

Podshare is a successful collective living which targets the issue of unaffordable housing in big cities in America. (like a shared dormitory with shared kitchen and bathroom). Every resident has temporary ownership of a multi-functional pod (bed and desk).There are a few features make this accommodation extraordinary: Firstly, the affordable price due to low cost self-build construction. Secondly, the set up rules. Thirdly, the homely atmosphere. Finally, it uses membership to control the quality of residents.

Compare

for 20 minutes. Anyone

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between

for

visitors may

Page 60 Case Study lV (Figure 48) Plan of CoPodShare 0 1 2 5 10m PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED PRODUCEDBYANAUTODESKSTUDENTVERSION 0 1 2 5 10m VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED PRODUCEDBYANAUTODESKSTUDENTVERSION

Page 61 Collective Living - PodShare (Figure 49) Casual and spontaneous activities between the pods It is a form of life with a blur line between public and private, on the other hand, I see the opportunities of non-hierarchical living.

Page 62 (Figure 51) Axonometric of PodShare Case Study lV (Figure 50) Section of PodShare 0 1 2 5 10m VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED PRODUCEDBYANAUTODESKSTUDENTVERSION VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED 0 1 2 5 10m VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED PRODUCEDBYANAUTODESKSTUDENTVERSION VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED 0 1 2 5 10m PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED PRODUCEDBYANAUTODESKSTUDENTVERSION VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED 0 1 2 5 10m PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED PRODUCEDBYANAUTODESKSTUDENTVERSION VERSIONSTUDENTAUTODESKANBYPRODUCED

Collective living is not a stable but dynamic form of living; it is a procedure and a tendency. Its ambition is to create a common life between inhabitants through the collectivisation of domestic tasks and activities. Domestic labour becomes not an individual but a collective responsibility.

Page 63 (Figure 52) Perspective of PodShare Collective Living - PodShare

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Domestic labour becomes not an individual but a collective responsibility.

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Perspective of PodShare

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Page 66 Case Study V (Figure 53) Layout of Concord College Campus

Page 67 Is there a form ofmy life?

Routine: A routine is the usual series of things that you do at a particular time. A routine is also the practice of regularly doing things in a fixed order. Boarding School Is there a form of my life ?

CASE STUDY V

This case study used my own experience of living environment in the UK. The boarding school in Acton Burnell is an isolated small community and it has certain similarity as monastery in its nature barrier and timetable. I was graduates in 2012 and over less than a decade, the school has dramactic changed for accommodate more students also all the room units was convert from shared toilet and shower to en-suite.

Through the same life pattern day by day, the collaborate living teached us that our social tendencies would best be fitting in with those of everyone elase, following, developed very sense of belonging.

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Site Plan illustrates my weekly routine in Oxford, the UK

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Page 69 Break out from the constrain space and exact timetable, we are free as my recent life as a master student at Oxford TheBrookes.left images shows the places I regularly go weekly for fulfilling my use and consumption such as accommodation, shops, social spaces and working spaces. Without the strict timetable and constrain space, is there a form in my life? (Figure 54) Isometric of my possivle dialy routine The below image illustrates a living style that an en-suite room could meet all my needs because the Internet allows me to do work, community and social from distances and delivery trend allowed me to order the products I need without going out. It exactly presents the life over Covid 19 pandemic.

Page 70 Case Study V (Figure 55) Perspective of my life at student accommodation

Page 71 Is there a form ofmy life? I live in an en-suite room (about 15 meter square) with a shared kitchen between 6 people. I have a L shape room with 2 external walls, 6 internal walls and 3 windows facing outside. And I need to pass through four doors to enter my room. There is a clear line of private and public and there is enough privacy 24/7. Normally, I follow the natural rule of work, education and leisure but unlike St. Jeromy’s life in a monastery, my activity is on an urban scale. In my accommodation, the rooms may have different layouts but everyone pays the same amount of rent. I appreciate my accommodation offers me a form of life with freedom, social, privacy and equality but the traditional accommodation is still exclusive and lacks flexibility. My Room

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SUMMARY

The painting of St Jerome in his Study presents an example of living under the monastic rule, the monks who as prayers follow the strict timetable and live in an enclosed autarky community. I was wondering if there is a form of living today? I did research on the British modern history and found that the industrial revolution had a great impact on the demography and city scale of London. Slum condition illustrated two features of unfit dwelling as no distinction of private and public space and lack of privacy and security. The proposed Plan of Model House for four families by Henry Roberts in 1851 suggested the new example of living for the labour class. The architectural solution was providing the partitions by walls and doors; walls used as general sequestration and doors to structure personal relationships. The layout is the stereotype of Tenement Block built in London in the post war period. Next decades, technology has improved remarkably and low birth rates lead to the change in social behaviour – individualism. One room apartment, studio and on-suite collative living flat become increasingly popular in London. To presume the answer I also looked into some architectural case studies: Room (2005 film is based in Ohio) expresses a form of life that has been trapped within a room (no wall) with a single skylight, limited furniture and materials. Studios2Let (12 square meter , 588 pounds per week), it presents a form of life follows the rule of capitalism and it is discomfort and unequal. The Garden Hall, states its facilities meet the needs of the modern student, but I think the Garden Hall illustrates the form of life in a hierarchy system due to the rooms being classified. PodShare (a new type of co-living accommodation in the USA), to create a common life between inhabitants through the collectivisation of domestic tasks and activities. My own experience, I follow the natural rule of work, education and leisure but unlike St. Jeromy’s life in a monastery, my activity is on an urban Overall,scale. life is inseparable from a form. In these case studies, walls, doors, windows and stairs are employed first to divide and then selectively to reunite inhabited space, hence the architectural layout furnishes a divergent form of life.

Page 74 Agamben, Giorgio (2011) The Highest Poverty. Stanford University Press Alison Smithson, ‘Saint Jerome, The Desert . . . the Study’, 1990, in Dirk van den Heuvel and Max Risselada (eds), Alison and Peter Smithson: From the House of the Future to the House of Today (Rotterdam: 010 Publishers, 2004), pp 224–31 Evans, R. and Architectural Association (Great Britain) (1997) Translations from drawing to building and other essays. London: Architectural Association (AA documents, 2). Hand, J. O. (1990) “‘Saint Jerome in His Study’ by Joos Van Cleve,” Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University, 49(2), pp. 3–10. Heathcote, Edwin (2018), “The furniturisation of architecture: from St Jerome in his study to built-in cupboards and summer pavilions”, The Architecture Review. [online] com/watch?v=UT_TrEDkTzccom/watch?v=JtTqGs2Ij_cNationalJanetmoderndomesticityHeynen,pavilions/10033047.articlein-his-study-to-built-in-cupboards-and-summer-furniturisation-of-architecture-from-st-jerome-architectural-review.com/essays/furniture/the-https://www.H.andBaydar,G.(2005)Negotiating:spatialproductionsofgenderinarchitecture.London:Routledge.Cardiff,“ConversationwithAntonello”,Gallery,[online]https://www.youtube./https://www.youtube. REFERENCEContext Jolly, P. H. (1983) “Antonello Da Messina's Saint Jerome in His Study: An Iconographic Analysis,” The Art Bulletin, 65(2), pp. 238–253. Manco, Jean (2004), “Life in the Priory”, Bath Past. [online] messina-saint-jerome-in-his-studynationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/antonello-da-TheNo.PlanQuarterly,abbey/lifepriory.shtmlhttp://www.buildinghistory.org/bath/Wilson(1980),HeavenonEarth:TheofSt.Gall,TheWilsonQuarterly,Vol.4,1,pp.171-179NationalGallery.[online]https://www. Bibliography

Page 75 Image Figure 1: Saint Jerome in His Study by Antonello da Messina. Source from National Gallery Figure 2: Saint Jerome’s outfit and role (Modified image of Saint Jerome in His Study) by Jenny Ho Figure 3: House of cenobites ( Reference image modified)by Jenny Ho Figure 4: Monastery of St Gallen, Conway Library, Courtauld Institute of Art. [online] gall-ianwm5.wixsite.com/arch249-original/plan-of-st-ofFigureSilence”imageFiguredecorative-round-422003203es/image-vector/outline-mandala-coloring-book-shutterstock.Figuregall-ianwm5.wixsite.com/arch249-original/plan-of-st-ofFigureid=164498courtauldimages.com/image_details.php?image_http://www.5:“PlanofSt.Gall,Switzerland”,SurveyWorldArchitecturalHistoryI,[online]https://6:OrientalmandalabyDeAmovitania,[online]https://www.shutterstock.com/7:Scenesin“IntoGreatSilence”(collageofthescenesofthefilm“IntoGreatbyPhilipGroening)byJennyHo8:“PlanofSt.Gall,Switzerland”,SurveyWorldArchitecturalHistoryI,[online]https:// Bibliography

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Page 77 Chapter 4 Research Development

Page 78 Amaryllis housing, Bonn, Germany Multi-generation2006residential project Introduction

Page 79 33 separate housing units a large common area with a large and a small common room, a common kitchen, a guest room, a common workshop and a common garden house (for garden tools, bicycles and spaciousother)

outdoor areas with diverse meeting areas, sensory and vegetable garden (since we only provide very few above-ground parking Thespaces)individually

built 33 apartments for approx. 70 people on an area of approx. 3 500 m², including terraced houses, single apartments and rooms on the senior floor. Characteristic are a common area of more than 170 m², arcades through which the three buildings are connected and largely barrier-free construction. The outdoor facilities are not parceled out and are therefore available to all members. A community of different tenures share facilities and sevices for mutual benefit examples

Existing

designed apartments are mostly suitable for the elderly and disabled, that is, above all, barrier-free.

Page 80 Manicipal Housing Board of Alicante (PMV), Spain 2010 Intergenerational Housing and Community Services

Page 81

Purpose-built mutual development

problem.awithhourspeoplechargeagreement’,Onresidents).underresidents)personsResidentsand-day-center-at-plaza-of-america-alicante72-intergenerational-housing-health-center-awards/30-avs-awards-2010/all-proposals/528-https://www.premiosdearquitectura.es/en/includelow-incomeolderovertheageof65(78percentofandlow-incomeyoungpeopletheageof35(22percentofthebasisofa‘goodneighboureachyoungpersonisinoftakingcareoffourolderinthebuilding,offeringafewoftheirtimeeachweektospendtheolderresidentsandactingasliaisonwithPMVifeverthereisa

The project objectives are: finding solutions for dignified and independent living for our seniors; setting next to the citizen and linked to the most urgent of each of the neighborhoods demands dotacionales services; actively help the urban redevelopment of the area where they are located improving public space and accessibility to the neighborhood. owned by the municipality and reserved for public use the apartments are complemented by spaces dedicated to communal services (library, computer centre, areas for social events and workshops, solarium, roof garden, laundry) and local health and recreational services for residents. The apartments are 40 m2 on average and can be single or double occupancy (for couples). These are rented as social dwellings, at very affordable rents of, on average, 160 Euro per month.

Page 82 Pollard Thomas Edwards over 50s women co-housing scheme co-op peoject Introduction

Page 83 We are OWCH, a group of women over fifty who have created our own community in a new, purpose-built block of flats in North London. As an alternative to living alone, we have friendly, helpful neighbours. The book “The Highest Poverty” by Giorgio Existing examples A community of private homes clustered around a shared space and community facilities that is managed by community