Animal-Friendly Humane Architecture / Dissertation Eda Yildiz by Eda Yildiz

Animal-Friendly Humane Architecture How can architecture designed for animals be brought to optimal conditions for both humans and animals?

Eda YILDIZ 18042528

Structure of Chapters

Intoduction.............................................................................................4-5 Part 1 .............................................................................................6-13 1a-Why do we need zoos?................................................................... 7-9 2b-History of Zoos.............................................................................10-13 Part 2............................................................................................13-27 2.1-Zoo Design Progress...................................................................14-15 2.1a-Areas Allocated to Visitors and Circulation..........................16-17 2.1b-Animal Exhibition Areas...............................................................18 -Typological Characteristics of the Immersion Exhibition Areas.........................19-20 -Form And Size Of The Exhibition Area.........................................................................21 -What is Symbiosis?......................................................................................................22-23 2.1c-Herbal Texture................................................................................24 2.2 Positioning Animal Exhibition Areas...................................... 25-27 Part 3............................................................................................28-43 Introduction........................................................................................28-31 -How should an appropriate gorilla habitat design be like?................................32-34 -How should an appropriate gazelle habitat design be like?................................35-36 -How should an appropriate elephant habitat design be like?............................37-40 -How should an appropriate tiger habitat design be like?...................................41-43 Conclusion ..........................................................................................44-45 Image References.................................................................................... 46 Bibliography............................................................................................. 47 Ethic Form ...............................................................................................48

Introduction

Figure 1 : Eda Yildiz (2020) Quick Sketches from Ankara Zoo Visit

Zoos as zoological parks, are areas where the animal species we share the world with are collected, presented to visitors and researched. The word ‘collect’ should not be considered as detaching from nature and imprisoning it in a cage. There are also ethical and modern zoological gardens and instead of taking animals away from their nature, they rescue animals that are in need and whose natural lives are destroyed, injured, or orphaned. They are in a position in which they cannot survive alone in their natural habitat. The care of these animals is performed by zoologists and veterinarians, and it is important that their physical and mental conditions are at the most appropriate level. Research, maintenance and accommodation stages are conducted in transparent environments and visitors are given the chance to watch. Zoos are places where people can meet and see animals that they would not be able to see in their daily lives. Thus, both visitors and researchers learn about these unique life forms. (Rafferty, 2015). On one side, the benefits of these areas for humans are immense; and on the other hand, its effects on animals, which are the main users of zoological gardens, should also be considered. Peaceful, happy, and healthy animals should be the pivotal priority of the zoological gardens. To achieve this, caregivers, diets, and activities are all important factors. It is doubtless hat the most important element is the zoo architecture. Providing the most suitable environment for their natural life is indispensable from the welfare of animals. This design also aims at allowing the visitors to watch without disturbing the animals. These designs should meet the needs of the animals and the expectations of the visitors. The elements that form the design are completely determined by research and observation. By working together, zoologists and designers decide on the elements that animals need according to the behaviour of the animals in nature and in the zoo, and shape this design. How much space do they need? Which plant cover should be used? How should social and individual areas be separated? Etc. In addition, the expectations, behaviours and interests of the visitors, which are the income sources of the zoo, also play a role in shaping this design. When designing a new zoo, architects examine visitor interest and wishes in existing zoos, and also evaluate the animal welfare and elements that need to be improved with zoologists. It is aimed at creating the most suitable design for the budget and requirements. This dissertation attempts to examine the basic design principles in the zoo in terms of both visitors and animals. By explaining the purpose and history of zoos, it seeks an answer to the question “are these areas necessary?” and then explains the importance of design in order to transform spaces from prison into animal-friendly residential areas.

Chapter 1

Figure 2 : Collage by Eda Yildiz (2020)

WHY DO WE NEED ZOOS? In order to better understand the importance of the zoo design, it is necessary to first understand what zoological gardens are aiming at. Because, design should also serve this purpose. We are not alone in this world; we share the earth, air, water and everything else on this planet with other living things. Not only we share life with them, but we also benefit from them; by eating them, from their strength, from what they produce, by learning from them... They are plants, bacteria, fungi, and animals; they make our lives easier. So how do we, humans, affect their lives? Our strength and intelligence take us one step further from other living creatures. These powers of ours enable us to destroy and build the world according to ourselves. Even though we are using their ideas while we are designing our habitat, sometimes we still forget about them and harm them. Every new order established without considering other livings harms the system provided by nature and other beings. Every order changed thoughtlessly destroys nature and consumes animal generations. When this situation is considered, the sensitivity of people should be increased in order to protect the natural environment and life. How can we encourage people to protect nature and animals? By letting people know about these poor animals and these issues. Because people tend to protect what they know and love. This is where zoos come in. To illustrate this situation with an example, one can consider that we are trying to explain the importance of recycling to a child. Families or teachers say ‘’Watch educational films.’’, ‘’Read books that might be helpful.’’. But what if we take that child and put it in front of an elephant, the kid can see, hear, and maybe even touch it, and say “The paper we use is obtained from where this elephant lives, more space is getting damaged for every piece of paper we waste. We have to recycle for this creature to live.” In what ways would it be easier to change a child’s behaviour? (Lovett, 2016)

The number of people who think that zoos are capturing animals from nature and locking them in a cage is quite high. It may be right to leave the animals free in their nature but only in a perfect world that would make sense. Unfortunately, our world has been undeniably damaged by humans; the disappearance of glaciers, global warming, climate changes, destruction of natural areas. These situations alter the natural habitat of animals, putting animals in unconventional difficulties and endangering their species. While many species disappear in nature; some species are hosted temporarily or permanently in zoos where they can be healed, reproduced, and saved. For example, in 1980, the last 30 members of one of the eagle species in nature, survived extinction by maintaining them in zoos and then leaving them back to nature. Other examples of species that got saved by zoos from endangerment are pandas, many species of frogs, birds, monkeys, insects...

Unfortunately, sometimes the only way to protect animal species is to drive them out of their nature. An example of this is the Perdido Key Beach Mouse. This mouse species that lives off the coast of Florida is endangered by the increase in hotel numbers. (Lovett, 2016) There are two ways to prevent this species from extinction. The first way is rescuing the remaining members of the species and settle them in zoos; the second is to stop building hotels by convincing the contractors who erected the hotel. Which one do you think is more possible? If we cannot assure to change the course of the world and the selfish desires of people, we must minimize the effects of those subconscious benevolent feelings and save the victims.

There are many inadequate zoo designs in history and today. Animal-friendly organizations have been setting rules and conducting regular audits to prevent and make these designs ethical that turn into harshness for animals. Animal welfare organizations have developed criteria and rules for the change of insufficient zoo designs to such designs whose main purpose is animal welfare. These designs are regularly inspected by these organizations during and after the construction phase. (GEWAILY, 2000) The most common and respected of these institutions is the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA). Founded in 1935 by the International Union of Directors of Zoological Gardens (IUDZG); with the alliance of foundations, zoological gardens and national federations, it has grown and serves the world. The basic principles of WAZA are as follows; • The main purpose of all zoos is to ensure animal welfare. • To publish designing and maintenance rules to provide shelter for animals with the least damage • Ensuring the leftover of biological diversity • Sharing and developing zoological research • Educate the public (Kirk-Cohen, 2001)

HISTORY OF ZOOS Throughout history, the purposes and conditions of zoo gardens have played a role in the development of the design. Because each process has given people information about animals; each newly designed zoo is developed by completing or replacing the shortcomings observed in the previous designs. The spaces to be created for animals became more ethical as we got to know the animals. Therefore, a good understanding of the starting point and the stages of change until today gives information about how the design process has developed. The culture of collecting wild animals started in China and Egypt in the 4th and 5th centuries BC. Often used as symbols to show their strength and wealth, this culture served as punishment, entertainment, hunting, in cuisine, and gifts of political significance across countries. At the beginning of the 16th century, birds and monkeys started to be cared for as pets, and over time, little wild cats joined this group. Later, large cats and bears were kept in cages in parks. The first zoo was established in Europe privately on trade routes, exotic animals were bought and sold and attracted great interest. Afterwards, circuses and exhibitions started to be set up, especially lions and bears were presented to the audience at the Tower of London. Zoological gardens began to be established professionally in the 19th century. As the zoos spread throughout Europe, both the number of professionals and the level of living conditions of animals developed.

Figure 3 : Heritage Corbis (1996) Demonstration of Edward Cross’s collection (1829), of wild animals in small cages.

Figure 4 : Unknown (2011) Wild animal figures in hierographies in Egypt

The explorers of 19th century caught exotic animals from various places of the world and brought them to Europe, which resulted in the establishment of zoos in the western capitals to once again show competitively their status and power over the size and grandeur of zoos.(Bush, 2014) The biggest problem at the time was the rapid death of the animals, and Michael Hutchins(The director of the Bird-Smart Wind Energy campaign) states that the reason for this was inadequate maintenance and small cages. Even when animals do not die of neglect, they become ill from depression and die. They didn’t know much about their biology, diet, group composition that should be kept, or reproduction. The reason for using these small cages was that they were easy to transport, took up little space, and allowed the animals to be seen closely by visitors, because the animals had no place to go away, they were also easy to clean. But with understanding that these cages were torturing the animals, Michael Graetz (architect, exhibit designer and pioneering researcher), who worked extensively to change it, said “We should provide this environment and welfare in zoo gardens as well as animals in wild nature.” Greatz’s zoo design actually embodied the modern version of many of the principles that zoos have used to date - open enclosures without barred cages. (Phillips, 2015) The first zoo began officially displaying wild animals in 1790, with the order to send animals from wild animal shows built on the street by the police to the botanic garden called The Jardin des Plantes (1635) in France. Work has begun to make the area suitable for animals. It attracted great attention from the public. For the next 150 years, this situation was developed and continued to be used for scientific studies and to entertain the public. In 1828, the first official zoo was opened in London, the second in 1831 in Dublin and the third in 1835 in Bristol.

Figure 5 : George Scharf (1835) World’s Oldest Scientific Zoo, London Zoo (1828)

Figure 6: Anna Thynne (1875) The First Public Aquarium at ZSL London Zoo (1875)

Giraffes played a leading role in the spread of zoos in Europe. The great interest of the giraffes in the Paris Zoological Park caused many visitors to flock. For this reason, it was decided that the garden should be redesigned in terms of both visitors and animals. The main reason for the zoo design to be changed was that the current design of artificial rocks posed a danger to both animals and humans. World-famous architect Bernard Tschumi suggested that this design should also be geared towards animals. He believed that “architecture for the people and the animals should be the same, as much as possible, rather than there being one system for each.” (Betsky, 2014) Designed from concrete, as in other zoos of its time, Tschumi and his team worked with landscape architect Atelier Jacqueline Osty to create a new design. The purpose of this design was to give visitors an impression of nature. In this way, a more emotional bond with animals could be established. Tschumi believed that ‘Zoo architecture does not require a separate path for the animals when preparing shows for humans; claiming that the main purpose of this architecture is to find common denominators for both users.’ Thus, he applied the principle of ‘double envelopes’. The principle of ‘double envelopes’ consists of a two-layer design; the first functional layer is visual. Wooden beams and coverings were used as the visual layer for this famous giraffe area in the Paris Zoological Park. Thus, the background creates natural purview. This area with little detail and natural material provides a natural view without attracting attention, so animals come to the fore and the image integrity is not disturbed. (Betsky, 2014) This park, which was built in 1937, did not only imitate nature, by dint of Tschuma’s knowledge of animals, which was also a researcher and author; it also provided the areas that the animals needed. (Bernard, 2014)

Figure 7: Iwan Baan (2014) Bernard Tschumi design, new version of artificial rocks

Therefore, while flat and single-room spaces were preferred, Tschumi designed the special space that the animals needed. He provided out of sight areas where animals could go when they wanted to be alone. He also used some animal-friendly tricks to keep the animals’ insight for the majority of the day. For example, he placed internally heated rocks at the visitor’s observation points, so the lions preferred to lie on that rock. While other zoo gardens do not need to keep the cage image; aiming at giving the animals and visitors a more ‘natural’ feel, Tschumi and his team also used some visual tricks. Despite having a steel skeleton, he covered the structures in all animal areas with wooden details. The disappearing appearance of steel and the wood material worn overtime gave a natural feel to both the animals and the visitors. (CAMERON, 2016) After Tschumi started focusing on starting materials for giraffes, architect David Hancocks also focused on design for animals. (Later, he left architecture and became the director of the zoological garden.) By transforming gorilla cages into habitat-inspired enclosures, he not only changed the philosophy of the Woodland Park Zoo in Seattle but inadvertently devised a new model for modern zoos everywhere. Hancocks, who designed areas for animals to climb and jump as in nature, faced a strong reaction from the owners of the zoo. They were consoled that they saw it as a waste of money and space and that the animals could climb and fall and injure themselves. Arguing that animals should continue their actions in their nature, Hancocks did not change his plan and completed his innovative design. (Bida, 2015)

Figure 8: Iwan Baan (2014) Bernard Tschumi design, wood details

Chapter 2

Figure 9: Collage by Eda Yildiz (2021)

Zoo Design Progress Part 2

In terms of increasing the awareness and education required for the protection of natural life and the environment, zoos are places that allow us to see, hear, smell and even touch the movements and features of animals. In other words, it gathers the In order to in increase the geographies awareness and in education for the protection of natural life to animals living various a placerequired by providing the conditions closest the environment, zoos; arebrings places that allow us to see, hear, smell and even the their and natural environment and them together with the visitors andtouch scientists. movements featuresisofpaid animals. In other words, it gathers thegardens animals living in various For this reason, and attention to the design of zoological in a way that they geographies in a place by providing the conditions closest to their natural environment and serve large masses and in accordance with the geographic conditions of the animals it brings them together with the visitors and scientists. For this reason, attention is paid to the will contain. The main focus of the zoo designs is the residents’ welfare and designing design of zoological gardens in a way that they serve large masses and in accordance with the areas in a way that it resembles theiritgeographic origin. the geographic conditions of the animals will contain. The main focus of the zoo designs is In to this, the and design has to allow to see the animals without thataddition the residents' welfare designing closest to visitors their geographic origin. In addition to any disturbance, affecting their to preventaffecting the animals this, the design has to allowbehavior visitors toor seeoverstress the animalsthem. withoutAlso, any disturbance, behaviour or overstress them. Also, foritprevent the animals from the feeling imprisonment from their feeling imprisonment and captivity, is important to find most appropriate and captivity, is important to find theanimal most appropriate conditions in theFor designs byreasons, conditions in theitdesigns by studying nature and behavior. these studying animal nature and behavior. For these reasons, it is essential to have animal it is essential to have animal behavior experts in the preparation and correction of the in the preparation and correction of the design of the quince garden. The designbehavior of the experts zoo garden. The team that prepares the master plan, which is the first part team that prepares the master plan, which is the first part of the design, consists of of thelandscape design, consists of landscape architects, architects, engineers, geologists, and architects, architects, engineers, geologists, and ecology consultants. The Master ecology The habitats, Master circulation, plan focuses onareas, animal habitats, circulation, visitor planconsultants. focuses on animal visitor exhibition spaces, and planting areas,arrangements. exhibition spaces, and planting At this stage, the future probable At this stage, the future arrangements. probable growth rates, economic requirements, growth rates, economic requirements, management andplanned. scientific research management system, and scientific research setups of thesystem, zoo are also setups of the zoo are also planned. Post-trial expert / visitor evaluation 1. MASTER PLAN •Climate data •Land form •Animal data •Economic limits •Visitor information

2. DESIGN PROGRESS •Areas to meet the psychological and physical needs of the animals to be sheltered (natural areas)

•Areas designed for the needs and circulation of visitors (structural areas)Table 1: Eda Yildiz (2021)

Graphic created from Serap Yılmaz’s notes in the book ‘Zoo Typologies’

•Management systems

EVALUATION

3. PRACTICE

Creating and selecting alternative scenarios Table 1. Zoo designing process SDU Faculty of Forestry Journal 2011

1. Areas Allocated to Visitors and Circulation Visitors are the main income source in the zoos. The garden’s design should be welcoming, comfortable and fun for visitors. Elements that compose the visitor areas are animal cruising and viewing areas, entrance area, cafe or other relaxation areas, and store. Cruising areas: These are areas of view where the behavior and daily life of the animals can be observed in the best way. The main goal is for visitors to view the animal areas from the widest perspective, the area also includes items such as seating and information boards. This area should provide comfort to visitors, but since it is one of the closest contact points with animals, safety and prevention of disturbance are important elements. The noise, turmoil, pollution and the feeling of being watched are seriously affecting the physical and mental health of animals. An example of the negative impact visitors have on animals is the Ocean Park Zoo in Hong Kong. Two giant pandas (endangered), who had been working to breed for 10 years, were relieved of stress and mate when visitors were not taken due to corona measures. (Barden, 2020) Another important element in the design of the viewing areas is their placement. If the viewing areas are placed opposite each other on the way of walking, it is observed that the visitors prefer not to visit only one. Accordingly, these areas should not be designed mutually; the visitor circulation should be designed to visit all of them. (Chua B. H., 1987) Table 2. Circulation system (Kenneth, 1987)

Circulation

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Types

Physical Characteristics

Design Purposes •The main roads connect the main activity areas and exhibition areas from the entrance area of the zoo. • Main roads should be 4.5-5.5 meters wide. Above it should include seating areas, shaded areas and event areas that allow eating and drinking.

Main Roads

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Secondary Roads

Third Roads

• The secondary roads are arrangements that allow the entrance to the areas where animals are exhibited and the passage between them. • The secondary roads are 2.5-3.5 meters wide and consist of folds passing through the view points, these folds are designed to turn into viewing terraces at appropriate viewing angles.

•They are designed to fulfill the visitors’ desire to be closer to animals and their habitats. •The excitement and interestingness of natural life, in order to make the visitor experience It is designed as an extension of the exhibition area as it serves. •Usually 1.5-2m. wide, curved, steep roads created with natural materials.

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The functional organization in design, which should be in modern and suitable animal gardens, should be discussed in four different sections, which should be different from each other but in harmony. These include the areas reserved for visitors, areas where animals are exhibited, and the boundary elements.

Table 3. Cruising Areas (Kenneth, 1987)

Types

Cruising Areas

Physical Characteristics

Design Purposes

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• The visitor areas are the observation zones that are higher than the animal areas and their surroundings are completely open. There are railings to prevent falling, but no cage fence. Altitude is used to prevent animals from accessing.

Open Viewing Areas

• Their barriers that separate visitors and animals are made of plants or artificial fences are hidden with the aid of plants. It is intended to give visitors and animals the feeling of being in nature and to remove the feeling of imprisonment. • Usually, the fences are not made too high to avoid obstructing the field of view. For this reason, it is safe to be preferred in herbivore animal areas.

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Vegetative Border Cruising Areas

•It is used in animal areas where it is preferred to watch for a long time. They are covered areas to protect from the sun. •There are also viewing areas with a roof and surrounded by glass or railings. These areas are preferred for birds and predaceous animals to be as close as possible and be safe.

Covered Cruising Areas

•It allows to see animal areas from different angles. •In general, wood is chosen as the bridge material and the feeling of being in nature is tried to be reflected to the visitors. But sometimes glass is chosen, allowing the area under the bridge to be seen.

Cruise Bridges

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2. Animal Exhibition Areas These are the areas where the instincts and animal behavior of animals are directly presented to visitors. These areas are places that allow animals to shelter, feed and continue their social relations as they do in their natural lives. (Yilmaz, 2008) For this reason, the design of the areas is important both for the mental and physical health of the animals and for the observation and learning of correct information about them. There are two approaches created by Debra L. Forthman Quick from the Log Angles Research Department (1984) on the design considerations for the exhibition areas; 1. The natural environment created by the combination of technology and knowledge. It aims to learn and research about animals. Species should be exhibited most closely to their natural life. Acquisition of nutrients, socialization, and mating should be provided by their own means as much as possible, artificial support should be avoided, the atrophy of instincts must be prevented. In this way, researches will be compatible with animals in natural life. It should allow systematic observation in research. 2.It focuses on the welfare of animals. The goal is to prevent depression and illness. Maximum safety and peace should be provided for both visitors and animals. A major challenge in the design of the exhibition spaces is to balance the needs of the animals (providing natural elements) and the needs of the visitors (easy viewing of animals, visibility) and being able to gather them in the same space. An important biologist from Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research, Cherfas likens the difficulty of this task to a double-edged sword and adds; “The needs of the animals and humans are not complementary; visitors want to see, animals want not to be seen.” (Finlay, 1988) This situation is provided by the correct area measurements. The exhibition areas should be large enough to feel in nature and meet the defence areas of the animals, but close enough not to block the observation by visitors and researchers. The most common exhibition method used in modern zoos is called“Immersion Exhibition”. This method is considered the best solution of communication between the visitor and the animal inhabitants. This method, which aims to keep the barriers and structures as hidden as possible, aims to make the visitors feel like they are in nature. Areas consisting of artificial areas, railings, and buildings prevent us from feeling like the natural atmosphere living in the exhibition area. For this reason, natural materials and colors, balustrades covered with plants, large glasses are the preferred items in immersive exhibition areas. (Harrison, 1998)

The following features must be included in the design of the Immersion exhibition areas: (Yılmaz, 2011) •Close to natural view •Sustainability •Hiding boundary elements •Suitable for the psychology and natural life of animals •Sense of depth provided by plants and space design 2.1 Typological Characteristics of the Immersion Exhibition Areas A. BOUNDARY ELEMENTS: The factors that make up the boundary elements (nets, ditches and electrical systems) are visually hidden and aims at preventing the distraction of their visitors. It harmonizes with the natural ambiance that it tries to create. Plants, typography and natural materials (wood, bamboo, etc.) are architectural elements used to create segregated spaces. In addition, the topography was used as a boundary element, dividing the area into parts. While designing the boundaries of the animal shelter areas to separating the animal species, it is necessary not to disturb the integrity of the atmosphere. While keeping animals safe, we should not spoil the nature of the view visitors will watch. (Bitgood, 1993) In the design of the depth, type, width and material of the boundary elements, the physical strength, behavior (climbing, digging, flying etc.) and biological characteristics of the animal to be located in the area should be taken into consideration. (Giritlioğlu, 1993) Table 4 :Urban Environment Landscape (2004)

Border Elements

Types

Physical Characteristics

Design Purposes

1a.Net Barriers

1.Transparent Barriers

Figure 10: Paignton Zoo Birdworld (Torquay)

1b.Glass Barriers

Figure 11: Antwerp Zoo (Dierentuin)

•Seethrough barriers separate animals and visitors without disturbing the atmosphere. •It gives visitors the opportunity to see the animals up close.

Table 4 : Eda Yildiz (2021) Graphic created from Serap Yılmaz’s notes and sketches in the book ‘Zoo Typologies’.

Types

Physical Characteristics

Design Purposes

2.a 1. One Sided Dry Trench

•These boundary elements are created because the use of artificial obstacles is avoided. •These methods can be used both between visitor-animal areas as well as between animal animal areas. •The size, depth and type of the ditches are determined by considering the biological capabilities of the animal accommodating in the area. For example, minimum 3.5 meters for deer, minimum 2.3 meters for bear etc. (Kayser, 2017))

2.b Double Sided Dry Trench

2. Trench Format Obstacles

2.c Fence Trench

2.d Water-Filled Trench

B. Form And Size Of The Exhibition Area: While these areas exhibit animals, plants, and people in the environment should also be planned appropriately. The exhibition areas are large enough to meet the needs of the animals they keep and the areas consist of topography and vegetation suitable for nature. In this way, the right ecosystem conditions can be provided to both animals, researchers, and visitors. Instead of separating the animals in the areas according to their species, it is important to keep the animals that live in the same ecosystem together, both in terms of location and not spoiling their natural cycle. Of course, the species to be kept together should not be related to the food chain. Symbiotic interactions have to be taken into consideration.

In the background, vegetation and topography are used to give depth to the exhibition space. It also plays a role in hiding the boundary elements. Often a sense of depth is added to the space with height differences, curves and slightly textured light colored plants.

The central area is the area where animals keep their daily lives and meet with visitors. It is easy to see. The natural area of the animal is animated with the plants it contains, natural materials (logs, rocks, water, etc.).

Figure 12 : Eda Yildiz (2021) Graphic created from Serap Yılmaz’s notes and sketches in the book ‘Zoo Typologies’.

The foreground is the areas where the boundary elements for security are located. It separates the animal area from the visitor area. Usually made up of natural materials (bushes, wood, ditch, rocks ...) placed to hide the boundary elements.

What is Symbiosis? It is the gathering of different types of animals in a way that meets or facilitates their needs (food, hygiene, breeding, and protection ...). These relationships can be shortterm and facultative or lifelong and mandatory. It is divided into 4 according to the Benefit Status of Living Beings. (Brown, 2019) B.1.MUTUALISM: Two creatures that live together also benefit from each other. In some cases of mutualism, symbiosis may be necessary. Example: Cattle Birds and Grazing Animals; Cattle are found in savannah climate. They generally feed by insects on buffalo, giraffes, impalas and other large mammals. They eliminate ticks, fleas, lice and other insects as they can cause infection and disease. In addition, these birds will alert grazing animals to the presence of predators by making a loud warning call. By keeping these birds and bison together in modern zoological gardens, the problem of bugs is eliminated naturally and the visitors are taught about mutualism. (Brown, 2019)

Image13 : Artem Korenut (2017) Buffaloes and crows sharing the same area - New Delhi Zoo (India)

B.2. COMMENSALISM: While one of the species living in the same environment benefits from its relationship with the other species, the other species is not affected by this situation. In these associations, the waste, metabolic byproduct, movement, or body of one of the living creatures generally provides food or host benefit for the other living thing. Example: Small fish that are being caught in sharks take advantage of the leftovers of sharks’ food. In aquariums, small fish species and sharks are not kept in different tanks; this saves space and creates good examples for teaching commensalism. (Brown, 2019)

Image14: James MacDonald (2019) Shark and remoras fish sharing the same aquarium

B.4. NEUTRALISM: If two or more animal species can live independently of each other, or if there is no negative or positive relationship between the individuals of the two species living in the same ecosystem, this is called neutralism. It is used to save space in zoos.

Border Element Rabbit Exhibition Area / Border Element

Ibex Exhibition Area

Visitor Viewing Area

Figure 15 : Eda Yildiz (2021) Immersion Exhibition Area Section Graphic created from Serap Yılmaz’s notes and sketches in the book ‘Zoo Typologies’.

B.3. PARASITISM: While one of the symbiotic creatures benefits, the other suffers directly or indirectly from this association. It usually occurs when insect, bacterial and fungal species use it to feed, live and reproduce larger organisms. As a parasite, they can harm or even kill the host creature they are attached to. Parasitism is undesirable in zoos; medication and regular checks are performed to protect the host animals. Example: Ticks and mammals. Ticks that stick to mammals feed on blood. Bacteria transmitted by ticks infect the main creature and this can become deadly if not treated. It is not a desired condition because it is an element that endangers the health of animals.

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Example: Rabbit and deer are both herbivorous animals and do not harm each other because they are not in each other’s food chain. Animals do not benefit each other, but it saves space.

• Herbal Texture: It is a binding element to create the relationship of animal species with the natural environment in which they live. It is used to hide the nervous elements and also adds depth effect to the space. Help from zoologists and botanical scientists must be sought during the planting phase. Because plants are also alive, the sensitivity when bringing animals together should also be paid to plants. A plant that is harmless to a particular animal species can be a food source for another species, or it can be toxic. There are examples of animals being harmed due to wrong planting due to lack of knowledge and insufficient care. In 2013, more than 300 wounded manatees from all over the world (popularly known as sea cows, these are herbivorous marine mammals, about 3.5 meters long, and 450 kg) were brought to Park Zoo Manatee Animal Hospital (Bradenton, United States). After their treatment, the stronger sea cows were brought to nature and the ones that continued to be cared for were placed in the aquarium areas in Lowry Park Zoo to be exhibited to the visitors. Plants and pieces of coral were taken from natural areas to be used in aquariums. The harmful algae that came with this planting and caused the death of many sea cows in nature were also carried to the aquarium. Workers did not interfere when algae poisoned and paralyzed the animals, due to the fact that they did not notice the animals that would also normally lie underwater for hours had paralysis. Planting should be considered for the health of the animals, and animal areas should be checked frequently to prevent adverse situations that may occur. (Chin, 2016)

Image 16: Paul C. Tash (2018) Manates at Lowry Park Zoo

Image 17: Gregory R. Mann (2016) Red Tide – A Harmful Algal Bloom

2.2 Positioning Animal Exhibition Areas

In the 18th century, display of animals was done in small cages placed side by side. The cages did not take up much space and visitors could easily see the animals. In time, with the understanding of the damages that were caused on the mental and physical health of the animals that resided in cages, the animal exhibition areas were made suitable for nature and of course they needed more space. When zoological gardens spread over a wider area, it is important to ensure the right flow of people so that visitors can visit all the animals. In addition, the placement of the animals’ fields is also important. While designing the area distribution, it should be placed on a certain system so that the visitor flow and information can be provided correctly. There are 5 popular design methods preferred in modern zoos for area distribution. (Civelek, 1999) 1.According to Zoogeographic Regions: In this design type, the animal exhibits are arranged according to their geographical regions on the world. The areas reserved for both visitors and animals in the areas are designed in accordance with the architecture and vegetation of the geographical area they exhibit.

North America

Africa Asia

Aquarium

Offices

Visitor Entrance

Australia Europe

Image 18: Eda Yildiz (2020) Graphic created from S. Civelek’s notes and sketches in the book ‘Zoo design, Spaces’

2.Habitat Focused Area Distribution: In this method, animals in similar living conditions are exhibited together. It is more economical to provide the same conditions in a wide area and to put appropriate animals in the same area. In comparison to providing different conditions to each animal, it is the most preferred method. Aquarium

Insects

Camels

Lions, Tigers Monkeys

Wolfs Bears

Offices

Kangaroos Visitor Entrance

Elephants Flamingos

Birds Farm Birds

Image 19: Eda Yildiz (2020) Graphic created from S. Civelek’s notes and sketches in the book ‘Zoo design, Spaces’

3.According to Visitor Interest: These areas are the designs that prioritize the animals that attract the most attention of the public, according to the statistics taken from the existing zoo gardens. Polar Habitat

Aquarium Swamp Habitat

Mountain Habitat

Offices

Visitor Entrance

Rain Forast Habitat

Savanna Climate Habitat Image 20: Eda Yildiz (2020) Graphic created from S. Civelek’s notes and sketches in the book ‘Zoo design, Spaces’

4.According to Animal Behavior: With this method, the animals are placed according to their daily routine and most distinctive characteristics. It is a practical method as they generally require similar protection boundary elements. Swimming Animals

Sleeps During the day Animals (Dark Area) Farm Animals Offices

Flying Animals

Visitor Entrance

Walking

Image 21: Eda Yildiz (2020) Graphic created from S. CiveAnimals lek’s notes and sketches in the book ‘Zoo design, Spaces’

5. Biological Systematic Design: It is designed according to the taxonomic, biological, and systematic relationships of animals. It is the exhibition of animals of the same genus together. Animals in the same genus usually live in similar environments, so they are easy to design and easy to care for. It allows visitors to see the similarities and differences of animals in the same genus. The disadvantage here is that it is difficult to focus on the beauty of the animal species separately because there are more than one similar species in one area and so many similar factors make it difficult to focus, the environment become monotonous, and this may lead to loss of interest. Gazelles

Wolfs

Aquarium

Camels

Lions, Tigers

Birds That Can Fly

Monkeys Lizards

Birds That Can Not Fly

Insects

Offices

Big Mammals Visitor Entrance

Small Mammals

Birds

Flamingos

Farm Birds

Image 22: Eda Yildiz (2020) Graphic created from S. Civelek’s notes and sketches in the book ‘Zoo design, Spaces’

Chapter 3

Figure 23: Collage by Eda Yildiz (2021)

As well as the general zoo design, the design of each animal area is individually complex and challenging. Spaces serve two different users: the animals they host and the visitors who come to see those animals and make up the income source. These two users come with two completely opposite expectations. While animals do not like being watched, visitors want to see their every move; while animals do not like artificial and direct light, visitors want to be able to see easily; while animals want a quiet space, visitors want to be as close as possible. (Finlay, 1988) In addition to this difficulty, the importance of the safety considerations also cannot be ignored; since these areas host wild animals, a security fault can cause injury or even the death of people or animals. There are two reasons for the inadequacy of zoo design hitherto: 1. Putting the needs of the visitors providing economic income first. 2. Sufficient assessment of the assumptions and usual methods without adequate research on the needs of animals. (Melfi, 2005) The design of these areas places extra responsibilities on architects. They should examine every factor, element, need, and desire in detail and come up with the most appropriate solutions. Those areas are are designed to be lifetime homes for animals, and mistakes in design can cause serious psychological and physical damage to animals. Animal welfare is the first priority in these areas. Secondly, it is the comfort and safety of the visitors coming to these areas. Visitors provide income for the zoo to survive, so areas should attract visitor attention. The design must balance the needs of the visitors with the needs of the animals in a way that both species can come together without any disturbance. Another factor that needs attention is of course security. These areas, which also host wild animals, must be safely separated from other species, visitors, and under certain conditions. Determination of the elements that will enable this separation is provided by knowing the physical abilities of the animal to be sheltered. (The ability to jump determines the wall height, the ability to climb determines the wall material, etc.) For this reason, it is imperative to get help from animal behavior experts to find the right design. Otherwise, it will cause a lot of damage to both animals and people, which has been the case with many examples in recent history.

Monitoring animal movements and shaping them accordingly are the main element in a healthy design. Visitor areas should be located later in accordance with these requirements and the most appropriate layout should be provided for both sides. However, research shows that in most modern zoos today, zoo owners are reluctant to give up the usual building designs, even if animal movements’ shows that those designs needs to change. The reasons why zoo owners avoid these changes are that they do not want to risk losing visitor interest, mainly because of economic reasons. Designs that attract enough attention and generate income are unfortunately started to be used by the zoo owners, regardless of their effects on animals. This ‘free-range’ system, which started by walking freely inside bird cages in the 1920s, quickly became popular and was used in almost all zoos, not only for birds but also for many animals. (Olney, 1975) When this method was researched, it is noted that there were many studies on its usefulness and popularity on visitors, while no studies were found about its impact on animal welfare. This fact about free-range system should not be normalized since it may disturb animals. It is also plausible that this system became so popular without further elaboration (Melfi, 2005).

Image 24:Werribee (2016) Free Range System

Mistakes made in areas designed without adequate research, sometimes lead to unobtrusive results. These mistakes, which will cost the lives of animals and people, take place for small reasons that can be easily avoided with necessary research. It helps to explain the importance of the design by examining a few recent events that could easily be prevented by minor design changes.

The area of a 17-year-old healthy gorilla in Cincinnati Zoo was surrounded by 3 meters walls and 1-meter wood fences. On December 28, 2016, a 4-year-old crawled under the barriers, fell from a 4.5-meter wall, and reached the gorilla. The gorilla grabbed the child by the leg and whirled, although he did not act in an aggressive manner. To get the child from the wild and overpowered gorilla, the gorilla was shot and killed by the zoo staff. Many animal lovers reacted greatly to the killing of an innocent animal due to the negligence of the child’s family and lack of design. After this incident, the fences were redesigned, but the wrong design already took the life of an innocent. It is a huge negligence that even a small child of 4 years old can easily reach such a wild and powerful animal. (BURROWS, 2016)

1.2 m 1m

4.5 m

Image 25: Eda Yildiz (2020) How the boy got to the animal

Image 26: CINCINNATI (WKRC) (2016) The fences got replaced after the incident

Architects need to take the users into consideration primarily to ensure that the space designed does not directly or indirectly harm the user. In order to avoid such tragic events, it is necessary to get help from animal movement experts and zoologists. I would like to give further information on the relationship between animal behavior and area design by making an overview of the factors that need to be considered for animal welfare and safety. I’ll focus below on a few of the species that we encounter the most in zoos. 31

How should an appropriate gorilla habitat design be like?

Image 27: GARY STANLEY (2012) The Gorilla playing with his toys in Cincinnati Zoo (same gorilla from the incident)

WELLBEING Gorillas are powerful, social and intelligent animals. Being the largest member of the monkey family, this species usually lives with their families, so the width of the areas is important. According to the weather conditions and the time of day, it should be the decision of the animal to stay inside or go outside, so there is a continuous connection between the open and closed areas. In possible conflicts or health problems, animals should be kept separated from each other, apart from that it is not a problem to live together. It is important to keep the intelligence of these animals, which have a complex brain structure, active. This situation prevents boredom and aggression. Balance games, puzzle toys, even musical instruments. The diet of these herbivorous animals consists of the trees in the field and the food brought by their caregivers. In order to protect the psychological health of the animal, feeding is done with various toys and activity methods. Storing food, placing inside toys, tying with ropes ...

Indoor Spaces Closed areas are used to separate animals in a possible case (arrival of a new member, pregnancy status, fight, transporting one of the animals, quarantine, medical care) and these areas are connected to each other and the common area by more than one door. These chambers have taken the place of the squeeze cage used in the past so that the animals can go without stress and separate the animals and undergo the necessary treatment or procedure. These areas are the areas that animals need for their individual life. Outdoor Spaces Gorillas, which are social animals, require a common socialization and recreation area. Unless they are provided with these facilities, gorillas may fall into severe depression as they are complex animals. Maintaining peace among animals in this social area is an important factor. This area is the area where the animals spend their days, do their daily activities, socialize, and be presented to visitors. In the common area, there must be climbing facilities, playgrounds consisting of large pieces (a box, a rope, a swing ). Gorillas are more developed than other animals so they need more complex play facilities, hammocks, climbing nets, slides, etc. The use of plastics on these materials should be avoided to refrain them from suffocating. (Abelló, 2017) 32

SAFETY Every door used should have more complex lock structures than the ones used in other animals, otherwise the gorillas are capable of opening easily. The walls surrounding these areas should avoid climbing, and should not have areas above which gorillas can grasp with their hands or feet. The delimitation of these areas is crucial for both animal and visitor safety, as gorillas can open doors, climb high, and easily break down barriers. (Abelló, 2017) In the case of the Cincinnati Zoo, the design error was primarily due to the barrier method, ignoring the rule-breaking and curiosity factors of the visitors, and not providing sufficient security. Another mistake was in the moat method. The fact that the animal can easily approach the visitor in the event of a possible fall is due to a fatal design error. Moat methods preferred in gorilla cages to ensure safety are designed to prevent the animal from easily approaching the wall that separates the visitors’ area.

Figure 28 : Ali Ozbilen (2011) Self locking doors

BOUNDARIES A.Moats Ditches keep animals away from barriers, while barriers are to keep people away from ditches. ‘U shaped dry moat’ (figure29a ) is not preferred in choosing a moat because there is a danger of falling animals and injuries. Instead, the ‘V-shaped dry moat’ (figure 29b) has the same features like the U-shaped moat on the visitor side (4 metre high), while the gorilla is inclined so that animals can easily enter and exit the shallow area. Using water in ditches, ‘wet moat’ (figure 29c) is not preferred because gorillas cannot swim, creating the danger of drowning. If it is used, the ditch does not deepen in a large area, so the animals can play in the water, it has been observed that they do not go to areas that are deep. Wet Moats are 6 meters wide and 2 meters high at the visitor side. In addition, there is a 1 meter marshy area in front of the ditch on the animal side, so the gorillas cannot run quickly towards the ditch and cannot reach the deep part. (Abelló, 2017)

Figure 29: Demonstration of ZAWA Standart Rules (by me) Moat security standard measures for gorillas

B . Glass Windows and Walls Glass windows and walls are used in cases where there is not enough space to use a ditch or in closed areas. Glass allows visitors to see the animals closer, but it is a more expensive barrier method. The thickness of the glasses depends on the size of the plate and varies between 30mm and 50mm. C . Steel Mesh Fencing It is the method used in large area exhibits, covering the whole area like a net. This network must be very strong due to the gorilla’s advanced climbing ability. Chain link mesh should not be preferred, since in case the animal climbs on it, it can cause serious injuries by pinching their fingers. Another reason for this is that it is not durable enough while it should not be broken if a 200-pound gorilla presses. Mesh from stainless or chrome steel rods (figure) is the most popular type. (Abelló, 2017) D.Hotwire It is wrong to use electric wires as primary barriers for gorillas. Because even though gorillas notice that they cannot touch, they are clever enough to break wires using a piece of wood or branches. It can be used as an auxiliary barrier method.

Figure 31 : Demonstration of ZAWA Standart Rules (by me) Hedge security standard measures for gorillas

Figure 30: Jen Steer (2017) Example of use of wire fences

Figure 32 : Eda Yildiz (2015) Visitor at the gazelle feeding area, Thailand

How should an appropriate gazelle habitat design be like? WELLBEING Generally, there is no obstacle to keeping herbivorous animals together. The feeding areas, socializing areas and exhibition areas consist of the same features and the other reason why these animals are kept together is that they need a large area to run. Instead of dividing the fields for all types, keeping all the rounds that do not harm each other together will help to make maximum use of the space. (CEYLAN, 2017) Indoor Spaces Gazelles can adapt to many climatic conditions. Therefore, the covered hut where they can escape from the rain will work enough rather than a completely closed area. Outdoor Spaces Wide green open field is enough to meet their needs such as running, feeding, and socializing. It is essential to germinate this area as grass will keep them nourished and they will avoid mud and overheating. According to the American Association of Zoos and Aquariums, one gazelle should have at least 46.5 m2 and 11.61 m2 of space for each additional animal. (Manteca and Salas, 2018) 35

SAFETY Gazelles are not harmful to humans, so there can be areas where you can feed the gazelles in the interactive areas of zoos. In their living area, many harmless animals such as rabbit, goat, donkey, and peacock may exist) and gazelles meet with the public here, so that visitors can see, hear, feel and smell the animals more closely. These interactive spaces are often surrounded by fences and controlled by keepers, so the visitors and the animals can communicate safely. A.Moats In non-interactive gazelle areas, the U-shaped Moat is the most preferred barrier method. Gazelles can jump up to 3 meters, so the ditch depth is 4 meters by the visitors’ side and 2.5-3 meters by the animals’ side. Its width is designed as a minimum of 3 meters. There are two fences on the visitor part of the moat. The first is wooden pairs with approximately 1 meter height to keep the visitors away from the moat. The second one consists of curved fences towards the ditch, so even if the animals jump 4 meters, they cannot pass the visitor’s side and get off the area. In order to prevent visitors from getting behind the fence, the two fences are adorned with brushes.

Figure 33 : Michael Graetz (2015) Front barrier and moat in Singapore Zoo

Figure 34: Eda Yildiz (2020) Design of moat walls to avoid gazelles to jump out. Graphic created from S. Civelek’s notes and sketches in the book ‘Zoo design, Spaces’

Figure 35: Kerry Klein (2017) Front barrier and moat in Singapore Zoo

How should an appropriate elephant habitat design be like? WELLBEING Elephants, the largest land mammals, are developed and complex creatures. They shoul be provided sufficient space and socializing opportunities. They live in groups and they get severely depressed when they are alone. For this reason, the designed areas should be wide enough to accommodate more than one elephant. To support the physical health of animals; they need spaces that allow them to do exercises such as walking, reaching, stretching, climbing, bending, pushing, pulling, digging, and rolling. Elephants live in hot climates, so it is important to warm their areas. The heating method generally used is that the ground (generally sandy) is heated by geothermal pipes placed under the ground (outside min 5 degrees, inside minimum 13 dergees). In addition, elephants do not like easiness, they want to struggle, which means that they refuse to eat the laid straw. For this reason, “Enrichment Trees” or food pockets should be placed in the elephant fields. Food should be hidden as much as possible in a way that animals shoul be able to search and find food just as they do in nature. This kind of activities take a big part in elephants’ care, otherwise, the bored elephants will become aggravated and harm their area and caregivers. Figure 36: Marietta Albinus (2010)

In addition, elephants do not like easiness, The most important of these is the pool activities. Elephants (especially Asian elephants) love water. The elephants that enter the water to cool off, play and bathe remain happy and healthy and thus present a beautiful show for visitors. (Ramser, 2019)

Indoor Spaces Enclosed areas for elephants must be wide enough to allow them freedom of movement and to lie down. In addition to this, they should have areas that allow them to be separated from each other in cases of health issues, pregnancy, and moodiness. While the width varies according to the number and breed of elephants, the height should be at a minimum of 7.3 meters, so elephants cannot reach the ceiling and cables, pipes and lighting can go from the ceiling. Elephants are curious and overpowering creatures, and if they can access one of these items, they can harm both the area and themselves. (AZA Regents, 2012) Since the surface is cleaned frequently, quick-drying materials should be used. Concrete or cement are generally preferred. In order to prevent slipping, it should not be completely smooth, but also should be smooth enough not to chafe animals` feet. It should be covered with cement or concrete sand or straw to provide a more natural look and feel. However, this may make the cleaning process extremely difficult. Several researches are underway to find natural and replaceable sub-coatings in new designs.

Figure 36: Cogott Taylor (2012) Forest Hall is the indoor portion of Elephant Lands

Figure 38: Maija Zummo (2018) A rendering of Elephant Trek

Outdoor Spaces The open area for elephants is determined as a minimum of 500m2, but a large area does not mean that the elephant area is of high quality. What is more important is that the area should be adequately equipped to meet the needs of elephants. In other words, instead of a 1000m2 elephant field without social facilities, it is more preferrable to have an area of 500m2 equipped with such facilities and conditions. Ground usually consists of layers. While the upper part is soft (sand, soil, grass, etc.), the lower part consists of a hard layer. This soft part is necessary as elephants perform activities such as foraging and sand bathing. Sand baths are the process of covering their bodies with sand to protect themselves from the sun, therefore the sand or soil used should not be exposed to any chemicals.

SAFETY Elephant-visitor interaction is not harmful because elephants are really friendly with humans, but since they are extremely strong animals, any human-elephant interaction must be controlled by personnel. Elephants cannot jump due to their nature, so a 2.4-meter railing will be sufficient to stop a grown elephant. However, the material used must be durable enough to withstand the forces of the elephants. Generally preferred materials are concrete, stone wall, or thick pipe railings. However, a single fence is not enough, because it is not desirable for elephants to reach out and contact visitors without personnel controlling it. Hydraulic or electrically powered gates are used to stop elephants, and there should be manual emergency doors or back-up generators that can be opened manually in case of possible power-cuts or accidents. In order to ensure the safety of workers and animals, there should be an emergency stop button and cameras that provide continuous monitoring in case of opening and closing of these doors.

Figure 39: Michael Graetz (2015) Front fences and moat for Asian elephants in Singapore Zoo--the boxes are their water pods, so visitors can see closely.

A.Moats Dry moats are generally preferred as the primary barrier. In places where U shaped moad is used, an elephant extraction protocol must be found. In case of a possible fall, it should be covered with soft materials to minimize damage, such as straw or sand, and it should be wide enough to avoid stucking. The V-shaped moat is used, but it is not very common. When it is used, the wall on the visitor side should be at least 7 meters so that the elephant cannot reach the visitors. Since this depth makes it difficult to see, the use of V-shaped moat is not commonly preferred. (AZA Regents, 2012) 40

How should an appropriate tiger habitat design be like? WELLBEING

Figure 40 : Ondrej Prosicky (2017)

Tigers’ areas are the most neglected designs in most zoos. Because they are dangerous animals, large fences and cage areas are used, and safety is prioritized. But it should not be forgotten that tigers are big cats, so the activities, instincts, needs, and desires of house cats are almost the same. The areas of the tigers must consist of conditions that allow them to run, climb, sharpen their nails, scentmarking, burrow their toilets, and leave odors. However unlike house cats, tigers enjoy water. An active water area (artificial stream, artificial waterfall etc.) in their environment will be useful for protecting the psychological health of animals. Also, these large cats are not always in peace with each other, these animals have high space protection instincts, requirements must have different platforms if their cages are to house more than one tiger. Tigers must have a special cliff (platform) at different heights to prevent direct view with other tiger rocks and are separated by vegetation. It is important for these animals to behave in harmony with each other. (Seaman & Shimm, 2016)

Indoor Spaces The area for a single animal should be at least 12 meters wide and 12 meters deep with a minimum of 144 m2 space. For each animal added, the area should be increased by fifty percent. Concrete is generally used for the floor, but it is not used alone, it is coated with asphalt compounds or epoxy coating methods, as concrete has a rough surface that can corrode the paws of tigers. These materials are easy to clean, dry quickly, and are less slippery even when wet. Its hardness is sufficient; materials such as rubber and cork are not preferred, as they might be toxic if tigers were to dig with their nails and swallow.

Outdoor Spaces The open area of the tiger fields is important for AZA to be approved. The area for a single animal should be at least 12 meters wide and 12 meters deep with a minimum of 144 m2. For each animal added, the area is increased by fifty percent. (Harrison B. , 2008) Natural vegetation and log-like structures should be constructed so that the animals can groom their nails, climb them and hide. It also should have a soil layered structure, which allows animals to bury their toilet with internal guards. It is very important to position logs and trees to grooms nails in the tiger field. There should also be small tunnels that allow the indoor-outdoor connection. Tunnels are made seethorugh, every area where the tiger is located should be easily visible. In addition, these tunnels should have scales on the floors, so that the weight change of the animal can be followed during its passage.

Figure 41 : Krech Ojard (2015) Tiger Tunnels

SAFETY Tiger caretakers must be specially trained and make quick decisions in emergencies. Separate protocols and materials should be in place for any situation that may occur in any area with deadly wild animals such as tigers. Tigers can easily climb and move out of their areas with the help of incorrectly positioned trees or boxes. In addition, while positioning, care should be taken in order not to fall into the boundaries of the collapsed trees in case of a possible overturn (storm, earthquake, etc.), otherwise these trees will act as a bridge and the tigers will run away from their areas. If these wild animals run away, unfortunately, the animal will be shot and killed to avoid any possible harm to the public. There were examples of this in history. 42

A.Moats Wet and dry moat are both suitable for tigers. They must be minimum 7.6 meter wide. Wet moat will be the most logical method because tigers love to play in the water and offer a beautiful visual feast to visitors. These areas, which generally have a water height of 1 meter, are at the same height as the animal part, while the visitor part is at least 4.2 meters. At the end of the ditches there is a meter of strong iron inward facing fences (they can usually jump a maximum of 4 meters, but in case of possible jumping cases, this is necessary for preventing it from reaching visitors)

Figure 42 : Amanda Mustard (2019)

Some zoo gardens use glass barriers (It must be minimum 3.8 centimeters thick.) following wet moat so that visitors can observe the swimming pattern of the tiger by also seeing it underwater. The water should not be allowed to freeze in cold weather conditions. When frozen, it may provide height and raise the possibility of animals running away.

Figure 43 : Eda Yildiz (2020) Demonstration of ZAWA Standards for Tiger Moats

B.Fences and Floor All sides must be 4.8 meters and angled 45 degrees towards the animal area. (To avoid possible jumping or climbing) the last 1 meter should completely be horizontal (ceiling duty). The top cannot be left completely open, it is covered with sturdy nets. The ground should be made of solid materials in the form of a huge pool with a depth of 91 centimeters (because cats dig) and it is planted after the soil is filled in it. C.Hotwire Electric wires are not preferred alone. However, based on institutional decisions, if the animal overcomes all obstacles, it should be positioned in such a way that it will encounter electric fences before reaching the last fences in the visitor area. It harms the animal in a possible contact, but it is hoped that it never gets there, while still necessary for security purposes. 43

Conclusion

Figure 43 : Eda Yildiz (2021)

We destroy nature, we endanger animal species; we build, we cut, we hunt, we eat, we always want more. How do we do this so easily? I believe it is because we do not know enough, we do not love and respect enough. To make people protect something, we have to teach them. And zoological gardens are the classes for this purpose. Zoos as zoological parks, are areas where the animal species we share the world with are collected, presented to visitors and researched. In this dissertation, it is attempted to reveal how animal-friendly zoos can be set and what directions should be followed in accordance with the generally accepted ethical rules. In conclusion, the answer to the question of whether or not zoo gardens should exist, I believe the answer is ‘they should exist with the right composition of animals and with the right design.’ Firstly, the ‘right animals’ are those that need to be separated from their nature, those that need special care and a new home; not the free and healthy animals pulled out of nature. Ethical and modern zoological gardens do not take animals away from their nature, but instead they rescue animals that are in need and whose natural lives are destroyed. Secondly and most significantly; correct design is very important for the health and wellbeing of the users of the space. A happy and healthy animal living in an area designed in accordance with its nature and instincts; ensures the continuity of the species, lives longer, gives accurate data to scientific research, attract more visitors, attract more income. This is the case from the perspective of humans, but when designing zoos, it is necessary to empathize with the animals who will be the main users of that design. This empathy turns the zoo from a prison into a home. With the right design, everyone will benefit from this situation in a way that will create harmony, people who does not want to zoos to be exist will change their minds when and if the regulations happen.

Image References

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Civelek’s notes and sketches in the book ‘Zoo design, Spaces’ Image 22: Eda Yildiz (2020), Graphic created from S. Civelek’s notes and sketches in the book ‘Zoo design, Spaces’ Image 23: Eda Yildiz (2020), Collage Image 24: F. Werribee (2016), Available at: Off-Road Safari at Werribee Open Range Zoo, 2016, Available at: https://www Image 25: Eda Yildiz (2020), How the boy got to the animal demonstration from description. Available at: https://www.dai Image 26: Cincinnati (WKRC) (2016), Cincinnati zoo reopens gorilla exhibit with higher fence and new surveillance came news/article-3628632/Ohio-zoo-reopening-exhibit-boy-fell-gorilla-shot.html Image 27: GARY STANLEY (2012), Ndume’s Creature Comforts, 11 February 2012, Available at: https://www.koko.org/res Image 28: Ali Ozbilen (2011), Design principles and typologies of zoos. SDU Faculty of Forestry Journal , Yılmaz, S. (2011 Image 29: Eda Yildiz (2020) Demonstration of ZAWA Standart Rules, Moat security standard measures for gorillas Image 30: Jen Steer (2017), Gorilla at Cleveland Metroparks Zoo trained to help keepers administer cardiac ultrasound, 27 minister-cardiac-ultrasound/ Image 31: Eda Yildiz (2020), Demonstration of ZAWA Standart Rules,Hedge security standard measures for gorillas Image 32: Eda Yildiz (2015), Visitor at the gazelle feeding area, Thailand Image 33: Michael Graetz (2015), the Role of Architectural Design in Promoting the Social Objectives of Zoos. Singapore: Image 34: Eda Yildiz (2020), Graphic created from S. Civelek’s notes and sketches in the book ‘Zoo design, Spaces’ Image 35: Kerry Klein (2017), Fitness Trackers Aim To Improve The Health And Happiness Of Zoo Elephants. 11 January prove-the-health-and-happiness-of-zoo-elephants Image 36: Marietta Albinus (2010), More space for the big ones, Vertical, 01 December 2010, available at: https://www.ads Image 37: Cogott Taylor (2012), Oregon Zoo’s beloved elephants getting more room to roam, 27 July 2013, Available at: ht Image 38: Maija Zummo (2018), Cincinnati Zoo to Open New Australia-Themed Area, 7 June 2018, available at: https://w Image 39: Michael Graetz (2015), the Role of Architectural Design in Promoting the Social Objectives of Zoos. Singapore: Image 40: Ondrej Prosicky (2017), Tigers can roam for hundreds of miles – should they ever be kept in zoos? 21 May 2017 zoos-78556 Image 41: Krech Ojard (2015), Philadelphia Zoo Animal Exploration Trails, 7 April 2015, available at: https://www.krecho Image 42: Amanda Mustard (2019), Thailand Shuttered a Notorious Tiger Zoo, but the Problem Has Only Gotten Worse, Image 43: Eda Yildiz (2020) Demonstration of ZAWA Standards for Tiger Moats Image 43:

ward-lion-hyena-habitat/, 0b- https://stlouiscnr.com/pgav-destinations-to-present-at-zoo-design-conference-in-po-

ution-of-zoos/ rld/cat56/sub404/entry-6159.html l-archives https://www.zsl.org/blogs/artefact-of-the-month/the-fish-house-at-zsl-london-zoo-the-first-public-aquarium ttps://www.architectmagazine.com/design/buildings/paris-zoological-park-designed-by-bernard-tschumi-archi-

ttps://www.architectmagazine.com/design/buildings/paris-zoological-park-designed-by-bernard-tschumi-archi-

gnton-zoo/ rnature.com/studio-farris-architects-new-spaces-antwerp-zoo-13846/

munity.snapwire.co/photo/detail/59de802e073919211a8b456f daily.jstor.org/where-small-fish-clean-bigger-ones/ in the book ‘Zoo Typologies’. y.com/features/travel/attractions/manatee-baby-born-at-lowry-park-zoo/1244814/

w.viator.com/tours/Melbourne/Off-Road-Safari-at-Werribee-Open-Range-Zoo/d384-6297P9 ilymail.co.uk/news/article-3628632/Ohio-zoo-reopening-exhibit-boy-fell-gorilla-shot.html eras two weeks after boy fell in enclosure and Harambe was shot dead. Available at: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/

search-care/732/ndumes-creature-comforts/ 1),pages 47-56 .

7 April 2017, Available at: https://fox8.com/news/gorilla-at-cleveland-metroparks-zoo-trained-to-help-keepers-ad-

: Consultants Incorporated Architects and Planners (CIAP).

y 2017, Available at: https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/01/11/509181472/fitness-trackers-aim-to-im-

softheworld.com/media/outdoor/zoo_zurich_more_space_for_the_big_ones_vertical ttps://www.columbian.com/news/2013/jul/28/more-room-to-roam/ www.citybeat.com/arts-culture/blog/21008378/cincinnati-zoo-to-open-new-australiathemed-area : Consultants Incorporated Architects and Planners (CIAP). 7, available at: https://theconversation.com/tigers-can-roam-for-hundreds-of-miles-should-they-ever-be-kept-in-

ojard.com/project/philadelphia-zoo-animal-exploration-trails/ 24 September 2019, available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/23/world/asia/thailand-tigers-zoos.html

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Abelló, T. (2017). EAZA BEST PRACTICE GUIDELINES. Barcelona: EAZA. AZA Regents, (2012). AZA Standards for Elephant Management and Care. Newyork: American Zoo and Aquarium Asso Bard. T. (2014). Paris Zoo. Retrieved from Tschumi.com: http://www.tschumi.com/projects/61/ Barden, B. (2020). Coronavirus: Pandas mate in lockdown at Hong Kong zoo after ten years trying. Retrieved from BBC F Betsky, A. (2014). Paris Zoological Park. (B. Tschumi, Interviewer) Bida, D. (2015). The Evolution of Zoos. Retrieved from Zooshare: https://zooshare.ca/the-evolution-of-zoos/ Bitgood, S. C. (1993). Environmental Design and Evaluation in Museums. In R. J. Loomis, Environmental Design and Eva Brown, T. (2019). Symbiosis: The Art of Living Together. Retrieved from National Geographic: https://www.nationalgeogr BURROWS, T. (2016). Cincinatti zoo makes the tiny fence around its gorilla half a foot higher - but NEITHER the zoo or cle-3621795/The-tiny-barrier-hedge-intended-people-controversial-gorilla-enclosure-police-recommend-no-criminal-ac Bush, C. (2014). A History of the Zoo. Retrieved from Noah’s Ark Zoo Farm: https://www.noahsarkzoofarm.co.uk/blog/a Cameron, C. (2016). How This Revolutionary Old Zoo Was . Retrieved from Redesigned for the 21st Century: http://dev. Ceylan, H. (2017). GAZİANTEP HAYVANAT BAHÇESİ. Retrieved from azgezmis: https://www.azgezmis.com/gaziantep Chin, S. A. (2016). Future of Zoo and Aquarium Design . WAZA Magazine, 10. Chua B. H., E. N. (1987). Zoo Design: The Reality of Wild Illusions. In J. Kenneth, Zoo Design: The Reality of Wild Illusio Civelek, S. (1999). A Thesis on Zoo Design, The Effect of Spatial Difference on Visitor Perception. Trabzon: Karadeniz Tec Finlay, T. J. (1988). People’s perceptionsof animals: The influence of zoo environment. In J. Cherfas, People’s perceptionsof Gewaily, M. (2000). Visitor Experience In Zoo Design: Design Guidelines For Giza Zoo. Egypt: Ain Shams University. Giritlioğlu, C. (1993). Human-Nature Relations in Settlements and Fiction and Design Principles of Zoos Florya Zoos Ex Gray, J. (2017). Zoo Ethics. London: CSIRO Publishing. Gray, J. (2017). Zoo Ethics: The Challenges of Compassionate Conservation. Clayton: Csiro Publishing. Harrison, B. (1998). The Living Animal And It’s Exhibit As Interpreter; Exhibition Techniques in Modern Zoos. New Del Harrison, B. (2008). Barrier Designs for Zoos. New Delhi: Central Zoo Authority. Kayser, M. (2017). How high can deer jump? Retrieved from grand viewoutdoors: https://www.grandviewoutdoors.com/b Kirk-Cohen, G. (2001). Waza.org. Retrieved from About Waza: https://www.waza.org/about-waza/ Kreger, M. a. (1995). Visitor animal interactions at the zoo. In M. M. Milani, Anthrozoos 8, London: Journal of the Intern Lovett, K. (2016). TEDxNewBedford. Keith Lovett. New Bedford: TEDxNewBedford. Lovett, K. (2016). Zoos of the Future | Keith Lovett | TEDxNewBedford. New Bedford, Massachusetts. Manteca M. (2018). Using Farm Animal Welfare Protocols as aBase to Assess the Welfare of Wild Animals i Captivity. Bar Melfi, V. (2001). Identification and evaluation of the captive environmental variables that affect the behaviour of Sulawesi Melfi, V. (2005). Do Zoo Designers Know Enough About Animals? . Paington: 6th International Symposium on Zoo Desi Olney, P. (1975). Walk-through aviaries. In A. Michelmore, International Symposium on Zoo Design and Construction P Phillips, K. (2015. The ethical evolution of zoos. Retrieved from ABC: https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/re Quick, D. L. (1984). An Integrative Approach to Environmental Engineering in Zoos. In D. L. Quick, An Integrative Appr Rafferty, J. P. (2015). Design And Architecture. Retrieved from Brittanica: https://www.britannica.com/science/zoo/Desig Ramser, S. (2019). Elephant-Sized Architectural Design Expertise. Retrieved from WDW Arcitects: https://wdmarchitects Seaman, M., & Shimm, A. (2016). Tiger (Panthera tigris) Care. Minesota: the Association of Zoos and Aquariums in asso Velde, A. V. (2003). Observations of scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah) under summer and winter management at Ma Yilmaz, S. (2008). A Design Study Based on Perceptual Illusions to Increase the Width Effect in Zoo Exhibition Areas. Tra Yılmaz, S. (2011). Design principles and typologies of zoos. Isparta: SDU Faculty of Forestry Journal .

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Ethic Form TDE Form E1

Faculty of Technology, Design and Environment - Ethics Review Form E1 

This form should be completed jointly by the Supervisor and Student who is undertaking a research/major project which involves human participants.



It is the Supervisor who is responsible for exercising appropriate professional judgement in this review.



Before completing this form, please refer to the University Code of Practice for the Ethical Standards for Research involving Human Participants, available at http://www.brookes.ac.uk/Research/Research-ethics/ and to any guidelines provided by relevant academic or professional associations.



Note that the ethics review process needs to fully completed and signed before fieldwork commences.

(i)

Project Title: ANIMALS AND ARCHITECTURE

(ii)

Name of Supervisor and School in which located: Jane Anderson , Oxford Brookes University

(iii)

Name of Student and Student Number: Eda Yildiz 18042528

(iv)

Brief description of project outlining where human participants will be involved (30-50 words):

Yes

Does the study involve participants who are unable to give informed consent (e.g. children, people with learning disabilities)?

If the study will involve participants who are unable to give informed consent (e.g. children under the age of 18, people with learning disabilities), will you be unable to obtain permission from their parents or guardians (as appropriate)?

Will the study require the cooperation of a gatekeeper for initial access to groups or individuals to be recruited (e.g. students, members of a self-help group, employees of a company)?

Are there any problems with the participants’ right to remain anonymous, or to have the information they give not identifiable as theirs?

Will it be necessary for the participants to take part in the study without their knowledge/consent at the time? (e.g. covert observation of people in nonpublic places?)

TDE Ethics Review E1 v23-10-17

Page 1 of 2

Animal-Friendly Humane Architecture / Dissertation Eda Yildiz

Articles inside

Animal-Friendly Humane Architecture / Dissertation Eda Yildiz

2.1c-Herbal Texture

2.1a-Areas Allocated to Visitors and Circulation

What is Symbiosis?

Form And Size Of The Exhibition Area

Typological Characteristics of the Immersion Exhibition Areas

Intoduction

2b-History of Zoos