Aleksandra Stasica | Athiba Balasubramanian | Juan Pablo Valenzuela
Yue Tam | Mennatallah Younes | Youmna Abdelsalam | Mario Francisco
Graffiti on wall in Chicago ghetto
[13th Nov 1928 – 4th Mar 2022]
02. The following four major points constitute the basis of this article:
I. II.
III. IV. V.
The Outcast Ghetto
The Enclave and the Ghetto
The Citadel and the Enclave
Ghetto, Enclave, and Citadel: Toward a Taxonomy
Policy Context
The black ghetto of today is a substantially different ghetto from the classicghetto : It is an outcastghetto , and those within it are subject to exclusion from the mainstream of the economic, social, and political life of the city;
In the past, ghetto residents have been segregated spatially but not excluded from playing a role in the economy in which they lived and worked.
Permitting its residents to draw strength from their very ghettoization.
post-Fordist city [1960s-1970s]
• technological change
• internationalization
• concentration of ownership
• privatization of public spheres
Space and race determine how these processes will affect their victims
Ghetto
post-Fordist city [1960s-1970s]
outcast ghetto
mainstream society
space + race = outcast ghetto urban poverty in America
excluded and castaway
racism is not new exploitation is not new class and status is not ne w
Policy responses cannot be only to what is new; they must also address longer duration and more deeply seated roots.
+
If a ghetto can be decentered it no longer refers to a place or set of places but, rather to a set of persons. space
Relationship of a set of persons
= ghetto’s unifying characteristics
+
space
Relationship of a set of persons
= ghetto’s unifying characteristics
Imposed from the outside by those with more power upon those with less, spatial segregation is a part of that pattern
+
space
Relationship of a set of persons
= ghetto’s unifying characteristics
Imposed from the outside by those with more power upon those with less, spatial segregation is a part of that pattern
The group that is ghettoized is defined by some characteristics defined by the outside world.
Members of the group are not free to change that characteristic.
Ghettos include 3 elements:
• Spatial separation
• Inferiority
• Involuntary definition of identity [usually racial]
The immigrant and cultural enclaves of many cities differ fundamentally from the ghetto in its classic form and in its outcast form;
enclaves
imperial enclaves
exclusionary enclaves
immigrant enclaves
role of the state in the process of spatial separation
cultural enclaves
Enclaves are:
• Particular population group
• Self-defined by race or religion
• To enhance their economic, social, political and/or cultural development
A spatially concentrated area in which members of a particular population group, defined by its position of superiority, in power, wealth, or status, in relation to its neighbors, congregate as a means of protecting or enhancing that position;
*Term introduced by Friedmann & Wolff in 1982
Private Estates in Pacific Palisades
Suburban Developments in San Diego
The distinction between these different forms of of ethnically and class-defined spatial concentrations of population are crucial for public policy.
No freedom to choose where to live Ghettos need role models to self-improve
Underprivileged groups breed crime
If enclaves (created voluntarily) are acceptable and consistent with a democratic society,
Can ghettos be consistent with a free and democratic society?
Black middle-class impoverished
Their return to the ghetto is encouraged
Permitting tax benefits only for jobs created within the ghetto for residents oftheghetto.
1970s Open - Housing Approach
1990s ‘Permanence of Ghettoization’ Accepting Approach
“More middle class in - more poor out”
Ghettos Enclaves
Classic Ghettos Outcast Ghettos
Hyperghettos
Cultural Enclaves Immigrant Enclaves Exclusionary Enclaves Imperial Enclaves
Segregation
COSMOPOLITANISM
Multiculturism
Monoethnicity
GENTRIFICATION
SUPERIORITY
Exclusion
SOCIOECONOMIC INEQUALITY
Confined location
New Generations