Pingdi Low Carbon City - An Investor's Manual by Yujing Cui

LOW CARBON CITY An Investorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Manual

Research by Columbia University Shenzhen University For Shenzhen International Low Carbon City Organized by Shenzhen Center for Design

Table of Contents Introduction

1. Case Studies

2. Regional Context of Pingdi

3. Existing Urban and Architectural Inventory 3.1 Urban Fabric Types 3.2 Typologies 3.3 Existing Architectural Techniques 3.4 Sectional Conditions

30 32 46 76 80

4. Existing Economies and Industries

5. Strategies

108

Research Team

135

Introduction

The planning of cities fundamentally presumes an ideal result that is predictable, controllable and knowable. Exceptions are perceived as threats that could undermine the coherency and legitimacy of the master plan. Top-down design and implementation processes are employed to ensure adherence. All deviation is rejected. This deterministic process overlooks, or blatantly disregards, the potential for the spontaneous, the impermanent, the mutable, and the unpredictable. Low-carbon cities are no exception. In contrast to many low-carbon city projects worldwide, Pingdi Low-carbon City is not conceived from a blank slate. The possibility of an enclave with an idealized form is already compromised— contaminated by layers of existing urban settlement, economies, and social structures— all primarily unplanned and informal. Numerous industries of varying scales are scattered throughout the area, many with established networks. As opposed to considering these layers subject to removal, how can the existing conditions of Pingdi influence and inform the future planning of the low-carbon city? What can be learned from how the inhabitants of Pingdi have constructed and adapted their urban environments through low-tech and affordable methods? Which industries already function through low-carbon methods? In addition to the new industries that might be attracted to Pingdi, how could the existing industries transform to meet the objectives of “greener” and more sustainable practices? What assets and economic structures already exist that could be harnessed and intensified? How might existing micro-economies of the recycling of buildings, materials and goods form the basis for a sustainable macro-economy? How would the urban form transform to accommodate new architectural and economic requirements? Pingdi Low-carbon City aligns with China’s national efforts towards creating more sustainable and livable cities in the future. For Shenzhen, which continues to expand, the project can lead the way towards a more sustainable city and promote the value of smarter urban development. Pingdi Low-carbon City can attract regional and global investment in high-tech and sustainable industries as the national and regional economy transitions away from carbon-heavy production. At the same time, rather than introduce a generic and v image of city (as so many other low-carbon cities have done before), the transformation of Pingdi could occur by building upon its unique and local characteristics.

1 Case Studies

Other case studies of Low-carbon cities provide a useful precedent and comparison in terms of morphology, zoning, density, transportation, primary industries and/or economic drivers. How does the Low-carbon city differ in physical structure and architectural expression from its conventional counterpart? Aside from increased performance, more advanced materials, more intelligent systems, and other technological or energy advantages, are there unique volumetric and/or spatial features of the low carbon city? What distinguishes different Low-carbon cities in different parts of the world, or for that matter in different areas and climatic zones within China? Why do Low-carbon cities succeed in some instances and fail in other instances? 3

Masdar City, U.A.E. Cost: Scale: Population: Economic Driver: Key Partners: Level of Completion:

$18-20 billion 2.3 square miles 50,000 residents Educational Siemens, MIT 5%

Key features: Local arabesque elements Internal transportation system Technical automation of energy systems Culmination of the gated community concept Current Status:

Lack of funding, heavily reliant on automobile transport

N 5

0.8 km

Tianjin Eco City, P.R.C. Cost: Scale: Population: Economic Drivers: Key Partners: Level of Completion:

ÂŁ24 billion 10 square miles 350,000 residents Gaming, Animation, Media Hub Singapore, Canada 30%

Key features: Joined masterplan Respect local heritage Integrated waste management Green space interspersed through city Current Status:

No hospitals or shopping plazas to attract new residents

N 7

1.2 km

Hammarby Sjรถstad, Stockholm, Sweden Cost: Scale: Population: Economic Driver: Key Partners: Level of Completion:

4.3 Billion rmb 200 hectare 24,000 residents Housing Joined 25 construction companies 100%

Key features:

Decrease industrial impact Clean up brown field Wide range of public transportation Integrated recycle and reuse of resources No harmful materials allowed

Current Status: Successful integration with existing urban fabric

N 9

0.5 km

Songdo International Business District, South Korea Cost: Scale: Population: Economic Driver: Key Partners: Level of Completion:

$83.6 billion 600 hectare 25,000 residents High end global lifestyle, located close to Seoul Airport Cisco, Gale, Posco Steel 80%

Key features: 40% open space low carbon transportation 25km of bike lanes Reduce energy consumption Increase energy efficiency Long project-technology out dated before completion Current Status:

Fast to construct, slow to populate

N 11

0.8 km

Dongtan, Shanghai, P.R.C. Cost: Scale: Population: Economic Driver: Level of Completion:

Not available 1,300,000 hectare 500,000 residents Ecologically friendly 0%

Key features: Zero greenhouse emission transit Self-sufficient water and energy use Zero energy buildings Current Status:

Failed due to management, political and logistical issues

N 13

2 km

2 Regional Context and Overview of Pingdi 53km2 Zone

Pingdi has a total area of approximately 53km2 and is situated in the Longgang district within a one hour radius from the center of Shenzhen. Upon first encountering the site, our team was struck by the extent and variety of existing urban fabric and development. What are the existing assets and resources within the site, in terms of transportation, green, and water? How would Pingdiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s location in Shenzhen and in the Pearl River Delta provide specific advantages for certain industries?

Dongguan

Shenzhen

Hong Kong

10 km 16

Huizhou Pingdi

Existing Pingdi Subdistrict

1 km 18

Pingdi Scale Comparison to Case Studies Eco City Zone: 53.4km2 Expansion Zone: 5 km2 Pilot Zone: 1 km2

0.5 km 20

Masdar City, U.A.E.

Songdo, South Korea

Hammarby Sjรถstad, Sweden

Tianjin Eco City, P.R.C.

Dongtan, Shanghai, P.R.C. 21

Existing Environmental Elements Vegetation Water

Environmental Elements Green

Maanling Mountain

Tailinggu Mountain

Longjinding Mountain

0.5 km 22

Baishitang Reservoir Tunzihe Reservoir

Dai er

ive

Riv

sha

Din

Pingxi Reservoir

Longgang River

Existing Carbon Emission in Pingdi In Pingdi, higher carbon emissions typically correspond to industrial parks that usually fall within larger parcels. Existing development in Pingdi is characterized by lowtech, labor-heavy and carbon-dependent industries. Existing industries have many challenges including rising costs of labor, material, and transportation.

0.5 km

< -1300t -1300t - -300t -300t - 100t 100t - 150t 150t - 400t 400t - 800t 800t - 10,000t >10,000t

Industrial Parks

Image source: Appendix 4: existing condition of low carbon emission and planning goal, Shenzhen Institute Of Building Research Co., Ltd, 2011

1 Ton CO2 5M

10M

Emission Per Person

Hammarby Sjostad 4 tons per person

Pingdi

9.9 tons per person

57 %

Total Carbon Emission 948,000 CO2

Data Source “European Green City Index.” Stockholm_Sweden. Siemens: 2014. http:// www.siemens.com/entry/ cc/features/greencityindex_international/all/en/ pdf/stockholm.pdf

13%

Foletta, Nicole. “Hammarby Sjöstad Stockholm, Sweden.” ITDP Europe. April 20, 2014. http://www.itdp. org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/20.-092211_ ITDP_NED_Hammarby. pdf. Shenzhen International Low Carbon City Catalog

30%

Existing Major Transit Routes

0.5 km 26

Future Transportation in Pingdi Overpass Freeway Arterial Road Main Road Collector Road Local Road Subway

Proposed Pingdi Master Plan: Greenways

0.5 km 28

Proposed Pingdi Master Plan: Urban Program Smart Living Low-Carbon New Tech Low-Carbon Commu Low-Carbon Health Industrynity Service Low-Carbon Urban Agrriculture High-End Industries Eco-Friendly Industries

Tourism Industry

Tourism Industry Huanlong Avenue Industrial Corridor

Longgang Avenue Urban Function Corridor

Yanhui Freeway High-tech Corridor

3 Existing Urban and Architectural Inventory: Learning from Pingdi

Pingdi has a series of different basic urban units, ranging from the urban village with retail at the ground floor to the large-scale and long-span spaces of new industrial sites. This inventory of the urban fabric, street conditions, and building typologies suggests an inherent variety and intelligence of existing development.

3.1 Urban Fabric Types The urban fabric of Pingdi is characterized by a number of different morphologies. In the pilot zone, large blocks are occupied by modern buildings. Industrial parks have dense workshops along with corresponding dormitories. The urban villages have small blocks with low- to mid-rise housing, either well-developed or not. In a gated community, single family houses are neatly arranged in repetitive and linear patterns. This catalog presents an inventory of different existing urban fabrics.

N 33

0.25 km

Urban Fabric Type: Low Carbon Pilot Zone

32m 34

Cyclists bike on this brand new path encircling Low Carbon Cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s exhibition center. Young trees grow along the river. Solar panels dot the small ponds in this newly developed site. This urban typology, with itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mowed lawn, is unfamiliar in Pingdi. A man with material strapped to his bicycle moves south towards a new pedestrian footbridge.

Urban Fabric Type: Mixed

32m 36

This dead-end road lies between rural farmland and urbanized government buildings. It implies a misalignment between the top-down, government planned infrastructure and these informal settlements on rented farmlands.

Urban Fabric Type: Gated Community

32m 38

Land for this development was once a brick factory. The lakes on the site were the quarries or â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;brick pits.â&#x20AC;&#x2122; 256 villa houses were built, sold out, and some of owners tried to expand their houses illegally but failed. Each villa is around 200m2, and the price is around 2-3million RMB, which is relatively inexpensive in Shenzhen, although its location is far from the center of Shenzhen. In addition to the villas, there are also some mid-rise and high-rise buildings that are produced by the same developer.

Urban Fabric Type: High Tech + Local Commercial

High Tech

Local Commercial

32m 40

An exhibition centre for smart living. High tech electronic companies exhibit their products here to sell a new lifestyle in Pingdi. We were not allowed to take pictures inside this building. There were no cars in the parking lot. We were told there is also a research center located here, as well as large companies who rent spaces here. Their orders come from government and large companies. 41

Urban Fabric Type: Urban Village

32m 42

This is complex is titled â&#x20AC;? safe and civilized housing estateâ&#x20AC;? which means the neighborhood committee has put into some efforts to its environment maintenance and neighborhood security. Most of the living units are rented by the people who work for the factories nearby. All the rentersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; information must be collected by the owners of the buildings by the time they move in. They organize fire drills regularly.

Urban Fabric Type: Industrial Park

32m 44

This is a typical example of the factories around Pingdi. The factory building is tiled on the outside. Each building has different colors and tiles. The dormitory for workers is adjacent to the factory, with parking in-between. At the front of the complex is a large gate marked with red signage.

3.2 Typologies Building typologies were documented to understand the unique urban and architectural qualities present, as well as to provide insight into the everyday life for residents of Pingdi. Typologies vary in density, height, material, temporality, and use. Cumulatively, these observed typologies illustrate the basic patterns of use and adaptation within the urban fabric.

Residential Type: Villa

This is one of the biggest houses in the area. The walls are tiled and the roof is made of terra cotta. Two large white columns cover a front porch. This house costs 2 million RMB. The developer was influenced by American Suburban houses and sought to replicate this in a new development. The area contains more houses just like this.

Residential Type: Empty Concrete Structure

This concrete structure is unoccupied. Brick wall have begun being laid, but are unfinished. This condition exists everywhere in Pingdi. Sometime the lower floors are occupied and families live inside, and run their small businesses from the ground floor. Supposedly a construction boom occurred in Pingdi because of a rumored land buyout in which owners would be compensated for the height or area of their buildings. The unfinished structure also has a resonance with radical Modernist architectural visions of the 20th century. 51

Residential Type: Urban Village (half finished)

Another concrete structure sits unoccupied in an urban village. The ground floor provides empty spaces with a breeze to dry clothing on lines put up by local residents. Sometimes people sit on the concrete steps leading to the second floor as it provides a shaded place to rest.

Residential Type: Urban Village

Residential Type: Village House

Traditional low-rise houses are located at the foot of pencil buildings. From this picture, we can see a common phenomenon during the rapid urbanization. To achieve a better life or higher wages, parents uprooted themselves and moved to 1st tier cities. Due to the Hukou regulation, these migrants do not have access to the same social insurance and education as residents of Shenzhen. Therefore, children grow up with their grandparents in their hometown.

Residential Type: Old Tower

These highrise towers are clustered together. They overlook a gated community to the left.

Residential Type: Dormitory

This building, with a plaza in front, serves as a dormitory, and is built and operated by adjacent factories. Living conditions in the dormitory are poorer than rental apartments outside the factory. Some workers prefer to live outside the factory complex.

Commercial Type: Tricycle Cart

At lunchtime, these mobile food vendors feed the local factory and hospital workers. They set up their station around 11:00am and sell hot food and beverages. They cook the food on the carts, and are shaded from the sun by large umbrellas. Sometimes people eat on plastic stools on the sidewalk and talk to other workers, before returning to work. 63

Commercial Type: Food Tent

In the evening, restaurants use tents to create temporary outdoor eating areas. They are expand to cover parking lots and tables. Chairs and stools will be set up for patrons. The empty space becomes full of life as the sun sets, and the smell of food cooking fills the street.

Commercial Type: Neighbourhood Kiosk

This canteen plays a vital role in this community. It acts as a social hub for students and local residents. A woman runs the store, selling snacks and drinks to other business owners and small school children after class. Everyone knows her here. People gather under the canopy to talk and have a rest in the heat. 67

Mixed Type: Urban Village + Commercial

This is a small grocery store in an urban village, a traditional live work.

Mixed Type: Dormitory + Factory

This factory has a courtyard space. It is enclosed and not visible from the street, hidden from view. Balconies overlook the courtyard and factory workers live here in the dormitories.

Industrial Type: Factory A

A concrete factory, owned by an umbrella manufacturing company, is situated along one of the main roads. This factory looks newer than others and may be one of the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;greenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; factories in the area that is part of the Low Carbon City initiative as an approved green industry. 73

Industrial Type: Factory B

A yard adjacent to a factory is used as an informal garbage sorting area. Local residents have begun collecting trash and sorting it here to extract recyclable material. People walk by the site to drop off material they have collected on the back of their bicycles and return later to sort the piles. This illustrates one of the existing local economies.

3.3 Existing Architectural Techniques Aspects of Pingdiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s architectural fabric have served as a basis for attributing value to the existing ideas about the Low Carbon initiative. Without considering the current bottom-up solutions, how does a city transition into the modern hybrid where low tech and high tech combine to strengthen each other?

10 Technical Systems

10 Technical Systems,9797Technical TechnicalStrategies Strategies Image source: Appendix 4: existing condition of low carbon emission and planning goal, Shenzhen Institute Of Building Research Co., Ltd, 2011

Low-Tech

Natural Growth

As compared to high-tech initiatives to produce â&#x20AC;&#x153;green buildingsâ&#x20AC;? that require plastic planters, irrigation, structure, etc., organic growth covers existing buildings and walls to achieve the same effect.

Low-Tech

Existing structures are being retrofitted, in this case with a new facade suitable for a Tile company, to serve the growing commercial needs of the area.

Existing buildings have exterior circulation that also functions as solar shading. These ventilated areas can also be used to dry clothing. The plastic tarp is used as a shading and water catching device. 79

3.4 Sectional Conditions Different sections through buildings and streets provide a glimpse of Pingdiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s daily street life. Shops, food vendors, and workers eat, shop, live, and commute through these narrow streets. This microcosm is full of activity and exchange, which forms the local economy of small business and homes.

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4 Existing Economies and Industries: Rethinking low-carbon

Different local urban and architectural conditions may create, foster, or enable economic interactions. Rather than emphasizing economic indicators or quantitative data, our focus has been on qualitatively understanding the pre-existing industries and economies already functioning in Pingdi such as recycling, agriculture and food, migrant economies, retail, and industrial economies. These industries vary from the informal to the very formal. New industries will be recruited for the low-carbon city, perhaps including sustainable technology manufacturing, aerospace, health care, etc. How could the local, existing industries overlap and intersect with the new industries?

Existing Economies in Pingdi Small Business Big Business

Gekeng Ind

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Jinqiao Indust Shenfuhao Shenglida Tech Park Huatai Industrial Park

Dingjia Indust Pingxi Incineration Plants Shuangli Tech Industrial Park Dateng Industrial Park

Fafang Waste Collection Point

Egongling Industrial Park Qiushuiling Industrial Park Tuoqi Industrial Park dustrial Park Wanxinglong Furniture Mashaxuda Hi-Tech Park hui Grocery Pingdi Poultry Yard Haoyunlai Restaurant Jiangming Industrial Park Pingdong Industrial Park Zhenghongda Decoration Longxintai Hotpot Baifu Gift trial Park Recycling Company Chengxin Hotel Laoli Second Hand Store Tongfuyu Industrial Park Dayuan Machine k Farmost Cafe

trial Park

Hongxing Plastic and Metal Company Yixiangxing Mechanical Equipment

Pingdi Food Economy Farm Gross output value of agriculture decreased 15.9% in Pingdi: 22.6 million (2014) 26.8 million (2013)

Low Carbon Transportation Transfer farm products using bicycles and tricycles

Mobile Food Cart High mobility and creative form Provide factory workers cheap food and take-away

Restaurant Community demand and employment opportunities 98

Waste Disposal Shenzhen planned to build an incineration plant (5,000 ton/day) in Pingdi but under controversial circumstances since 2001

Go through composting process and come back to private gardens and farms as organic fertilizer

Private Garden Small pieces of cultivated land beside personal housing

Food Waste Collector

Food Consumption Family/ Factory Canteen/ Outdoor Dining 99

Pingdi Concrete Economy

Concrete Production The chemical process of clinker adhering to water

Small Local Dealer House expansion/ Interior decoration/Prefabricated slab/ Small-scale infrastructure

Transportation 13% carbon emission in Pingdi comes from transportation

100

Concrete Reuse Used concrete to construct the river slope or do slope treatment

Demolition of Concrete Concrete dust is a very dangerous pollutant

Incomplete Construction A large amount of building construction are under suspension due to government policy change

Concrete in Use Most ubiquitous building material in the world 101

Pingdi Reuse and Recycling Economy Resale Due to the mobility of migrant workers in Pingdi, used daily items are usually collected and refurbished by resale stores

User Products are purchased

Products are sold

Van Collecting used items and doing repairs

Collectors on Tricycle The first round of collecting and sorting of daily waste 102

Manufacturer Recycled materials like steel, plastic are utilized for production

Small Business Raw materials processed into convenient units

Factory Parts melted down and processed into raw materials

Recycle Parts are sorted by material 103

Pingdi Migrant Worker Economy Tra v

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Large Migrant Flow Level of non-residents rose to 217,160 in 2014, account for 93% of total population in Pingdi

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Low Carbon Commute Typically live close to the factories they work for

Factory Average income: 2000-3000 yuan/ month Temporary worker wage: 4-6 yuan/hour Working environment and welfare differs largely

Stay in Pingdi

105

Pingdi Small Business Economy Gross retail sales in 2014 is 1.7 billion, increased 10% from 2013 The number of individual business in Pingdi is 11948, increased 24% from 2013

Restaurant Near the supermarket

Grocery Stand Next to a primary school

Processing Shop Located between industrial area and urban village

Hardware Store Among a group of industrial product stores

106

Food Vendor Along the road

Mobile Food Cart Outside the hospital

Appliance Along a highway

Electronic Accessory In a busy street of a village

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5 Projections

Learning from Pingdiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s existing built environment and existing low-tech and low-carbon economies, the intention of the research is to produce an alternative definition of a the Low-carbon City: a counter-manifesto. Informal and spontaneous local cases may challenge the top-down and tabula rasa planned low-carbon strategies.

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Strategy 1: Concrete Industry as Low Carbon Initiator In developed countries, the utilization rate of construction waste to renewable resources has reached 60%-90%. However, now utilization rate of construction waste in China cannot reach 5%. It has been estimated that by 2020, at least 50% of Chinaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s construction waste can be transformed into ecological building blocks and other renewable products, which can make a fortune of several hundred billion dollars. There is a considerable benefit both economically and socially. In Shenzhen, the construction waste generated each year can at least cover 2,500 acres of land, and the annual output of recycled construction waste is about 10 million tons. A convenient yet flawed approach to the low-carbon city is to exclude industries or carbon-intensive activities without addressing the fact they are still a component of the economy. Recognizing that concrete will continue to be used as a construction material, it is proposed to maintain the existing concrete factory within Pingdi, which also has the advantage of preserving the social fabric and existing economy. The Pingdi concrete factory could be retrofitted to produce more high-tech and sustainable building materials that substitute the ingredients in concrete production highest in carbon emissions. This also allows construction materials to be locally sourced within the area and adjacent areas.

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Data Reference

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Strategy 2: Food as Economic Driver The existing system of food production, transportation and consumption has an inherent logic of low-carbon. This should be preserved and supported in the new low-carbon cityâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; a brand new system combining modern perspective and the locality of Pingdi. Like the wet markets of Hong Kong or hawker stalls in Singapore, informal food production and consumption can be supported with more hygienic means through providing basic services such as water and gas within semi-outdoor buildings. Vegetables and fruit may be grown in a vertical yard of previously empty concrete structures. Bike lanes are introduced for accessibility, so any resident in the community may access fresh raw materials without resistance and business tricycles may pick up goods. Restaurants adjacent to the complex and street vendors could become part of this network. Finally, factories may also be used to process and categorize foods. Thus, a new food-based economy is proposed, which is lowcarbon, local, modern and full of community vitality.

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Strategy 3: Revitalize Urban Village as Retail Zone The commercial zones at the perimeter of Urban Villages have significant value due to their proximity to government-constructed roads. However, the inner “streets” within the Urban Village lack vitality. Value could be generated and these inner “streets” could be transformed into a significant asset by treating the streets as public walkways. Small businesses could flourish within these areas, and the new commercial zone would drive up the overall value of the urban village. Second-hand markets could occur on a regular schedule within the community or between communities. These markets may be organized by the government or private enterprise, and have the potential to bring both residents and visitors. In Williamsburg, Brooklyn, USA, flea markets have become a significant tourist and cultural attraction. People voluntarily contribute to the collections by putting things they don’t need any more to collecting stations, and get free second-hand goods on the market. Alternatively, local furniture manufacturing, which currently operates on a more industrial scale, may harness its own skilled labor to produce and sell craft pieces.

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Strategy 6: Carbon Capture City One new technology that promises to curb carbon emission at the city scale is an invention called carbon capture. The device caps the industrial chimney opening and inhales carbon. Once filled, the carbon is processed into blocks that are buried deep within the Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s crust.

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Research Team

Juan Du Associate Dean, Faculty of Architecture, The University of Hong Kong & Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, The University of Hong Kong Jeffrey Johnson Co-Director Shenzhen Workshop, Director Asia Megacities Lab, GSAPP Faculty Adam Frampton Co-Director Shenzhen Workshop, GSAPP Faculty Zhiyang Zhang Co-Director Shenzhen Workshop, Assistant Professor, Shenzhen University Zhenyuan Yang Co-Director Shenzhen Workshop, Adjunct Assistant Professor, Shenzhen University Mustafa Khan M.Arch 2016, GSAPP Columbia University Lindsey Wikstrom M.Arch 2016, GSAPP Columbia University Emily Oppenheim M.Arch 2016, GSAPP Columbia University Yujing Cui M.Arch 2017, GSAPP Columbia University Shasha Zhu M.Urban Planning 2016, GSAPP Columbia University Bo He M.Urban Planning 2016, GSAPP Columbia University Yuting Zhang M.Urban Planning 2016, GSAPP Columbia University Zhicheng Qian M. Urban Planning 2017, Shenzhen University Jingyuan Chen M.Urban Planning 2017, Shenzhen University Qing Ruan M.Urban Planning 2017, Shenzhen University Qijing Liu M.Arch 2017, Shenzhen University Jiyuan Zhang M.Arch 2017, Shenzhen University Yaoyao Chen Undergraduate Urban Planning 2017, Shenzhen University Yaxu Suo M.Arch 2016, Shenzhen University

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