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roof system --the roof system functions as the primary sheltering element for the interior spaces of a building.

--the form and slope of a roof must be compatible with the type of roofing,shingles, tiles, or a continuous membrane.

--the roof must be structured to span across space and carry its own weight as well as the weight of any attached equipment and accmulated rain and snow.

--the form of a roof structure, wheher flat of pitched, gabled or hipped, broad and sheltering, or rhythmicall articulated , has a major impact on the image of building.

roof system --the enclosure system is the shell or envelope of a building, consisting of the roof, exterior walls, windows,and doors.

--the roof and shelter interior spaces from inclement weather and control moisture, heat and air flow through the layering of construction assemblies.

--the roof also dempen noise and provide security and privacy for the occupants of a building .

material of the roof system --It is use the timber frames which belong to the structure frames. Timber frames (post and beam) typically uses a grid of timber postsand poles connected to timber beams.

--The type of the wood is not the early wood, because the early wood rapidly growth at beginning of growing season thin, they have large cells and lighter color. More important is the material quality of the early wood is a little soft. Maybe it is too fragile to encountering the weight or tensile force of compressive force.

Moreover, the timber is direction, strength and stiffness. They are strong parallel to gain and stiff parallel to gain, whatever tensile or compressive force. Conversely, they are perpendicular to gain.

material of the roof system • Thinking of the steel which form a cross of the roof. Steel framing systems take various forms, with some utilising heavy gauge structual steel members and others using light gauge steel framing. Steel framing systems sometimes combine with concrete slab systems to where the particular benefits of steel framing and shallow depth floor slab systems are desired.

foundation system --foundation are founded at the bottom of buildings where the building meets the ground.

--The foundations are the structure of the building and their function is to safety transfer all loads acting on the building structure to the ground where parts of the substructure are located below the ground.

-- The foundation must also resist the force of the soil pressing against the foundation or retaining walls.

--its primary function is to support and anchor the superstructurre above and transmit its loads safely into the earth.because it serves as a critical link in the distribution and resolution of building loads, the foundation system must be designed to both accommodate the form and layout of the suterstructure above and respond to the varying conditions of soil, rock, and water below.

types of the foundation --shallow foundation shallow or spread foundations are employed when stable soil of adequate bearing capacity occurs relatively near to the ground surface. they are placed directly below the lowest part of a substructure and transfer building loads directly to the supporting soil by vertical pressure.

--deep fundation deep fundations are employed when the soil underlying a foundation is unstable or of inadequate bearing capacity. they extend down through unsuitable soil to transfer building loads to a more appropriate bearing stratum of rock or dense sands and gravels well below the superstructure.

fundation system • factor to consider in selecting and designing the type of foundation system for a building include:

factor pattern and magnitude of building loads subburface and groundwatercondition topography of the site impact on adjacent ptoperties building code requirements construction methos and risk

elements of the frame • columns --columns are ragid, relatively slender struction members designed primarily to support axial compressive loads applied to the ends of the members.

--failure occurs when the direct stress from an axial load excess the compressive strength of the meterial available in the cross section.

--long, slender columns are subject to failure by bucking rather than by crushing.

--the higher the slenderness ratio of a column, the lower is the critical stress that will cause it to buckle.

--a primary objective in the design of a column is to reduce its slendness ratio by shorting its effective length of maxmiaing the radius of gyration of its cross section.

elements of the frame • beam --beam are rigid structual members designed to carry and transfer transyerse loads across space to supporting elements.

--the nonconcurrent pattern of forces subjects a beam to bending and deflection, which must be resisted by the internal strength of the material.

--the efficency of beam is increased by configuring the cross section to provide the required moment of inertia or section modulus with the smallest possible area. usually buy making the section deep with the most of the material at the exermities where the maximum bending stresses occur.

material of the floor • There are a part of the house below to the roof is made of concrete. When cement is mixed with water it binds the sand and gravel aggregate together to make the hard, solid material we call concrete.

• In the mean while, concrete is also known as “artificial stone” . This suggests that the properties of concrete and stone are similar.

In addition, concrete is very strong on compression but is weak in tension to improve its structual performance • conversely, steel is vary strong in tension so it reinforcement in the form of mash or bars is added. in properties, the concrete can be scratched with a metallic object and chipped with a hammer . it is low ductiliy,flexibility, and plastic.

frame and joints considering the type of the beam, it is the fixed frame.

type of the beam

fixed frame

hinged frame

threehinged frame

wood joist frames • wood joist floors are an essential subsystem of wood lightframe construction.

--the dimension lumber used for joists is easily worked and can be quickly assembled or subflooring, the wood joists from a level working platform for construction.if properly engineered the resulting floor structure can serve as a structual diaphragm to transfer leteral loads to shear walls consult the building code for specfic requirement.

--because wood light framing is combustible, it must rely on finish flooring and ceiling materials for its fire-resistance rating.

--the susceptibility of wood light framing to decay and insect infestation requires positive site drainage, adequate separation from the ground, appropriate use of pressure-treated lumber, and ventilation to control condensation in enclosed space.

wood joist frames • jojst may be supported by wood stud framing, wood or steel beams, or a bearing wall of concrete or masonry

joist span is related to magnitude of applied loads

joist size and spacing

species and grade of lumber used deflection allowable for the intended use

concrete slab •

structure analysis • Q:why there have some rail between the column?? • A: a primary objective in the design of a column is to reduce its slenderness ratio by shorting its effective length or maximizing the radius of gyration of its cross section

load bearing wall • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

--if we fill in the plane defined by two columns and a beam, it becomes a loadbearing wall that acts as a long, thin column in transmitting compressive forces to the ground.

--loadbearing wall are most effective when carrying coplanar, uniformly distri buted loads and most vulnerable to force perpendicular to their planes.

--for lately stability, loadbearing walls must rely on buttressing with pilasters, cross walls, transverse rigid frame, or horizontal slabs.

door&windows door --door and doorways provided access from the outside into the interior of a building as well as passage between interior space.

--doorways should therefore be large enough to more through easily and accommodate the moving of furnishings and equipment.they should be located so that the pattern of movement they create between and within spaces are appropriate to the uses and activities housed by the spaces.

--exteriot doors should provided weathertight seals when closed and maintain the approximate thermal insulation value of the exterior walls they penetrate.

--interior doors should offer the desired degree of visual and acoustical privacy.

door&windows • all doors should be evaluated for their ease of operation, durability under the anticipated frequency of use, security provisions, and the light, ventilation, and view ther may offer. • further, there may be building code requirements for fire resistanc.emergency egress, and safety glazing that must be satisfied.

door&windows window • there are many types and sizes of windows, the choice of which affects not only the physical appearance of a building, but also the natural lighting, ventilation, view potential, and spatial quality of the building's interiorspaces.

door&windows

--door and windows units are normally factorybuilt, their manufacturers may have standard sizes and corr esponding rough-opening requirements for the various door and window types.

--the size and location of doors and windows should be carefully planned so that adequate rough opening with properly sized lintels can be built into the wall systems that will receive them.

--from an exterior point of view, doors and windows are important compositional elements in the design of building facades.

reinforced concrete roof slabs --reinforced concrete roof are formed and sitecast in the same manner as the concrete floor system.

--roof slabs are normally covered with a type of membrane roofing

roof flashing --flashing refers to thin continuous pieces of sheet metal or other impervious material installed to prevent the passage of water into a structure from an angle or joint.

--flashing generally operates on the principles that, for water to penetrate a joint, it must work itself upward against the force of gravity, or, in the case of wine-driven rain, it would have to follow a tortuous path during which the driving force would be dissipated.

flat roofs --flat roofs require a continuous membrane roofing material --the roof slope may be achieved by inclining the structural members or roof deck, or by tapering the layer of thermal insulation.

--the slope usually leads to interior drains --flat roofs can efficiently cover a building of any horizontal dimension, and may be structured and designed to serve as an outdoor space.

flat roofs • the structure of a flat roof may consist of: • reinforced concrete slabs • flat timber or steel trusses • timber or steel beams and decking • wood or steel joists and sheathing