Building Construction 1

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION I (BLD 60303) SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING DESIGN ASSIGNMENT 1 EXPERIENCING CONSTRUCTION- EXPERIENCING, ANALYZING AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

TUTOR : MR. MOHAMED RIZAL MOHAMED

GROUP MEMBERS : CHOW SU LING 0325020 JOY ANN LIM EE HSIEN 0327592 KENNETT LIM ROONG XIANG 0325031 KHOO YUNG KEAT 0325529 TAN WEI SEN 0324564 WONG LOK XUAN 0325529

TABLE OF CONTENT 01 INTRODUCTION (KENNETT LIM ROONG XIANG | 0325031) 02 SITE AND SAFETY (KENNETT LIM ROONG XIANG | 0325031) 03 SETTING OUT (KENNETT LIM ROONG XIANG | 0325031) 04 FOUNDATION (KHOO YUNG KEAT | 0324688) 05 SUPERSTRUCTURE 5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN (JOY ANN LIM EE HSIEN | 0327592) 5.2 SLAB (CHOW SU LING | 0325020) 5.3 WALL (CHOW SU LING | 0325020) 5.4 STAIRCASE (TAN WEI SEN | 0324564)

06 DOORS AND WINDOWS (WONG LOK XUAN | 0325529) 6.1 DOORS 6.2 WINDOWS

07 ROOF (WONG LOK XUAN | 0325529) 08 REFERENCE

01 INTRODUCTION

KENNETT LIM ROONG XIANG | 0325031

SITE: PRECINCT 4A SUPERLINK AND SEMI-D Precinct 4a is an ongoing progress of 80-acre residential development set within the boundaries of Bandar Seri Coalfields future development estate.

Bandar Seri Coalfields 1000-acre is home to a variety of mixed residential establishment (bungalow, terrace, superlink, and link homes) and freehold properties development compromising of commercial lots, office buildings, and dedicate business hubs.

FEATURES - 158 units of 2-3 storeys of superlink terrace residential houses (minimum 24’ x 90’) - 94 units of twin houses 2 and 3 storeys (minimum 40’ x100’) - 2 electrical substations (double chamber)

SITE LAYOUT PLAN

SITE PLAN

MASTER PLAN

PROJECT INFORMATION Employer: KL-Kepong Country Homes S/B Architect: CL&O Architects SDN BHD Structural engineer: DATUM AC Engineering Consultant M&E Engineer: SYTERRA Consult SDN BHD Quantity Surveyor: MQS Consult Civil Engineer: TYL PERUNDING SDN BHD Contractor: CNH Construction (M) S/B

ORGANIZATIONAL CHART

REVISED CONSTRUCTION PLAN DRAWING SUPERLINK

REVISED CONSTRUCTION PLAN DRAWING SEMI-DETACHED

02 SITE SAFETY Within the construction industry, safety is the upmost important for every personnel on site. That means when a certain individual within any category status is to set foot beyond the boundary line of the ongoing progress construction site are to accept the terms of site and safety procedure that has been practice and will be briefed upon too in order to minimize the risk of any case accidents to occur in the construction site area.

KENNETT LIM ROONG XIANG | 0325031

SIGNAGE All construction sites are to be erected with proper signage in where it fits the purpose to remind personnel on site to be aware of their safety, as well as project site information such as: contractors, site manager, and other essential authority.

REGULATION The purpose of these Regulations is to prescribe the main requirements for the protection of the safety, health and welfare of persons working on construction sites and to give further effect to Council Directive 92/57/EEC on the minimum safety and health requirements at temporary or mobile construction sites.

These Regulations are designed to clarify and strengthen the general duties of all parties as regards securing occupational safety, health and welfare in construction work, including those of Clients, Project Supervisors, Designers, Contractors and Employees.

These Regulations apply to all construction projects including the alteration, decoration, maintenance and repair of buildings and the installation, maintenance and removal of mechanical and other systems fixed within or to structures. They place obligations on clients and designers to ensure that safety and health is taken into account before any construction work begins.

HEAD PROTECTION GEAR Be sure that workers wear hard hats where there is a potential for objects falling from above, bumps to their heads from fixed objects, or accidental head contact with electrical hazards.

SAFETY OFFICIAL In the site, the site safety officer, En. Radzali, is under the project manager along with the construction manager and contract manager. The site safety official is to review the safety condition of the site and to ensure the site is under regulation.

WORKER

SPECIALIST WORKER (PLUMBER, ELECTRICIAN)

SUPERVISOR

SAFETY OFFICER

SCAFFOLD Rigid and sufficient to carry its own weight plus four times the maximum intended load without settling or displacement. It’s be erected on solid footing.

FIRE EXTINGUISHER Portable fire extinguishers are placed at proper vantage points where it is easily acquire when in emergency.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE) All worker and personnel on site are to follow the checklists that may help take steps to avoid hazards that cause injuries, illnesses and fatalities.

FALL PROTECTION Erect guardrail systems with toeboards and warning lines or install control line systems to protect workers near the edges of floors and roofs.

FACE AND EYE PROTECTION Safety glasses or face shields are worn anytime work operations can cause foreign objects getting into the eye such as during welding, cutting, grinding, nailing (or when working with concrete and/or harmful chemicals or when exposed to flying particles).

HAND PROTECTION Workers wear the right gloves for the job.

HEAD PROTECTION To protect individuals head.

FOOT PROTECTION To protect individuals foot and to prevent sinking on soft sand.

LADDER

STAIRWAY

Ladders are tall enough or adequately to safely reach the work area. Ladders without metallic components near electrical work and overhead power lines.

Stairway treads and walkways are be free of dangerous objects, debris and materials. Slippery conditions on stairways and walkways must be corrected immediately.

Walking along with the wall to access upper or lower floor.

03 EARTHWORK AND SITE CLEARANCE

KENNETT LIM ROONG XIANG | 0325031

Typical earthworks include roads, railway beds, causeways, dams, levees, canals, and berms. Other common earthworks are land grading to reconfigure the topography of a site, or to stabilize slopes. Site clearance, proper establishment must be carried out before it is implemented into clearing a site. Photographic survey, site analysis and context, and proper report needs to be done to further proceed into clearing a site.

TREE REMOVAL AND LAND CLEARANCE

STRIPPING AND FOOTING EXCAVATION

Involve in cutting down trees, removing vegetation and digging up tree trunks for the erection of residential units. Dense vegetation was needed to be removed using excavators and bulldozers.

Removal of soil for permanent embankment and digging of a wall foundation for a superlink building.

PRECAST GROUND BEAM BASE SHALLOW FOUNDATION (INDIVIDUAL FOOTING) The foundations are made by first excavating all the earth till the bottom of the footing, and then constructing the footing.

Alternative to traditional foundations and are typically designed to span between pad foundations or bases.

Often the beams are designed to support brick or block work and can be used to form a permanent shutter to the edge of an in-situ concrete floor slab. They are generally square or rectangular in section; however notches, sloping faces and end details can be incorporated too.

03 SETTING OUT

KENNETT LIM ROONG XIANG | 0325031

Construction surveying or building surveying (otherwise known as "staking", "stake-out", "lay-out" or "setting-out") is to stake out reference points and markers that will guide the construction of new structures such as roads or buildings.

These markers are usually staked out according to a suitable coordinate system selected for the project.

SETTING OUT THE SITE Establish a base line from which the whole building structure can be set out - marked on site clearly so it can be reestablished at anytime - using suitable tape or string - mark each corner with a stout peg - check on right angle and correct lengths

STOUT PEGS

STRINGS

Usually, baseline is setup with the help of two reference points separated by a known distance

OPTICAL LEVELS When the levels are viewed at a far distance, better methods are implemented to achieve a much more accurate reading of intended data and information of straightedge and level of land

SETTING OUT AT OTHER ANGLES 45 degree / 135 degree from point A Equipment required: straight-edge/builder square/pencil/measuring tape.

1. Extend wall line XA to B 2. Measure any distance from A (600mm) to find point B 3. Draw line BC at 90 degree to line XB (use builder square or 3:4:5 method) 4. Measure B to C (600mm) 5. Join A to C 6. Line AC creates 45 degree angle with BX and creates 135 degree at angle CAX

3:4:5 METHOD Pythagoras theorem, triangle with proportional sides that creates a perfect right angle triangle. By using this method, builders can easily set out a square corner using a tape measure

PROFILE BOARD A commonly used setting out procedure for rural road works is based on the use of a series of profile boards and a string line level, thereby providing control of levels during construction. As a result, the method has become known as the Profile Board Method. The basic principle when using profile boards is to place a series of level boards that show the exact level 1 metre above the completed construction levels. With practice, this method provides a simple but sound method, providing adequate precision and finally delivers the required quality standards for the completed road construction works.

04 FOUNDATION FOUNDATION is a piece of a basic framework that backings and grapples the superstructure of a building and transmit its heap specifically to the earth. It is built mostly or completely beneath the surface of the ground.

FUNCTION OF FOUNDATION

KHOO YUNG KEAT | 0324688

RAFT FOUNDATION - Raft foundations are formed by reinforced concrete slabs that cover a wide area, often the entire footprint of a building. They spread the load imposed by a number of columns or walls over a large area, and can be considered to ‘float’ on the ground as a raft floats on water.

- reduction of load intensity - even distribution of load - safety against undermining - provision of level surface - protection against soil movements - lateral stability

TYPE OF FOUNDATION REFERENCE

SHALLOW FOUNDATION - A type of foundation which transfer building loads to the earth very near to the surface, rather than to a subsurface layer or a range of depths as does deep foundation. It includes strip foundation, raft foundation, pad footing , cantilever foundation.

CONCRETE PAD FOOTING - A concrete pad footing is the simplest and cost effective footing used for the vertical support and the transfer of building loads to the ground. These footings are "isolated" i.e. there is no connection between them. They are also reinforced.

STRIP FOUNDATION Strip foundation can be utilized for most subsoils, yet are most reasonable for soil which is of moderately great bearing limit. They are especially suited to light basic loadings, for example, those found in some low-to-medium ascent local structures - where mass solid strip establishments can be utilized. In different circumstances, fortified cement might be required

DEEP FOUNDATION - A type of foundation which transfer building loads to the earth further down from the surface than a shallow foundation does, to a subsurface layer or range of depths.

TYPE OF PILING REFERENCE

TYPES OF DISPLACEMENT PILE

A) END BEARING PILE

- There are 3 types of displacement pile which are large displacement pile, small displacement pile and non-displacement pile

In end bearing pile, the bottom end of the pile rests on a layer of especially strong soil or rock. The load of the building is transferred through the pile onto the strong layer.

B) FRICTION PILE

Friction pile work on a different principle. The pile transfers the load of the building to the soil across the full height of the pile, by friction.

TYPE OF PILING REFERENCE

TIMBER PILE - Usually square sawn hardwood or softwood. They are anything but difficult to deal with and can be driven by percussion with the base of involvement. Most timber heaps are fitted with an iron or steel driving shoe and have an iron ring around the go to anticipate part because of driving.

PRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE PILE - Precast Concrete Piles may be defined as a reinforced concrete pile which is moulded in circular, square, rectangular or octagonal form. The precast concrete piles are cast and cured in a casting yard and then transported to the site for driving.

STEEL PREFORMED PILE - Known as H-piles or universal steel beam. It does not cause large displacement when driven into the soil. It is capable of supporting heavy loads and can be driven into great depth

COMPOSITE PILE . Composite Piles are those piles of two different materials are driven one over the other, so as to enable them to act together to perform the function of a single pile.

PREFORMED CONCRETE PILE - Available in precast concrete or prestressed concrete piles.

It is difficult in splicing and lengthening because it is formed in segments. Special length head units are available to reduce wastage to a minimum.

BORED PILE - Bored pile is another type of reinforced concrete pile, which is used to support high building producing heavy vertical loads.

DRIVEN IN SITU / CAST IN PLACE PILE - Driven cast in-situ concrete piles are constructed by driving a closed-ended hollow steel or concrete casing into the ground and then filling it with concrete.

PILE DRIVING REFERENCE

- also known as pile driver, is a mechanical device used to drive piles into soil to provide foundation support for buildings or other structures.

DROP HAMMER : blocks of cast iron or steel with a heavy mass are raised by a cable attached to a winch. The hammer is allowed to fall freely by gravity on the pile head. The free fall distance is controllable.

Displacement piles are for the most part crashed into ground by holding them in the right position against the piling frame and applying hammer hits to the head of the pile. The piling frame can be deliberately made or an adjustment of a standard crane power. Pile hammers come in assortment of sorts and sizes fueled by gravity, steam, compacted air or diesel.

SINGLE ACTING HAMMER : activated by steam or compressed air have much same effect as drop hammers. Two types of available wherein one case the hammer is lifted by a piston rod and those which the piston is static and the cylinder is raised and allowed to fall freely. Both forms of hammers deliver a very powerful blow.

DOUBLE ACTING HAMMERS : activated by steam or compressed air consist of a heavy fixed cylinder in which there is a light piston or ram which delivers a large number of rapid light blows in a short space of time. The object is to try to keep the piles constantly on the move rather than being driven in series of jerks.

DIESEL HAMMERS : designed to give a reliable and economic method of pile driving. Various size giving different energy output per blow are available. The hammer can be suspended from a crane or mounted in the leaders of piling frame. It uses air and fuel to move the pile downward and the ram upward.

VIBRATION TECHNIQUES : can be used in driving displacement piles where soft clays, sands and gravels are encountered. The equipment consist of a vibrating unit mounted on the piles head, transmitting vibrations down the pile shaft which is in tum transmitting vibrations to the surrounding soil. It reduces the shear strength of the soil around, enabling the pile to sink into the subsoil under its own weight. Water is used to loosen and ease the driving process.

PILE CAPS - A pile cap is a thick concrete mat that rests on concrete or timber piles that have been driven into soft or unstable ground to provide a suitable stable foundation. It usually forms part of the foundation of a building, typically a multi-story building, structure or support base for heavy equipment.

TYPE OF FOUNDATION ON SITE

REINFORCED CONCRETE PAD FOUNDATION - pad footings are one of the most easiest and common type of foundation used when the load of the building is carried by columns which was constructed on top of the concrete base.

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF FOUNDATION ON SITE

STEP 1 : The base after excavation and the site formworks is placed according to the dimensions

STEP 3 : A monkey jumper is used to level and straighten the base

STEP 2 : The base is uneven and unstable which need to be trimmed

STEP 4 : After excavation and trimming of the base, the pad footing base is ready for the next step

STEP 5 : Formworks is done constructed and reinforced concrete cages can be installed into it which can support the formwork positon and prevent it from falling

STEP 7 : Reinforcement cage is installed for footing and maintain the formwork

STEP 6 : Concrete was inserted into the base of pad footing

STEP 8 : After pad footing is done, pilling is carried out

5.2 SLAB

CHOW SU LING | 0325020

SLAB is a common horizontal structural element of modern building which are constructed to provide flat surfaces. Slab may be supported by wall or reinforced beams which are usually cast monolithically or on site with slab by structural steel beams, columns or ground.

CONCRETE SLAB

- reinforced plate structures to span either one or both directions of structural bay - most commonly used to construct floors and ceilings - thinner slabs for exterior pavings

TWO-WAY SLAB

- uniform thickness - reinforced in two direction - cast integrally with beams and columns on all four sides of square bays - effective for medium spans and heavy loads - high resistance to lateral forces

TWO-WAY WAFFLE SLAB

- reinforced by ribs in two directions - able to carry heavier loads and span longer distance than flat slabs

TYPE OF SLABS REFERENCE

ONE-WAY SLAB

- uniform thickness - reinforced in one direction - cast integrally with parallel supporting beams

ONE-WAY JOIST SLAB

- also known as ribbed slab - cast integrally with a series of closel spaced joists - designed as a series of T-beams - more suitable for longer spans and heavier loads

TWO-WAY FLAT PLATE

- uniform thickness - reinforced in two or more directions - supported directly by columns

TWO-WAY FLAT SLAB

- flat plate thickened at columns supports to increase shear strength and moment-resisting capacity

TYPE OF SLABS ON-SITE

ONE-WAY SLAB

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF SLABS ON-SITE

STEP 1 : PREPARE THE GROUND - clean the surface - cut and fill sloping site - dig out shape of beams for slab

STEP 5 : FIX REINFORCEMENT BAR - position steel reinforcement in beams and slabs

STEP 2 : FIX THE FORMWORK - formwork stalked in place firmly - check level dimension and shape

STEP 6 : PLACE AND COMPACT CONCRETE - mix and pour concrete into designated area - mechanical vibrator used for compacting

STEP 3 : INSTALL SERVICE PIPE - drainage and water supply pipes installed

STEP 7 : FINISH SLAB SURFACE - final float or trowel finishing for slab surfaces

STEP 4 : LAY CONCRETE UNDERLAY - impermeable material used as underlay membrane

STEP 8 : CURE CONCRETE SLAB - protect against loss of moisture

LIVING AND DINING AREA

- tension reinforcement bar in one direction - load transferred to only two opposing beam or load bearing wall in both site buildings

REINFORCED REBAR CONCRETE SLAB

TWO-WAY SLAB

PORCH AT SEMI-DETACHED HOUSES

- tension reinforcement bars span both directions and parallel to the length and the width of the panel - load transferred to four support beams at all four sides of nearly square bays - supports load of master bedroom above

DAMP PROOF MEMBRANE

GROUND SOIL SAND AND GRAVEL

5.4 STAIRCASE STAIRS is a construction element that links a building`s different floors together and create a path for vertical travel within the building.

- distance of stairs are divided by steps - steps have 2 components which is the tread (horizontal portion) and riser (vertical portion)

TAN WEI SEN | 0324564

TYPE OF STAIRS REFERENCE

ADVANTAGE - U shaped stairs has easier fit in an architectural plan - landing(s) can offer a resting point part way up the stairs.

- used as fire escape stairs in high rise buildings

ADVANTAGE - compactness - used in small city apartments, lofts - easy installation DISADVANTAGE - difficult to carry large items up spiral stairs - only one person can go up or down the stairs at the same time

ADVANTAGE - provide a visual barrier between floors so they can add some privacy - can be used at corner of room

ADVANTAGE - require less space - common in older homes - create a more seamless transition, visually speaking as they meander around corners

DISADVANTAGE - handrials takes longer time to construct

DISADVANTAGE - an extra central support needs to be build in - can be more difficult to add a handrail

TYPE OF STAIRS ON SITE

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF STAIRS ON SITE

STEP 1 - timber formwork is used to support the weight of the concrete - wooden stakes added as bracing

STAIRS OF SEMI-DETACHED HOUSES

STEP 2 - steel reinforcement bars are placed in the formwork

STEP 3 - concrete is mixed and poured from top to bottom and left to dry for a few days

L shaped stairs ( quarter landing staircase) with triangular steps being used in the bungalows on site.

STEP 4 - formwork is removed and It is left to cure for 30 days

STEP 5 - handrails/ guardrails are added

06 DOORS AND WINDOWS

WONG LOK XUAN | 0325529

DOORS and doorways provide access from outside into the inside of a building and also from the inside to the outside. Door also act as the connection between two or more spaces. There are variety type and style of door that followed by difference function. All doors should be evaluated for their ease of operation, durability under anticipated frequency of use, security provisions as well as light, ventilation and view they may offer.

DOOR TERMINOLOGY HEAD The uppermost member of door frame.

ROUGH OPENING The opening of the wall to fiting the door-frame.

STOP Projecting part of the door frame against which a door closes.

DOOR HARDWARE Adequate lock for security, which include the metal fastenings such as hinges, locksets and closers.

THRESHOLD The sill of the doorway to prevent weather issues at an exterior door.

TYPE OF DOORS BY OPERATION REFERENCE

SWINGING - for both interior and exterior use.

- requires space around doorway for the door to swing.

- door turns on hinges about a side jamb.

- most effective door type for acoustic and thermal insulation and for weather resistance.

JAMB Preventing the ingress of moisture from outer leaf to inner leaf.

BYPASS SLIDING - used on exterior as sliding glass door - on interior for visual screening.

- door slides on overhead track and along guides/track.

- requires no operating space but difficult to seal against weather and sound.

- offers access only through half of the doorway width.

CASING The trim that finishes the joint between the doorframe and rough opening.

SURFACE SLIDING - for both interior and exterior use.

- door is surface-hung on exposed overhead track.

- provides access through full doorway width.

- no operating space is required but it’s difficult to weather proof.

POCKET SLIDING - only for interior use.

- door slides on an overhead track into and out of a recess within the width of the wall.

TYPE OF DOORS BY DESIGN REFERENCE

FOLDING - for interior use only.

- hinged door panels fold flat against one another when open.

FLUSH

GLASS

VISION

NARROW LIGHT

FULL LOUVERED

VISION & LOUVERED

DOOR FRAME

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF DOOR FRAME

DOORFRAME is the jambs and upper transverse member enclosing the sides and top of a doorway and usually supporting a door. It’s attached to the opening in which the door is to be fitted. It provides a surround for the door and is the member to which a door is fixed or hung. Frames should be fixed to the wall and we also using frame fixings for masonry and screws for timber.

ON SITE

STEP 1 Locate the door then measure and mark it. After that, place a few layers of brick beside the markings.

STEP 4 Timber door frame: Wall is plastered and main frame is installed.

Aluminium door frame: Mortar is filled in the space between the gap of masonry wall before the wall is plastered.

STEP 2 Slot the door frame into the marked location. Nail the jamb of the door into the masonry wall for the support. After that, bricks are continued to be laid.

STEP 5 To form a continuous gap in between shims are placed on the hinges side and then hinges is nailed into the side of the door jamb.

METAL STUD BEARING WALL

DRY WALL

WOOD STUD WALL

STEEL FRAME

STEEL STUD WALL

MASONRY T-ANCHOR

MASONRY WALL

DOOR FRAMES ON SITE

STEP 3 Pre-cast concrete lintel is bind with mortar then was placed on the top of the door head so that there is no excessive vertical force is exerted to the frame.

WOODEN FRAME - as a structure to support the overall form and shape before the installation of aluminium door frame.

ALUMINIUM FRAME - used as the door frame because aluminium frames are easy to maintain and sometimes less expensive than the other frames option. The aluminium frame is a standard double-rabbet frame.

STEP 6 Casing is installed to ensure cracks and flaws in the joining between door frame and rough opening.

WINDOWS is also an opening in a building. The installation of windows need to follow the minimum requirement to ensure the function. Basically, Windows are designed with such requirement to resist wind loading. Providing the natural lighting, ventilation, type and size of glazing and the vision contact from inside to outside.

JAMB FRAME HINGE

RESPONSE PLATE

ON SITE

Precast concrete lintel that placed above the window openings is used as a support beam and transfer the load to the wall either side of the window.

This may prevent the framework of the window from bending due to the weight of the wall, roof and the floor produce above the window opening.

WINDOWS TERMINOLOGY

HANDLE

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF WINDOWS

GLASS WINDOW BAR

BOLT

TYPE OF WINDOWS REFERENCE

FIXED - 0% Ventilation - consists of a glass and frame

CASEMENT - 100% Ventilation - consists of operating glasses that are side-hinged and normally it swings outward

SLIDING - 50% Ventilation - Consists of 2 or more glasses and at least one can slides along horizontal track

DOUBLE-HUNG - 50% Ventilation - Consists of 2 glass which slides vertically on separated track

AWNING & HOPPER - 100% Ventilation - consists of operating glasses that swings on hinged which attached to the top of the frame

CROSS-SECTION OF PRECAST CONCRETE LINTEL

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF WINDOWS ON SITE

STEP 1 Roughly measure the opening of the brick wall.

STEP 5 Aluminium frame is installed for the window frame.

STEP 2 Aluminium sub frame is placed into the opening.

STEP 3 Length, width and height is measured.

STEP 6 Glass is put into the frame after measured and cut it.

STEP 4 Vertical frame is installed.

STEP 7 Hinges and handles is installed into the window.

07 ROOFS

WONG LOK XUAN | 0325529

ROOF is a covering of the top of a building which serving to protect against rain, snow, sunlight, wind, and extremes of temperature. Roofs have been constructed in a wide variety of forms like flat, pitched, vaulted, dome or in combinations as dictated by technical, economic or aesthetic considerations. A roof may also provide additional living space, for example like a roof garden.

TYPE OF ROOFS

TYPE OF ROOFS ON SITE

GABLED ROOFS are the kind young children typically draw. They have two sloping sides that come together at a ridge, creating end walls with a triangular extension, called a gable, at the top.

ADVANTAGES - high quality of resistancy to weather likes rainwater.

- cost effective.

- provides the most ceiling space.

- provides excellent water drainage.

REFERENCE

DISADVANTAGES - poor ventilation.

- vulnerable to get damaged from strong winds.

HIP ROOF - poor Ventilation - stable and can withstand extreme winds

GABLE ROOF - weak against extreme winds.

- placement of window is allowed.

DORMER ROOF - required careful construction as improper construction may cause leaks and expensive repairs.

GULL WNG ROOF - gull in shape.

FLAT ROOF - cost-efficient - less material is needed.

- roof space can be used.

MONO-PITCHED ROOF - single-sloped roof.

MANSARD ROOF - allows the maximum use of attic.

- known as French roof

GAMBREL ROOF - wider building is allowed.

- rafters is shorter.

COMMON RAFTER

RIDGE BOARD CENTER GABLE STUD

TYPE OF ROOFS

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF ROOF

ON SITE

ON SITE

STEP 1 The roof beam is constructed on the column of the level below after the below level is done constructed.

Slope is use to prevent accumulation of water as it can provides an excellent water drainage.

DEGREE

PITCHED HIGH PITCHED

12 11 10 9

33.75 MEDIUM

8

30.5 26.5 22.5 18.5

7 6 5 4 3

45 42.5 40 37

14 9.5 4.5

PITCHED

LOW PITCHED

FLAT ROOF

STEP 2 After roof beam stiffener will be installed as it used to support the roofing system.

STEP 4 Roof beam is put again at the edge of the bricks to stable it.

2 1

Roof tiles which also act as the cover of the house.

TILES

STEP 3 After that brick will be laid around the stiffener to prevent them from falling easily.

METAL STRUCTURE / METAL TRUSS

FIBER GLASS COVERED ON THE STRUCTURE

Fiber glass layer which act as an insulator to absorb and reflect the heat which penetrate from the sunlight.

Aluminium foil which also act as the insulator and also protect fiber glass from the water that flow from the roof.

The lowest layer is the metal structure or metal truss which is support the whole roofing system.

08 REFERENCES PRELIMINARY, SITE AND SAFETY, SETTING OUT (KENNETT LIM ROONG XIANG)

- Earthworks cost optimization through mass haul planning 2015. www.topconplanning.com.

- Frederick S. Merritt, M. Kent Loftin, Jonathan T. Ricketts 1995, Standard Handbook for Civil Engineers, Fourth Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company.

- UnderstandConstruction 2017 http://www.understandconstruction.com/types-of-foundations.html - OSHA Pocket Guide Occupational Safety and Health Administration (n.a.) https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html - The Constructor - Civil Engineering Home 2017 https://theconstructor.org/tips/setting-out-a-building-plan-on-ground/5897/ - Site Safety 2017 http://www.sitesafetylimited.co.uk/ - Terzaghi, Karl; Peck, Ralph Brazelton; Mesri, Gholamreza (1996), Soil mechanics in engineering practice (3rd ed.), New York: John Wiley & Sons https://books.google.com.my/books?id=bAwVvO71FXoC&printsec=frontcover&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false - Crabtree, Pam J.. Medieval archaeology: an encyclopedia. New York: Garland Pub., 2001 - House Self Build 2017 http://www.houseselfbuild.com/category/block-house-paul/pouring-strip-foundations/

FOUNDATION (KHOO YUNG KEAT)

- Composite Piles. (2012, August 14). Retrieved May 22, 2017, from http://www.theconstructioncivil.org/composite-piles - Mishra, G. (2013, January 06). DRIVEN CAST IN-SITU CONCRETE PILES CONSTRUCTION PROCESS. Retrieved May 22, 2017, from https://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/driven-cast-in-situ-concrete-piles-construction-process/7088/ - Rodriguez, J. (n.d.). When Do You Need a Bored Pile? A Practical Deep Foundation Solution. Retrieved May 22, 2017, from https://www.thebalance.com/bored-pile-advantages-also-referred-as-drilled-shafts-844753 - Designing Buildings Wiki The construction industry knowledge base. (n.d.). Retrieved May 22, 2017, from https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Strip_foundation - Verma, N. K. (2015, June 11). WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF FOUNDATION? Retrieved May 22, 2017, from http://civilblog.org/2015/01/26/what-are-the-functions-of-foundation/# - Pile Foundations | Types of Piles | Cassions. (n.d.). Retrieved May 22, 2017, from http://www.understandconstruction.com/pile-foundations.html - Precast Concrete Piles. (2012, August 14). Retrieved May 22, 2017, from http://www.theconstructioncivil.org/precast-concrete-piles/

BEAMS AND COLUMNS (JOY ANN LIM EE HSIEN)

- Ching, F. D. (2014). Building construction illustrated. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. - Jain, V. (2016, December 07). Types of RCC Column and its Construction Methods. Retrieved May 7, 2017, from https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/types-of-rcc-column-construction/13700/ - Basic Construction Process of RCC Column. (n.d.). Retrieved May 10, 2017, from http://www.acivilengineer.com/2013/07/construction-process-of-rcc-column_27.html - L. (1970, January 01). Construction. Retrieved May 9, 2017, from http://construction-greatopportunity.blogspot.my/2012/03/beam-and-slab.html - Mbrsalman Follow. (2011, June 02). Civil Engineering (Beams,Columns). Retrieved May 10, 2017, from https://www.slideshare.net/mbrsalman/civil-engineering-beamscolumns

SLAB AND WALLS (CHOW SU LING)

- Ching, F. D. (2014). Building construction illustrated. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. - Brick Houses – Solid Masonry vs. Brick Veneer. (n.d.). Retrieved May 23, 2017, from http://www.carsondunlop.com/resources/articles/brick-houses-solid-masonry-vs-brick-veneer/ - Mishra, G. (2016, December 02). WALLS- TYPES, FEATURES AND DESIGN CONCEPT. Retrieved May 23, 2017, from https://theconstructor.org/building/walls-types-features-and-design-concept/819/ - 10 Steps to Build a Reinforced Concrete Slab-On-Ground. Retrieved May 23, 2017, from www.sria.com.au/_literature_93667/10_steps_to_build_a_reinforced_concrete_slab-on-ground concrete slab construction process ground

STAIRS (TAN WEI SEN)

- Studios, K. (2017). Types of stairs - Advantages & Disadvantages.. Keuka Studios. Retrieved 20 May 2017, from https://www.keuka-studios.com/types-of-stairs/ - Mishra, G. (2017). Components of Staircase and their Details. The Constructor. Retrieved 20 May 2017, from https://theconstructor.org/tips/components-of-staircase/7534/ - Nasvik, J. (2017). Forming Concrete Steps. Concrete Construction. Retrieved 20 May 2017, from http://www.concreteconstruction.net/products/decorative-concrete-surfaces/forming-concrete-steps_o

DOORS, WINDOWS AND ROOF (WONG LOK XUAN)

- Composite Piles. (2012, August 14). Retrieved May 22, 2017, from http://www.theconstructioncivil.org/composite-piles - Mishra, G. (2013, January 06). DRIVEN CAST IN-SITU CONCRETE PILES CONSTRUCTION PROCESS. Retrieved May 22, 2017, from https://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/driven-cast-in-situ-concrete-piles-construction-process/7088/ - Rodriguez, J. (n.d.). When Do You Need a Bored Pile? A Practical Deep Foundation Solution. Retrieved May 22, 2017, from https://www.thebalance.com/bored-pile-advantages-also-referred-as-drilled-shafts-844753 - Designing Buildings Wiki The construction industry knowledge base. (n.d.). Retrieved May 22, 2017, from https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Strip_foundation - Verma, N. K. (2015, June 11). WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF FOUNDATION? Retrieved May 22, 2017, from http://civilblog.org/2015/01/26/what-are-the-functions-of-foundation/# - Pile Foundations | Types of Piles | Cassions. (n.d.). Retrieved May 22, 2017, from http://www.understandconstruction.com/pile-foundations.html - Precast Concrete Piles. (2012, August 14). Retrieved May 22, 2017, from http://www.theconstructioncivil.org/precast-concrete-piles/