Building Science 2 Project 2: Lighting Integration Project

School of Architecture , Building & Design Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Architecture Building Science II (BLD 61303/ARC 3413)

PROJECT 2 : LIGHTING INTEGRATION PROJECT

Name: Khoo Yung Keat Student ID: 0328658 Tutor : Ar. Edwin / Dr. Suja

Contents 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Project Introduction 2.0 Floor Plans & Sectional Perspective 3.0 Lighting Analysis 3.1 Daylight Factor Analysis 3.2 Artificial Lighting Analysis 4.0 References

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Project Introduction The final project Studio V module (ARC60306) calls for a design proposal on a learning centre on an urban infill site. The design of the building is to consist of relevant architectural responses that address the urban street context while creating a sense of interaction and integration within the community.

The Sites are given in a few abandoned shops in Jalan Besar (Site A) and an empty land in Jalan Stesen 1 (Site B), South Klang. The site chosen for the learning centre is at Site B.

Micro Site Plan of Project Site

Site Elevation of Jalan Stesen 1

2.0 Floor Plans Ground Floor Plan (Scale 1 : 250)

First Floor Plan (Scale 1 : 250)

First Mezzanine Floor Plan (Scale 1 : 250)

Second Floor Plan (Scale 1 : 250)

Third Floor Plan (Scale 1 : 250)

Sectional Perspective (NTS)

Space B (Meeting Room)

Space A (Wood Frame Workshop)

3.0 Lighting Analysis

3.1 Daylight Factor Analysis In the early stage of building design, the average daylight factor may be used to assess the adequacy of daylight. The values of these quantities are determined from the given date and W, T and R are corrected by using factors given in the the BS Daylight Code and other publication. The formula is as given:

W DF=

Ó¨T x

A

(1 - R)

Where, W: The area of the window (m2) A: The total area of the internal surfaces (m2) T: The glass transmittance corrected for dirt Ó¨: Visible sky angle in degrees from the centre of the window R: The average reflectance of area, A

Zone

DF (%)

Distribution

Very Bright

>6

Large (Including thermal and glare problem)

Bright

3-6

Good

Average

1-3

Fair

Dark

0-1

Poor

The daylight factor concept is applicable only when the sky illuminance distribution is known or can reasonably be estimated. In this case study, the average outdoor illuminance in Malaysia is assumed according to the standard which is 20000 lux.

Luminance Level (Lux)

Example

120,000

Brightest sunlight

110,000

Bright sunlight

20,000

Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky, midday

1000 - 2000

Typical overcast day, midday

400

Sunrise / sunset on clear day (ambient illumination)

< 200

Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday

40

Fully overcast, sunrise / sunset

<1

Extreme of darkest storm cloud, sunrise / sunset

Sun Path Diagram (Morning, Afternoon, Evening)

8 am Morning Sun The third floor of the learning centre receives most amount of sunlight as the neighbor building did not block the morning sun.

12 pm Evening Sun

The learning centreâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s top floor receives most of the daylight and a some of the light penetrate into the spaces below through the glass panel on the roof.

6 pm Evening Sun

The west facade of the learning centre will received most daylight as the daylight is directly penetrate into the spaces through the glass facade.

Daylighting Analysis Space A (Wood Frame Workshop) Artificial Lighting Analysis

Wood Frame Workshop

Floor Area (m2)

L= 7.4m, W= 6.9m, A= 7.4m x 6.9m= 51.06m2

Area of Windows (W,m2)

L= 6m, H= 2.5, A= 6m x 2.5m= 15m2

Total Area of Internal Surfaces

Dimension of Wood Frame Workshop L= 7.4m, W= 6.9m, L= 5m 2(7.4 x 6.9) + 2(6.9 x 5) + (7.4 x 5) + (6.9 x 5) = 102.12 + 69 + 37 + 34.5 = 242.62

Glass Transmittance Corrected for Dirt, T

0.6

Visible sky angle in degree from the center of window, Ө

85

Average Reflectance of Area A, R

0.5 considered light colored room surface

Average Daylight Factor

DF= (W / A) x (ӨT / 1-R) = (15 / 242.62) x (0.6 x 85) / (1 - 0.5) = 0.0618 x 102 = 6.3 %

Natural Illumination

DF= Ei / Eo x 100% 6.3= (Ei / 20000) x 100% Ei= 1260 Lux

Daylight Analysis (Space A)

Conclusion

The wood frame workshop has a daylight factor of 6.3% and natural illumination of 1260 lux. Daylight factor of 6.3% is categorized as too bright based on the requirement MS 1512. This will result in glare problem. Therefore, shading devices such as louver for skylight will be proposed to solve the glare problem.

Daylighting Analysis Space B (Meeting Room)

Meeting Room

Floor Area (m2)

L= 5.3 m, W= 6.65 m, A= 5.3 m x 6.65 m= 35.25m2

Area of Windows (W,m2)

L= 6.65 m, H= 4 m, A= 6.65 m x 4 m= 26.6 m2

Total Area of Internal Surfaces

Dimension of Meeting Room L= 5.3 m, W= 6.65, H= 4 2(5.3 x 6.65) + 2(6.65 x 4) + (6.65 x 4) + (5.3 x 4) = 70.49 + 53.2 + 26.6 + 21.2 = 171.49

Glass Transmittance Corrected for Dirt, T

0.6

Visible sky angle in degree from the center of window, Ө

35

Average Reflectance of Area A, R

0.5 considered light colored room surface

Average Daylight Factor

DF= (W / A) x (ӨT / 1-R) = (26.6 / 171.49) x (0.6 x 35) / (1 - 0.5) = 0.155 x 42 = 6.51 %

Natural Illumination

DF= Ei / Eo x 100% 6.51= (Ei / 20000) x 100% Ei= 1302 Lux

Daylight Analysis (Space B)

Conclusion

The meeting room has a daylight factor of 6.51% and natural illumination of is 1302 lux. Daylight factor of 6.51% is categorized as very bright based on the requirement of MS1512. This will result in glare problem. Therefore, shading devices such as louver and glazed tinted glass for skylight will be proposed to solve the glare problem.

PSALI Illuminance Simulation (Space A)

Morning & Afternoon

Evening

There are 14 light fitting in space A to achieve a minimum of 500 lux standard requirement by MS1525 and JKR for wood frame workshop. The lights are separate into 3 switches, switch A, B and C. Switch that controls light C need to be open when people are using the carpentry as the room did not receives any daylight. Switch that controls light A are fitted near to the glass wall so that it could be switched off during the evening for light saving. Whereas switch B need to be open all the time to provide sufficient light for the workshop. During morning and afternoon, switch A and B should be open as the west facade did not receive any daylight during that time.

3.2 Artificial Lighting Analysis Lumen Method Lumen method is used to calculate the light level in a room. It is a series of calculation that uses horizontal luminance criteria to establish a uniform luminaire layout in a space. It can be calculated by dividing the total number of lumens available in a space by the area of the space. The calculation is below:

Where, E = Average illuminance to cover the space n = Number of lamps of each luminaire N = Number of luminance F = Lighting design lumens per lamp, i.e. Initial bare lamp luminous UF = Utilization factor for the horizontal working plane LLF = Light loss factor A = Area of the horizontal working plane Lumen method can be also calculated and used to determine the number of lights should be installed on the site. To know the number of lamps, calculation of total luminance of the space need to be done based on the number of fixtures and examine the sufficiency of light fixtures on that particular space.

Where, N = Number of lamps required E = Illuminance level required (Lux) A = Area at working plane height (m2) F = Average luminous flux from each lamp (lm) UF = Utilization factor, an allowance for light distribution of the luminaire and the room surface MF = Maintenance factor, an allowance for reduced light output because deterioration and dirt

Room Index The room index Rl is a measure of the proportions of the room. For rectangular rooms, the room index is defined as:

Where, L = Length of room W = Width of room Hm = Mounting height, the vertical distance between the working plane and the luminaire

Space A (Wood Frame Workshop) Artificial Lighting Analysis

Wood Frame Workshop

Type of fixture

Suspended LED Luminaire

Image of fixture

Size

1130 mm

Type of luminous

840 Neutral white

Luminous flux (lm)

3400 lm

Power (W)

24 W

Color temperature (K)

4000 K

Color rendering index

80

Average life rate (hours)

50000 h

ROOM INDEX CALCULATION Dimension of Meeting Room (m)

L= 7.4 m, W= 6.9 m

Total Floor Area (m2)

51.06 m

Height of Ceiling (m)

5m

Type of Light Fixture

Suspended LED Luminaire

Luminous Flux of Lighting (F / m)

3400 lm

Height of Luminaires (m)

4.88 m

Height of Working Plane

0.8 m

Mounting Height (H / Hm)

4.08 m

IES Standard Illuminance Level for Workshop Space (E)

300 Lux

Room Index, RI (K)

LxW RI= L + W (Hm) 7.4 x 6.9 = 7.4 + 6.9 (4.08) 51.06 = 35.55 RI= 1.44

LUMEN CALCULATION Lux required, IES Standard Illumination (E)

300

Area at Working Plane Height (A, m2)

L= 7.4m, W= 6.9m, A= 7.4 x 6.9= 51.06m2

Luminous Flux (F)

3500 lm

Utilization Factor (UF)

C= 0.45 (Plaster), W= 0.15 (Red brick), F= 0.3 (Concrete) 0.42

Maintenance Factor (MF)

0.8 (Standard)

LUMEN CALCULATION Lumen Calculation (N, number of lights)

ExA N= F x MF x UF 300 x 51.06 = 3400 x 0.8 x 0.42 15318 = 1142.4 = 13.4 N= 14 Lights 14 fluorescent tubes are combined 2 by 2 into 7 casings.

Fitting Layout (Where Smax is maximum spacing, m)

Smax= 1 x Hm Smax= 1.5 x 4.08 Smax= 6.12 m Distance between lights is not greater than 6.12 m

Lighting Contour Analysis

1.14

1.52

2.227

Switch A Switch B Switch C

From this diagram, shown that the workshop table area and the carpentry receives most artificial lighting as the LED luminaires are placed on top of this area.

Light Fitting Spacing Diagram: The reflected ceiling plan of the Wood Frame Workshop shows that proposed light fitting spacing complying to the Sᵐᵃˣ of 6.12 m calculated previously.

14 lamps are installed 2.227, 1.41 to 1.52 m apart from each other.

Space B (Meeting Room) Artificial Lighting Analysis

Meeting Room

Type of fixture

LED Downlight

Image of fixture

Size / Diameter

150 mm

Type of luminous

840 neautral white

Luminous flux (lm)

900 lm

Power (W)

11 W

Color temperature (K)

3000 K

Color rendering index

80

Average life rate (hours)

-

ROOM INDEX CALCULATION Dimension of Meeting Room (m)

L= L= 5.3 m, W= 6.65 m

Total Floor Area (m2)

35.25m2

Height of Ceiling (m)

4m

Type of Light Fixture

LED Downlight

Luminous Flux of Lighting (F / m)

900 lm

Height of Luminaires (m)

4m

Height of Working Plane

0.74 m

Mounting Height (H / Hm)

3.26 m

IES Standard Illuminance Level for Workshop Space (E)

500 Lux

Room Index, RI (K)

LxW RI= L + W (Hm) 5.3 x 6.65 = 5.3 + 6.65 (3.26) 35.25 = 38.96 RI= 0.905

LUMEN CALCULATION Lux required, IES Standard Illumination (E)

500

Area at Working Plane Height (A, m2)

L= 5.3 m, W= 6.65 m, A= 5.3 x 6.65= 35.25 m2

Luminous Flux (F)

900 lm

Utilization Factor (UF)

C= 0.45 (Plaster), W= 0.15 (Red brick), F= 0.3 (Concrete) 0.42

Maintenance Factor (MF)

0.8 (Standard)

LUMEN CALCULATION Lumen Calculation (N, number of lights)

ExA N= F x MF x UF 500 x 35.25 = 900 x 0.8 x 0.42 17625 = 3780.34 = 4.7 N= 5 Lights

Fitting Layout (Where Smax is maximum spacing, m)

Smax= 1 x Hm Smax= 1 x 3.26 Smax= 3.26 m Distance between lights is not greater than 3.26 m

Lighting Contour Analysis 1.058

1.13

0.84

Switch A

0.91

Switch B Switch C

Light Fitting Spacing Diagram: The reflected ceiling plan of the Wood Frame Workshop shows that proposed light fitting spacing complying to the Sᵐᵃˣ of 3.26 m calculated previously. 25 lamps are installed 1.058, 1.13, 0.84 to 0.91 m apart from each other.

From this diagram, shown that the meeting table area are the most exposed to the artificial lighting as the LED downlight are placed on top of this area.

References

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5.

(n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/light-material-reflecting-factor-d_1842.html Figure 2f from: Irimia R, Gottschling M (2016) Taxonomic revision of Rochefortia Sw. (Ehretiaceae, Boraginales). Biodiversity Data Journal 4: E7720. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e7720. (n.d.). doi:10.3897/bdj.4.e7720.figure2f Philips Lighting. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/indoor-luminaires/suspended/trueline-suspended/910504 097203_EU/product YurtoÄ&#x;lu, N. (2018).

Http://www.historystudies.net/dergi//birinci-dunya-savasinda-bir-asayis-sorunu-sebinkarahisar-erm eni-isyani20181092a4a8f.pdf. History Studies International Journal of History,10(7), 241-264. doi:10.9737/hist.2018.658 Philips Lighting. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/support/support/revit-library#page=1&filters=Application Area/Indoor,Luminaire Category/Downlights,