School of Architecture , Building & Design Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Architecture Building Science II (BLD 61303/ARC 3413)
PROJECT 2 : LIGHTING INTEGRATION PROJECT
Name: Khoo Yung Keat Student ID: 0328658 Tutor : Ar. Edwin / Dr. Suja
Contents 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Project Introduction 2.0 Floor Plans & Sectional Perspective 3.0 Lighting Analysis 3.1 Daylight Factor Analysis 3.2 Artificial Lighting Analysis 4.0 References
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Project Introduction The final project Studio V module (ARC60306) calls for a design proposal on a learning centre on an urban infill site. The design of the building is to consist of relevant architectural responses that address the urban street context while creating a sense of interaction and integration within the community. The Sites are given in a few abandoned shops in Jalan Besar (Site A) and an empty land in Jalan Stesen 1 (Site B), South Klang. The site chosen for the learning centre is at Site B.
Micro Site Plan of Project Site
Site Elevation of Jalan Stesen 1
2.0 Floor Plans Ground Floor Plan (Scale 1 : 250)
First Floor Plan (Scale 1 : 250)
First Mezzanine Floor Plan (Scale 1 : 250)
Second Floor Plan (Scale 1 : 250)
Third Floor Plan (Scale 1 : 250)
Sectional Perspective (NTS)
Space B (Meeting Room)
Space A (Wood Frame Workshop)
3.0 Lighting Analysis
3.1 Daylight Factor Analysis In the early stage of building design, the average daylight factor may be used to assess the adequacy of daylight. The values of these quantities are determined from the given date and W, T and R are corrected by using factors given in the the BS Daylight Code and other publication. The formula is as given:
W DF=
Ó¨T x
A
(1 - R)
Where, W: The area of the window (m2) A: The total area of the internal surfaces (m2) T: The glass transmittance corrected for dirt Ó¨: Visible sky angle in degrees from the centre of the window R: The average reflectance of area, A
Zone
DF (%)
Distribution
Very Bright
>6
Large (Including thermal and glare problem)
Bright
3-6
Good
Average
1-3
Fair
Dark
0-1
Poor
The daylight factor concept is applicable only when the sky illuminance distribution is known or can reasonably be estimated. In this case study, the average outdoor illuminance in Malaysia is assumed according to the standard which is 20000 lux.
Luminance Level (Lux)
Example
120,000
Brightest sunlight
110,000
Bright sunlight
20,000
Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky, midday
1000 - 2000
Typical overcast day, midday
400
Sunrise / sunset on clear day (ambient illumination)
< 200
Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday
40
Fully overcast, sunrise / sunset
<1
Extreme of darkest storm cloud, sunrise / sunset
Sun Path Diagram (Morning, Afternoon, Evening)
8 am Morning Sun The third floor of the learning centre receives most amount of sunlight as the neighbor building did not block the morning sun.
12 pm Evening Sun
The learning centreâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s top floor receives most of the daylight and a some of the light penetrate into the spaces below through the glass panel on the roof.
6 pm Evening Sun
The west facade of the learning centre will received most daylight as the daylight is directly penetrate into the spaces through the glass facade.
Daylighting Analysis Space A (Wood Frame Workshop) Artificial Lighting Analysis
Wood Frame Workshop
Floor Area (m2)
L= 7.4m, W= 6.9m, A= 7.4m x 6.9m= 51.06m2
Area of Windows (W,m2)
L= 6m, H= 2.5, A= 6m x 2.5m= 15m2
Total Area of Internal Surfaces
Dimension of Wood Frame Workshop L= 7.4m, W= 6.9m, L= 5m 2(7.4 x 6.9) + 2(6.9 x 5) + (7.4 x 5) + (6.9 x 5) = 102.12 + 69 + 37 + 34.5 = 242.62
Glass Transmittance Corrected for Dirt, T
0.6
Visible sky angle in degree from the center of window, Ө
85
Average Reflectance of Area A, R
0.5 considered light colored room surface
Average Daylight Factor
DF= (W / A) x (ӨT / 1-R) = (15 / 242.62) x (0.6 x 85) / (1 - 0.5) = 0.0618 x 102 = 6.3 %
Natural Illumination
DF= Ei / Eo x 100% 6.3= (Ei / 20000) x 100% Ei= 1260 Lux
Daylight Analysis (Space A)
Conclusion
The wood frame workshop has a daylight factor of 6.3% and natural illumination of 1260 lux. Daylight factor of 6.3% is categorized as too bright based on the requirement MS 1512. This will result in glare problem. Therefore, shading devices such as louver for skylight will be proposed to solve the glare problem.
Daylighting Analysis Space B (Meeting Room)
Meeting Room
Floor Area (m2)
L= 5.3 m, W= 6.65 m, A= 5.3 m x 6.65 m= 35.25m2
Area of Windows (W,m2)
L= 6.65 m, H= 4 m, A= 6.65 m x 4 m= 26.6 m2
Total Area of Internal Surfaces
Dimension of Meeting Room L= 5.3 m, W= 6.65, H= 4 2(5.3 x 6.65) + 2(6.65 x 4) + (6.65 x 4) + (5.3 x 4) = 70.49 + 53.2 + 26.6 + 21.2 = 171.49
Glass Transmittance Corrected for Dirt, T
0.6
Visible sky angle in degree from the center of window, Ө
35
Average Reflectance of Area A, R
0.5 considered light colored room surface
Average Daylight Factor
DF= (W / A) x (ӨT / 1-R) = (26.6 / 171.49) x (0.6 x 35) / (1 - 0.5) = 0.155 x 42 = 6.51 %
Natural Illumination
DF= Ei / Eo x 100% 6.51= (Ei / 20000) x 100% Ei= 1302 Lux
Daylight Analysis (Space B)
Conclusion
The meeting room has a daylight factor of 6.51% and natural illumination of is 1302 lux. Daylight factor of 6.51% is categorized as very bright based on the requirement of MS1512. This will result in glare problem. Therefore, shading devices such as louver and glazed tinted glass for skylight will be proposed to solve the glare problem.
PSALI Illuminance Simulation (Space A)
Morning & Afternoon
Evening
There are 14 light fitting in space A to achieve a minimum of 500 lux standard requirement by MS1525 and JKR for wood frame workshop. The lights are separate into 3 switches, switch A, B and C. Switch that controls light C need to be open when people are using the carpentry as the room did not receives any daylight. Switch that controls light A are fitted near to the glass wall so that it could be switched off during the evening for light saving. Whereas switch B need to be open all the time to provide sufficient light for the workshop. During morning and afternoon, switch A and B should be open as the west facade did not receive any daylight during that time.
3.2 Artificial Lighting Analysis Lumen Method Lumen method is used to calculate the light level in a room. It is a series of calculation that uses horizontal luminance criteria to establish a uniform luminaire layout in a space. It can be calculated by dividing the total number of lumens available in a space by the area of the space. The calculation is below:
Where, E = Average illuminance to cover the space n = Number of lamps of each luminaire N = Number of luminance F = Lighting design lumens per lamp, i.e. Initial bare lamp luminous UF = Utilization factor for the horizontal working plane LLF = Light loss factor A = Area of the horizontal working plane Lumen method can be also calculated and used to determine the number of lights should be installed on the site. To know the number of lamps, calculation of total luminance of the space need to be done based on the number of fixtures and examine the sufficiency of light fixtures on that particular space.
Where, N = Number of lamps required E = Illuminance level required (Lux) A = Area at working plane height (m2) F = Average luminous flux from each lamp (lm) UF = Utilization factor, an allowance for light distribution of the luminaire and the room surface MF = Maintenance factor, an allowance for reduced light output because deterioration and dirt
Room Index The room index Rl is a measure of the proportions of the room. For rectangular rooms, the room index is defined as:
Where, L = Length of room W = Width of room Hm = Mounting height, the vertical distance between the working plane and the luminaire
Space A (Wood Frame Workshop) Artificial Lighting Analysis
Wood Frame Workshop
Type of fixture
Suspended LED Luminaire
Image of fixture
Size
1130 mm
Type of luminous
840 Neutral white
Luminous flux (lm)
3400 lm
Power (W)
24 W
Color temperature (K)
4000 K
Color rendering index
80
Average life rate (hours)
50000 h
ROOM INDEX CALCULATION Dimension of Meeting Room (m)
L= 7.4 m, W= 6.9 m
Total Floor Area (m2)
51.06 m
Height of Ceiling (m)
5m
Type of Light Fixture
Suspended LED Luminaire
Luminous Flux of Lighting (F / m)
3400 lm
Height of Luminaires (m)
4.88 m
Height of Working Plane
0.8 m
Mounting Height (H / Hm)
4.08 m
IES Standard Illuminance Level for Workshop Space (E)
300 Lux
Room Index, RI (K)
LxW RI= L + W (Hm) 7.4 x 6.9 = 7.4 + 6.9 (4.08) 51.06 = 35.55 RI= 1.44
LUMEN CALCULATION Lux required, IES Standard Illumination (E)
300
Area at Working Plane Height (A, m2)
L= 7.4m, W= 6.9m, A= 7.4 x 6.9= 51.06m2
Luminous Flux (F)
3500 lm
Utilization Factor (UF)
C= 0.45 (Plaster), W= 0.15 (Red brick), F= 0.3 (Concrete) 0.42
Maintenance Factor (MF)
0.8 (Standard)
LUMEN CALCULATION Lumen Calculation (N, number of lights)
ExA N= F x MF x UF 300 x 51.06 = 3400 x 0.8 x 0.42 15318 = 1142.4 = 13.4 N= 14 Lights 14 fluorescent tubes are combined 2 by 2 into 7 casings.
Fitting Layout (Where Smax is maximum spacing, m)
Smax= 1 x Hm Smax= 1.5 x 4.08 Smax= 6.12 m Distance between lights is not greater than 6.12 m
Lighting Contour Analysis
1.14
1.52
2.227
Switch A Switch B Switch C
From this diagram, shown that the workshop table area and the carpentry receives most artificial lighting as the LED luminaires are placed on top of this area.
Light Fitting Spacing Diagram: The reflected ceiling plan of the Wood Frame Workshop shows that proposed light fitting spacing complying to the Sᵐᵃˣ of 6.12 m calculated previously. 14 lamps are installed 2.227, 1.41 to 1.52 m apart from each other.
Space B (Meeting Room) Artificial Lighting Analysis
Meeting Room
Type of fixture
LED Downlight
Image of fixture
Size / Diameter
150 mm
Type of luminous
840 neautral white
Luminous flux (lm)
900 lm
Power (W)
11 W
Color temperature (K)
3000 K
Color rendering index
80
Average life rate (hours)
-
ROOM INDEX CALCULATION Dimension of Meeting Room (m)
L= L= 5.3 m, W= 6.65 m
Total Floor Area (m2)
35.25m2
Height of Ceiling (m)
4m
Type of Light Fixture
LED Downlight
Luminous Flux of Lighting (F / m)
900 lm
Height of Luminaires (m)
4m
Height of Working Plane
0.74 m
Mounting Height (H / Hm)
3.26 m
IES Standard Illuminance Level for Workshop Space (E)
500 Lux
Room Index, RI (K)
LxW RI= L + W (Hm) 5.3 x 6.65 = 5.3 + 6.65 (3.26) 35.25 = 38.96 RI= 0.905
LUMEN CALCULATION Lux required, IES Standard Illumination (E)
500
Area at Working Plane Height (A, m2)
L= 5.3 m, W= 6.65 m, A= 5.3 x 6.65= 35.25 m2
Luminous Flux (F)
900 lm
Utilization Factor (UF)
C= 0.45 (Plaster), W= 0.15 (Red brick), F= 0.3 (Concrete) 0.42
Maintenance Factor (MF)
0.8 (Standard)
LUMEN CALCULATION Lumen Calculation (N, number of lights)
ExA N= F x MF x UF 500 x 35.25 = 900 x 0.8 x 0.42 17625 = 3780.34 = 4.7 N= 5 Lights
Fitting Layout (Where Smax is maximum spacing, m)
Smax= 1 x Hm Smax= 1 x 3.26 Smax= 3.26 m Distance between lights is not greater than 3.26 m
Lighting Contour Analysis 1.058
1.13
0.84
Switch A
0.91
Switch B Switch C
Light Fitting Spacing Diagram: The reflected ceiling plan of the Wood Frame Workshop shows that proposed light fitting spacing complying to the Sᵐᵃˣ of 3.26 m calculated previously. 25 lamps are installed 1.058, 1.13, 0.84 to 0.91 m apart from each other.
From this diagram, shown that the meeting table area are the most exposed to the artificial lighting as the LED downlight are placed on top of this area.
References
1. 2.
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5.
(n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/light-material-reflecting-factor-d_1842.html Figure 2f from: Irimia R, Gottschling M (2016) Taxonomic revision of Rochefortia Sw. (Ehretiaceae, Boraginales). Biodiversity Data Journal 4: E7720. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e7720. (n.d.). doi:10.3897/bdj.4.e7720.figure2f Philips Lighting. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/indoor-luminaires/suspended/trueline-suspended/910504 097203_EU/product YurtoÄ&#x;lu, N. (2018). Http://www.historystudies.net/dergi//birinci-dunya-savasinda-bir-asayis-sorunu-sebinkarahisar-erm eni-isyani20181092a4a8f.pdf. History Studies International Journal of History,10(7), 241-264. doi:10.9737/hist.2018.658 Philips Lighting. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/support/support/revit-library#page=1&filters=Application Area/Indoor,Luminaire Category/Downlights,