Project 1: Case Study of Building Services in Public Buildings

BUILDING SERVICES BLD 60903 BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS) IN ARCHITECTURE

PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY OF BUILDING SERVICES IN PUBLIC BUILDINGS

GOH JYIA WHEY 0324910 JORDAN TOK WEN XUAN 0327629 KHOO YUNG KEAT 0324688 LIM MEN HORNG 0324530 TAN YANG 0328025 WONG LIENG KAM 0323565 TUTOR: AR SATEERAH

TABLE OF CONTENT

Topic

Page Number

1.0 Abstract

2

2.0 Introduction

3

3.0 Fire Protection System

4 - 43

4.0 Air Conditioning System

44 - 63

5.0 Mechanical Ventilation

64 - 88

6.0 Mechanical Transportation System

89 - 105

7.0 References

106 - 110

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1.0 ABSTRACT This case study expects to upgrade the structural comprehension of how a building works in building administrations.

As to get a handle on a more noteworthy profundity in the comprehension in the task of building administrations, a contextual analysis is directed in (KLK) Kuala Lumpur Kepong Berhad whereby it is a 12-story high building. All through this contextual analysis, it is investigated that the KLK building is contained a few building administrations; which is the mechanical ventilation, fire assurance, cooling and mechanical transportation framework. The Kuala Lumpur Kepong Berhad is picked as a contextual analysis working as it is one of the main development office in Malaysia that started as a plantation company more than 100 years ago, plantations (oil palm and rubber) still lead as KLK’s core business activity. Through various strategic acquisitions and sound management, the Group’s plantation land bank now stands at over 270,000 hectares spread across Malaysia (Peninsular and Sabah), Indonesia (Belitung Island, Sumatra, central and east Kalimantan) and Liberia (Palm Bay and Butaw). , the KLK is a well qualified building that can give us adequate information with respect to our investigation. Information in the following report will be referred to the UBBL (Uniform Building By-Laws 1984); as to comprehend if the building requirements are met by the building services, based on our observance.

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2.0 INTRODUCTION Kuala Lumpur Kepong Berhad (“KLK”), a company incorporated in Malaysia, is listed on the Main Market of Bursa Malaysia Securities Berhad with a market capitalisation of approximately RM 26.5 billion at the end of June 2017.

Started as a plantation company more than 100 years ago, plantations (oil palm and rubber) still lead as KLK’s core business activity. Through various strategic acquisitions and sound management, the Group’s plantation land bank now stands at over 270,000 hectares spread across Malaysia (Peninsular and Sabah), Indonesia (Belitung Island, Sumatra, central and east Kalimantan) and Liberia (Palm Bay and Butaw). With replantings in Sabah and vast new plantings in Indonesia progressively brought into harvesting, the annual crop production is expected to increase rapidly in the years ahead. Processing of the crop is carried out in KLK’s own mills and refineries into crude palm oil, RBD palm olein and stearin, and palm kernel oil and cake.

The Group’s rubber plantations yield a steady annual production of premium SIR/SMR grades and latex concentrate, meeting with the MS ISO 9002 standards.

Since the 1990’s, the Group had diversified into resource-based manufacturing (predominantly oleochemicals) and vertically integrated both its upstream and downstream businesses. Its operations have expanded through joint-ventures and acquisitions in Malaysia, the People’s Republic of China and Europe, allowing the oleochemical division (i.e. KLK OLEO) to venture further downstream into products like methyl ester sulfonate, amines, biodiesel, fine chemicals and surfactants. Nevertheless, KLK OLEO’s primary focus remains the strengthening of its competitive advantage in basic oleochemicals such as fatty acids, glycerine, fatty alcohols and esthers. KLK OLEO’s global presence also facilitates world class standards in support and servicing of its clientele.

The 1990’s also saw the Group capitalising on the strategic location of its land bank in Peninsular Malaysia by branching into property development. Its latest project, the 1000 acres Bandar Seri Coalfields township is located in the vicinity of Sg. Buloh, Selangor and will be developed over the next 10 years. This is in addition to the nearby Desa Coalfields and Sierramas projects which have since been completed.

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FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 3.0 3.0 Fire Protection System 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Active Fire Protection (Overview) 3.3 Fire Detection System 3.3.1 Smoke Detector (Photoelectric) 3.4 Break Glass Fire Alarm System 3.5 Fire Alarm System (Automatic & Manual) 3.5.1 Fire Alarm Control Panel (Automatic) 3.5.2 Conventional Fire Alarm System (Automatic) 3.5.3 Addressable Fire Alarm System (Automatic) 3.5.4 Fire Alarm Bell (Automatic) 3.5.5 Fire Strobe (Automatic) 3.5.6 Fireman Switch (Manual) 3.5.7 Fireman Intercom System (Manual) 3.6 Pump Controlling System 3.6.1 Dry Riser System 3.6.2 Wet Riser System 3.6.2.1 Wet Riser Pump Duty 3.6.2.2 Wet Riser Pump Standby 3.6.2.3 Wet Riser Pump Jockey 3.6.2.4 Control Valve 3.7 Water Tank & Suction Tank 3.8 Automatic Fire Sprinkler System 3.8.1 Wet Pipe Fire Sprinkler System 3.9 Argonite Fire Suppression System 3.10 Carbon Dioxide Suppression System 3.11 Fire Fighting System 3.11.1 Hose Reel System 3.11.2 External Fire Hydrant 3.11.3 Portable Fire Extinguishers 3.12 Passive Fire Protection 3.12.1 Control Room 3.12.2 Lighted “Exit” Signs 3.12.3 Fire Rated Door 3.12.4 Emergency Lighting 3.12.5 Emergency Floor Plan 3.12.6 Fire Staircase 3.12.7 Fire Rated Wall 3.12.8 Emergency Loudspeaker 3.12.9 Smoke Curtain 3.12.10 Fire Evacuation Route 3.13 Conclusion

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3.1 INTRODUCTION Fire is the visible effect of the process of combustion, a special type of chemical reaction. It occurs between oxygen in the air and some sort of fuel. The products from the chemical reaction are completely different from the starting material. Combustion is when fuel reacts with oxygen to release heat energy. Combustion can be slow or fast depending on the amount of oxygen available. Combustion that results in a flame is very fast and is called burning.

Combustion can only occur between gases. The fuel must be heated to its ignition temperature for combustion to occur. The reaction will keep going as long as there is enough heat, fuel and oxygen. This is known as the fire triangle (Figure 3.1).

Figure 3.1 Source: http://sciencelearn.com

A fire protection system is an important component of a building’s safety plan, for spaces with very sensitive and extremely important documents, data, information, or things, maintaining the facilities in accordance with a design-basis that is rooted in laws, including the local building code and fire code, which are enforced by the Authority Having Jurisdiction. Buildings must be constructed in accordance with the version of the building code that is in effect when an application for a building permit is made. Building inspectors check on compliance of a building under construction with the building code. Once construction is complete, a building must be maintained in accordance with the current fire code, which is enforced by the fire prevention officers of a local fire department. Without a fire protection system, the lives of those who are inside the building are placed at a high risk in the event an emergency.

Therefore, active fire protection systems and passive fire protection systems have been designed to help protect the building and its occupants during a fire.

By most standards including the International Fire Service Training Association (IFSTA) there are 4 stages of a fire (Figure 2: Heat Release Rate (HRR)). These stages are incipient, a flame that is still in its beginning stage that can be extinguished or controlled by portable fire fighting equipment; growth, fire that will be affected by the structure of the building and the fuel available, a flashover occurs between the growth and the fully developed stages of fire, a flashover is defined as “the near-simultaneous ignition of most of the directly exposed combustible material in an enclosed area.”; fully developed, phase is where energy release is at its greatest. The temperature will be at its highest point (generally somewhere between 700°-1200°C); and lastly, decay, the final stages of fire, a flame will enter the decay phase after the fully developed flame starts to run out of fuel or oxygen.

Figure 3.2

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3.2 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION Active Fire Protection (AFP) is a group of systems that require some amount of action or motion in order to work efficiently in the event of a fire. Actions may be manually operated, like a fire extinguisher or automatic, like a sprinkler, but either way they require some amount of action. AFP includes fire/smoke alarm systems, sprinkler systems, and fire extinguishers as well as firefighters. Fire/smoke alarm systems are used to detect whether there is fire and/or smoke in a building. Sprinkler systems are used to help slow the growth of the fire. Fire extinguishers and firefighters are used to help put out the fire altogether.

In the following diagram (Figure 3.3) show the progress of how active fire protections are worked and proceeded in Menara KLK:

FIRE DETECTION

SMOKE DETECTION

TRIGGERS

ACTIVE MECHANICAL SYSTEM

CONTROL ROOM

ALARM BELL

PUMP ROOM

WET RISER & DRY RISER

SPRINKLER

PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER

Figure 3.3

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CARBON DIOXIDE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM

3.3 FIRE DETECTION SYSTEM Fire detection and alarm systems are designed to provide warning of the outbreak of fire and allow appropriate fire fighting action to be taken before the situation gets out of control. Property loss can be reduced and downtime for the operation minimized through early detection because control efforts are started while the fire is still small. Therefore, most alarm systems is installed to provide information to emergency responders on the location of the fire, speeding the process of fire control.

According to UBBL 1984 Section 225: Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and with fire alarms together with illuminated signs in accordance with the requirements as specified in Tenth Schedule to these by-laws.

3.3.1 SMOKE DETECTOR .Smoke Detector (Figure 3.4) are designed to identify a fire while in its smoldering or early flame stages, replicating the human sense of smell. The most common smoke detectors are spot type units, that are placed along ceilings or high on walls in a manner similar to spot thermal units. They operate on either an ionization or photoelectric principle, with each type having advantages in different applications.

Analysis: Menara KLK utilises the Photoelectric Smoke Detector to detect smoke of the fire, which is installed on the ceilings at each of every floors.

Figure 3.4

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Figure 3.5: Section View of the Components in an Photoelectric Smoke Detector

According to UBBL 1984 Section 153: (1) (2)

All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.

Lift not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices controlled by light beam or photo-detectors unless incorporated with a force close feature which after thirty seconds of any interruption of the beam causes the door to close within a preset time.

3.4 BREAK GLASS FIRE ALARM SYSTEM Break Glass Fire Alarm System (Figure 3.6) is a type of trigger for Fire Alarm System. It is designed for the purpose of raising when verification of fire or emergency conditions occur. Breaking the glass will trigger the fire alarm therefore alam signal can be raised.

Analysis: In Menara KLK, Breaking Glass Fire Alarm System is located at the emergency staircase exit on each of every floors, where the fire alarm signal is triggered and will be transferred to the control room when fire occurred.

Figure 3.6

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3.5 FIRE ALARM SYSTEM (AUTOMATIC & MANUAL) Fire Alarm System is an important active fire protection system which consists of several devices that working together as a role in alerting and delivering emergencies signals to occupants in a building to take action immediately. Fire alarm system can be categorized as automatic and manual fire alarm system. An automatic fire alarm system is a system that connected with detectors such as smoke detector, heat detector and flame detector as initial sign of fire in a building, then fire alarm system like strobe and alarm bell will be triggered and eventually fire fighting system will be carried out. Where manual fire alarm system will starts from manual pull station and fire intercom system, which these 2 system is required for user to operate the fire alarm system.

Figure 3.7

3.5.1 FIRE ALARM CONTROL PANEL (AUTOMATIC) A Fire Alarm Control Panel (FACP) is the "brain" of the fire detection and alarm system. It is responsible for monitoring the various alarm "input" devices such as manual and automatic detection components, and then activating alarm "output" devices such as horns, bells, warning lights, emergency telephone dialers, and building controls. Control panels may range from simple units with a single input and output zone, to complex computer driven systems that monitor several buildings over an entire campus. the controlling component of a fire alarm system. The fire alarm control panel are classified as either Conventional and Addressable.

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3.5.2 CONVENTIONAL FIRE ALARM SYSTEM (AUTOMATIC) A Conventional System is simplest and the oldest system that uses detectors and manual stations that transmit an alarm signal only. When they are in standby or quiescent state, they do not transmit. The detector communicates with the fire alarm control panel simply by changing state from high impedance to low impedance when smoke is detected.

In the event of a fire, the fire alarm control panel is able to identify which zone contains the detector in alarm, but it’s not able to identify which individual detector or detectors is in an alarm state. The diagram (Figure 3.8) below shows how the Conventional Fire Alarm System works.

Figure 3.8 Source: http://menatworkindia.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Convenstional-fire-Alaerm-SLD-1.png

3.5.3 ADDRESSABLE FIRE ALARM SYSTEM (AUTOMATIC) An Addressable Fire Alarm System is made up of a series of fire detectors and devices that are connected back to a central control panel.

With addressable systems, each device has an address or location, enabling the exact detector that was triggered to be quickly identified. This makes addressable alarm systems ideal for large buildings, particularly commercial premises spread over a wide area. The diagram (Figure 3.9) below shows how the Addressable Fire Alarm System works.

Figure 3.9 Source: http://menatworkindia.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Convenstional-fire-Alaerm-SLD-1.png

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Analysis: The Addressable Fire Alarm System is located at the control room of Menara KLK (Figure 3.10). It controls all of the fire alarm system’s component in the building and will notify the control room if any component is triggered automatically.

Ground Floor Plan Figure 3.10

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3.5.4 FIRE ALARM BELL (AUTOMATIC) Fire Alarm Bell (Figure 3.11) are one of the important component in fire alarm system as the sound generated are usually the initial warnings that make occupants aware of the fire threats in a building. The most common fire alarm system that fire bells connect to are sprinkler systems. Fire Alarm Bells are activated by fire alarm control panel. The alarm bell is a device that creates a loud alert sound. It function by means of an electromagnet, consisting of coils instead of insulated wire wound around iron rods. When electric is present, the current will flow through the coils. The rods will then become magnetic and attract a piece of iron attached to a clapper. Once the clapper hits the bell, it will creates a repetitive loud ringing sound to alert occupants in a building when fire is going on.

Figure 3.11

According to UBBL 1984 Section 237: (1) Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.

(2) All premises and building with gross floor area excluding car park and storage area exceeding 9290 square metres or exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be provided with a two-stage alarm system with evacuation (continuous signal) to be given immediately in the affected section of the premises while an alert (intermittent signal) be given in adjoining section.

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3.5.5 FIRE STROBE (AUTOMATIC) Fire Strobe (Figure 3.12) light is designated to deliver cost-efficient installation time. Usually this light will be provided along with alarm bell to produce visual-audio system to alert the occupants during the fire. There are few choices available in the market, but the most common colours that can be found are red and white. Voltages that usually involved in the operation of this devices are 12 or 24 volts. It Provides light by giving 1 or 2 flashes per second, which creates greater attention compared to constant lighting.

Figure 3.12

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Analysis: Fire strobes used in Menara KLK were in red-green colour. It is located outside of control room at Ground Floor (Figure 3.13) and outside of electric room at Basement 1 (3.14). It is connected along with alarm bell.

Ground Floor Plan Figure 3.13

Basement 1 Floor Plan Figure 3.14

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3.5.6 FIREMAN SWITCH (MANUAL) Fireman Switch (Figure 3.15) is a switch-disconnector or isolator for special applications. The fireman switches are located on the outside wall of buildings. They are designed to by easy to spot and are used by firemen to disconnect power from high voltage devices that may cause danger during fire.

Analysis: In Menara KLK, the fireman’s switch is located every floors at the fire escape staircase. The fireman’s switch will only disconnect the individual floors.

Figure 3.15

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3.5.7 FIREMAN INTERCOM SYSTEM (MANUAL) Fireman Intercom System (Figure 3.16) provides direct communication from master fire control room and Remote Headset (3.17). All remote headset have continuous supervision for any faulty with fast maintenance. Usually remote headset is located at the fire escape staircase and it only has one button which is easy to understand the operation way.

Analysis: Menara KLK has remote headset at the fire escape staircase on every floors which is located nearby the Fireman’s Switch. All the remote headset are connected to the control room at the ground floor. The Control Room (Figure 3.18) will received the fire alarm signal on the control panel and the security can directly inform the fire station on the intercom system.

Figure 3.16

Figure 3.17

Ground Floor Plan Figure 3.18

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3.6 PUMP CONTROLLING SYSTEM The Pump Controlling System (3.19) plays a crucial part in order for a fire fighting system to actually work during a fire breakout. It houses all the pump systems and water storage tanks. The main systems that function through the fire pump are the sprinkler and hose reel system. The fire pumps can be powered by diesel, electronic or steam. Fire pumps are used to boost the water pressure in sprinkler and standpipe systems and to deliver the required amount of water. The pipe supplying water to the hoses are pressurized all the time. 3 pumps supply of water from the tank to the hoses. The pumps are sprinkle pump duty, sprinkle pump standby, and sprinkle pump jockey.

Figure 3.19

3.6.1 DRY RISER A Dry Riser (Figure 3.20) is a normally empty pipe that can be externally connected to a pressurized water source by firefighters. It is a vertical pipe intended to distribute water to multiple levels of a building or structure as a component of the fire suppression systems.

Figure 3.20

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According to UBBL 1984 Section 230: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

(7)

Dry rising systems shall be provided in every building in which the topmost floor is more than 18.3 metres but less than 30.5 metres above fire appliance access level.

A hose connection shall be provided in each fire fighting access lobby.

Dry risers shall be of minimum “Class C� pipes with fittings and connections of sufficient strength to withstand 21 bars water pressure.

Dry risers shall be tested hydrostatically to withstand not less than 14 bars of pressure for two hours in the presence of the Fire Authority before acceptance.

All horizontal runs of the dry rising systems shall be pitched at the rate of 6.35 millimetres in 3.05 metres.

The dry riser shall be not less than 102 millimetres in diameter in buildings in which the highest outlet is 22.875 metres or less above the fire brigade pumping inlet and not less than 152.4 millimetres diameter where the highest outlet is higher than 22.875 metres above the pumping inlet.

102 millimetres diameter dry risers shall be equipped with a two-way pumping inlet and 152.4 millimetres dry risers shall equipped with a four-way pumping inlet.

UBBL 1984 Section 244: (d) Dry / Wet Rising Mains: BS 3980: 1966, BS 5306 Part 1: 1976, BS 750:1964

3.6.2 WET RISER Wet Riser Systems are installed in a buildings for fire fighting purposes by trained personnel and which are permanently charged with water from a pumped source.

According to UBBL 1984 Section 231: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

Wet rising systems shall be provided in every building in which the topmost floor is more than 30.5 metres above fire appliances access level.

A hose connection shall be provided in each fire fighting access lobby.

Wet risers shall be of minimum 152.4 millimetres diameter and shall be hydrostatically tested at a pressure 50% above the working pressure required and not less than 14 bars for at least twenty-four hours.

Each wet riser outlet shall comprise standard 63.5 millimeters instantaneous coupling fitted with a hose of not less than 38.1 millimetres diameter equipped with an approved typed cradle and a variable fog nozzle.

A wet riser shall be provided in every staircase which extends from the ground floor level to the roof and shall be equipped with a three-way 63.5 millimeters outlet above the roofline.

Each stage of the wet riser shall not exceed 61 metres, unless expressly permitted by D.G.F.S. but in no case exceeding 70.15 metres.

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3.6.2.1 DUTY PUMP Duty Pump (Figure 3.2.1)pressurizes the water in the system in order to maintain the system in running order when the pressure pipe goes down. However, in case of a fault where duty pump fails to work, the Standby Pump will be activated automatically.

Figure 3.21

3.6.2.2 STANDBY PUMP Standby Pump (Figure 3.22) functions in the same way as the Duty Pump. When the Duty Pump is under maintenance or stop working, the Standby Pump will act as a backup where it is usually can be controlled by a control panel where it can be switched off manually.

Figure 3.20

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3.6.2.3 JOCKEY PUMP The Jockey Pump usually are connect and work together with a Fire Pump. Therefore, to prevent the Fire Pump from running all the time, Jockey Pump is there to maintain and control a certain amount of pressure by elevating it to a specific level when not in used. The Jockey Pump will also prevent water drainage during a fire emergency when water rushes into the pipe.

Figure 3.21

3.6.2.4 CONTROL VALVE Control Valve (Figure 3.22) is to control the flow of water from the pump, which it is located at the primary water pipe.

Figure 3.22

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3.7 WATER TANK & SUCTION TANK The Water Tank and Suction Tank (Figure 3.23 & Figure 3.24) stores the water which provide by the government SYABAS for all the existing sprinklers and wet risers in the building. The water level indicate the level of water in the water tank to ensure there is enough capacity of water inside ion case for emergency usage. During a fire emergency, when the sprinklers are triggered, water will be transferred from the suction tank to the pumps and the pumps will pressurize the water to all the sprinklers.

Analysis: In Menara KLK, the Water Tank & Suction Tank located at the rooftop (Figure 3.25 [On the Next Page]).

Figure 3.23

Figure 3.24

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Level 11 Floor Plan Figure 3.25

According to UBBL 1984 Section 247: (1) Water storage capacity and water flow rate for fire fighting systems and installations shall be provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.

(2) Main water storage tanks within the building, other than for hose reel systems, shall be located at ground, first or second basement levels, with the fire brigade pumping inlet connections accessible to fire appliances.

(3) Storage tanks for automatic sprinkler installations where full capacity is provided without need for replenishment shall be exempted from the restrictions in their location.

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3.8 FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM Fire Sprinkler System is an active fire protection method which are divided into 2 types: dry pipe sprinkler system and wet pipe sprinkler system, that are installed behind the wall and ceilings, consisting of a water supply system, providing adequate pressure and flowrate to a water distribution piping system, onto which fire sprinklers are connected. It is essentially a valve that when exposed for a sufficient time to a temperature at or above the temperature rating of the heat sensitive element, allowing water to flow from only the affected sprinkler. The operation and subsequent water flow of an automatic fire sprinkler will lead to a drop in pressure within the fire sprinkler system after the alarm valve, which will also activate the alarm pressure switch, which in turn will activate an alarm calling the fire brigade.

3.8.1 WET PIPE SPRINKLER SYSTEM Wet Pipe Sprinkler System (Figure 3.26) is a sprinkler system operates automatic sprinkler heads attached to a piping system containing water and connected to a water supply so that water discharges immediately from sprinklers opened by heat from a fire. This allows for a quick reaction to a fire and is the most common type of sprinkler installed in buildings. Types of building that are using the wet pipe system are high-rise or office building with few floors. This fire sprinkler system is cost efficient and low maintenance.

Figure 3.26

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Analysis: In Menara KLK, Wet Pipe Fire Sprinkler System is located at each of every floors, where a temperature at or reaches above the temperature rating of the heat sensitive element, lead to a drop in pressure within the fire sprinkler system after the alarm valve, which will also activate the alarm pressure switch, which in turn will activate an alarm calling the fire brigade.

The diagram below shows the operation (Figure 3.27) and component (Figure 3.28) of Wet Pipe Fire Sprinkler is activated.

Figure 3.27 Source:https://www.nfpa.org/Public-Education/Campaigns/Fire-Sprinkler-Initiative/Take-actio n/Free-downloads/How-sprinklers-work

Figure 3.28 Source: http://www.lumarfireprotection.com/fire-sprinkler-installation-toronto/how-do-fire-sprinklers-work/

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According to UBBL 1984 Section 244: (1) All fire fighting installations and appliances shall conform to the current edition of the following standards: (f) Automatic Sprinklers: FOC: Rules 29th Edition: 1973 UBBL 1984 Section 226: (1) Where hazardous processes, storage or occupancy are of such character as to require automatic sprinklers or other automatic extinguishing system, it shall be a type and standard appropriate to extinguish fires in the hazardous materials stored or handled or for the safety of the occupants.

UBBL 1984 Section 228: (1) Sprinklers valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior wall and shall be readily accessible to the Fire Authority.

(2) All sprinkler systems shall be electricity connected to the nearest fire station to provide immediate and automatic relay of the alarm when activated.

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3.9 ARGONITE FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM Argonite Fire Suppression System (Figure 3.29) monitoring the space, activates both visual and audio alarms before releasing the gas. It is based in the principle of reducing the oxygen concentration inside the protected hazard. The oxygen concentration is minimized by the application of Argonite until it reaches a level where combustion is no longer supported. Each system is designed so as to decrease oxygen to a specific level.

Analysis: In Menara KLK, such system is provided at the Control Rooms, which is located at the ground floor (Figure 3.30)

Figure 3.29

Ground Floor Plan Figure 3.30

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3.10 CARBON DIOXIDE FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM Carbon Dioxide Fire Suppression System (Figure 3.31) monitoring the space, activates both visual and audio alarms before releasing the gas. It is based in the principle of reducing the oxygen concentration inside the protected hazard.

The oxygen concentration is minimized by the application of Carbon Dioxide until it reaches a level where combustion is no longer supported. Each system is designed so as to decrease oxygen to a specific level.

Analysis: In Menara KLK, such system is provided at the electric room and mechanic room that consist of electrical apparatus, which is located at the basement 1 (Figure 3.32)

Figure 3.31

Basement 1 Floor Plan Figure 3.32

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3.11 FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM Fire Fighting System is a system of equipment used to prevent, extinguish, localize, or block fires in enclosed spaces.

Automatic fire-fighting systems are installed in buildings and rooms where the fire hazard is comparatively high.

3.11.1 FIRE HOSE REEL SYSTEM Fire Hose Reel System (Figure 3.33) is intended for the occupant to use during the early stages of a fire. Fire hose reel systems consist of pumps, pipes, water supply and hose reels located strategically in a building to provide a reasonably accessible and controlled supply of water for fire extinguishing. Fire hose reel is the part which can be easily accessible, therefore it should be properly housed in glass fronted cabinet secured under lock and key.

Figure 3.33 Source: https://firefighting.com.my/category/hose-reel

Hose Reel

Hose Reel Tank

Duty Pump

Standby Pump

Figure 3.34 Source: http://fsaseq.com.au/products/hoses/

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According to UBBL 1984 Section 244: (1) All fire fighting installations and appliances shall conform to the current edition of the following standards: (b) Hydraulic Hose Reels: BS 5306 Part 1: 1976

3.11.2 EXTERNAL FIRE HYDRANT Fire Hydrant (Figure 3.35) installation consists of a system of pipework connected directly to the water supply mains to provide water to each and every hydrant outlet and is intended to provide water to the firemen for firefighting. The water is discharged into the fire engine from which it is then pumped and sprayed over the fire. When the water supply is not reliable or inadequate, hydrant pumps should be provided to pressurise the fire mains. Hydrant pumps draw water from the water storage tank and two sets of pumps, one on duty and the on standby are provided.

Figure 3.35

Analysis: In this case study, the distance between the fire hydrant and the building is around 51m. It is located at the southeastern part of the outdoor car park (Figure 3.36) of Menara KLK.

Site Plan Figure 3.36

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According to UBBL 1984 Section 244: (1) All fire fighting installations and appliances shall conform to the current edition of the following standards: (a) Fire Hydrant: BS 750:1977 and BS CP 402.101;1952 UBBL 1984 Section 225: Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5 metres from the nearest point of fire brigade access.

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3.11.3 PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER Portable Fire Extinguisher (Figure 3.37) are elementary fire fighting equipment intended for first-aid fire fighting during the initial outbreak of fire incident to prevent escalation into a full scale fire because they are not supposed to be used against a large scale fire.

UBBL 1984 Section 227: Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of practice and shall be sited in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all directions and similar extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of operation.

Figure 3.37 Source: https://baxcha.com/detail.aspx?id=726&MapID=4

Figure 3.38 Source: https://baxcha.com/detail.aspx?id=726&MapID=4

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Figure 3.39 Source: https://baxcha.com/detail.aspx?id=726&MapID=4

Figure 3.40 Source: http://www.argusfire.co.nz/services/extinguishers-hose-reels.aspx

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3.12 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM Passive Fire Protection (PFP) is a group of systems that compartmentalize a building through the use of fire-resistance rated walls/floors. Compartmentalizing your building into smaller sections helps to slow or prevent the spread of fire/smoke from one room to the next. PFP helps to limit the amount of damage done to a building and provides its occupants more time for evacuation. PFP includes fire/smoke dampers, fire doors, and fire walls/floors. Dampers are used to prevent the spread of fire/smoke throughout the building through its ductwork. Fire doors help to compartmentalize a building. Firestopping helps to separate the building into compartments. Photoluminescent egress path markers help light the way to safety.

Analysis: In Menara KLK has an excellent Passive Fire Protection System. Below are the component we found during our site visit and researched throughout case study.

3.12.1 CONTROL ROOM The Control Room (Figure 3.41) is to contact the nearest fire department if there is a fire, they will trigger alarm to warn occupants of the building to evacuate to safety.

Figure 3.41

According to UBBL 1984 Section 238: Every large premises or building exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be provided with a command and control centre located on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to monitor the public address, fire brigade communication, sprinkler, waterflow detectors, fire detection and alarm systems and with a direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire station by-passing the switchboard.

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Ground Floor Plan Figure 3.42

Analysis: The Control Room in Menara KLK is located at Ground Floor (Figure 3.42) near the podium. It is integrated with security alarm, CCTV, mechanical ventilation, mechanic transportation and air conditioning system.

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3.12.2 LIGHTED EXIT SIGN An Lighted “Keluar / Exit” Sign (Figure 3.43) is a device in a public facility denoting the location of the emergency exit, guiding people to the closest exit in case of fire or other emergency.

Analysis: In Menara KLK has an excellent Passive Fire Protection System. Below are the component we found during our site visit and researched throughout case study.

Figure 3.43

According to UBBL 1984 Section 172: (1) (2) (3)

(4) (5)

Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and shall not be obscured by any decorations, furnishings or other equipment A sign reading “KELUAR” with an arrow indicating the direction shall be placed in every location where the direction of travel to reach the nearest exit is not immediately apparent.

Every exit sign shall have the word “KELUAR” in plainly legible letters not less than 150 millimeters high with the principle strokes of the letters not less than 18 millimeters wide. The lettering shall be in red against a black background.

All exit signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy.

Illuminated signs shall be provided with two electric lamps of not less than fifteen watts each.

Analysis: In Menara KLK, lighted ‘Keluar / Exit’ signs are installed on top of every door frames at every floor exits.

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3.12.3 FIRE RATED DOOR A Fire Door (Figure 3.43) with a fire-resistance rating to reduce the spread of fire and smoke between separate compartments of a building.

Analysis: The doors used in Menara KLK are fire rated door.

Figure 3.44

3.12.4 EMERGENCY LIGHTING

Emergency Lighting (Figure 3.45) is normally required to operate fully automatically and give illumination of a sufficiently high level to enable all occupants to evacuate the premises safely.

Figure 3.45

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According to UBBL 1984 Section 162: (1) (2) (3)

(4) (5)

Fire door of the appropriate FRP shall be provided.

Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a fire door having a FRP in accordance with the requirements for that wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws.

Openings in protecting structures shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of not less than half the requirement for the surrounding wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws but in no case less than half hour.

Openings in partitions enclosing a protected corridor or lobby shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of half hour.

Fire doors including frames shall be constructed to a specification which can be shown to meet the requirements for the relevant FRP when tested in accordance with section 3 of BS 476:1951.

UBBL 1984 Section 164: All fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers of the hydraulically spring operated type in the case of swing doors and of wire rope and weight type in the case of sliding doors.

3.12.5 EMERGENCY FLOOR PLAN

Emergency Floor Plans (Figure 3.46) are found on the wall at the entrance of lifts on every floors. The floor plan stated that mechanical transportation systems such as lifts cannot be used during fire due to risk of power failure and occupants get trapped inside the lift. The yellow area indicates escape routes and grey area indicates fire exit staircase. The floor plan also indicates the location of fire extinguisher and break glass system.

Figure 3.46

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3.12.6 FIRE STAIRCASE Fire Staircases are vertical escape component of evacuation route, easily accessible from the inside and outside of the building. It is designed for emergency escapes while also allowing firemen to enter the building in an event of fire, it is often wide enough to allow for safe and quick escape.

Analysis: In Menara KLK, 2 fire staircases can be found near the toilet and another one located at northern part of the building (Figure 3.47).

Ground Floor Plan Figure 3.47

According to UBBL 1984 Section 168: (1) (2)

(3) (4) (5)

Except as provided for in by-law 194 every upper floor shall have means of egress via at least two separate staircase.

Staircases shall be of such width that in the event of any one staircase not being available for escape purposes the remaining staircases shall accommodate the highest occupancy load of any one floor discharging into it calculated in accordance with provisions in the seventh schedule to these By-laws.

The required width of a staircase shall be the clear width between walls but handrails may be permitted to encroach on this width to a maximum of 75 millimetres.

The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length including at landings.

Doors giving access to staircases shall be so positioned that their swing shall at no point encroach on the required width of the staircase or landing.

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3.12.7 FIRE RATED WALL Fire Rated Wall can be divided into 2 types.

1. Fire Rated Wall Fire Rated Wall (Figure 3.48) is built to prevent the spread of fire from one side of the building to the next. It extends from below the floor to above the roof line to provide structural support.

2. Fire Barrier Wall / Fire Partition It is built to prevent the spread of fire from one side of the building to the next. But it doesn’t extend from below the floor to above the roof line, so it doesn’t provide structural support.

Analysis: In Menara KLK, firewall is used for the whole building and it can provide up to 1 hour fire resistance.

Figure 3.48

According to UBBL 1984 Section 138: The following walls and floors in buildings shall be constructed as compartment walls or compartment floors: (c) Any wall or floor separating part of a building from any other part of the same building which is used or intended to be used mainly for a purpose falling within a different purpose group as set out in the Fifth Schedule to these By-laws.= UBBL 1984 Section 148 Any compartment wall or compartment floor which is required by these By-laws to have FRP of one hour or more shall be constructed wholly of non-combustible materials and, apart from any ceiling, the required FRP of the wall or floor shall be obtained without assistance from any non-combustible material.

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3.12.8 EMERGENCY LOUDSPEAKER Emergency Loudspeaker (Figure 3.49) offers emergency voice communication and tone to warn people when fire occur.

Analysis: It is installed at each floor, but is hidden for the aesthetic purpose.

Figure 3.49

3.12.9 SMOKE CURTAIN The Automatic Smoke Curtain (Figure 3.50) protects against the threat of fire, smoke and hot gases in the event of a fire. It consists of fire resistant fabric curtain mounted on a steel roller and powered by an internal, electric, tubular geared motor. All working parts are totally enclosed and protected within the steel roller. The complete system is tested for true fire resistance, and controlled gravity fail-safe on total power failure which is not reliant on secondary power supply.

Analysis: In Menara KLK, smoke curtain is installed in the utility rooms (Figure 3.51 [On the Next Page]). Each mechanical ventilation in the utility room has its own smoke curtain to prevent smoke coming in. The smoke curtain is triggered automatically if the alarm rang, the string that holds the smoke will be cut off and it will cover the mechanical ventilation.

Figure 3.50

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According to UBBL 1984 Section 161: Any fire stop required by the provisions of this Part shall be so formed and positioned as to prevent or retard the passage of flame.

Figure 3.51

3.12.10 FIRE EVACUATION ROUTE Fire Evacuation Route (Figure 3.52) is a way to get out of the building if there is fire or other emergency.

Analysis: There are 2 exits in Menara KLK, 1 is the main entrance and another one is at the second drop off point to allow occupants to escape the building as fast as possible and prevent the circulation is congested. There are 2 fire staircase which will leads them to the nearest exit.

Ground Floor Plan Figure 3.52

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According to UBBL 1984 Section 169: No exit route may reduce in width along its path of travel from the storey exit to the final exit.

UBBL 1984 Section 178: In building classified as institutional or places of assembly, exits to a street or large open space, together with staircases, corridors and passages leading to such exits shall be located, separated or protected as to avoid any undue danger to the occupants of the place of assembly from fire originating in the other occupancy or smoke therefrom.

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3.13 CONCLUSION In conclusion, after 2 site visits and overall studies, we concluded that the fire protection system in Menara KLK is complete and fully in operation. The architect of the building follow UBBL (Part VII - Fire Requirements) in terms of designing the passive fire protection system. The mechanical and management team of Menara KLK also did well by ensuring the fire protection system always operation in the building.

To summarize, the building is well equipped with fire fighting and alarm systems such as alarm bell, fire extinguisher, fire hydrant, dry riser system and break glass system. There are 2 fire staircases in the building where it directs the occupants to the nearest exit when emergency occurs. Fire rated wall were used for the whole building which can slow down the fire from spreading throughout the whole building and fire rated door is used for every doors in the building.

The control room also well equipped with fire control panel which can be activated automatically. Allow the securities to know which alarm is triggered and immediately alert the occupants in the building during any emergencies. The fire control panel is maintained once a month by the mechanics from the fire station to ensure that the system operated well all the time. Fire intercom system is well prepared in the building. There is a remote headset at every floors which is located at the fire staircase. Occupants can directly inform their location through the remote headset and from the control room, the security can directly inform the nearest fire station when fire occur.

Service room such as genset room, electric room and control room constituting high risk of fire which are well equipped with heavy fire protection systems and protected by fire rated wall and door. Rooms like genset room and electric room are installed with carbon dioxide suppression system whereas the control room is installed with argonite suppression system which can puts out the fire immediately.

From our analysis, we can conclude that the fire protection system in Menara KLK meets the requirements from the UBBL law. This can be proven by no report or history about fire happened in the building since its opening.

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AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM 4.0

4.1 Introduction 4.2 Operating Principles of Air Cooling 4.3 Refrigeration Cycle 4.3.1 Component of Refrigeration Cycle 4.3.1.1 Compressor 4.3.1.2 Condenser 4.3.1.3 Expansion Valve 4.3.1.4 Evaporator 4.4 Air Cycle 4.4.1 Component of Air Cycle 4.4.2 Air Filter 4.4.3 Roller Fan 4.4.4.Ductwork 4.5 Types of Air Conditioning System 4.5.1 Window Air Conditioning System 4.5.2 Packaged Air Conditioning System 4.5.3 Split Air Conditioning System (Indoor Unit / Outdoor Unit) 4.5.3.1 Indoor Unit 4.5.3.2 Outdoor Unit 4.5.4 Centralized Air Conditioning System 4.5.4.1 Air Handling Units (AHU) 4.5.4.2 Types of Air Handling 4.5.4.3 Component of Air Handling Unit 4.5.4.4 Operation of Air Handling 4.5.4.5 Fan Coil Unit (FCU) 4.5.4.6 Types of Fan Unit 4.5.4.7 Component of Fan Unit 4.5.4.8 Operation of Fan Unit 4.5.4.9 Water Chiller System 4.5.4.10 Component of Water Chiller System 4.5.4.11 Operation of Water Chiller System 4.5.4.12 Ductwork 4.6 Conclusion

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4.1 INTRODUCTION Air conditioning is used throughout the world to counter the negative effects caused by humidity and heat. It provides air cleanliness and air movement & heat radiation with mechanical means, to achieve human thermal comfort.

4.2 OPERATION PRINCIPLES OF AIR COOLING Air conditioner system works as a removal of heat from the air inside a room and releasing the collected heat to the air outdoors. Its purpose is to ensure that a building is achieved thermal comfort through efficient methodology by using air conditioning. Air conditioning systems are made up of two cycle which is the Refrigeration Cycle and Air Cycle.

Figure 4.1 Source: http://mydailyalerts.com/working-air-conditioner-air-conditioner-work

4.3 REFRIGERATOR CYCLE A process to remove heat from one place to another.Heat inside a room is transferred through the evaporator and removed to the outside air through a condenser.

Figure 4.2 Source: https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-images-basic-refrigeration-cycle-image26303864

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4.3.1 COMPONENT OF REFRIGERATOR CYCLE 4.3.1.1 COMPRESSOR Compressor (Figure 4.3) compresses the refrigerant vapor from the evaporator and pumps the refrigerant throughout the system. Refrigerant vapor enters the compressor through the suction valve and fills the cylinder. This refrigerant is cool but it absorbs heat in the evaporator. Most of this heat is absorbed while it was changing state from liquid to a vapor. The compressor compresses this vapor, causing it to become very warm, as high as 200°F, and pumps it to the condenser.

Figure 4.3 Source: https://macsworldwide.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/4swobbleplate.jpg

4.3.1.2 CONDENSER Condensers (Figure 4.4) reject heat absorbed by the evaporator. The refrigerant changes from a vapor to a liquid in the condenser. While this change of state is taking place, a great amount of heat is rejected.

Figure 4.4 Source:https://macsworldwide.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/4swobbleplate.jpg

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4.3.1.3 EXPANSION VALVE Expansion Valve (Figure 4.5) is a valve or small fixed-size tubing or orifice that meters liquid refrigerant into the evaporator.

Figure 4.5 Source: https://www.takvim.pw/thermal-expansion-valve-working-principle.html

4.3.1.4 EVAPORATOR Evaporator (Figure 4.6) is to provide a heat-absorbing surface. A coil of pipe where the refrigerant inside it is vaporizing and absorbing heat. The air blown over the surface of this pipe is cooled.

Figure 4.6 Source: https://macsworldwide.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/4swobbleplate.jpg

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4.4 AIR CYCLE Air Cycle (Figure 4.7) is a process to distribute treated air into the room that needs to be conditioned. Latent heat inside the room is removed when the return air is absorbed by the evaporator. The medium to absorb the heat can be either air or water. Distributed of air can be either through ducts or chilled water pipes. Heat inside the room is removed and slowly the internal air becomes cooler. The diagram below shows the process of Air Cycle.

Figure 4.7

4.4.1 COMPONENT OF AIR CYCLE Air Handling Unit (AHU) (Figure 4.8) is functioned for heating, cooling, humidifying, dehumidifying, filtering and distributing air. It also recycles some of the returned air from the room.

Figure 4.8 https://macsworldwide.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/4swobbleplate.jpg

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4.4.2 AIR FILTER Air Filter (Figure 4.9) is used to clean the air and reduce the quantity of dust released into the room.

Figure 4.9 Source: http://controltech.biz/what-kind-of-furnace-air-filter-do-i-need-and-how-often-should-i-change-it/

4.4.3 BLOWER FAN Blower Fan (Figure 4.10) is to propel air for distribution. Centrifugal fan is commonly used in Air Handling Unit (AHU) as it can move a small or large quantity of air efficiently. Propeller fan is used especially to remove heat from the condenser.

Figure 4.10 Source: http://airhandlingunitfukanse.blogspot.my/2017/06/air-handling-unit-cost-per-cfm.html

4.4.4 DUCTWORK & DIFFUSERS The function of blower fan is to propel air for distribution. Centrifugal fan is commonly used in Air Handling Unit (AHU) as it can move a small or large quantity of air efficiently. Propeller fan is used especially to remove heat from the condenser.

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4.5 TYPES OF AIR CONDITIONING There are several types of air conditioning system is used in removing heat and moisture from the interior of an occupied space, to improve the comfort of occupants. The types of air conditioning system is divided into 4 types, which are the window air conditioning system, packaged air conditioning system, split air conditioning system and centralised air conditioning system where it is used by Menara KLK.

4.5.1 WINDOW AIR CONDITIONING Window Air Conditioning (Figure 4.11) is the simplest form of air conditioning system and suitable only for a small room, usually installed at window openings or wall that can be divided into 2 compartments which are the indoor unit and the outdoor unit separated by an insulated partition. The various parts of the air conditioning can be divided into 3, which are the refrigeration components, comprises the compressor, condenser, expansion valve and the evaporator (cooling coil); air circulation & ventilation components, comprises the blower, propeller fan / condenser fan, fan motor and control system components, which consists of 3 important parameters which can be controlled in room air temperature by regulating the thermostat, chilled air flow rate by changing the speed of the blower motor and direction of the air flow by changing the direction of the vertical & horizontal louvers at the front panel.

Figure 4.11 Source: http://www.lg.com/us/air-conditioners/lg-LW8016HR

4.5.2 PACKAGED AIR CONDITIONING Packaged Air Conditioning (Figure 4.12 [On the Next Page]) is similar to room air conditioner but in a much larger size with fixed rate capacities (in tons) that are used for medium size buildings or rooms such as halls, large restaurants, etc. All the important components are enclosed in a single casing which are divided into two types, ducted and ductless. The equipment can be installed at the rooftop, on the ground, and inside a ceiling or crawl space but required ducting for the distribution of the conditioned air.

There are 2 methods of removing the indoor heat in the larger packaged unit, which are the air-cooled and water-cooled. Air-cooled, where indoor heat is removed by the outdoor air. Equipment are located outside the building adjacent to the room to be air conditioned or on the rooftop for easy flow of air. Water-cooled, where indoor heat is removed by continuous supply of water (from cooling tower, etc.) Basic refrigeration components are built into a compact indoor unit. For ducted type, the duct comes out from the top of the unit that extends to the various rooms that are to be cooled.

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Figure 4.12 Source: https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/package-air-conditioner-16495769512.html

4.5.3 SPLIT AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (INDOOR UNIT / OUTDOOR UNIT) Split Air Conditioning (Figure 4.13) is the most popular type of air conditioning nowadays where it has a silent operation, elegant looks and do not need to make a hole in the wall. It consists of two units which are an outdoor unit (condenser) and one or several indoor units (evaporator/AHU) connected by copper tubing.

4.5.3.1 INDOOR UNIT Indoor Unit produces the cooling effect inside the room which contains the evaporator (cooling coil), blower fan, supply air louvers, air filter, return air grille, drain pipe & control panel. The blower draws in the warm room air and it passes over the filter and the evaporator which leads to the cooling of the air and the process continues This air is then blown to the room where the cooling effect is produced. Indoor unit of the direction of air flow can be controlled by the horizontal and vertical louvers.

4.5.3.2 OUTDOOR UNIT Sufficient flow of air is required around it to remove heat from compressor and condenser which contains the important parts of the split air conditioning such as compressor, condenser, expansion valve etc. The condenser is covered with aluminum fins so that the heat from the refrigerant can be removed at faster rate outdoor unit. A propeller fan draws in the surrounding air and blows it over the compressor and condenser thus cooling them.

Figure 4.13 Source: http://www.lg.com/us/air-conditioners/lg-LW8016HR

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4.5.4 CENTRALISED AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM Centralised Air Conditioning is a system in which air is cooled at a central location and distributed to and from rooms by one or more fans and ductwork. The work of the air conditioner compressor is what makes the whole process of air conditioning possible. The compression of the refrigerant gas enables it to discharge heat out of the house, which is how the cool air is created.

Analysis: Centralised air conditioning systems are used at every floors in Menara KLK.

4.5.4.1 AIR HANDLING UNIT (AHU) An air handling unit (AHU) (Figure 4.14) is a device used to regulate and circulate air as part of the heating, ventilation and air conditioning system. The AHU takes in outside air, reconditions (filtered and either heated or cooled) it and supplies it as fresh air to the air conditioned room.

Analysis: Menara KLK provides 2 rooms for AHU, which are located at the ground floor (Figure 4.15).

Ground Floor Plan Figure 4.15 Figure 4.14

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4.5.4.2 TYPES OF AIR HANDLING Air handling units are divided into 2 types: 1. Draw-Through Type In the Draw-Through Type (Figure 4.16), the fan pulls the air through the mixing box, filters and cooling coil before discharging it from the fan outlet to the space to be conditioned or to the ducting network. The design can be vertical or horizontal. In this case, the section before the fan has negative pressure.

2. Blow-Through Type In the Blow-Through Type (Figure 4.17), the fan blows the air through the mixing box, filters and cooling coil before discharging them to the space being conditioned or the ducting system. In this case, the section after the fan has positive pressure.

Figure 4.16

Figure 4.17 Source: http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=0&sid=ab25e630-9e9d-4682-ae18-d911dd634577%40sessionmgr103

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4.5.4.3 COMPONENTS OF AIR HANDLING UNIT 1. Housing The housing that contains all the other components of an AHU is usually make of metal, some are painted to prevent corrosion.

2. Fan Centrifugal fan is used to circulate the air to the various parts of the sections in the building. The selection of the fan will depend on the air volume and the static pressure required of the system. In order to reduce the effect of vibration on the panel, the motor and the fan are usually installed on the vibration isolator except when the drive assembly is external to the fan casing.

3. Cooling Coil Cooling Coils are used and arranged in rows with different fin spacing to cool and dehumidify the air. Both direct expansion cooling and chilled water cooling coils are available for use depending on the system design.

4. Filter Filters are used to remove particles and contaminants of various sizes from the air. It can be divided into 3 types which are Panel filters, HEPA filters and Electrostatic Filter. The type of air filter being used will very much depend on the application of the system.

5. Humidifier The humidity of the air is increased by using the humidifiers. The commonly used humidifiers are Spray type, Steam Pan type, Steam Grid type.

6. Mixing Box This box has air inlets that is attached to the dampers. This is the place where the outside air and the return air are mixed to provide the correct proportion of air to be distributed to the space that is to be conditioned.

7. Vibration Isolator The blowers in an air handler can create substantial vibration and the large area of the duct system would transmit this noise and vibration to the occupants of the building. By inserting vibration isolators into the duct, between the fan compartment and the rest of the AHU to avoid this.

The fan compartment can be further isolated by placing it on a spring suspension, which will mitigate the transfer of vibration through the floor.

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4.5.4.4 OPERATION OF AIR HANDLING The basic function of the AHU (Figure 4.18) is take in outside air, condition it and supply fresh air to a building. All exhaust air is discharged, which secures an acceptable indoor air quality. Depending on the required temperature of the conditioned air, the fresh air is either heated by a recovery unit or heating coil, or cooled by a cooling coil.

In buildings, where the hygienic requirements for air quality are lower, some of the air from the rooms can be re-circulated by a mixing chamber, and result in significant energy savings. A mixing chamber has dampers for controlling the ratio between the return, outside, and exhaust air

Figure 4.18

4.5.4.5 FAN COIL UNIT A Fan Coil Unit (FCU) (Figure 4.19) is a simple device consisting of a heating and/or cooling heat exchanger or 'coil' and fan. It is part of an HVAC system found in residential, commercial, and industrial buildings. A fan coil unit is a diverse device sometimes using ductwork.

A FCU contains a fan which draws the air in a space into the unit then blows it over a cooling or heating coil. The air comes out of the FCU either cooler or hotter than before. They are used in some office buildings and shopping centres and typically specified where there are multiple small spaces requiring individual control.

FCUs are found as a secondary HVAC system in most building types but are less common as a primary HVAC system type, except in shopping centres and smaller offices.

Figure 4.19

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4.5.4.6 TYPES OF FAN UNIT

Fan coil units are divided into 2 types.

1. Two-pipe fan coil units (Figure 4.20): The 2 pipe system consists of a single water coil connected to two pipes (supply and return) and one valvle that can serve as either chill water coil or hot water coil depending on the mode of the system. This type of fan coil cannot cool and heat at the same time and is dependent of the actual mode of the building.

The 2 pipe fan coil requires a changeover sensor, usually a strap-on temperature sensor installed on the water supply, to determine the mode of the system.

2. Four-pipe fan coil units (Figure 4.21): The 4 pipe system consists of two separate cooling and heating water coils. Each coil has its own dedicated set of pipes (supply and return) and valve. This type of fan coil can cool and heat at the same time and is not dependant of the actual mode of the building. Contrarely to the 2 pipe system, the 4 pipe fan coil does not require a changeover sensor since both hot and chill water is available.

Figure 4.20

Figure 4.21

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4.5.4.7 COMPONENT OF FAN UNIT 1. Fan Centrifugal fans are used because of their compact size and lower level. The fan wheels are made of aluminium or galvanised steel, in most cases fan housings are die-formed with integral scrolls and inlets.

2. Fan Motor Fan motor is an electrical component that provides function to turn the blade.

3. Coil Coils are made from copper tubes and aluminium fans. There is one coil for both cooling and heating. Manual air vents are installed to prevent the formation of air pockets inside the water circuit.

4. Filters Due to easy-cleaning and replacing periodically, low efficiency low pressure drop permanent filters are used.

5. Drain Pan The drain pan ensures the condensing water going smoothly to the lowest drainage outlet point to be drained out.

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4.5.4.8 OPERATION OF FAN UNIT Fan Coil Units (4.22) circulate hot or cold water through a coil in order to condition a space. The unit gets its hot or cold water from a central plant, or mechanical room containing equipment for removing heat from the central building’s closed-loop. Then equipment used can consist of machines used to remove heat such as chiller or cooling tower and equipment for adding heat to the building’s water such as a boiler or a commercial water heater.

Figure 4.22

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4.5.4.9 WATER CHILLER SYSTEM The Water Cooled Chiller System (Figure 4.23) is a mechanical product used to enhance exchange of heat from the water to refrigeration system in the closed loop system. Water cooled chiller system is quite different from the normal air conditioning systems which pump a refrigerant through the air handler for cooling the air. The extent at which the chiller cools water mainly depends on the temperature outside, the relative humidity level in the air and atmospheric pressure.

Analysis: In Menara KLK, Water Cooled Chiller Room is at the rooftop (Figure 4.24) and it controls the temperature of building.

Figure 4.23

c

Level 11 Floor Plan Figure 4.24

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4.5.4.10 COMPONENT OF WATER CHILLER SYSTEM Cooling Towers In Cooling Tower (Figure 4.25). the condenser water transfers the unwanted heat load removed by the chiller and the chiller’s compressor work (heat of compression) to the cooling towers. These towers come in several common types: forced or induced draft and counterflow or crossflow.

Analysis: In Menara KLK, the Cooling Tower is located at the rooftop (Figure 4.26) because when it is working it will produce hot and humid exhaust air. Besides, because it is noisy when it works.

Figure 4.25

c c

Level 11 Floor Plan Figure 4.26

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Condenser Water Pumps Condenser Water Pumps (Figure 4.27) circulate the cooling water between the chiller water cooled condenser and cooling tower.

Analysis: In Menara KLK, there is a room for condenser water pumps at the rooftop.

Figure 4.27

c

c

Level 11 Floor Plan Figure 4.28

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4.5.4.11 OPERATION OF WATER CHILLER SYSTEM The cycle begins in the evaporator where a liquid refrigerant flows over the evaporator tube bundle and evaporates, absorbing heat from the chilled water circulating through the bundle.

The refrigerant vapor is drawn out of the evaporator by the compressor. The compressor then “pumps� the refrigerant vapor to the condenser raising its pressure and temperature. The refrigerant condenses on or in the condenser tubes, giving up its heat to the cooling water.

The high pressure liquid refrigerant from the condenser then passes through the expansion device that reduces the refrigerant pressure and temperature as it enters the evaporator. The refrigerant again flows over the chilled water coils absorbing more heat and completing the cycle.

4.5.4.12 DUCTWORK Ductwork (Figure 29) is the system of ducts that run throughout the space to deliver cold air via your air conditioner.

This helps complete the circulation of air throughout your space and ensures acceptable indoor quality as well as thermal comfort.

Analysis: It is built to connect every system, thus it is hidden at public or exposed at back corridor.

c c

Figure 4.29

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4.6 CONCLUSION In conclusion, after 2 site visits at Menara KLK and overall studies, we concluded that the air conditioning system used at there are well designed. It uses centralised air conditioning system to provide cool air and maintain the thermal comfort of the building.

Air handling unit (AHU) is used in Menara KLK, it regulates and circulates air as part of heating, ventilation and air conditioning system. Menara KLK provides 2 rooms which are located at the ground floor to take in outside air, recondition it and supply it as fresh air to the air conditioned room.

In Menara KLK, it provides a room at rooftop for water cooled chiller system to enhance exchange of heat from the water to refrigeration system. Besides, it also provides a room at rooftop for condenser water pumps to circulate the cooling water between the chiller water cooled condenser and cooling tower.

In Menara KLK, cooling towers are located at the rooftop as a specialized heat exchanger to enhance the air quality.

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MECHANICAL VENTILATION 5.0 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Concept of ventilation system 5.2.1 Elements of basic ventilation system 5.2.2 Function of ventilation system 5.3 Type of mechanical ventilation system 5.3.1 Supply ventilation system 5.3.1.1 Advantage of supply ventilation system 5.3.2 Exhaust ventilation system 5.2.2.1 Advantages of exhaust ventilation system 5.3.3 Combined ventilation system 5.2.3.1 Advantages of combine ventilation system 5.4 Importance of mechanical ventilation 5.5 Components of mechanical ventilation system 5.5.1 Fan 5.5.1.1 Purpose of fan 5.5.1.2 Propeller 5.5.1.3 Axial 5.5.1.4 Centrifugal 5.5.2 Filters 5.5.2.1 Types of filter 5.5.2.2 Dry filter 5.5.2.3 Viscous filter 5.5.2.4 Electrostatic filter 5.5.2.5 Activated carbon filter 5.5.3 Ductwork 5.5.4 Damper 5.5.5 Diffuser 5.6 Location of mechanical exhaust and supply ventilation in KLK 5.7 Operating system of exhaust fan 5.8 Components of exhaust fan in KLK 5.8.1 Exhaust fan 5.8.2 Axial fan 5.9 Smoke extraction system 5.9.1 Components of smoke ventilation system in KLK 5.9.1.1 Stair pressurization fan 5.9.1.2 Fire dampers 5.9.1.2.1 Dynamic fire damper 5.9.1.2.2 Static fire damper 5.10 Smoke extraction system 5.10.1 Vents 5.10.2 Ductwork 5.10.3 Diffuser 5.10.3.1 Square air diffuser 5.10.3.2 Single grill air outlet

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5.1 INTRODUCTION Mechanical Ventilation is a ventilation system that uses powered fans or blowers to provide fresh air to rooms when the natural forces of air pressure and gravity are not enough to circulate air through a building. Mechanical ventilation is used to control indoor air quality, excess humidity, odours, and contaminants can often be controlled via dilution or replacement with outside air. Mechanical ventilation also takes charge of operation of replacing outside air and circulating in an enclosed space utilizing mechanical devices; as opposed to depending on regular wind current. Indoor air is pulled back and supplanted by natural air at the same time. Stale air containing carbon dioxide, water vapor and different contamination are removed, at that point outside air from clean outer assets are drawn into the building. At that point, the air is circulated throughout the building. Mechanical ventilation is utilized for air supply and air extraction.

In specific structures, mechanical ventilation is utilized for both air supply and air extraction; which makes a adjusted ventilation inside the room.

The high pressure liquid refrigerant from the condenser then passes through the expansion device that reduces the refrigerant pressure and temperature as it enters the evaporator. The refrigerant again flows over the chilled water coils absorbing more heat and completing the cycle.

The diagram (Figure 5.1) below shows the overall process of mechanical ventilation and the flow of fresh supply air and exhausted air.

c c

Figure 5.1

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5.2 CONCEPT OF VENTILATION SYSTEM

● ●

Ventilation is the movement of air within a building and between the building and outdoors.

Ventilation is necessary in buildings to remove ‘stale’ air and replace it with ‘fresh’ air.

5.2.1 ELEMENTS OF BASIC VENTILATION SYSTEM ● ●

Fan (Figure 5.2): to pull stale air out generally in high moisture areas (kitchen, utility & bathrooms).

Makeup Air Supply (Figure 5.3): outside air is supply around the house.

Figure 5.2

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Figure 5.3

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5.2.2 FUNCTION OF VENTILATION SYSTEM ● ● ● ● ●

Air filtration.

Fresh air supply of contaminants.

Proper air distribution.

Removal of contaminated air.

Moderate internal temperature to improve thermal comfort of the occupants by creating air movement.

The diagram (Figure 5.4) below shows an examples of recommended dilution ventilation.

Figure 5.4

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5.3 TYPES OF TYPICAL MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM 5.3.1 SUPPLY VENTILATION SYSTEM Supply Ventilation system work by pressurization; it sucks outside air into the house, making positive pressure and causing inside air to spill out through gaps, splits and openings, or through channels and vents, if any exist, or through open windows and outlets.

The schematic diagram (Figure 5.5) below demonstrating the process of Supply Ventilation System and Supply and Extract Systems (Figure 5.6) with re-circulation.

Figure 5.5

Figure 5.6

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5.3.1.1 ADVANTAGE OF SUPPLY VENTILATION â—? â—? â—?

Allow better control of the air that moves into the house Enable open air to be separated (to evacuate clean and contaminations) or dehumidified, which is vital in high-moistness atmospheres or in high-dampness periods.

Cost friendly and easily installed.

However, Since they create positive pressure in the house, if the framework isn't intended to channel and warmth the air moving into the house, or if that air isn't beforehand dehumidified, that can cause dampness issues and higher vitality costs.

5.3.2 EXHAUST VENTILATION SYSTEM

Exhaust ventilation system which uses the natural inlet, openings in the building envelope to draw in fresh air from the outside and extracting the stale air through mechanical devices. Mechanical devices like central device fan is installed at the ceiling or rooftop to help removing the stale air from the internal space.

The exhaust fan above produces negative pressure in the internal space causing the internal air to move closer to the fan and at the same time, the fan draws the air in through the openings on the building envelope like the windows.

The system is usually used in kitchen, internal toilets and basement. The devices usually used by this system including exhaust fan, surface mounted fan, remote mounted in line fan and ventilator. This system provides continuous low level back ground ventilation, the slight negative pressure in the building prevents condensation and moisture which can prevent the growth of mould.

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5.3.2.1 ADVANTAGE OF EXHAUST VENTILATION ● ● ●

Appropriate for cold climates Simple system and easily to be installed Prevent moisture enter the internal space

5.3.3 COMBINE SYSTEM Mechanical Ventilation is used for both air supply and air extraction, to combination of supply and extract system.

The adjusted ventilation framework is a combination of having mechanical frameworks for both air supply and air extract ventilation. Natural air is maneuvered into the inner spaces, while stale indoor air is depleted to the outside.

The benefits of using a joined ventilation framework is that it is reasonable to be utilized as a part of all atmospheres, as pressurization does not happen in the inside space; while permitting the utilization of channels to expel tidy and air contaminations from open air. The burdens of this framework is that is cost expensive as the establishment requires two unique arrangements of ventilation work and fans.

The schematic diagram (Figure 5.7) below demonstrating the process of Combine Ventilation System and Combine Mechanical and Supply Ventilation System (Figure 5.8).

Figure 5.8

Figure 5.9

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5.3.3.1 ADVANTAGES OF COMBINE VENTILATION SYSTEM: ●

Improved indoor air quality. Balanced ventilation systems supply fresh air to the living and sleeping areas of homes while exhausting stale air at an equal rate from the bathrooms. This proactive approach to ventilation can result in improved indoor air quality.

●

Improved comfort. Buildings with tight construction and balanced ventilation systems can have fewer drafts and a constant supply of outdoor air resulting in improved comfort.

●

Improved health. Stale air can cause health problems. It can be responsible for symptoms such as headaches, drowsiness, and respiratory problems. These symptoms are more common in homes with poor ventilation and moisture control. Continuously providing fresh air can result in the improved health and well being of the occupants.

●

Balanced ventilation systems can be equipped with a heat exchanger that recovers most of the heating and cooling energy from the exhaust air.

5.4 IMPORTANCE OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

To maintain air purity.

Preservation of O2 content – this should be maintained at approximately 21% of air volume.

Removal of CO2.

Control of humidity – between 30 & 70% RH is acceptable for human comfort.

Prevention of heat concentrations from machinery, lighting and people.

Prevention of condensation.

Dispersal of concentrations of bacteria.

Dilution and disposal of contaminants such as smoke, dust gases and body odours.

Provisions of freshness – an optimum air velocity lies between 0.15 and 0.5 ms-1.

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5.5 COMPONENT OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM 5.5.1 FAN ●

Device used to circulate the air in the buildings or houses.

5.5.1.1 PURPOSE OF FAN ● ●

Provide filtration, dehumidification, and conditioning of the incoming outside air.

Provide proper fresh air flow along with appropriate locations for intake and exhaust.

5.5.1.2 PROPELLER ● ● ● ●

Commonly used without ducting,panel mounted on wall.

Best suited for circulating air, supplying and exhausting clean ambient air from/to large spaces.

The air flow is parallel to the direction of the shaft about which the blades rotate.

Its function and operations are also designed to save space and highly efficient as it needs low amount of energy / electricity to run.

The diagram below shows the types of fan: Propeller Fan (Figure 5.9), Standing Propeller Fan (Figure 5.10) and Wall Mounted Propeller Fan (Figure 5.11).

Figure 5.10

Figure 5.12

Figure 5.11

5.5.1.3 AXIAL ● ● ● ●

The fan consists of an impeller with blades of aerofoil section rotating inside a cylindrical casing.

Axial fans can usually be found positioned at basement or tunnel.

Designed for applications where both the airflow and static pressure are relatively low.

Ductwork can be simply connected to the flange at either end of the fan.

The diagram below shows the types of fan: Axial Fan (Figure 5.12), Axial Flow Fan (Figure 5.13), Aerofoil Blade of Axial Flow Fan (Figure 5.14) and Belt-Driven Axial Flow Fan (Figure 5.15).

Figure 5.13

Figure 5.15

Figure 5.14

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Figure 5.16

5.5.1.4 CENTRIFUGAL ● ● ● ●

Can produce high pressure and has the capacity for large volumes of air.

Various forms of impeller can be selected depending on the air condition.

Usually the motor is placed external to the casing and a vee belt and pulley drive is commonly used.

Used in air handling units and other situations to overcome high resistance to air flow.

The diagram below shows the types of fan: Centrifugal Fan (Figure 5.17), Centrifugal Fan Impeller with Casing (Figure 5.18) and Centrifugal Fan with Close Coupled Electric Motor (Figure 5.19).

Figure 5.17

Figure 5.18

5.5.2 FILTERS ● ●

Usually installed at the inlet grille.

Purify air.

5.5.2.1 TYPES OF FILTER 5.5.2.2 DRY FILTER The diagram (Figure 5.20) below shows the Roll Filter and Disposable Element Filter

Figure 5.20

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Figure 5.19

5.5.2.3 VICIOUS FILTER The diagram (Figure 5.21) below shows the component of Vicious Filter.

Figure 5.21

5.5.2.4 ELECTROSTATIC FILTER The diagram (Figure 5.22) below shows the component of Electrostatic Filter.

Figure 5.22

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5.5.2.5 ACTIVATED CARBON FILTER The diagram (Figure 5.23) below shows the operation of Activated Carbon Filter on Commercial Cooker Hood.

Figure 5.23

5.5.3 DUCTWORK lt serves the function of channeling air into a room or out from a room, ductwork comes in different shapes and sizes which will also affect the efficiency and sustainability. They are usually made from aluminum, copper and galvanized materials t's often connected to the central supply fan or central exhaust fan of the mechanical ventilation system The diagram below shows the component of Circular and Regular Ductwork (Figure 5.24) and Sound Attenuation (Figure 5.25).

Figure 5.24

Figure 5.25

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5.5.4 FIRE DAMPERS Damper is the valve that serves the purpose of regulating the air flow inside a ducting or other air handling equipment.

It also help to regulate the internal temperature of a room. The operation time can be controlled with the use of thermostat system.

The diagram below shows the component and function of the Fire Dampers (Figure 26).

Figure 5.26

5.5.5 DIFFUSERS It’s the mechanical devices that usually located at the end of a ductwork system which air is been released from. It's a typical outlet used for air to release from the connecting ductwork. They come in different sizes and shapes which serve different functions as well.

The diagram below shows the component and function of the Grills & Diffusers (Figure 5.27) and Diffusers Airflow Patterns (Figure 5.28).

Figure 5.27

Figure 5.28

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5.6 LOCATION OF MECHANICAL EXHAUST AND SUPPLY VENTILATION IN KLK Exhaust systems are necessary in a typical commercial building as to remove heat, humidity and circulate cool air, as to maintain the indoor air quality, ensuring thermal comfort for the people.

Exhaust Fans are ventilation devices used to control the flow of interior air by venting out stale / unwanted odours, smoke, moisture which degrade the level of interior atmosphere and comfort, and pull fresh, new air from outside.

They’re usually located in toilets, walls, ceilings and more. In case of Menara KLK, centrifugal fans are installed in the Air Handling Unit (AHU) and applied numbers of propeller fans and axial fans. Exhaust fans are best to be positioned as high as possible as it is easier to draw hot air which rises.

Propeller Fan / Axial Fan in the propelled form, axial fans are usually positioned within tubes of ductworks in which flow of air is conveyed, and mounted in walls between different spaces in a building. The air flow is parallel to the direction of the shaft about which the blades rotate. Its function and operations are also designed to save space and highly efficient as it needs low amount of energy / electricity to run.

Analysis: The diagram below shows the indication of Fan Room in Basement 1 (Figure 5.28), Basement 2 (Figure 5.29), Ground Floor Plan (Figure 30), Level 3 (Figure 31), Level 10 (Figure 32) and Level 11 (Figure 33).

Basement 1 Figure 5.28

Basement 2 Figure 5.29

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Ground Floor Plan Figure 5.30

Level 3 Floor Plan Figure 5.31

Level 10 Floor Plan Figure 5.32

Level 11 floor plan Figure 5.33

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5.7 OPERATING SYSTEM OF EXHAUST FAN Overview in commercial developments such as the Kuala Lumpur Kepong Berhad, mechanical ventilation throughout the building is channeled by Air Handling Unit (AHU), connected to ductwork systems that supplies and extracts air from the indoor of a building.

Analysis: In KLK, central exhaust system is utilised, whereby there is more than one fan that drawing the air from the entire building, using a network of ducts. Mechanical Ventilation systems used in the restaurant kitchens for the withdrawal of heat, moisture and odors are different compared to the rest of the building facilities. Restaurant kitchens in the KLK uses FCU (Fan Coil Unit); whereby it has no ductworks and can be functioned or installed by itself.

However, the mechanical ventilation used in the entire building including bathrooms to reduce odor and humidity is AHU (Air Handling Unit) whereby it channels air through ducts and is connected to a central exhaust system. The Mechanical Ventilation found used in the KLK is the exhaust system which is indicated on the diagram (Figure 5.34) below.

Ground Floor Plan Figure 5.34

Operations of exhaust fans are usually done by either manual or automatic way. Manual control is achieved with a control room, light switch, and the speed control is also possible. In case of automated system, which is how KLK runs, fans are activated with sensors (humidity sensor that activates when a specific humidity is reached, or timer sensor when the fan is switched automatically and operate within the set period of time and shuts down). KLK can manually activate the fans from the control room as well with alert switches. Exhaust fans are usually found in polypropylene, fibreglass (for framing), plastics or galvanized steel as they are corrosive-resistance and easily maintained.

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5.8 COMPONENTS OF EXHAUST FAN IN KLK 5.8.1 EXHAUST FAN Exhaust Fans are ventilation devices used to control the flow of interior by venting out stale / unwanted odours, smoke, moisture which degrade the level of interior atmosphere and comfort, and pull fresh, new air from outside. They’re usually located in toilets, walls, ceilings and more.

Analysis: In case of KLK, centrifugal fans are installed in the Air Handling Unit (AHU) and applied numbers of Propeller Fans and Axial Fans. Exhaust Fans are best to be positioned as high as possible as it is easier to draw hot air which rises.

5.8.2 AXIAL FAN ● Axial fans can usually be found positioned at basement or tunnel. ● Designed for applications where both the airflow and static pressure are relatively low.

Propeller Fan / Axial Fan In the propelled form, axial fans are usually positioned within tubes of ductworks in which flow of air is conveyed, and mounted in walls between different spaces in a building. The air flow is parallel to the direction of the shaft about which the blades rotate. Its function and operations are also designed to save space and highly efficient as it needs low amount of energy / electricity to run.

Analysis: Axial Fan in basement (Figure 5.35) directs air flow to a certain strategic basement location in KLK.

Figure 5.35

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5.9 SMOKE EXTRACTION SYSTEM The smoke extraction system controls smoke upon the event of a fire; whereby it removes smoke from the building to aid the building occupants means of escape and thus provides a clear and unobstructed access for firefighting services. In a usual building, as for fire protection system, a fire damper is used to block or channel the ignition floor, hence the fire and smoke within the ignition floor is trapped; by the fire damper to prevent the fire from spreading out to another. While this occurs, the rest of the fire dampers in other rooms in the building remain open to enable the pressurization of the other floors by the supply ventilation system, through its components such as pressurisation fans, while the fire dampers in the exhaust ventilation remains closed. Thus, occupants are enabled to escape and firefighters are able to battle the fire.

5.9.1 COMPONENTS OF SMOKE VENTILATION SYSTEM IN KLK ● ● ● ● ●

Stair Pressurization Fans Fire Dampers Smoke Extraction System (Figure 5.37) Ductwork Diffuser

Figure 5.37

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5.9.1.1 STAIR PRESSURIZATION FAN The mechanism of stair pressurization is to bring outside clean air and pressurize them within staircase or a capacity of space so that occupants can safely escape out of the building on the event of a fire and so that firefighters could battle fire, with safely avoiding the contamination of smoke. This pressure of air in staircases in Gamuda Walk is kept around 50 pascal which is an acceptable enough to prevent smoke to enter the space, and the amount of air pressure vary in different staircases according to respective volumes. It is automatically turned when smoke is detected, or may also be manually activated by firefighters.

Analysis: Smoke Exhaust Fan (Figure 5.38) in rooftop of KLK to Stair Pressurization (Figure 5.41) airflow direct air in the vertical exits to prevent ingress of smoke within the vertical exit confinementize. Smoke Exhaust Fan (Figure 5.39) installed system on the rooftop of KLK to push Smoke back. Fire Damper (Figure 5.40) in located at the fire staircase.

Figure 5.38

Figure 5.39

Figure 5.41

Figure 5.40

Pressurization fans are commonly composed of either axial or centrifugal fans. The advantage of axial fan here, is â—?

It is easy in maintenance, cheap in operation and less requirement of electricity, â—?

High rate of air inflow in which they can cover up to large volume of space.

But because of the low-pressure high-volume airflows they create, axial fans are best suited for general purpose applications instead. For example, they excel at moving air from one place to another, cooling confined spaces such as computers, and cooling larger spaces such as work spaces. Centrifugal fan is designed to throw air away from the blades and increase the incoming stream of air as it runs leading it to create higher pressure of air compared to axial fans.

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5.9.1.2 FIRE DAMPERS / FIRE RESISTING DAMPERS Fire Dampers (Figure 5.42) are used in HVAC (heating, ventilating and air conditioning) ducts to stop fire from spreading inside the ductwork; from one side of a fire-rated separation to the other. The diagram (Figure 5.43) below shows the function of the Fire Dampers.

Figure 5.42

Figure 5.43

Usually a fire damper works when the heat from the fire causes the normal temperature of a space or room to rise to 70 to 80 degrees celsius approximately. The fusible link attached to the damper would then melt, resulting the damper’s door to shut. In spaces with higher 73 temperature, a higher degree fusible link would be applied to the damper. There are two types of fire damper designs used to prevent the spread of flames, which is Dynamic Fire Damper (Figure 5.44) and Static Fire Damper (Figure 5.45).

Figure 5.44

Figure 5.45

5.9.1.2.1 Dynamic Fire Damper ●

Dynamic fire dampers are usually positioned in vertical barriers and thus having a spring loaded design; in which doors the dynamic damper consists of a spring-like-action when they are forced to shut. As the fan of the HVAC is remain activated, the air pressure from the fan will aid the doors of the damper to spring shut.

●

5.9.1.2.2 Static Fire Damper ●

Static fire dampers are positioned in horizontal barriers where the HVAC system fan will be shut off during fire.

When the HVAC system fan is turned off, there is no air pressure and the door of the damper will fall due to gravity.

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5.10 SMOKE EXTRACTION SYSTEM A process involving smoke extraction and fresh air supply by the supply and extract ventilation system of buildings in order to ensure safe evacuation of people in case of fire in any of the spaces. In a usual building, smoke extraction system is installed to vent smoke and heat developed by a fire inside the building. Smoke extraction system is vitally important in a building as clears the smoke after fire - smoke purging, for firefighter access and life safety. This system is a reliable and functional fire fighting control used by firefighters to increase visibility and reduce heat exposure.

Analysis: Smoke Exhaust Fan is located at the rooftop of Menara KLK which is to extract ventilation from the emergency staircase in case of fire

Figure 5.46

5.10 VENTS Analysis: In Menara KLK, vents located beside elevators every floor including the basement.

Figure 5.48

Figure 5.47

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5.10.2 DUCTWORK Ductwork is a component that provides pathway for the heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system to deliver exhaust air throughout the building; in which it involves drawing the hair throughout the building into the air conditioner/heater, where it is heated or cooled, then is pushed back through the ducts into the internal space of the building. If vents are poorly designed, the air pressure, heating and cooling systems will be unstable and the there will be deterioration of climatic control in the building, air leakage and malfunctioning of the heating or air-conditioning equipments in the building.

Analysis: In Menara KLK, ductwork (Figure 5.49) is located at the chiller room (Figure 5.50) to deliver exhaust air.

Figure 5.49

Figure 5.50

Galvanised steel ducts insulated with silver foil; to prevent condensation and dripping from the ducts. This is done as un-insulated cold air ducts will often have surface temperatures below the local dew point; whereby at this temperature, condensation will take place and eventually drip off, resulting to uncontrolled accumulation of moisture on the outside surface of the duct. Hence, duct insulation eliminates the accumulation of condensate and consequently prevents rusting and staining. The diagram (Figure 5.51) below shows the pressurisation ductwork systems.

Figure 5.51

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5.10.3 DIFFUSER It’s the mechanical devices that usually located at the end of a ductwork system which air is been released from. It's a typical outlet used for air to release from the connecting ductwork. They come in different sizes and shapes which serve different functions as well.

Analysis: In Menara KLK, Square Air Diffuser (Figure 5.52) is use in office every floor to diffuse air particles and Single Grill Air Outlet (Figure 5.53) is use in office every floor.

Figure 5.52

Figure 5.53

5.10.3.1 SQUARE AIR DIFFUSER

This particular square air diffuser functions as a medium to supply chilled air into the rooms.Usually located at the ceiling

5.10.3.2 SINGLE GRILL AIR OUTLET This serves as an outlet for the hot air drew by the exhaust fan in the utility rooms like the telecom room, elevator control room,and electrical supply room.It prevents overheating from damaging the mechanical devices in these rooms.

It also acts as outlet for humid air drew out from the water supply system.

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Air grilles in a mechanical ventilation system acts as an outlet for humid air drawn out from water supply systems and the hot air drew by exhaust fans in spaces such as electrical supply room, telecom room, preventing them to be overheated. Usually attached to a wall or a floor of a building, this outlet or vent, protects the air ducts of the ventilation system from rodents and foreign objects. This component is commonly made in plastics and various metal materials such as brass, ceramic, or galvanized steel, but they can be customized in terms of materiality and size.

The diagram (Figure 5.54) below shows the displacement ventilation overview.

Figure 5.54

According

to

UBBL

UBBL 1984 Mechanicals ventilation and air conditioning 1. Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is intended, the relevant building by-laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights of rooms may be waived at the discretion of the local authority.

2. Any application for the waiver of the relevant By-laws shall only be considered if in addition to the permanent air-conditioning system there is provided alternative approved means of ventilating the air-conditioned enclosure, such that within half an hour of the air-conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of fresh air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during the period when the air-conditioning system is not functioning.

3. The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to buildings which are mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned.

4. Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or corridors is provided for and maintained in accordance with the requirements of the Third Schedule to these By-laws, the provisions of these By-laws relating to natural ventilation and natural lighting shall not apply to such lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or corridors.

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5.12 CONCLUSION Base on observation and analysis, the mechanical ventilation used in KLK is decent. Mechanical Ventilation in KLK is control by control room and AHU. The systems used is efficiently which they have exhaust system at every floor and able to maintain the temperature of entire building. Other than that all the fan system are control by 2 fan room which located in basement 2. Ductworks are arranged in systematic manner.

In conclusion, ventilation system is function efficiently and well plan throughout building.

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MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 6.0

6.0 Mechanical Transportation System 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Types of Lifts 6.2.1 Hydraulic Lift 6.2.2 Geared and Gearless Traction Lifts 6.2.3 Machine Room Less Lift (MRL) 6.3 Lifts in Menara KLK 6.3.1 Location and Zoning of the Lifts 6.3.2 Lift Lobbies 6.4 Lifts Components 6.4.1 Lift Door 6.4.2 Lift Car 6.4.3 Lift Shaft and Pits 6.4.4 Governor 6.4.5 Counterweight and Guard Rail 6.4.6 Lift Equipments 6.5 Safety Requirements in Lift 6.5.1 Emergency Power 6.5.2 Main Break 6.5.3 Lift Monitoring 6.5.4 Lift Maintenance 6.6 Conclusion

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6.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM Mechanical transportation system is a system used in buildings made up of more than three stories allowing ease in travelling between floors within a building. It usually consists of elevators, escalators and travelators to aid in the transportation of people or objects efficiently.

6.1 INTRODUCTION An elevator is described as a vertical transport equipment generally powered by electrical motors that are driven by traction cables and counterweight systems such as the hoist or hydraulic pump that allows people to travel effortlessly between floors or levels of a building, vessels or other structures.

UBBL 1984 Section 124: For all non-residential buildings exceeding 4 storeys above or below the main access level at least one lift shall be provided.

6.2 TYPES OF ELEVATOR Mechanical transportation system is a system used in buildings made up of more than three stories allowing ease in travelling between floors within a building. It usually consists of elevators, escalators and travelators to aid in the transportation of people or objects efficiently.

6.2.1 HYDRAULIC LIFT Hydraulic Lift (Figure 6.1) are supported by a piston at the bottom of the elevator that pushes the elevator up as an electric motor forces oil or another hydraulic fluid into the piston. The elevator descends as a valve releases the fluid from the piston. They are used for low-rise applications of 2-8 stories and travel at a maximum speed of 200 feet per minute. The machine room for hydraulic elevators is located at the lowest level adjacent to the elevator shaft.

Figure 6.1

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Conventional Hydraulic Elevators It have a sheave that extends below the floor of the elevator pit, which accepts the retracting piston as the elevator descends. Some configurations have a telescoping piston that collapses and requires a shallower hole below the pit.

Max travel distance is approximately 60 feet.

Hole-less Hydraulic Elevators It have a piston on either side of the cab. In this configuration, the telescoping pistons are fixed at the base of the pit and do not require a sheave or hole below the pit. Telescoping pistons allow up to 50 feet of travel distance.

Non-telescoping pistons only allow about 20 feet of travel distance.

Roped Hydraulic Elevators Using a combination of ropes and a piston to move the elevator. Maximum travel distance is about 60 feet.

6.2.2 GEARED AND GEARLESS TRACTION ELEVATORS WITH MACHINE ROOM Traction Lifts Traction Lifts (Figure 6.2), lifted by ropes, which pass over a wheel attached to an electric motor above the elevator shaft. They are used for mid and high-rise applications and have much higher travel speeds than hydraulic elevators.

A counter weight makes the elevators more efficient by offsetting the weight of the car and occupants so that the motor doesn't have to move as much weight.

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Figure 6.2

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Geared Traction Lifts Geared Traction Lifts (Figure 6.3) has a gearbox that is attached to the motor, which drives the wheel that moves the ropes. Geared traction lifts are capable of travel speeds up to 500 feet per minute. The maximum travel distance for a geared traction elevator is around 250 feet.

Figure 6.3

Gearless Traction Lifts Gearless Traction Lifts (Figure 6.4) has the wheel attached directly to the motor. Gearless traction lifts are capable of speeds up to 2,000 feet per minute and they have a maximum travel distance of around 2,000 feet so they are the only choice for high-rise applications.

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Figure 6.4

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6.2.3 MACHINE ROOM LESS (MRL) LIFTS Machine Room Less Lifts (Figure 6.5) are traction lifts that do not have a dedicated machine room above the elevator shaft. The machine sits in the override space and is accessed from the top of the elevator cab when maintenance or repairs are required. The control boxes are located in a control room that is adjacent to the elevator shaft on the highest landing and within around 150 feet of the machine. Machine Room less Lifts have a maximum travel distance of up to 250 feet and can travel at speeds up to 500 feet-per-minute. MRL lifts are comparable to geared traction lifts in terms of initial and maintenance costs, but they have relatively low energy consumption compared to geared lift.

The diagram (Figure 6.6) below shows the comparison between conventional lifts and machine room less lifts.

Figure 6.5

Figure 6.6

Advantages of Machine Room Less Lift: ● ● ● ●

Improves aesthetic view of the building Additional saleable space for builder Construction cost-saving (Civil & Electrical) Greater design flexibility for Architects

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6.3 LIFTS IN MENARA KLK In Menara KLK, There are 6 passenger lifts and a service lift in total, they are all Machine Room Less Lifts (MRL). The table (Table 6.7) below showing the information of mechanical transportation in Menara KLK: Lift type

Nos.

Floor Served

Location

Capacity

Passenger and Bomba lift

1

Basement 2 to 10th Floor

Tower Block

Maximum 24 person/ 1600 kg

Passenger Lift PL1,PL2 and PL3

3

Ground Floor to 10th Floor

Tower Block

Maximum 24 person/ 1600 kg

Passenger Lift PL4 and PL5

2

Basement 2 to 3rd Floor

Podium Block

Maximum 24 person/ 1600 kg

Service lift

1

Basement 2 to 10th Floor

Loading Area

Maximum 24 person/ 1600 kg

Total

7 Table 6.7

6.3.1 LOCATION AND ZONING OF LIFTS Menara KLK consists of one tower block (11 storey tower) and one podium block(4 storey). Due to the difference in building height and number of occupants, there are 5 lifts serve the tower block and 2 lifts serve the podium blocks.

Both lifts are located in the central of each building, which provide easy access for all user.

Analysis: The diagram (Figure 6.8) below shows the indication of lift in Menara KLK.

Legend Passenger Lift Bomba Lift Ground Floor Plan Figure 6.8

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Service Lift

6.3.2 LIFT LOBBY The Lift Lobby (Figure 6.9) on each floor being the focal point from which the corridors open out access to all rooms, stairways, service rooms, etc. Lobbies in Menara KLK provide adequate area for the peak-load gathering of passengers to ensure rapid and comfortable service to all.

The lift lobby in Menara KLK also include the following: ● Emergency Plan (Figure 6.10) ● Smoke Detector ● Fire Alarm

Figure 6.9

Figure 6.10

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UBBL 1984, Part VII, Clause 153. Smoke detectors for lift lobbies.

(1) All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.

(2) Lift not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices controlled by light beam or photo-detectors unless incorporated with a force close feature which after thirty seconds of any interruption of the beam causes the door to close within a preset time.

UBBL 1984, Part VII, Clause 155. Fire mode of operation.

(1) The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel which may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in the building or manually.

(2) If mains power is available all lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor, commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls, overriding the emergency stop button inside the car, but not any other emergency or safety devices, and park with doors open.

(3) The fire lifts shall then be available for use by the fire brigade on operation of the fireman’s switch.

(4) Under this mode of operation, the fire lifts shall only operate in response to car calls but not to landing calls in a mode of operation in accordance with by-law 155.

(5) In the event of mains power failure, all lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor and operate under emergency power.

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6.4 LIFT COMPONENTS 6.4.1 LIFT DOOR The Lift Door (Figure 6.11) and types of shaft doors determines the speed and quality of elevator service accordingly.

Doors for passenger elevators are power operated and need to be synchronized with the levelling controls so that the doors are fully opened by the time a car comes to a complete stop at a landing. Due to safety reasons, the kinetic energy of an automatic door is limited to 9.5Nm and its closing pressure to 13.6kg.

Figure 6.11

6.4.2 LIFT CAR Lift Car (Figure 6.12) A platform where passengers and goods is transported. The elevator in Menara KLK is constructed with fire rated stainless steel, which is capable in resisting fire for a sufficient period.

Figure 6.12

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6.4.3 LIFT SHAFT AND PIT The Shaft (Figure 6.13), or also called the Hoistway, is a vertical void that acts as a passageway for the lift car and the counterweights. The size of the shaft depends on the size, car speed and the type of door gear. The lift shaft is extruded below to form a lift pit (Figure 6.14). The lift pit must be watertight and provided with drainage to prevent from any short circuits.

Lift shaft in Menara KLK incorporates the following features: ● Water tightness ● Means of drainage ● Plumb, vertical sides ● Smooth painted finish ● Ventilation void for emission of smoke ● Permanent inspection lights

Figure 6.13

Figure 6.14

UBBL 1984, Part VII, Clause 151 Ventilation to lift shafts.

Where openings to lift shafts are not connected to protected lobbies, such lift shafts shall be provided with vents of not less than 0.09 square metre per lift located at the top of the shafts. Where the vent does not discharge directly to the open air the lift shafts shall be vented to the exterior through a duct of the required FRP as for the lift shafts.

UBBL 1984, Part VII, Clause 152. Openings in lift shafts.

(1) Every opening in a lift shaft or lift entrance shall open into a protected lobby unless other suitable means of protection to the opening to the satisfaction of the local authority is provided. These requirements shall not apply to open type industrial and other special buildings as may be approved by the D.G.F.S. (2) Landing doors shall have a FRP of not less than half the FRP of the hoistway structure with a minimum FRP of half hour.

(3) No glass shall be used in landing doors except for vision in which case any vision panel shall or be glazed with wired safety glass, and shall not be more than 0.0161 square metre and the total area of one of more vision panels in any landing door shall be not more than 0.0156 square metre.

(4) Each clear panel opening shall reject a sphere 150 millimetres in diameter.

(5) Provision shall be made for the opening of all landing doors by means of an emergency key irrespective of the position of the lift car.

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UBBL 1984, Part VII, Clause 156. Protected shafts as ventilating duct.

(1) If a protected shaft serves as, or contains, a ventilating duct: (a) the duct shall be fitted with automatic fire dampers together with or without subducts as Australian Standard 1668: Pt. 1:1974, so constructed at such intervals and in such positions as may be necessary to reduce, so far as practical, the risk of fire spreading from a compartment to any other compartment, or such other provision shall be made as will reduce such risk so far as practicable; and (b) the duct shall not be constructed of, or lined with, any material which substantially increases such risk.

(2) In addition, in the case of a protected shaft containing a ventilating duct, the shaft shall be so constructed with additional barriers to fire between the duct and the shaft as may be necessary to reduce so far as practicable the risk of fire spreading from a compartment to any other compartment.

6.4.4 GOVERNOR ● ● ●

Governor (Figure 6.15) Usually Placed on top of the lift shaft Placed in a room equipped with lifting beam for maintenance purposes Have electric motor, safety gear, guard rail, diaphragm motion and gear.

Figure 6.15

6.4.5 COUNTERWEIGHT AND GUARD RAIL Counterweights (Figure 6.16) are made up out of steel plates stacked on top of each other in a frame attached to the opposite ends of the cables to which the car is locked. It travels up and down the shaft, guided by the guide rails that are bolted in the back wall of the shaft. It also functions as a grip to the lift car, reducing the power of the generator and reduce the brake to stop the car lifts.

Figure 6.16

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6.4.6 LIFT CONTROL AND INDICATOR In Menara KLK, the Lift lobby contains: ●

Floor Designators (Figure 6.17) Indicating the floor level that user standing.

●

The Call Buttons (Figure 6.18) Calling for lfts

●

The Hall Lanterns and Display (Figure 6.19) When the lifts arrive, it will notify the user with sound

●

Key Switch Controller (Figure 6.20) Where the lift can be controlled manually with the button inside.

Figure 6.17

Figure 6.18

Figure 6.19

Figure 6.20

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6.4.6 LIFT CONTROL AND INDICATOR In Elevator Car: ●

Floor Selection Buttons (Figure 6.21) Use to select floors that the elevator will stop at.

●

Operation,Emergency Buttons (Figure 6.22) Load Bell below the floor selection buttons. These buttons include door open, door close, emergency stop, emergency alarm, intercom or telephone, etc.Each cab has a load bell that is used to alert the passengers inside the cab that there is too much weight in it to operate it safely by sending it a signal to ring when the limit is crossed.

●

Sensors (Figure 6.23) There are 3 sensors in a lift, one which helps in picking up signals regarding the location of the car and is usually placed on the car itself. It interprets the position by counting the number of holes in the guide rail as it passes through the photoelectric sensor in the case of the magnetic sensor, the number of magnetic pulses.

The other is an infrared sensor which functions to detect an object if it causes blockage to the elevator door.

Figure 6.22

Figure 6.21

Figure 6.23

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6.5 SAFETY REQUIREMENT IN LIFTS 6.5.1 EMERGENCY POWER In case of electricity breakdown in Menara KLK, there are spared generator in Menara KLK is sized to support all elevator running at a time. Thus, each car can still have functioned normally.

Malaysian Standard EN 81-1:2012, sub clause 8.16.5 There shall be an emergency supply which is capable of feeding at least the forced ventilation for 2 hours in case of interruption of the normal supply. This forced ventilation shall come in automatically upon failure of the normal power supply.

Malaysian Standard EN 81-1:2012, sub clause 8.17.4 There shall be an automatically rechargeable emergency supply, which is capable of feeding at least a 1W lamp for 2 hours in case of an interruption of the normal lighting supply.

6.5.2 MAIN BREAK Every system has its own safety device.

For an elevator system, the main brake (Figure 6.24) is mounted directly on the shaft of the elevator machine. The main brake works in such a way that during emergency/ accidents, the elevator is slowed down by dynamic braking of the motor, then operating to clamp the brake drum, holding the car still at the floor.

First, the centrifugal governor or an electronic speed sensor cuts off the power to the traction motor and sets the brake, this usually blocks the car. If the speed still increases, the governor actuates two safety rail clamps, which are mounted at the bottom of the car, one on either side. They clamp the guide rails by wedging action, bringing the car to a smooth stop. Oil or spring buffers are usually positioned in the elevator pit. If the car over travels, travel sensors de-energize the traction motor and sets the main brake.

Figure 6.24

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6.5.3 LIFT MONITORING AND FIRE-CONTROL SYSTEM All lifts in Menara KLK are monitored by a computer system known as Building Management System (BMS) (Figure 6.25), when there is lift not functioning, it can be identified immediately through this system. The BMS is in the control room at ground floor. It will be run on BACnet, which is a communication protocol for building automation and control networks. There are CCTV installed (Figure 6.26) to monitor the condition in the lifts as well. The intercom (Figure 6.27) allow the security officer communicate with the user who trapped inside the lifts, and provide them the correct instruction.

The following functions and operations monitored by the BMS in Menara KLK. ● Lift fail to start ● Lift on Fire Service ● Alarm button pressed ● Lift on Independent Service ● Lift on normal operation ● Lift on maintenance ● Lift on Hazardous Goods Operation ● Lift car position ● Lift position

Figure 6.25

Figure 6.26

Figure 6.27

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6.5.4 LIFT MAINTENANCE IN MENARA KLK According to Factory and Machinery Act 1967, the maintenance on lift should be at least once a month, to make sure every parts and components still function normally. In Malaysia, the Department of Occupational Safety and Health has established the CHECKLIST FOR INSPECTION OF ELECTRIC PASSENGER AND GOODS LIFT (Figure 6.28) from DEPARTMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH, MALAYSIA and Lift Maintenance Schedule Book (Figure 6.29) in Menara KLK, the monthly maintenance service is conducted by Antah Schindler Sdn Bhd. .

Figure 6.28

Figure 6.29

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6.6 CONCLUSION During the site visit, we are quite satisfied by the quality of rides in Menara KLK, it is very comfortable because inside the lift car is air conditioned and ventilated. There are passenger lifts, bomba lift and service lift. There are all in same size, and same model, which will easier while conducting maintenance work. But we noticed that the same size (max 24 person) lift apply in service lift is not sufficient for renovation work (transporting or installing furniture) at upper floor.

Apart from that, one service lift (Tower block) is not enough when there are two blocks in Menara KLK (Tower block and podium block), which is not convenient for the podium block. Overall, Menara KLK is still considered a well thought design arrangement of the lift lobbies location. It also fulfils the UBBL requirement set for the lifts which ensure the safety for every user.

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REFERENCES 7.0

3.0 Fire Protection System 4.0 Air Conditioning System 5.0 Mechanical Ventilation System 6.0 Mechanical Transportation System

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FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 3.0 http://menatworkindia.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Convenstional-fire-Alaerm-SLD-1.png http://www.ssspl.org/uploads/Products/Pdf/firealarmsystem.pdf https://www.nedcc.org/free-resources/preservation-leaflets/3.-emergency-management/3.2-an-introduction-to-fire-detection,-alarm, -and-automatic-fire-sprinklers Stein, B., & Reynolds, J. S. (2000). Mechanical and electrical equipment for buildings. New York, NY: J. Wiley and Sons. https://www.totalfireservicesltd.co.uk/fire-safety-in-uk-schools-cause-and-prevention/ https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/747-what-is-fire https://www.dalroad.com/top-ladder-fit-forget-firefighter-switches/ https://www.jimsfiresafety.com.au/stages-of-fire https://ohsonline.com/Articles/2007/12/Fire-Detection-and-Alarm-Systems-A-Brief-Guide.aspx http://www.qrfs.com/56--Fire-Alarm-Bell-Mounting-Height http://www.sagamje.com.my/product http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-uCdvs7sKbOE/UDZQeZBFCFI/AAAAAAAAADY/Pwu0DWX0HOQ/s1600/20100427_142944hose+reel.jp g http://fsaseq.com.au/products/hoses/ http://www.excelfire.com.my/service/hose-reel-system/ https://firefighting.com.my/category/hose-reel https://www.grundfos.com/service-support/encyclopedia-search/fire-hose-reel-systems.html http://news.lifesafetyservices.com/blog/difference-between-passive-and-active-fire-protection http://firewize.com/blog/2010/04/automatic-fire-sprinkler-systems-principal-operation https://www.fireline.com/blog/4-types-fire-sprinkler-systems/ http://www.lumarfireprotection.com/fire-sprinkler-installation-toronto/how-do-fire-sprinklers-work/ https://www.nfpa.org/Public-Education/Campaigns/Fire-Sprinkler-Initiative/Take-action/Free-downloads/How-sprinklers-work https://www.nfpa.org/Public-Education/Campaigns/Fire-Sprinkler-Initiative/Take-action/Free-downloads/How-sprinklers-work http://www.excelfire.com.my/service/fire-extinguisher/ http://fsaseq.com.au/products/extinguishers/http://fsaseq.com.au/products/extinguishers/ https://baxcha.com/detail.aspx?id=726&MapID=4 http://www.argusfire.co.nz/services/extinguishers-hose-reels.aspx https://www.doityourself.com/stry/how-to-make-a-fire-rated-wall http://www.fercoshutters.com/smoke-curtains/ https://static1.squarespace.com/static/53bf40c7e4b07a8d276e4638/t/55f9396be4b0a24a0a49e098/1442396529096/?format=500 w https://www.slideshare.net/RafayAhmad/fire-fighting-ppt-final https://www.slideshare.net/HerRiv/fire-protection-systems https://www.slideshare.net/snehacoutinho/fire-fighting-in-commercial-buildings-services

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AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM 4.0

http://www.araner.com/blog/difference-between-air-cooled-and-water-cooled-chiller/ http://megacac.com/products/fan-coil-units/large-drain-pan-type-fcu/ http://technicaltheory.blogspot.my/2015/07/components-of-fan-coil-unit.html https://www.coolingbestpractices.com/technology/chillers/chillers-and-cooling-systems-weec-2015/evaluating-chilled-water-coolingsystem-c https://www.slideshare.net/rabeet/upload-29590586 https://safeworkmethodofstatement.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/FCU-Testing-Commissioning-1024x575.jpg http://www.coolingtechnology.com/about_process_cooling/water-cooled-chiller/default.html https://www.acehomeaz.com/ductwork/ https://www.airconditioning-systems.com/air-handling-unit.html http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=0&sid=ab25e630-9e9d-4682-ae18-d911dd634577%40sessionmgr103 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_handler https://www.airconditioning-systems.com/air-handling-unit.html http://www.worldaircond.com/water-cooled-chiller-system.html https://www.quora.com/How-does-an-air-handling-unit-work https://i.pinimg.com/originals/da/3f/8d/da3f8dae8dd37975fc22a621ab20c2ca.png

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MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM 5.0 http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/prevention/ventilation/introduction.htm https://www.thegreenage.co.uk/mechanical-ventilation-in-buildings-what-you-need-to-know/ http://www.house-energy.com/House/SupplyVsExhaust.html http://www.title24express.com/what-is-title-24/title-24-continuous-ventilation/supply-ventilation/l https://www.thegreenage.co.uk/mechanical-ventilation-in-buildings-what-you-need-to-know/ http://uol-ventilation.weebly.com/mechanical.htm

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MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 6.0 http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/en/factory-machinery/hydrostatic-test/lift?format=html https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-a-fire-lift-and-a-normal-lift http://www.estate.unsw.edu.au/sites/all/files/page_file_attachment/UNSW%20E%205%20LIFT%20DESIGN%20STANDARDS%20 (November%202013).pdf https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2013/08/01/contractors-and-users-responsible-for-lift-maintenance/ http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/elevators-types-and-classification-part.html

http://elevation.wikia.com/wiki/Traction_elevators Hall, F. and Greeno R. (2011). Building Services Handbook (6th ed.). Elsevier Ltd.

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