The sarekat islam movement its contribution to indonesian nationalism timur jaylani by Yusuf Maulana

TIE Sl\._:.EKAT ISI.AM

Its Contribution to Indonesian Nationalism

Tinur Jaylani

A Thesis submitted to the Institute of I slamic studies Faculty of Graduate studies and I?.esearch, ":..c : Gill University, _:antreal, Canada, in partial fulfili1ent of the requirements for the degree oÂŁ of Arls ( Islamics)

ontreal, April 1959

SAY: "0 PEOPLffi OF THE, SCRIPTURE.• COME TO AN AGREEMEK'l' BETr:EEN US AND YOU: THAT

S HALL WOffiHIP NOW BUT GOD • • • "

The Holy Qur'an, Chapter III, verse 64.

T AB L E

C ONT E NTS

.Page . . .. - : .. ..... - . . . . . . . . - ...... . ,. •• " . . , • , . . .. .,. ,. • • • * .

D;1'RODUCTION

•

.......

,. • •

•

. .... . . .

.. .

t(r

...

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1 .. A Note en t he Spe lling of Indone s ian Ylo-:t'Cls • ••• " . 2 .. Indonesian and Titles .. .. .... . . . . ........ ..... . .. . .. .. . • .. F o ot no .t. s s ... .

*, .... . . . . . . .. . .. . !j ., ..

... - • ., - ... ,...d #t ,. • ., . . .

...........- ... . -

II. THE BACKQ;'10UND OF INDONESIAN NATION.t.\LISM

Fo ot n o t e s

•

iii

4 7 8

...... . . .. .. .. . .. . . ... . . .. .

1. The Socia l Pnvi r o'kent ............ . . . ... . ... . . . ,. .. 2 . 'rhe Birth of the Movement • . . • .. • • • . . . • . . .. • . .. • .. • • •. . •••. " .

e. ". ..... ... . .

34 44

I II. O!ti OTII OF Tili:- SAH.EKAT

3. The Slmping of the Sarekat Islam Ideology . ..... .. ... . ... . . 27 Uadji Samanhudi as Pioneer of Indonesian Nationalism .. - • ••

F ootnot es

4....

1. Tjokr oaminoto as 11 Definor" of Indonesi an nationalism .. . . . .. 2. &pans ion and Inte gt-a.t 1on . .... .. . .. .. ,. . .. ,. . • , * • • • • .. .. .. . . .. 3. Ideological Development from One .:;ongress to Anothe r . ..... .

48 52

.. .. ... . . .. . ..... .. . .. .. . .... ..... ,. • • ••

N. THE RI SE OF THE

F ootnot es . ..... . . . .. . *· •·· ·· ·· ·· · . ·•• . ·4· · · ·· · · ·· · -·

TIIB DECLINr 011' THE MOVE'rJRfiT . ..

. .....

. . . .. .... .... ...

l . Co.mtllUllist Intrusion • • , ••. ••••• • . ,. .. . . ...... , .................. .

2. The Split in t he Sarekat Islam .. . . . . . . . . . . . .... .. . 3 . The Tr ansfonnat,ion of the 3. I. into a Pol itical Party • y. #

••

•

••

•

70 70 89

• • • • 103

VI. CON?RIBUTION OF THE MDV.:MEtrT TO n rDONBSIAN

• •• ,. 106

1. Tho Political Achiovementn .. ....... . . . ... .. . . . . . , • •••• . •• • l o6 2. Social and Cultur al Achi evements . . . . .. ......... . ..... .. . . . 131 3. The Le gacy of the S. I . to the Indonesian . . ..... . 138 F o o t n o t es CO NC LU S IO N

. . . ..

••• -

•

• • • fl • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

••••••••••

149

D I B L I 0 G It A P TI y • • • • • . • • • • • . • • • . • • . . . • • . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • 153

T is tJlesis

ec!locs o::· the

i nspix"at.ion

V?.rio JS se'Tl:i.nars and l cctr:.rcs n.t tho rnstitute of Isle.yt\ic St uc1ies of _

1 J""' ._._.,· \

• ,_

.,.,.,.,...,._ , - _

t v in .,

.....1 . .,. _J t h

...

b eer) :mS!)_rea · i lJY -v'11e ver;l purpose

of the Inst·i.tnte itself, viz, the attempt to :reach an nodern developments in IslBrJ. t brour;h

co ... opera-'ijiO"'l. of East and ,.:est .

The theme of this ·thesis is a response to the call of t he ideal of the Tnsti tute of I sla'T'.ic Studies,

so clearly voiced ·by t.he

Prot" . -· •. • c• Smith . It i s bis great love t.nd energy- in \vorking towards tbis

ideal t hat r;nco.. ·raged tl:e nresent writer tro contribute a sra.ll drop to the ocean oi' projec-'tjs YJhlch tbe Inst;:tute is pla:n..11ing.

The -r;rlter of thi s t.hssis -rmulc like to record his indebtedness

to the Inc"' on.cBio.E . t o pursue h . ena ble....N ln.m

-;.thich by awarding him a felJ.ovtShip , has

t as:c. l To .. ro f • T

,'l.

l-1 •• d . . ..asJ:t

. t h e pres ent vrrJ.."0or .'

·.1ould like to exprcfJS his heartfelt t hanks for the encoura Eol'!lcnt and the }ncerstanding of Indonesian

of ines ti:.r..able value for the

acco:n.plish::1ent of t:bis thcsts. Jast bt:t. nat least , t he '\-a"i t e r would like to c:-;:1Jress his ttanks to hr

W. J. ;atson Vfho has s o sy-:npe.tha-ticallJ aided

him thro-ughout the t,:Lio of crafting as his advisor and [;,uido; furt1 Jer::1ore

as o me11bcr of the Institute's staff and as head cf t he Instit.1.:te 's librar"· his constant interest in the thesis and his conti nuous activit y in col] ectin · the needed books and other study....:nater:Lals have been of inval...

uable advantage.

iii

To the Institute of' Islamic S'Gudies and to all those who 'l7ish to see the Indonesian and \!estern nations remain friends as the fruit of their co-oooratio n, t his thesis is humb l y dedicated ..

T Jo.ylani

Instituto of Iolar.dc 3tudios University

April 1959.

This thesis was started at a time ·lifhen IndonesiD- was in a turmoil

of ideological camps, in which international peace and order could be endaneered. The nationalists, according to one of their prominent leaders, 1

Roeslan Abdulgani, are s till in search of an Indonesian identity,

fighting

their way to their dim goal, exerting all their strength and their dearly lt'Asscs, responding to the call of their faith,

gained knowledge . The

cherish the aim of' establishing a "Baldatun

?Ja

Rabbun Ghafuru,

a "beautiful , pure and prosperous country under t he protection of God the 2

Forgiver" .

These

have been and are still vdlling to sacrifice

everything which is dear to them, but due to tl1e lack of t he edge and skill t he unvr.ieldly compete with the

knowl-

can nove only slowly, not yet able to

educated and skilled nationalists.

In this unhappy

the third great ideolobY of Communisn

tried to fish in troubled water s, ·tryin to cat ch political po·wcr at all costs, not renouncing i ntrusion upon anybody else's realm, and working upon the lo17er instincts of the peopl e .

itself, for at t he time when t he

History seems to have

carekat IslaJ1 !'ove."'."ent reached t he critical point in its struggle , same situation had occurred . It was t he r usl:L11 masses who started a na-

tionalist movement, but i-t was the nationalist elite who reaped the f ruits. The nationalist mass•:1ovement was the 1

I slarJ ( ... Js lia

Anoociation) , vuhile the nationalist e"lite l7as .dudi Ut,omo ( l.oble .21deavour). The conmnmist intruders were t he ReJ Sa.rckat ls lam which at a later period more clearly identified itsell' as Sa.rel<:at .:iakjat ( People 1 s Association)

The nationalist elite Dudi Utomo could not develon ... into a massr:1ovemcnt, and as it d id not find support amonc ·the people, it remained a cultural organization of t he prijaji (the Javanes e civil servants and nobili ty) and of t he '7estern educated intellectual e'lite . The Sarekat I slam

movement on the ot.hor hand got millions o:f members very rapidly, covering the whole Jtrchipe la.go , so much so that it could hnrdly control the mass-moveocnt. At the s·tage when ·t ho Sarekat Islam ( 0. I . ) movement came in t.o _,

being, Indonesian Nationalism nas negative. donesians

t he yoke of

It aimed at freeing the In-

ohase of nationalism a-

mong colonized people. So far Islam was not inconpatib le with it , and

could co- operate •nith the nationalists . But when it came to posi-tive nationalism, t he conceptions began to differ . Colonial nationalism does not strive for libert y and C:isappoar when its aim has been reached, but t he nationalist sentiment continues

to develop into positive nationalism Although the struggle for national freedom was still far

at the time of the movement, uniquely enough t he Sarokat Islam haei. .::.1ready planned to work out its positive content. It i s the purpose of t l..i s thesis to get a viffi'T beneat h t he

surface of

for an insight into the nationalism 11hich the S. I.

contributed to Indonesia, its negative as well as its

and its effect s on the

Indonesian 1tionali sm.

aspects ,

1. A Note on the Snel ling of Indoneolru1 .. ords three

hao gone

the Indonesian

Born out of

periods of developl!lent, viz. the Dutch colonial period from the 'ber;inning of t ho 17t.·h century until 19L.2 , the Japanese occupation period from 1942 to

17, 19h5 ormards .

1945, and t he period of national independence from

As f ar an the latin spelling is cor.ccrned, changes

made

U.."l-

most i:acortant of which

officially during t he Japanese occupation period,

1.'1 ere

'VIas the c:h.anging of the Du t ch v ouel oe, f'orroorly used in Indonesian to express t he sound of

as in the

firmed by t he 2epublican Minister of

19, 1947.

into

nord

This change

has been con-

,ducation, Tui tion and Culture on 1!arch

Citationr; .from pre-·war writi..l'lgs, i.l'l Vlhich oc YJas still used, are

left unchanr;ed i n this t hesis . the English spelling

The main differences bet;weon t he Indonesian arc as follcn'ls: Indonesian

Bnglish

ng as in belonging

ny ac in John Bll!!lan

The main d.ifferoneos of transliteration from Arabic are as folleh!G: Itrabic

L11donesian

::nglish

,___)

•

4 Indonesian

English

clh

s •

dl (d)

d •

t•

z•

Arabic

For the long vcrl'lels of Arabic, t he Indones i an transliteration uses the circumflex accent ( .. . . ) or simply doubles the vowel.

2 . Indonesiru1 Names and Titles According to the indigenous custom, many Indonesians , especially the

Javanese ,

only one name .

Ac cording to this custom, a person r s na.oe

should be identical with the condition of tho person to whom that name is given. A child's nar.ae often changes when the child becomes matlU'"G, or l1..as chosen a certain occupation. For exampl e, a boy YJhose name i s Suta (meaning

nson") changes hi s name into Sastra (.meaning "letter11 ) ;·1hen he reaches his maturity and becrunes secretary of the village - administration. It is easy to understand t hat this custom of name- giving has its origin in ancient times when mana or magic still ple..yed an important role in Indonesian life. -.nen Hindu culture had penetrate'-' Indonesia, ma.ny Indonecians

\Vere proud to have nrunes of heroes from

epics or names from t he

Sr.'=inskrit literature .. The spread of Islrun among the Indonesians has brought about combinations of lius lim names attached to native na.ues like :'Tahidin ( l'rom

V/a hi d al-Din ) Sudirohusodo (fron Su-, and. Old- Javru"!Bso prefix, meaning 1

good ' or •supe:·iol'' , often put, l c.t.'cre nruaes; diro fro:r.1 the Old- Javanese

word ' dh:Lra' , mca.ning Y/ord 1

haro t or

•, menning 'remedy t

couro.gGous 1 ; husodo J.':"om the Bc.nskrit

;

ph ..sici.:!.!l

.Su:Jirohusod.o vw.s a Ja \Ia.

who f ounded tho Budi Utomo raovement) . tJe:tJly converted lnclones:i.nn .Jusl:Lrns

Sanskrit no.me .. la.tcr on :us lim namns in f JU,l are After the revol ution fo:· ari s t ocr.a ti - e c, · c titl d ropped +. ., heJ.r

A eroun of !)utch

o::

i n front

used t o put the name of the prophet

VC!7/

ma.cy

as .. ..,.aoen J;.r j a

their nntl·:c

often used .

ai'

Lstocra.!vs hav

+• r1dipavl.,

1 ·',a"'"f-!

In-.ioneslan intellectuals bea:- acauemic

titles ·which are still mt..eh prtzed . These conform -rJith those l n usc in

Holland , and some of them are still used nntil today. To prevent these titles be:i.n: c ontused by 't1H:;

read r·, the i'ollouing uost ir:ncrtant

ones are ce t da&n:

Mr. i s an abbrevi a'ltion oi

of Ia\1s , a

in de l=tochten, i .. e.

law degree invol·1ir..g four years oi university ctudy .

in engin..:erL'1g

Ir. i s a n abbreviation of Ingenieu.r, i . e. Engineer, a

involving five to s i x years of u ork at

Drs . is an abl>revifltion of Doct or a ndus , wh ich

university l e :ol ..

that the person

bearinp; this title has co:rrrolctc,.\(f all 11orl: toward his doctorate '\:iith tho exeption of the 'h ... dissertati on,

w! ic'1

t: e title of Jr ..

(Doct or) may be used. ':he old Javanese title f ijahi, . neat ling ' ::c.nourab lc ' or ' Chic.: ' , has taken the mcan ine of

aykh ' since Islam has entc e d :ndonecia .. I t

6 is

nO': I

often placed before the name of

CuJ.a.ni,

(::us lim scholars) liho are

in high esteem among tho Indonesians.

Another honourable titl e which Islam has brought t o Indonesia is

t he t itle of

(from Arabic eajj)

borne by those 路who have performad

the pilcrimage to .::Jakkah and thus enjoy t he honol.l!" and trust of their fel10'."1- villagers .

J .o ,.,..,J

o t no t

Plll l rt'SI'oW_,_...

...

• :J.., !P .tZuonnw:x'\a fU.JlichJ.ng !o:y. , .. , Oil · 19;1) 1 p . iOt it,:c na' :ln the r..dd.at or a ,"'roooao to £"o.:.-..:niit!2J- · oux -mt: nati onn.l U..''ld stat e ! h ·1o"'"' 1hy or ottr · which '"a can use ao tt e foundntiion of our stnt , t;o as

our

tilG

Utd

:--

a'n .

"IV: 15. ic:

. .:ase hs:. beco:--:Je 5-"1 th . ·ntroduct ·on of the ' ._\n , {Gonatitat. :.en !adijab O!nect c

an ..: :ill!1?1..mdijuh dan \ .. :1 ..\UOD) . Tt ls ly trans int-o Ir o, "·'oirJ.n os ... o!J.a.;o: n tu lJer:nro sutj don !:.mur, d;Lbmv,h :an 7u:P•.an Jane .. ah":l

in Indonesia

....!

I -..4·.,;

i;..

noto,

l':,:.

...

'\l'

¥'""'. , p . 1 .I '_J.

II NATIOHALIS!.!

Tlfi:

Nationalisl.Ti is a YJhenomcnon ...

lwc shown

fluence and f orce in history that it is

a dccisiv8 :L11-

its

for the future s·t.ability, progress and welfare of the country and the people of Indonesia

It is a sto te of .mind, in whi ch the supreme loyalty

o.f the indivi dual is felt to be due to the nation, i .. c. an entity bound 1 by the desire to 1i ve t ogether .

of nationalism is

11te .sentimontol and emotional content

as attach-

and forms ,

in various

cent t o the native soil and hatred of foreign domination, loyalty to rental traditions and to established territorial authorities , and, in t he sta(-e of modern nationalisr1, loyalty to the na t lon- stace, i.e. a cerand loyal citizens. The

tain c ountry with a sovereizn

1'"JOrd

'nation ' , which oriq,inates fron the Latin ·..'lord 'natio', ".7hich lk"ls tl1 e san1e stem an 'natus' 1

from •nascor' , :meanine si mpJ;y· ' I am born '.

Si nce the seventeenth century the te1--;n tnat:i on ' :has meant t:0e po ulation of a sovr;re) r;n political state , rec;tn.'dless 2 As for the term 1 ru'ltionality 1 , this ..

any racial or to a f:rou )

o:: : ersons

....

the s a;ne lan[l.lage and observ ing the

Bab"le

custor!S.

It is di.1 ficult to dete rmine where an t when nattonalis n was born originally as an i deological movement .. :Jike rurJ.ny other ::i.nds of

move1aent it :ni snt star·t in dif ·crent many circumstances .. 1\s

ond times , depending

Indonet1ia, being a colony of t he DutcL

9 from the beginning of the seventeenth century to 1942 with five years of British interregnum (1811-16) and followed by a three years ' Japanese oc-

cupation (1942-45), the emergence of nationalism in the Netherlands and in England was probably of great importance. It is notable that in the emergence of nationalism in both countries r eligion had played an important part. The Dutch revolt against Spain in the sixteenth century was a nationalist as well as a religious movement. The English nationalist movement in the seventeenth century, perhaps the mast important in Europe, was born of the Puritan Revoluti on.

The optimistic thoughts of the Puritan r evolutionalists, probably influenced by their increasing politi cal

and the f lourishing of in-

dustrial and commercial activities , disapproved of Queen Elizabeth's choice of a middle path between the Roman Catholic Church and Calvinism, t herewit h seeking purification of t he Chur ch of England and giving to it a national i dentity. Ins pired by the Ol d Testament, thes e Puritans identified the Knglis h people wit h ancient Israel as God's chosen people to liber ate other peoples. Generally speaking, the population of the Indonesian Archipelago is of religious disposit ion. The gener osity of the fertile nature of the

"glorious realm of Insulinde that lvinds yonder round the equator like a 4

girdle of emerald"

can only but bring "the ohildren of Mother Earth"

close to the Almighty Creator. The average Indonesian, from whatever creed and breed, usually gives response to a call voi ced in the name of God. This indigenous characteristi c of the Indonesian people is of primary importance in considering the force of the Indonesian nationalist

10 Tho reli gious characteristic forms in large part the answer to the problem of why a

based on religion, such as the Sare-

kat Islam, gets much more rosponse from the mansfls than n novcm nt based 6

on culture, such as tho Budi Utomo.

I t gives the answer to the question

why the first basis of the state-phllosophv ie 3odhead, \thy the

of the revolution have al aye been pious patriots and such a revolut onary leader as Bung Tomo in hie radio speeches or at mass-meetings, appealing

to struggle for independence, always concluded with

to his

calling three times ''Allm"lu Akbar ", i.e. "God is the Grent11 â&#x20AC;˘ F...ven in

the early nineteenth ce ntury, when Dutch colonialism was still at its hei ht and when exploitation and oppression war was Islam which could stir the

taken tor granted, it

to fight for justice and indc-

in 1225-50 as the great progenitor of Indonesian

p3ndence. 7

got many f ollowers,

Nationalism

his heroic figure itr..buod the

minds and hearts of the people with a sort

ncstalgia because of the

fact that his struggle wae religiously motivatod.

Religion, and in the ease of I ndonesia it was I slam, formed a factor for tho emergence of nationaliem. It was firstly that ave

ion to any forei gn domination stimulated by Ielam, s condly the

strong sanae of eu

riority which l elam gave to its followers, am

thirdly its politico-religious nature and its ideal of world supremacy, that ude Islam the most important factor in the eser ence of nationalism in I ndonesia.

Indonesian Nationalism in its infant state, es

cia l y becau.s

OI its negative aspects, vas often regarded as

a s ort of

di sease .

8 Such

misunderstanding nas caused by laying too much otress on the negative character of nationalism. Evon Nehru had such a con ception when he wro路t e in his autobiography, stating : nnationalism is essentially a.n anti-feeling , arul it feeds and fattens on hatred and anger a gainst other national groups,

and especially a gainst t he f oreign rulers of a subject c ountry" .

!f..

Bouman, who ,.Jrote soUle considera-tions about t he c;.ovcl optlent of Indone sian connent ed that

of StUP.a t r a

nationalism on the

such opinion as Nehr u 1 s

lit tle undo1. .standing of the ley'sticiso of

nationalism. He also said that we could otll y speak

nationalism i f t he

sense of unity was imbued with a certain religious element, something

like t he ecst,asy of mys路ticism.

The importance of t he role of Islam

t he emergence

nation-

alism in Indonesia could not be overemphasi3ed . IJe拢t to Islam, foreign dol'llirultion formed the s-trongest stimulus for the b irth of na.tionalism in Indonesia. The exploi't,ation of the Dut ch Zas t Indinn Company from 1602 to 1798, t he transitional rule of t he Batavian

f'ro::n 179S to

18o6, t ile iron hand of Governor Gc:1eral Daendels (leoe-11), mrked by increased forced labour and his system of contingents and compulsary deliveries in

t he liberal r ul e oi the Eritish intcrrerrnum from

1811 to 1816, foll0\1ed o11ce more by a Dutch 路t,ransiticnal gcverr..mcnt by Commissi oners-3eneral until 1830 when Govcrno_ J osch came to p011er and pro:!'lulJated t he sy stem -

J . Qj."aaf van don

rorccd cult.:.vation

all t hese forreed the fore ign domination -r1hich provided a f ertile

ground for t he seeds of nn.tlonalism. Just to give an exampl e of the

12 ion tn'i'Je • "":utch colo. ial 2u1e, -:_ o p .. csent

brought mto the I"otherL"lnds ' r-dl..lion c a.ilJors ,

UtC.. l

J53

taJ;:nc,,.

Ol.

which ... 3

!!lill.iOtl

:rn ad<iiti.J!1

,10::119

•

o tltio, t 'lO

"'70::;:'\0

uou - ill:e to

a t.r·ibute of not less

tri llio...11 ·to.dJ

f:Ulldors fo_ · the

-w1..ite..

uso..i fo;..· t !IC .."'du:..;ticn

ct..:.on of the

.o rnd by 'the Dutch ....aot

,............... COt\

to ·- act tho 1 . . .o.. ·>ru1

continc

f.:u , ·J.y ...n t!1e

t,,

pare, .m

t nn _.ovinc::o s!owl.y

un or• ;o.lng en evolution ru _d tal:in,; different

:en t

rl.dst or

y--nastic a.nd colo" · l wars, iv tooL · :1e

0.!

r · n-

-t

of tho near futuro. act.er

ich cu .innted ii. the :!)c bin

n"llis.u of t

- lC ,

!"OVolution

13 of 1789.

As a :reactio n against Jacobin Nationa lism, a r.10re refined and

aristoc ratic nationa lism appeare d under t he name oi' Traditi onal

alism.

At a

tr.ti.<h'Jajr

point batueen Jacobin and ?radit;i onal !:ationa lism,

Libera l r:ationa linm developed in

Germany a.ad Italy.

A very

rit;id type of naticna lis.n, which took shape in 3uropc, especia lly in

the Centra l, Nationa lism e

and Souther n pa..-ts, n as t lle so-call ed Intogra l

J.e

Especi ally Hmnanit:.arian National ism seems to have influen ced

the Dutch Kuyper,

politic al leaderG , such as Fransen van de PQtte , Van Jevonte r , etc-

Kuyper, as a leader of t he

Antirev olution ary Party, a Christi an politic al part;y, :md long denounc ed tho policy of eA.'"Ploitat ion and had pleaded for a po.Licy of moral obli21 ga.tion and prepara tion for self-go vernme nt, nding the passage o-2 t he

Indian Consti tutiona l Act of 1854of

(this was t he pseudonym

:Jomves Dekker) wrote in 1860 an uu't,obi ographi cal account of his

experie ncies as a colonia l civil servant .. This literar y l7ork of his was

called

Max Havelaa r

after a famous coffee- auction eer at Amst,crdam.

Coffee, one of t l1o plantat ion product s which laid the heavies t burden

upo11 t he people of L"1uoncs ia, i'orned the inspira tion f or a s harp satire , but witl1 a novin: .ly brillia nt style which could galvani zG t he public

:L:.to actior.• Ur. Coen:caad Theodor van .)eventc r, uitne3s ing t ne lack Of

educati onal O!_)portun ity for the Indones ians W:ilO C.eservc d it , and

Lnowing that ·this lack was caused by tho inab ility of the governm ent to finance it while Dutch ente1·p riscs ·were earning t ens o.t million s, 1'7I'ote

t he famous articl-a flA .Jebt of T1onour rt in J e rJids of l C..,, •

._2

He :nainzy

14 advoca"tccl t hat. the Dutch, having drained hundre rls of millions O'lt of In.. donesia,

were morally obli6ed to restore at least a part of' the sun,

since Indonesia had fallen short of

for the so sorely needed de·

velop:nent of the people. 1'tis "Debt of Honottr11 s hould not be pai<i once in tl.Le form of money, he saia, but the Dutch gover t'..ment s hould take upon

itself the afore-mentioned. mornl ob ligation as express ed in t he vmrds of the speech from t he throne in 1901: "As a Christian e.'Tlpire, the lands are obliged to inbue the -.·;hole of the goverrrnent • s pol ::cy vrit h the conviction that the netherlands have to fulfill a 710ral vocation to,,-nrd

the population of their l"'et,ions . n

Thus with this speech fron the throne in 1901, the Dutch colonial policy turned tor;ard a policy of benevolence ,

the narte of flhich

as t he

ithical Policy ,

introduco2 for the first time by P. Drooshooft in

1901 in a pa!phlet, called Do

Kocrs in de Koloniale Politick 5 (The Ethical Course in the Colo:1ial Policy) . .Erooshooft , , won-

de red how far the new ideal woi.lld be realized . ,.,bile the above-nentioned

stateoPnt from the throne was nade on the instigction of the Christian !Jarties in t h e ,-;ct h er1 and s) .

initiated by the Apart

1-he ·u

' t J.n - d. ;e,as

. 1 +' 1. -r.sC-.i

tl1e new course \em.s

liberals. the ques tion whether this £thical Policy

r eally

meant to inprove the bad condition of the colony or not, indirectly it increased tho stimulus for t!:.e er 1erzcnce of nationalis . • Anong the favourable results could be mentioned the land-policy which after

1874

tended to preserve t he pattern of ar;ricultural Hol c:t.nr;s and the c'cvelopment of a lar ·e alien group, the improve::1ent of public

26 health-services ,

a slight :L"'lcrcase in the nu."':lbel" of educaticnal i_ns t i-

mcreasc 11as n::in1J due to t he

17:1il'} t he

tutions,

t:"'opic.:ll products.

t !1.e

Ct h:tcal

still t he

olicy di d

s ucceed in:

:Ihic..l st. ill tended t o stifle busi1ess

2 ) ch::mgi:1;_ t 11c ccono:::ic

.:1erchant clas:;, Indonosia.r1G to gain ex-

3) olll1ir'..ati."'1g entirely tiw reluctance ·to peri e:1cc i.-: seli'- ·;overrunent,

provi dlllg a

baslo for

educational Y.it'1 ti1eir

5) O.?et::..:1t; jobs lor Indoncsiuns

stimuli to increase t '1o

All these s hortcom:U1ris vrere

'i'he small number of' Indonesians

nationul consciousncsG of the

who succeeded in ob1..t1ining higher education, lil:e the students of the 30 voiced for t he first time ·cheir asoirations of Dol:ter J jcn1a School, natiomlit:>"'D..

Karti;.1i ( 1879-1904; . She

ono o... the pl.. omi.Tlont Javanese riomen -:·Jl o

' . ...ng .. os·.;ern . . t am] . oo . m cd t Lo daughter of a R.ct;cnt. It

I'! as

she u ..1 J

" t t ha t s 110 was t o tl·.1e rae

.for ferAD.le-cmancipatio:1,

de ;ar'"Jinr equa!._

for lio:nen, especially as ro a::·ds

then Dirac-tor- oi' the

partroont

J . H. Abendanon , who ·.as

ducation of the volonial goverru ent , by her ideas , colloc·:ed the lct te:rs

16 which she had sent to her 1 utch frienos about her ideas of reform and progres s. Abendanon co:npile d these letters into a book, which was edited Vlith the title

Door Duister nis tot Licht

(Throug h Darknes s to

Histor ically, -when ideas of emancip ation \1ere voiced by a. vronan, usually thi>J was an indicat ion that condi·ti ons had matured

for the

birth of a novemen t. Importa nt hiotori cal events in the lloar and

.1.

ar l!..ast took place

and forned strong sti2uli for the emergen ce of nationn lism and In 1904-05 Japan brough t its Yiar vii t h Lussia to a success ful end with tre of Port Arthur and t he annihil ation of the Hussian attack on Tsushim a by the Japanes e under Genera l Togo . This proof of the superio rity of an Eastern nation see11s to have origina ted a wave o:.: nationa l conscio usne ss which svmpt into other Asian countri es. Egyp-tia ns, for exanple , had a certain venerat ion for t he Japanes e, "consid ering a s

t hey do that their war against .,..ussia was t he becinni ng renaiss ance of the Orient" .

.32

O .l

the general

the

of Java, colourec picture s, 33 glorify ing the Japanes e victori es, vrere found even in rc:note village s As t ::e Japanes e had been granted equalit y \\ri tl: the Zurop3a ns by the Colonia l governnent, ti1e nation alist sti1ulu s was felt so mu.c:1 the ::ore. On this inprcss ive histori cal event t.uha.omad hatta once ·wrote·

• • • the thunder of canons in " crt Arthur, ,·mere ·che Japanes e succeed ed i n bac·-:: t lJB Russia att.c;.ck, ::..t was as if t his thunde r of victory :,avjfl to t he eastern islands and vverfle \. the co::ats of I'1dones:trr.

17 Then after the Chinese Republic had been founded in 1911, ChiÂˇ nose warships visited Java, and Chinese officials ca'!le to enquire i.1to the

position of t heir compatriots; s ince 1908 the Chinese had got Dutcl1-C 1inese Schools f ounded and sponsored by the

travel and residence

strictions pertaining to Chinese were gradually abolished from 1904 to 1910; later on in 1912 more satisf actory arrangG.m.cnts 'l.ere made for the ad!inis â&#x20AC;˘ tration of justice . The situation had become ripe f or the emergence of a nationalistic movenent .

18 ootnot ca 1

lu 5

C-rlton J • .• J'r'l:,.e.:.:., illnn Co. , 1 JJ , J J:· .. ( o. ian· Chli;pnai" aro

....says on

. 5

,1 •.

..cr.t, ....,....,................

(Crcn:i.n ·e il:

•

oordhoff "' 1912) ....o. 262 .

"putei -pu ucra Thu Perti 1.:. · is a · ell· knut n It

6 pp . 19-37.

£9..!

rat fo'rl e< on

13- di Utomo 1;as a culturcJ.

p..

lln.

_.nril ...

.._...._..,.,

p. 11 •

lbi ., p . 9. 13- ...

ll'lma:n.it:-:trian (171-2-76)

"oll nr; co i:

9·c

rder fl'r4b· l803)

of' scie ce for of ....atter .n

cd a

13:\l;

19 a.nd whic h b) exal tatio n and aLilo st deif ic·ti o't'} of huna n reason, of nat't r-e shou ld be utili zcC: by -the i'ldividu al to disc over the l: and to enab le h:L'1l to conf orm his life to theY'l 1 woul c use his reas on a.nc obey the natur c?.l lev-. , t'.is c 1 a s sur:ri..nt; that race ; . ? romi sed the prog ress and perf ecta bili ty of t he hu":lcin of the i .. diYi dua. l and a pred ifor vhc natr ·ral d) a te:-1der of an enli ghtc n0i hu111anitarianis;--1. lect :.'Jn f'or the soci al bles slr Nat1.ona lis,,, rthc r J . 1L Haye s , The Historic al Evol utio n of ocer n --pp. 13-lt2 .

'l ..1ad four c!1a ract eris tics, nane lv, J·aco bin a11C. rept blic "n, a ) it ,_.,"anted Fran ce to be indi,-:·._sible, ega lita::·ian a 11d s ecul ar; ; its cndc , it reli ed e-.rc ntPa lly on forc e a.'"ld rrili t ari L) to and :ron antic reli gi cls c ) it inf\. .sed the thri llinG e.1ot .ion of a 11 ':htcl '-'len t 11 ; the re:1s0:" of the eY::_;eri er C€ i '1to tho t ho nati onal and cere noni cs wlrlc h it evol ved -- the nati onal flag , i.Jcs, the libc :-t:ant,1e ··1, the naJ(d.ona l holi days , t !-:c nat ·iona l s:1!'. 1 tl1.e natio !1al 11 caps , the alta rs to la Patr ie" , t;1c crc.vcn ta )let . . of J.Xl.r:Jd . . . tte bupt is-1 and law, the ort pour la Patr iett -- wer'C' touc hing eulo gies , t:1c insc ript ions of whic '1 the Jaco bin s .:;,· of vf the olic Fo.ith; stituted for t he olde r Cath 1 . d) lv naa a :nJ.ss1.ona:ry zaa.J.• £ ris0 ot, Peti c·n, Among the prog en.it ors of Jaco bin ·:ati onal is:n 1;ere of or:cr n t-o l and a"ld otl1 ers. See furt her Haye s, The Hi...:t oric al Na tion alism ,pp . LJ-33. 1..

•

rrad ition al Hatio !1al is 1t ar-p' 3ared a.., a reac tion to t he ro.:.l Ja(!c bin i11to lera1 .ce, crue lty, etc. ::>f iiati onal :Ls-1. 'l'hesrdoc trin al di:!. 'ferc nces betw et!n Juco bin and Traf ition al

diff ere .ces were :

on :aat·.:ral righ ts; the :'ro. .'iti.o11a lists Jaco bi.as base d it on hist oric righ ts; atic ; Jaco1J:ins -;·.rer e deno crat ic, whil e ·trc othe r vias aris tocr b) Ym.s revo lutio nai:' , t '1e otne r c) of 1e lk'1. "ion al stat e d) t he for"'ller s-r.rc sscd the abso lute nne str0 ve to deve lop abo 't it a popu.lHr rel:t·;io;'l o:: nati. on'll _ a.t.r iot:; , t cndc t o r egar d prea c the otl1a r, to t he n.s plur al nnd so,,; :ht to r 0con cilo loya lty to trad itio nal Chr istia nit;r . stat e with Bcna lr' :1:1d S'chle gel . 1n Nati onalist c ro .in::! ::. 'fr:._C.l .....1, o.r Moder n :ra l!.' volu tion See furt her Haye s, The His t.or _.... al ....... ..........a)

pp . Sh-119 .

is b c.sPd on the phil csophy of Libe ral Nat ioi i.e. the iciea that the f-undamen tal impu lse of an is to .1y Denth aJn seek plea s ure and to a-voiri z:ain . Its f o·P...:.!der ;r:;. s Jere:

(1743-1832). See

J . H.

The Histori cal £yolut ion of Loden1

ration alism, pp . 120-16 3.

was born in the eighte enth centur y "as the Integ ral exclus ive persu it of nation al polici es, the absolu te mainte nance of nation al integ rity, and the steady increa se 11 of nation al power -- for a nation de• clines , if it loses nilita ry t1ight • Thus the words of i t s rigid doctri naire This Nation alism has been in proces s since the niddle of Charles the ninete enth centur,y, anc its genera l traits are: a ) it has not to do 1dth oppres sed or subjec t nation alitie s,but rather with nation alitie s which have alread y gained their politi cal unity and indepe ndence ; b) it is hostil e to intern ati onalis m preach ed by hunan itarian s and libera ls; c) it makes the nation not a means to humani ty, not a steppi ng stone to a new world order, but an end in itself ; it puts nation al intere sts alike; above those of d 1 it refuse s co-op eratio n with other nation s excep t as such co- opera tion may serve its m7n intere st, real or fancie d; e ) it is jL!eo istic, distru sts other nation s, labour s to exalt one nation on physical force; at the e:;.._"Pen.Ge of others , a?'ld f) it is milita rist and tend to be imper ialist; g) in dooes tic affair s, i t is rdghly illibe ral and h) it lrould oblir;e all citize ns to confonn to a common standa rd of manners for it. unreas oning to share the norals nation al int erest" ! Beside s it ·would do "in All these :.:aura s, the well...known sociol ogist August Comte (1798- 1867), Taine and s and theori zers of this kind of Nationa lisn. Barres were the ohilos ooher ,. See furthe r Hayes, The Histor ical Evolut ion of pp . 164-231.

Bernar d H....: . Vlekke, Ges chiede nis van den Indischen (Roeno nd...: :aaseik : J . J. Romen & Sons, 1947 ), p. 61:'11. 20

The Dutch on . cit., p. 8. East Indies (Berke ley and Los 1\ncelo s: University of Califor nia Press, 1942), p . 63 . 21 Vandenbosch, on. cit., p. 63. 22 Vlekk e, ou. cit ., p . 390. 23 [)ee the figure s on p . 12 i."1 t his thesis .

cee

25 see

uoted

Vlekke , op . cit., p. 390.

"The Ethica l Course in the Colon ial Policy n (Amste rda-:1: 1901\ , op . cit. , p.

Georoe

Ka.hi.n, "Indon esian Politi cs a'IJ.d ·ationaliS':l" , in

21 Asian liationalism and the r est, ed . by 'hillia-:1. L. Holland ( ..Iew York: 'I bc Mac..:ilfan Co. , pp. 67-68. 27 Vlekke, op . cit . , pp . 397-98. 1

Thid.' p . 391.

See

:icT. Kahin, "Indonesian Politics and in Asian Hati onalisn and the : est, pp . 67-68 . 30 The first institution of hic:her s tudies, established in 1849, only to instruct vaccinators , but successivel y i n 1875 and in 1902 raised to a college l evel.

R. A. Kartini, Door tuisternis tot Licht, thoughts about and for tho Javanese people , from' the late Raden Adj eng collected J . H. Abendanon ( 1 s-Gravenhag e: iJ. V. Electrische Drukkerij 'Luctor et Emergo ', 1912 ) , Jrd Impression.

III 04 In llJ OF' THE SAREKAT I SLAM :MOVEMENT

1. The Social Environment CUlturally speaJ:ing, three strata of culture form t he ha.rmoniously and solidly comentGd foundation of t he Indonesia.l'l nationality. The

first stratum is t he indigenous

cons iders mana as t he con-

tral p0\7er of life; t ho se cond stratum is Hinduism -.7ith an equally strong Jeyoticism as t hat of tho Indian Hindus ; tho third stratum, the tor laye:r.路,

is t he Isl.a.r.lic culture \'Jhich has moral characteristics such as tolerance , progressiveness, dynamic , etc.

The characteristic of tolerance is largely

due to t he fa.ct t hat the penetration of Islam v1as through trade, spread by peaceful merchants and teac:"!crs. 'i'he prosress i vc ch-.., .....acter devolop..:d

since :J:odernist Islaraic t houghts entered the Indonesian .1usli.m cormmmity. The :Juslims have shown t heir dynrua.i.c force in facing t he challenge and

oppression of

and coloni aliso.

The begirmine of tho tt1entieth century n as marked by bad con-

ditions in Indonesian society. During centuries under t he heav-.f pres-

sure of

tch colonialism, only shortly inter rupted by the liberal Eng-

lish interregnum and finally followed by t:H) J utch period of I路olicy

the social pos ition of the

Ethical

h.:>d becom thoro-.....ghly

unsatisfa ctory. The :"e prevailed a feeling oi' depcndor:ce on and inferior-

ity to f oreigners ,

to tho Dutch and the Chinese. The Jutch,

havi..l'lg political poocr in their hands , very o.l.'tcn took a huniliating

23 attitude toward the Indonesian natives, whom they called

Inlanders ,

meaning ' Nativesâ&#x20AC;˘ and acquiring a very humiliating sense, since the word â&#x20AC;˘vuilâ&#x20AC;˘ or dirty was often attached to it. Indonesian natives had to pay marks of homage to thei.r European or native masters, while foreign Asiatics did not. Race-discrimination prevailed. The Administration of law very greatly favoured Europeans; detention for examination, applied not only to accused persons but often for convenience to witnesses also, was an evil which had not yet been entirely abolished; trial and punishment by the

were not always just and were imposed only on natives; for private property; cases occurred in

there was insufficient which someone who

robbed preferred to say nothing in the court rather

than become a victim of the unpleasant methods of the authorities. The common man in Indonesian society had suffered the hards hips of forced labour; native workers in European plantations were often illtreated. To these oppressed and humiliated Indonesians Islam voiced its encouraging verses, such as "Faint not nor grieve, for ye will overcome 2 them if ye are (indeed) believers". (III :l39) The Indonesian

viz. the farmers and merchants,

were more and more deprived of their economic independence by the keen competition of European plantations and industries, while the retail3

trade had long been mainly in the hands of Chinese and Arabs. strong since 4 Indian Company in 1602. In the be-

The position of the Chinese had been the establishment of the Dutch

ginning of the twentieth century, i.e. one century after the East Indian Company had ceased to exist, the economical power of the Chinese in In-

they did not obtain le.eal author-

donesia as still incco

i ty to conduct the economical affairs 1 they did obtain functional con-

trol over native crop land ani thus bad at t,t)eir disposal toe .arketable

as nell

t>roduct,s dorivcd £rom ·he lan s , na.maly

s e...'cport crops.

The increas ing \l'olume o£ export crops grown by ·t.he L"ldoneui :1-n populcrtio did not !.ncrea.ae the welfare 0;f t.he peasants since a uubstantial part T"nc Chinese est cial-

so and /u'""ab

of its value went to

ly absorbed the major share.

?artly they Yrere

The Arab merchants were tf.nrer in

nru;ra-

raawt Arabs vtho;..e religiousness was rather uncertain, considering tJ:e fact rathP.r as usurora than as pious JlSlins .

that t ey showed

later on when the Indones · n

slim move1cents had been consoli:la.ted and

Arab reli3i '")us teachers hud come t-o Indon

begin to decrease notably.

donesia

1904,

8 F. Idenburg

plan.'"'lcd an extension o£ cdueation in In-

the Christian :issionary.

To J . B. van Heutsz, the

newly appointed Governor General of the East Indies (1904-Q9) 1 '"e the following :i.nstrnotion :

nistar e promise Ji.Ven by the I v:ould like to er,dorse Colonial Affair!! concerning the spiritual welfare of the Dutch East Ill,U.es goverm ent in Indtes, na.L 9lya should recognize that it is desirable , both for i:JJe spiritual and the ....ateri l elevati{)n of the

IJi!

Christianit.y

sury

id their

For the realization of tba Ethical Policy, A. in a bill dated July 20 1

Only

evertwnare

ong t •

ave

25 This political conduc-t of Idenburg ' s was branded as party or christianization policy by his political opponents . This was also t ne publi c opinion

the Indonesian Hus lims . Idenburg and his supporters

c laimed t hat t his poli cy was desir;ned for no other purpooe t lmn to serve

the public weal, consi dering t he f a ct that t ho organization of a real

system of popular education by the state would be completely beyond t he 12

financial strength of ·t,he state

/unidst such a social environment , political, economical and cultural conditions reached a critical point in t he f irot decade of tho t17entieth century. rrhe Indonesian atnosphere 11as brening a st orn of dis-

satisfaction which TJould burst out into the pot?orful stream of a people's

movement ..

2 • The Birth oi' the liovement Uany developments grm1 ouv of this social environment . Firstly, dissatisfaction was growing due t o t he already mentioned deteriorating political,

and cultural conditions. Secondly, there emergec

ws.Onr.; t 'he young generation a group 'Who had succeeded in obtaining education 1n t he course o:f Tihich they had made acquaL'"'ltance vrith t he

modern

ideologies of nationalism.

great hictor ical events ,

such a.s the Japanese victory in its ·war againDt =:ussia in 190:5 , occur::ed and formed stim.uli for the emer gence of nationalism and :'an- Islamism .. Fom-thly, certain ;

cust oms of t he Ind onesian people , s uch as

g_o'l;ong rojon.i (mutual help i.fl vilL'lge l ife)

( counsellinr; ) ,

got the potcnt,i a lity of developinr; into democratic institutions. :_i':i.fthly,

26 there was an incroasin

nhosc

es:'ecia lly t he Chinese,

challen;;c of t he

increased impingement upon the vestigial native mercPAnt

class Tlas the outstandinp immediate cause of t he emer gence of a..l! Indonesian

political- nationalist leadership . All t hese develonmcnts for:1cd t he seeds of a nationalist movement soon to be born The substantial causo of the

political,

a_r.td cultural conditions on the eve of the outburst of the nationalist movement was the fact that native leadershi p bccam3 more the

of t he

i:etherlal'lds colonial rcgir:le than the guardian of the Indonesian ::_;e ople ' s

interests.

The whole elite of ryrijaji (the civil se!"Vants and t he nob il-

ity) and the aristocracy

1'Jas

ut ilized and employed by 'jhe Dutch colonial

rule. It was again the

nho provided effective leadersrdp to

the fJl"m-J:L"lg nationalist movement and gave birth to the politically-based nationaliot ma.ss- organizatio!l, t he Sa.rekat Islam, in the f irnt decade

of the t11enticth century . Tni s movemen-t uburst upon the heretofore tra'1quil colonial scene with a suddenness and a force u f'. ich quite astonishe d

not only t he Dutch but nany Indonesians as well' . cenber

2e,

It uas ;1adji Sa..ÂŁP,hudi

1956 ) \7ho actually sta.-rtod t hi s novemcnt, sacrificing

all his wealth to finnnco its or ganization. He started it as early as

Octob er 16, 1905,

but hi.s lack of moder n organizational methods and

publicity, so essential for

t.-10

new movement, coobincd with hi s

humility caused h:L.1 to fal l into ob livion until 191:_, uhen Tjokroa:!linoto

came on the scene .

27 In the meantime, on :Eay 20, 1908 , the Wes tern-educated secular

able to

and for1ulate the current aspiration, founded

t:1c Eudi Ltono (Noble Dndcavour), which became knm-,n in history as the van-

guard of the Indonesian nationalist but .Jr .

.ahidin Su.dirohus odo

nationalis:.'!,

1.110

"lOVa1'Jent .

beca111e knolm as the

the twentieth of ...

of Indones::.a as

It vms not Hadji E'=D.manhnc i of Inooncsian

is officially celebraJved by t 11C

N&sional* or t!1e

•1io.ri

' ay of

• The real hero renained olJscure.. L' h::.stoire se

Nat5.cr-Ln.l

repetel

3. The Shaping

.or. the

Islc.u-u I?colocy

.:'eeling of bclonr;ing to a clan was very strone a'!l.ong J!!ost

of the Inc' onesia:1 peoples. !Iazeu, the govE.nnl'nent 1 s ad-...'1-ser for native affairs, reporti..Y}g on the first conc:-ess of th0 (Young

Jong fmnatranen no.1d1

l..ssocia.tion) in 1919, pointed out that the

fee ls

inangka.bauer

hi ,her " then th"'l 'l'npanulian, :;nr' v:ice ve-'sa .

pr--sent Yciter recalls :'ro

ments eris-ucrl

Tho

h:is boy 1ooe in the 1930s thnt t.1 se senti-

the Ja-v-anese an ., t he J\laboncse , 7)ctwee!1 thq Hinang-

kabaucr and tl1e JD.Yancsc , etc. Thcs"" conflict· n clans ...:ere a:ll..":la.tod, or

se Tt.i.Tilents '"'etr:eo 1 the

least left to prevail by t he Dutch colonial

author:i. ties as part of thc_r polic" of ttdivit.ie et l.:-roera" . .ith the

easily tc a ccording t o

3.\mren..;..,::; of hav.i.nr; a

into a feeling cf

y:as

COULlT.iO"'l

ene:11y, i . e. the

of a forned duralle co.mm.u.nity

o.:

28 lancuaf!e, territor;,r, economic life and psychical condition, e:.:pressed in by a strongly

a cultural entity". This regional nationallin 11as

developed local patriotiml a..."'ld specific cultm"'al expressions . :Cou:nan, who m:1dc a study of th0 development of Indonesian I:ational::.sm in 1I:i..n.-:mcJcn1au,

used for this kind of nationalism, · ans !\ohl;. ' s terminolo::· of J:rult-u;coll

[OSChichtlichC

I '

politiac:h-gcof:::'a.·-Jhische

to be distin[:'UiShCd f.rom

riation' The second and t l1e beginninc of the tl..lt..d decade of the t-.Jenticth century sa:rn

omergcnco and development

O--

this regional nation-

alisn in Indonesia. The ymJn'"Y ge:1eration o.t'gD.Ilizcc.l t,hcmselves in ucoocia-

tions such as the aforc-nr-ntioncd Budi TJtomo (founded .Lt:t 1.ay, 1902t representing Javanese nn.tiomlism), Par;vjubaL

founded :L'1 1914,

Dtu1daneso

asundan ( >unclar:ece Unio!l,

nationalisr ) , !.au:n ....etcn1i ( l!..sso-

ciation of Batavians, founded :L"1 1923 1 l,Gprcsent.ing a specific local

nationalisn disth1ct from that of tho Javanese and tho Suudanose) , Serikat &i.ll:Ils.tra (the Young Smnatrans Association, founded. in 1919, expressi..11g Sun:;tran nationalism), etc. All these associations were founded on cul-

tural and historical bases . Pa.gujuban Pasundan, for example, made t:he following statement to justify its raison d•etre:

Tho different Indonesian peoples mve different cultural . . It in !movrn to cveryboct:; t:wt m fact eacl1 part ex:)rosoions of tho Indonesian population considers itself as standi."l.g on its Javanece, CJ•'1L, t\1e large manseu sti:: feel ns cvc1" ::inanrrl:aba.uer, etc .19

In the field of literature the emergence and developnent of regional nationali sm oan also be easily traced .

vuhamm..:ld Yanin in his sonnets

29 20

of nostalgia for his •ranah Air'

(fatherlan0) referred clearly to wU-

matra. In his 1'W.nderinr;s over Java in the 1920s, he was loncing for the

"green lookinc; chain of mountains, the ' Bukit Barisan• in Sumatra. He meant exolicitly "Sumntra" vmen he was yearning for his fatherland,

(', ,. . Y c o, ntry, o my j slanc here the laneuace birds the nation J thin1c of you nie;ht anci do.y lntil ,ny soul nearly faints avroy thP nohle lane 1f :leeds sacrifice for our destj nation u'ly boc1y and soul are r e-;ady at han0 •

•

rhe importance of the role of Isla-n i n early Indonesian i'TationaliSi"J lay in the fact that it became a bind

element and a SjTP'lbol o.f nati011•

Isla:t gave s pirit11al strength and

ality .

to t.he

ideology of nationalism, favourable for its gromh and e·'tcnsi0n. As

FroMbere stated:

• • • :;:slar:1 for the

rel.ionly '"' point aut also of ne!tiona.lity . For, aG gio-·L Isl::: , the /futch7 t yrant hn.s not encroac-1-:ed upon it a"1 t,,e relir.;ion is-consequently that which h1.s re1ained slunoering b:· by the tyrant, the pushs( of the otj_nguish oach other as nationalities. One whicb they can shak.s ofi' as it vrcre from whc turns '10t

nntiono.lity.

!:.drin.ni also noticed this national ele:--ent when he flo tris 11in

of the Sarok:1t Isl.:l

assu1ed an I sla'llist, i.e. a

the

to the fact "that the vaneucrl's have

point of vien. Isla'il is the :.ation...

ality of' the Javanese . • . "; while Blt:."nbo:"ger wrote <i')out "the great

30 parJOr o

Isla.!!' as social

,.1:.,.,"'riani,

Islam

ns national of

\ihi ton •; ..

tct. nt about I lam

<i:J

Accord in to 0

nutior..al co:t$cio '&ness of tho brown

the

to .

Tt!O pressnt .riter, -dwn oi 1

viz . uho " lincse nativos

npbol of

w!1o 'fl:vc

eonvel'tcd t-o lsla.-n droppc

insteo. ' of c

li..'f!

thei r Bal:inoaa nationality , and themselvcs

tho'".f

-'t s1 j

be C.2.1.1eJ ""'a.linese any m-ore, for the s in. lo re.:lson tl:.at tl a

llr'!....re

offensive pol:..t.ical

of tho 'polltisch•geo;!r sphinchs

tom for violent -,.. h ......._._..

proP<;..,

h ""'

!"aci.aJ nau.ionali:;,m, ·-,hich aocic-c ltnra,_ i..'1 nat ·.c, a religio·1i.> bae: round of bi

U!Jed

to o.eveJon 26

ine ru1ccst a.1

T.1e

novc.ilent scened to be embodyi.'"'l(; 'the fo_ .0r k . .nd of 1[ .tio ,...

&rekat

":\ 1t .

P.cli·

n fe2t as a elUlllongc · y tl"e Dutch colonial

"Xlr cr sa-\.0 in tho pcliticaJ.

ali,...

'nS !

and 1.:n

thus consi 'ercd a

a ma.n3Ce by 1:..\-:le

·teL colonial g<. erns\;: 1t by the

aS evident i'ro.11 the i'rtct that ti-c Islar tv ob4-.ni.n incorporuvio n

\T.lS

nat

.d, mo :lt lik

stroat... ri-ot -;h.:.cn had

1:." .i. :en

31 and i'oeterad by the Ottomc1on oultrm P.bclulbmaid II in tho baginrlna o:f: the t

=Tt

,,.._,

•

•,.,en •

1e ....a{. :t$ mo ; thou.:;.a n<.:·t exo usrvely, 'W.'ti:lr-a... -rf. ile the sh'l:re!...psrty is socittll:t pa.1...!sL.1 list, a;;, ideal :i.tnJ "'r. rzin;..> i rl ·fih':" • u.slim ctttrt·lli"l ty

through disrccnrd

.,..ace•pocu1iari tics . 28

for

ll100ern p! o.oticos only ii so far a.; thoy

arc

clt:.c-

fl...;).tional :1nstitut ...ons ·:hile leav.inr:; opon to tJ"cm the o ·p

tunity of a

,.• .....•1t

evoJ.ut:!on

uourn direct.: n, a ...

32 press all kinds of Pan-Islamic i deas, which

at invi ting

foreign powers to influence the relations between the

utch

governn1ent and its eastern s ubjects .

Islam was one of t he active factors

tended to

local or regional nationalisr.! to break through towards an Indones ian

nationalis;1. In t!lis regard Bouoan made the following statement:

If s omething can bend regional nationalism into a nationalis:r. of Greater bond , it i s surel y a religion s uch as Islam, gives t he interest in fellow-believers i n other areas, by which the erowth of group-feeling is stimulated and in the long run nationalistic sent iments are also avmked. 31

The ideology which began to take shape

t ho

of t he

Sarekat Islam was a kind of nationalism 1Jhich had I slarn as its i 1spirine S}ubol a"'ld its uniting bond and could be designated as I slamic

Th.e s haping of the Sarekat Islam ideology took place vmen modernist

thoughts began to filter dovm into Indonesia in the last

decades of the nineteenth century . The Dutch gcvcrnment uhich

t;as

con-

cerned that modernist ::uslim ideas, such as Pa.n-Islamism, mi ght disturb t he "peace and order11 of the colonial rule, banned t he "dant;erous'' Arabic book s frorr. enterinG Indonesian territory . l!evortheless, through Indonesian

wt.o studied at a l-Azhar or in lfakkah, and t hrough the fisrring harbour of Tuban, Arabic magazine s and newspapers, bound into ki tabs (bcol-:s ) were "S!'1ugglcdn into Indonesia; among others were al- 0 'Grwat al-1 "uthga, al-::u 'a;yyan, al·Siyasah, al-Livr.i, al-cAdl, all from Cairo, and

- an '• al-Qis}as a l - Fum.m

both from

Al-currmt al-

( In 1issol ublo Bond) v;as an Arab ·weekly, published by JamaJ.. al-

3.3

:i.n tha ! uvl:n 1ril.St.

followc rt:J,

put, .fo:r-Ntl.t\.1. by Cp.J:xlu11 Lccru....e kncr.-m in

aince lt97 by

of. c1\bd.. th" s ideo.o

Ricin, who bccnre

•

............ .

..nosic.

:..:.; chi· f' disctplc .

'\'f7.1iC!1 mif:ht have :; t.::ilJ latcd '!

·1ic

•.:yr·th.('l,_ is

trc'non.d('us etW"'.l.Cticn !'or the I ndonet3in.ns. The

socia .

otic

econo .; c prj.nciples. Finelly the seed:.; oi: ::1e e ir'ea«- se:s Gd

34 to have found a fertile community ground, vrhich had been deeply ploughe d by the experience{3 of fo reign dominnticn anc out of which arose the

36 (fagang) Islam on October 16, 1905. Because of the lack of skillful

lcad8rship, it, was only as late as 1911 that the Sarekat (Da gn.ng) Islatll

reached an articulate organized phase and was transferred into the power.. ful Uirekat

Isl ,qp

movement under the e=cpert l eadership of Tjokroa11inoto.

!jadji barnanhudi

Pioneer of Indonesian rfational; am

was one of the

young

Indonesians,

at the aec

of thi.rty... six went on pilgrimage to .." akkah in 1904. It 1.va,s after his r et urn

from the ii0ly Land that Hadji Sa1nanhudi

(S.D.I. ) in

founded the .Sarekat Dagang Islan

(Solo), Central Java, on October 16, 1905.

A millionaire after inheriting properties f rom his fa路liber, he

vas a groat batik

manufacturer and merchant in La1Yijan, bOlo, wlth

branche:::; at Bandung, Semarang, Suraba.j a and Banjurmngi. Considering the fa.ct t.ha.t Hac1ji Samanhudi

ndcd hia or;;a,1iza ..

tion ehortl y aft er his return from !iakkah and himself sacrificed much of

his property to financ e a :-路1ovement to promote the Indonesian na.tiontll trade, it m.ay be concluded that the very motiv:. of his a ctions

that,

kind of id.eas which emerge c1 throu nh the influence of thB cAbdu 1 and

al-Manar movement. ".::t was a kind of nationalism \'lith broader

aims t han that of the already existing local or recional v:5.z. rjav;a!l.ro, Sunda!hrn,

etc. It had Islan as its

ond i ts bindint; factor and co1.'l d ttus be desir;:"lated as I s la!:ic Nationalism as the ...u resent w:ri te l" has stated c-,bovc .

35 The movement led by Hudji

was at first directed

primarily against the Chinese who more and more obtained the key-positions in the Indonesian economy at the expense of the natives; secondarily it was directed against the Dutch which gave power and priority to the Chinese

in matters of trade and imports of the vital chemicals for the batikindustr.y. It was, however, not directed toward t he Arabs, apparently because of the s imple reason that the Arabs were considered as

Anyhow,

Samanhudi's nationalist trend had a vdder scope t han the Budi utomo, founded by the pensioned physician Wahidin SUdirohusodo on May 20, 1908, and which at first was limited to the Javanese Erijaji (nobility) and ningrat (aristocracy) . The Budi Utomo attenpted to seek ways and means to raise t he s tandard of the people who were suffering under t he worst conditions caused or nurtured by

power. In practice

co ld only work

a purely cultural basis, especially in the field of education. Hadji

was a pious and humble llusli.--n. Although he could

be considered as the "trail blazer11 of Indonesian nationali81:1, he hir.lself never claimed that title until his death on December 28, 1956. lie was a silent worker who did not reveal h.i..s well-deserved title . The fact of his being the pioneer of the Indonesian nationalist movement was not even publicly knovm until the end of 1953, when he went to Djakarta to meet the leaders of the young Indonesian Republic and

ex-fellow-fighters in the

past Sarekat Islam Is struggle, and was interviewed by the n;opunan Panearang Islam

(Muslim Writers Association).

Samanhudi frankly stated

that the Serikat (Dagang) Islam. nas foroed by himself at a neeting held

36 in his house on October 16, 1905. He had invited s m.e friends of viz . fellow-merchants, to whom !1e explained his ideals and plans. In

this f irst neeting Hadj i Samanhudi

llCl.S

elected as chairman of t he newly-

founded ort:anization. 1'\·ro members of the first

corrrni ttoe, Suwandi

and IAden Gunawan, still livinG on the day of t he above-ncntioned interview, were witnesses of the historic event . Furtheroorc, there are other proofs of

t ruth of Hadji

viz . phot ographs of the

S. D. I .-conGrcss in 1906 and of t he s ix other congresses afterwards ttntil 1911, during the time of which t he l eadership was in t he hands of IIad,ji Srunanhudi .

The germ of his leadership had been tested when in the f irst year of the tvTentieth cent ury the trade-security of the batik--industry uas challenged by foreign

and economical decline •vas consider able.

A yearly turnover of about· 10 ::1illion guilders vms in danger. Besi des the

indizenous r aw materials , the so sor ely needed analL, e dyes and the white cotton textiles wore in the hands of the Chinese entrepreneurs. For several

years the S.D . I . could not functjol1 smooth.ly. Sometiues its actions were prohibited by the governnent or

by its opr onent s .

Once, men Hadji Camanhudi went to Dandung in 1909 t o vlsit a branch of his batik manufactory, he met. a cert.ai n Haden t:as Tirtoarlisurjo to conDult the l at ter in matters of conmcrcial policy. Tirtoadis urjo was an aristooratic Javnncse merchant and manager of a trading cor.xpany at Djaka rta called

Sarekat r agnng

, wlrlch \vas going

to be l :.quidated on account of i ts inability to resist. foreign Tirtoadisur jo -v;as at t he salJle tmc

tor-in- chief of the aristocratic

37 journal

Prijaji

to set un a

in Bandung. Eac1 ji fu'"1arllud i, inspired '--y h;m, decided

His ovm batik-ind stry and trading company at Lawijan,

founded in 190S wi.th the nane the

:are!路::at Dagang I s la!

"' rekat Darang Islamijah

Hata.via (r jakarta) , and the

as alread.., mentioned ,

establis hed by Tjokroc:di sll!"jo in 1909 at Sarekat Dagang Islam

fo 路.nded by Sjech A..lu-nad

at Th1itenzo rg (Boger), all were under his as he

Ytas

;!'1

leadersh ip,

religious leader of considera ble stature. Tirtoadis urjo

was charr ed to orr;anizc the associati on and make it kno-.in throush the press. This vent re to

the interest of

merchant s

7ms based on co-op-

eration and readines s to launch boycotts against the Chinese . Its

7aS

to secure tho natives a prominen t econonic al, social and politica l at the sa":le tiTJe l"etaini.""lg Islam, \'T!lich is the nattiral

that strongly

links together the greatest. nart of the native populatio n in con.fro"'lt ing

the non--usli m foreigne rs. The !slam-id ea c.s S"Jffibol of not only relir ious bnt also social 1.

nity proved to be of great propagand istic val e !'or t!1e defence o:: t he

members a3c

for the

and

non-relig ious P:J.I?Osos as well.

t he

of all

the

for

: utual assistanc e and acvancement of

as the basis of the associat ion were easily

interoret ed in terms of strong

The reliGious and national istic

c_larocte r soon oversha.d oned the original econcric er:-phasis. The I s la.!:l- idea as the stronC"""\st bond f or 3ocial t".nit: .....ms then

utilized by lfusl-l..., ort.:"lodox ele.l"lents to

1i.....,ate t.1e slackenin g reli-

r路ious zeal as manifeste d in the practices of dai1,- life. At the

e t ine

this pure religiou s influence was succe!Jsfu ll-.. utilized to attr ct an

38 avalanche of members to the associat ion. Even the mystical and sufistic oayCat

or taklng a secret oath ·was inposed upon the members , whereby

they swore vdth impressiv e formalit-:.es to su'.Tilit to the will of t he maM g:in; CO""mlittcc and. to

ve mut 1'1 help a nc, support.

Fro-:n. the preamble of the

9, 1911 t ht.

dated

assocjati on showed clear tendenci es

politica l aiD&, which later

on woulo bo better embodjed by the

rekat

( S. I. ) . This

contai."'ls a-,ong others the f olloving s crtoment:

This associati on is establish ed in uhcre t hore arc at least 50 mC!nbers. Its ai.."ll is that t!l...e members shall be on brothcrl: " ter.11s with one ancther, pro,oting concord and mutua.l assistanc e anonr all and further to attem?t by all means ·which are not contrary t o the l.:tws of cotmtry and of tho covermAent 1 to raise the l evel of t he people i n order to attain flourish ing prosperi ty a"1d t he greatnes s o: ·:,:'le 42

Fron t he above statemen t a slight indicatio n of the of Indonesia n nationo.liom could ''e traced. F!'or. a .)asic

i nstinct of

self-pres crvntion, it had grovm out, into an econo-,ic al conscious ness a.nd

further into a na.t.:onal and politcal consciou sness. The phrase 11 t he gr atnes"' of thG country" n1.ght

t endencj.. towarc1

The Islanic trait of t . is gr.')\Tl-11':, nat.:.o'lal iSE1 was evic Ylt froM. tho concludi..ne s o:-rtc-nces of tho prcaT'lble ·

Tt is well-kno• m to everybod y that th"'

ti."lle is mar ked as the per iod of progress . Cur present dAvice must be that tho stJ.. towards nay '"lot remain vain ponp . It is also our duty as to contribu te to i t ,

39 for which :-cp.son we have decided to form the barekat I s lam

a.ssociation.43

The association continued its vmrk by registering a ereat n:.Gtber of members; by 1912 it had developed a nembership of

cottine of all deali ngs vdth Chinese went on, excesses

shovt.ing that tho managing

36o,ooo.

The bo,....._

that year two not have t he

power to keep t he huge number of rncrn.!)ers in check . For this reason the

local govern1:1ent decided to suspend the association as boin:; dan;;ero1s f or public peace and order, by prohibiting it to hold nevJ

or to enlist

Immediately thereafter domiciliary searches wore carried out

in the houses of the principal members of the ma.nar ing eo:m:dttee, but results to t he projudice of

association . Then the

was abrogated with the condition that t he had subni tted must be altered i..11 the SurakaTta- province could become

which the association that only residents of ·the and t hat a proper fil1:1nc:Lnl

COl"\ -

trol should be instituter . The s econd excess within that year was the occurrence of disorders on t he occasion of the Chinese New Year celebration at

aja.

By way of protest against the government anc •ol ice the Chinese :ner-

chants had closed the; r store-houses anct s hops, as a res lt of which the population -rms put to inconvenience, the r ore so 1rhcn epide."l'l ic diseases began to break out. In the meantime the C.a.rekat Islam had gained followers in

aj 1. .

In May 1912 three Sarekat Islam propagandists had em"" to Surabaja an ha

40 had discussions with Urnar Said Tjokroaminoto, an enployee of a com:nercial firm in that city.

They su . . .ceeded in persuading him to become a mei.lbcr of

the Sarekat Isla.n.

Surakarta, where

was

:ay 1.3,

1912 Tjokroa.minoto t·ras request5d t o come to

very warmly.

endeavours were full; entrcstod to him.

Fur t her

and

Tjokroaminoto•s first t _sk

official recoJ nition of the S.I., so that it could be leJally incorpo-

rated. Accordingly on the lOth of September 1912 the statutes of the S.I., as drawn up after legal advice, were brought by him to Kuile in Surakarta a.11d registered by notarial act.

Tjokroaminoto acted for

himself as well as in the capacity of nta.ndatory for a ._;roup

sons, among whom Hadji

B. ter

five other batik-merchants ,

of the Susuhunan-government and one other person.

eleven perofficials

Herem th the Sarekat

(Dagang) Islam re-emerged officially as Sarekat Islam (S.I. ) 1 meaning Islamic Azsociation, under the leadership of Tjokroaoinoto.

statutes did not differ much from the original ones.

The new

The program was as

follows:

a) Promoting cmmnerce among Indonesians. b) Mutual support of members who

economic difficulties .

c) Promotion of the intellectual development and material interests of Indonesians . d) Opposition to m ..ong religious life among Indonesians in accord.ance

vvith the laws and traditions of Islam.

All these are to be done by such ceans as

contrary to public order and good morals .

p0rmitted and not

If one reads the program carefully, one is struck by the absence

of any political element in it. It wo.s t he "policy" of Tjokroarninoto to use such wording, in order to get past Government Regulation 111, which "absolutelyn forbade organizatiov..s and meetings of a political c.h ara ctcr.

Yet the Dutch colonial sovernment fefused to

which

would have meant exempting it from preventive and repressive administrative

and police control.

Before Western-educated l eaders such as TJokroa'!linoto and Tirtoadisurjo, who were well-versed in the knowledge of organization and admin-

istra.tion, came on the scene, and especially before the S. D. I . re- 0rlel"Q:ed as the S. I ., the association was ver.v poorly organized. The f i ghtine lV!aS

t here, but the positive realization by experts was still lackine . This

had often been a disgrace of the tluslim organizations. A great disadvantage from the historical point of view, for

had no

constitution and

was the fact t hat t he

&. 1 . I

no aaministrative records and

minutes. One could imagine the technical stage of armini str ation and or... ganization in the first decade of the tvrentieth centur.t

the colonized

people such as the Indonesian Muslims. According to Ha.d ji f o..ma.n.lludi "our

organization was just a place and opportunity to hold a meeting, where a big !"leal was sewed (selamatan); a conr;rcss at t.hat t ime was nothing else w

...,..,.......__

but a big kanduri (convocation

where t he

branches came together, for which occasion several cows wer e sla".lghteredu.

The pioneer of Budi Utomo, Tiahidin Sudirohusodo, on the other

was a \Jestern-oducated

1vho

attention to t he

and publication of his ideas. Althoug..h the Budi Utono was f ou11ded at n later

date t han the S . I ., i t was cl'1arly r ecor ded by hi story as tâ&#x20AC;˘ e f i rst nat iona1ist movenent.

Further r.1 re to d::.sseminate his ;_ e s, ,..rahidin

dlrohusodo had even s -"uar Led to is. ue u .

in Ja"\ar e sc and Ma.lay,

called Rotno DurJilah (The Shini.ng J uwel) as earl years 1906 and

as 1904.

Stovi a ,

In the

he ""1ade n. pr o:)a ganda t our of the V'lhol .: of Java and

finall.r, as a result of b.is ef _orts, s tudents o.f the

su-

Colle:;e

Suto.mo, Guna' an and Suradji 1 assisted by Suwardi Sur-

jani.n.: .> r;lt (later I<'i Hadjat' Dewa ntoro), Saleh,

and others,

succP.eded in defin Âˇ.nJ the nationalist i dea more scientifj cally. Indonesian history s o far ha s r nc ord3d the b irth of Budi. Utomo as a cultural nationali st nove ent and has

Tahidin Sudir ohusodo as tl1e father

of Indonc'3ian nati onalism s ince Jlay 20, 1948, --rhich date the Re.-ublic of Indonesia designat ed &s

off i c i al nati onal day to bA celebrated as the

Day of National Pe-Avra.l(en ing .

As for fiftieth ru

when a

versary of

was held to co::l!nenorate the

r.1over:ent in

1955, his services rendered

as the pioneer of Indonesian nationalism , prior to Sudi..rohusod o, was

reco nized by the t hen Vice Premier Hars ono Tjokroamino to.

The celebration

in 1956 was also attended by the Vice Pre:nier, Mr . lÂŁuham:1ad RurJ, who also

1ized the historical truth .

A resolution was t hen made to request

the gov rru ent and experts of hi story to re-examine the history of the national movement.

I n ad 1 itlon t o that tha

in Jledan (Su.lJlate ra) i n th e s ame yea:r 11nani

J.J

proclai!!le

October as the J ay of nati onal Re-Awakenin g, and ur..,ed the recognize this s"tatement.

sli:n t he 16th of overnt.ent to

Also in Padang such statements were made on the

occasion of the

of thP. 16 Octobe!'-day .

On December 28,

1956

away. He died as a

poor man, since all his ÂˇHealth 1mn

movo...,ent . rphe

hin

il_'"'l

P.ikm.ah

d 1r:lng t.he ti:"'lc he l "lc"

Y1riters Association

'V!I'Ot..;

an article in wemory of

on the occasion oâ&#x20AC;˘.. the t enth

popt" 1 ar lfua1i.'TI weekly in January 1957. Still Vndji Samanliurli re:n. unre'1n.bilit atcd pioneer of

the

Na.tionalis-1 . T.1is vdll rella.i.'l'}

case as long as the authorit i es concerneci can not assess t he re::.1. value of n I :usli1n patriot .

Footnotes

depT

...

U P

ill

•

and. (}u.J.t re), , g, 's-0

3 IV,

p. 8 .

;;J

Th:'.l*

6--

p. 22.

Ibi d.

7 The p 'Triter still cun -ecollect stories 1 told .:10 :i.m ir:' hie bo:Lood, of their nr'd their i:J-noronce of I l:ttn. Tl·e fnct that t. lP ,, id.erod that every Arab, btl ·ng aomc from the livly saC"!> a piot:s al"'.d le·un . deccendont o.f the Prophet :.::tnd. Cnc,... UIJCI t,:iJ e n r'..(Ytrly f. rriv J ra s ''"cd tl) 1 · r a p n""re scrJ"icc o · : c do.:'?,{' o: one of t.r..e ,... rom.i.nont Indonesians. T gnora."'lt !lo -: to :;..'!l'Litiouo "o · intnin he thou.eht to c .., .. it out in tha of t1.ta (.) rh1t(prayers) ' greatly cznazinz; the iot·s _n o c sic1. ' "'Slinls.

i:;j.

of t;w v Colo itU. Dutc.

bur 17D-76.

leA:andcr 'ill !n .,l ,...,.... denburg s px-o:"li en·t pol.:.: icin.n l1nti .. W' 1o bccam ·tc .... inioter o ff ·.rs fr<J 1908 t-o 190. at"ld af Cl'"\' (.; e Go cr or...Gen rcl o_ t ·c fr"....m 1909 to 1916. "''or his bio ::l"rnphy sec {W"ti. 'I en. Fr et·: c)t•, .;.n EUT, Vol .. VI , p 1 'O l·J, _ .,.,_

9 . 20, 29.

p. 30

Ibid. , p. ,.

40.

45 12

pp . 29... 30.

Politics a:1d :!at,ionulis::., p . 6U.

{ahin,

1\a hin, _ra:t.ionalis:"' a_ld

in.

65.

2c c Pcnga. ang Isla., 11 Hadj:?.. ·i dunia", in llil{l""ah, no or perinGa t.an 10 tahun (loth anniversary nunber), Vol. , no . -r::2\dan,.lary 12, 1957) , 36, h3 .

Jo·1na.n, on . cit., p. Jl.

.:talin, Het, arxi&te en :1c·.. en iolcniale Verzancl undel van artikelcn en redevoerinr,en {1iarxisn and the : 1a.tional anc1 - 10nial Pro,)lc::t, Collec·tion-voltrne of artie loa speeches , p . 9, as quoted by Bouman, £E.:_ cit., p . 31.

op. cit., p . 31

&ee

Redactic- Cor;u--:1issic Pasoendan-oreaan, 11 .L:>a goejoeban Pasoendann :; Indonesia, oi the association t s ma, Leiden, Dece:!lber 1933, p. 199 .

30 Jaar

gazine

(Fatherland ) is the na,e of a volmJo of sonnets co Yo:1i'1, a \teil-t;:no-..i/n and aut!lor, ::u:-·s inah fupa:rdo , Kesusasteraan Indonesia (Djakarta: Penerbit Faseo, 1951), ranah Air ··r.

p. h.:'. ::-or sor.1e-· of his -sonnets, &eo E. ( i .. j1·ntak, Kesusasteraan Indonesia fnjakarta: (Jajaean Pemhangunan, 19.52), Vol. I,

pp. 7r;;-n;· 21

Fro'::bsrr;, Ver-sprc ;_de Gee. ::hr.:.fton, p . 541 as qt..oted b:J Bouman, Ci,l.' p. 43 . cr. B. Alkema, Sarikat Isla..... (t;trocht: G. J.A. Ruys, l'Yl9)} ::} • 13. 22 Adriani, oncer bevollting op Java (4'iritual a! ong the population in Java), p. 12 as quot.ed by

cit ., P.

43.

Bl "t!'.lbcr ge:r, o·h cj

2h Dcventer,

63 .

en Leven en arbcid Yan .r. C. Th .. van 3, p . 371 as quoted by p . 43.

oo. cit., p.

t,,

.....__ -

Ibid .

Blumberger, op. cit., pp.

56-S7.

22 29

Bouman, on. cit . , p.

42.

Ib->.d.

30 C.

1 ur \,..""):i\:;·1ie • '

.....

(Donn and

.... nJ.· ...r-'1,..'

(,...

...Lt.-

-:,.cr· ....., "J

"""'......

-4...., ,.,

Kurt Schroed er/Verl ag, ! 924), rv', 2, pp . to tha·'" t: ... 1.... L ..'.lisL... fo · t nc fir st G:i.PlO tn 1911 in. H. Coli.j.1, 1-..ce r landc I udie (P::stemmn, 1912. ), Ia:"t I, . ... 265. ---

219...20 .

!t i.e

f,7'<in 1Joesin, It po ...:odern d:i_ Indoncs iar• (Hist ory of t he moe. en1 nolitical drvelo2:-cnt in Incone sia), Hi !cnah, Vo"". yrii , nos . 20-21 ('b. 1374 21, 2h-26, as quoted by 10Abdu-l cAli, Tho :.:ovemen t, a b :i.blio..ca·l 1n"t-"on ucticn, .-thesi s , c:: Isl, !lie .c.1ill , J"ont real, 1957, p . 15.

J . Schacht , o.rt. n_ ulJ.?-r1h.ad Islcun, ed. . . ·ii'Jl end J. ,. Kr-""lcl"r "(Cited hereaf ter a& "sgr') , p. 406.

,Shorte r • .. J . :....J..:_: , l ..'!;>.); ,

H. A. R. Gi hb , ts.odo:rn Tr ends in Islam ( Cbicar:;o: The Univc "'sity of 7 "-" "d ........ s · J. '·nc1 l..J ' on • 3u.,• ..; 1 "'-'6,) ! .u...... ..! c' krr-t.rpt .... '-' ,t; (. <:.... _. .... ....... (.wenden: Oxford Univers it;r 1933) , pp . 102-103; C. C• .der1, "Indo.... nes:L.. 11 , ,,,;ithc,- . If.Jlar1? (I<>A1don: Victc:"' Gcllanc s .;.Jtc: . , 1932) , c::.pco:.c.lly pp . .. t.

1.J •

2ee SEI, p. 406;

pp. 73--?h.

0 .. •

Kahin ,

}

Politic s and !!ationa listl,

ThP pn,sent v;ri t c r p"J.ts tho •1id.clo

l1a:l0

as.::ln f; 1 (Trnd .:..nr

between bracket s, because this seemed to be only used for a short tme . Fro--: 190:' V l?ll Hadji ...u-:'i GC.tl:""'r-Jd mmual ' 1con[::-csr; 1 c..t

Lavl j an every year. Accordi ng to Djaja (pseudonz71:1 of we J-·'10'Yil1 irrit,er of -ioc::-3-::,li t'. e fi:' .... t fu"lnual co"' r')m:: (1906 ), attended by .30f)Q menbers , t he S. l was changed i nto . . . . . r-..eo T!!.:,..,r ; J--:.,ia, "· 1.;- .. ".:.UC.·ji :1c::1o ·im.:: Eadji ...amannud::.), in :edia , Vol. II: , no. 10 C.ay 19.57) .

he was a boy, his

l7as

Nadi . Accordi ng to t _1c

fJava·1 ese custom, his n;.m..._ ".'O.S chnnged ii:to ..:..!;:oro whc 1 !1c rcucl ed matu. ·:i ty, a,1c' later on once more chan ; ed into Hadji Sa:11a-1hudi when he ha(

nc"'·for,I c' 1 t' e • •

an, dyin

is a iri ·r.al nnt.ive-indu stry ci' drt"r.Tinr:: o:-

cf L\ative clothes .

t ing

47 39 c-

I:i.kr'la:1, Vol.

PP· jo,

ee H:L'"'lpunan Pen("l'ar an!'"l' Isla..-:, " H d ,j i

·r, nos . 1-2

Peringe.ta.n 10 Tahun, Ja nuary 12 , 1957) ,

·J.

Vol. SGe art. " .Sa.rekat I s lam11 in ir.l a ..h 4 ra t i ona.ti sm cs.nd Rev-olution in Inr1 T''

_n,

..). 694. sia, ·) . 67 .

I1 ,

p . 695.

anci. r.e volution i n J ndoncs if'. , p .

.Ctth i -1, a rt.

65.

:·' , in ..:.!'II, Vol. 11::: , p . 69.5.

l'ro'Tiberg, Pc Inlan.dscho Lewe t;ing, p . 562, a s quoted. by J\.a h in, · t "' 1a t :1011 G A • • • i. n I nd ones 1.a, 1· Lul.S n . 6(\'.J • rrn.. ana '.n.evo1 u t J.on .if. Ja t · r11e· coloiiial govern,:ncnt of t he netherlands East Inof 1U5h wa s l ssl:'.cd di es, and "V1aB maintained for a l ong ti·-:e, viz. until 19J.9 , see :.i.l'l.istry of .1.nfon.1ation of t he Republic of Incit: , Vol . I , p . 81. :, t he Rcvolr:tion of ons dones) ia, Illustrati -.....: ____......._ __ ......... ( i"'f' ' P• C: C• .

:-.Li xup·_lnan :;:'engarang I slre1t, op. ci"t!_. , p ..

LJ h('

36.

J inistry of I n.forruat i on of t he I..e r- . of I ndonesia, op. cit , p . 23.

o.:: .·chool

t ot opleidin[ van Inof ?tative ' rysici ans . 'l'his landsc'-18 .Artsc:m , i. e . School for the school \ opene d i "'1 105"1', out of the ' as d .. whi c h trained va cc i nators . In 1 913 it becane o collerre wit!: 12 1 (openbaar ) '· , i n EiJ: , Vol . III , pp. 105- 06. See :ur the r· a r t . 9.

tras <L1 a: brcv.La t i on

TH RISTi; OF 'l'HE I

1. Tjokroa:rrd.noto as nnefincr" of Indonc c-i..an !Jc..t 路路onalisn '

Hadj::. Dnur Raic. Tjolcr-oan:.not (1802-1934)

was descended fron a

.rn Kijai (Sha;/ kh) ;md lived in a ver;r

s envirowLcnt, which

him a religions men.

wa.s of great influence in

His formal education,

hm"Jl3vcr, was rtalnly Ties tern: nn he was educated t br ougb Dutch

namely

the Osvia (i.e. Ople i dincschool voor Inlands che .Arilitenaren) or Training

School for Jlativ c Civil Servants a.t Batavia and the Burger hvondschool or Civil Evening School at Surabaja..

From his book I s lam dar.

(Islam and Soc:::.alisn) the present 路writer gets the imorcssior-

he 2 lvas fn.rJiliar tvi th vrestern writers and philosophers, s uch as Quack 1

?:roelstra,

Karl Harx, Gibbon u.nd others .

According to Mr. Jusuf WibiRono.,

the styl e of Tjokroam..i .noto ' s 1'lriting was much i nflt:(.nced by t he Indian vrri ter

Qidrraci .

Another book of his, naned The Spir:tt of Islam (Ilistor.r

o.f the Reli!:ion of Islam) vras based on The Spirit of Islam b y Ameer Ali,

r'uhar.u..ad the Prophet by Kllwa.ia Ka.L1al ud路Din.

the

Muhanr ad Ali, and The I deal Prophet by

It can therefore be said that Tjokroa.minoto was not

type of reli'3ious loader who was only concerned with spiritual

lhatters of the hereafter, but a very militant F.fuslim political leader who

based his politi.cal t heories on the

of I3lam.

If Iladji

hudi mi ::;ht bf3 called the "tr r-.il bl a ?.er" or pioneer of Indunosian (Islanic) Nationalism, Tjokroaminoto vras the "defi ner" or architect to build the

49 lfu.s li11t nation.

capaciti es of l eadershi ' soon became cleaz· on the occasion of the First Congress on January 26 , 1913,

\"i hich

\"1as led by him.

In a huge public meeting in Su.raba ja' a park, attended by t housands oi people, he i nst at ed Hadj i Sana.n..lludi c:s the founder oi: Sarekat Islam ( S . I .) .

vas e l ected presi dent of the

in Eas t

Java, t ecause ol' bi:? d.i stingulshed qualities of l eaderohil) · !:is appearance gave t he i:tnression of an extraordinarily strong tJerson.ality .. Hi s great pooer as an orator coul d attract : _:>e ople as i f by enchant ment, wf!..il e magical lao voice gave

c onfidence .. Sukarno, the :Jresent ?res i dent

of Indonesia, was his d i s cip l e and inhe r"ited hi s ? O".'lc r of orat ory. The

v:ay in which Sukarno delive rs s peeches i s just lL'kc 'rj okroaminoto' s .

In the above- mentioned public ml': ' eting Tjol..:roam:LYJ.oto delive r ed

hi s fir st

speech, saying that "tbis congress i s

indications of revival of the Indone sian,

of the

O!le

has b =en as sessed us a quar-

ter htL'Tian-beL'1g such a lon.:; tine .. . . n; that

a people has wakened

from slumber, there is nothing which ca n stop i ts movcmentu; that 'the

birth of t he v • -l · is the will of God aloneu; that nthe

CO!!l!nunity

in Indonesi a must U..'1ite th"1mselves ·wi·th the bond of their r eligion . • • n ;

that ttthe S. I . associa tion is like a small otream of \'!ate:- in 0he beginninz, but which w:ltl:in a. s hort time beco_-:es an enormous floodt

•

Bec3use of the rrany false accusat ions directed a gainst t.be S . l ., Tjokroaminoto reminded the people according to

of its responsibilitie s to t he

of the •:::c -:eerings

(

50 Regulation), which stated that "the protection of the native population against arbitrariness by anybody is one of the important duties of t he 7 Governor General". He said that "the S.I. is not a political party, not 8 a paJ:"iJy 路wh i ch 1路rants revolution as mcny pcopl0 have Further he GUiGance to the eaeer and

n ....

by saying the follo1vinc

\1e m.uut, when we a:re oppressed, ce.ll upon the (.rover nor

General for aid. Y:e aro loyal totvards the gover n.':lent, a.nd are

11'Je

under the rutch r aginw ! It. is not i:,rue that we a:r.e

causing trouble; it is not true that we are going to fight . He v;ho says th.D.:t or thinks of that is w.ad . \'.e do not want that, a thotsand times not.n9

Through the first S.I. congress

achieved t he follovnng 10

staec of development as regards t t o defining of the ideology: a) Tho congress brought into beinz new conceptions of life for the

Indonesians, such as nationa.liSTII, democracy, r eligious nodGrnism, economic schools, etc.

b) There arose a mo\Terl'lcnt for constitutional advance; a transitional leGal order was developing. The native element of the Indonesian society was forming itself into organs outside the official n1cchanism. The danag:i.ng Gomnittee was interpolating itself between

the government and the people, and bee inning to unden 1ine the pov;er

of the government. c) 11eliGious sentiment among the A{uslims influenced the emer0ence

o: a de"locrat.ic tendency which touched the foundations of the eovcrn'!lent 's system.

51 d) The S. I .

d popularity thanks to the

pr o';aga.nda trips and

e) The

r . I . proved to be

influence of

:in Bandung, Djakarta, and Surakarta.

in accordru.ce 'IJ!dt b the social evolution caused

路oy t .he chan;e in the psycholo Jical conditions of the individuals.

rro:m the historical point of view these first elc路 tents of ideology

were very important as the contribution of the rationalism, beceuse they

s.I.

movement t o Inrionesian

the avenue to the achievenent of national

and Tjokroard.noto expl ai.ned the foro. of the

In thj_s

s. I .

or::anizati on which vm.s as f ollows:

a) TI1e S. I .

covers the r.hol e area of the East Indies;

of ::;ood conruct can be accepted as f!enber of the S. I . ;

c) Places \T.it h a sufficient

of S. I . members can constitute an

'Afdvoling ' (Division), which elects its

Comnittee; each

Afdeclinr. is divided int o 'Kring ' (Circles), and each Kring is divided into 1Groep' (Groups); d) All tbe Divisions in "West Java and on the inland of Sunatra including the adjacent 1-slets cons t itute a 'Departeoen' (Department), called 'Departemen Djawa Barat ' ()frest Java Depart nent), whj_ch is l ed by t he West Java

Committee;

e) All the Di.visions in Central J ava and on too island of Borneo constitute the Central Java Department, led by the Executive Committee of Central Java; f ) All the

ivisions in East Java and on the iolands East of it

(G.Jlcbes, Bali, Loobok, Sumbawa, eta.) constitute the East Java

S2 Depan"tent, led by the g) All the s . I .

ot East J ave J

ccutive Co m t t

ni vis ions in the &st Indies are led by a Central

Committee called

Central Committee of the East Indies ,

which bas ita Headquarters in Surakarta, led by Hadji Samanhudi

as its President and Tjokroaminoto as Vice- President. AIJ the present writer has a.lrt.ady

Tjokroaminoto was

appointed as president o£ the East Java Department.

The President

the Central Java Department was Semaun. vhile that of

est Java was

Raden

2. E!Pansion and Inte:rration In spite of tho

reactionary attitude of the Dutch colo-

nial government, the idea of Sarekat Islam (Islamic Aoaooiation) spread

and gained ,.any followers .

In Uarch 1913, two months aftor the Surabaja

congreas, a second congress t vok place in Surakarta of Sarekat Islam.

former.

This

attrackl>(i su11ch !!tore at

the cradl· ntion t han the

From all parts o£ Java people strea.r1ed to Solo• brou ht thure by

special extra- trains, and tor its closed meetings the roviaion of 50, 000 tickets

s exhausted.

No wonder, the

porat ion to the assoc iation.

ent hesitated to rant incor-

Incorporat i.on n ant exemption !rom preventive

and repressive administrative and police control.

The statutes themselves

actually were recognized, but the ..,overncent was afraid that excesses

might occur in practice.

The contents of tho statutes wera social and

economic 1n character , but the state of opinion and the nature anization

the or-

ave the impression cf a political party, the mere existence

53 of which had already l ed to disturbances of public or der.

Finall.y1 after

some members of the Managing Committee had succeeded in gaining an audience with the Governor General on Y4rch 29, 1913, the government decided to refuse the reques t of the association, namely the recognition of the Sarekat Islam as covering all Java. it was ready, if

It explainAd, however , that

to recognize associations under the same and

with the same statutes, which would confine thernselves to smaller resorts. This government decision dated the 30th of June 1913, no. 3, published in the Javasche Courant of July

15,

1913 1 no. 3, was c onsidered by

Sarekat Islam circles as an

of the detestod-'divi de and rule'-

policy.

Apart from the possible good intention of the Dutch colonial e overnment, namely to preserve peace and order by localizing and calming

down the

s.I.

movet路ent, this decision harmed the loyalty of the

Aruslim masses to the government.

characteristic of the

Indonesian lros11m 1 especially the MUslim in t hose days, was the attachment to lecality.

Once a Kijai declared something unlawful, nobody would dare

to transgress his decision.

of all incorporation of

s. I .

It was wise of Tjokroarninoto to r equest first fr om the government.

The Dutch government

would have been wiser if it had supported Tjokroarninoto in his endeavour to l ead the Muslj.m masses by legaliz ing the movement under his l eadership.

To oppose and suppress the Muslim

by us ing tactics, such as 'div ide and

rule' could only provoke hostile actions .

Even i f the movement could be

suppressed by force, its followers would still find a way t o express their conviction, either the easy way of retreating and isolating them-

54 or the hard ·t7ay

dynamist violencr. .

Both reaction coulc on y

the nation.:tl.: st.ic s ::ntiments o

the rusli.m. Tho stron g Cor'lUlw...al bond :::tarted to c.xludc outsiue iP...:'lue::;ces . In

Tr !'C<""ara l\.rae:ner

•

• a,... grcat rcrorrod t o t he f act that :10 relip,ion mact0 ""

a procenta&"' of its i'ollO'i7Cro a::o;ral, f ervently attached to relirrion, sev·-...re t:)

r o.t., 1o.vcrs "

T .J..ar:l. -S

Isla.tl ·

p 011cr by

•

• u •, _rt'U.I'li• hermcre

s hunan

r to .1e

t.:

a.oout

r t.ne

. . 1.rys-r,erlous

v>ic'1 by t!1nt rad ical ·rip beco. es

entirely inaccesible i.'or loyalty to any o"t:2er spiritual oo.1er • • • 11 ; Theref ore he noticed in ? VC

of honnctic shut cinr·- up which Islam

ltn followers to other 3iJiritual illi'luences, there is

im-

fhis nationalistic element o; excluding outside in.:.'luenccs ·wa s t hus str ongly to be !oun<.. in the

rekat Islam mo'e-

.ucnt . A.."lother i..'1!Dortant coincident. fa cto:.. of no Lionulism '-!nJ -slan, noticed by 1

and Kernl:acr:--,

--.'la s the _·act that both 1mtionalisn and

I sla.m we re im·Jlacable tooard l'oreirn Jo.t: 'inatlon . tr Psycholoe:ically spea':ir: ... ,

l e f act that . ..'oreitn do-mination, were i-'u assw£s a per -

it is an W>aY'Ie"'t, c'n...,..,.•acte"'" • .;. !! . , . ... . .. '

.1.0

,...omo.L.ln.; !l o..J ' "' ..J,.

-.LUi<.<. L.i -

tt1e ...:us 1 ,:......., snnt.-i }>">On1·ff. ( .... v

::he refusal by the ,..o·rcrnment t.o incorporate the S. I . made it le rally li-

able to hootile r ious

ast of Isla:7! had cont.:·ibuted to r;n;:ing the . luslim sentiment

1 bl c conciJ.a

to the

In addition to t!m't t he nostalgia for the glo-

s.: .

. t'!: wJ..

1. non- .. us_1.m ru1e.

ax1 indica .... ion

trated the Indonesian . . . uslir!.

!:ernka.."fV ...,a • in the tr-emen,: c u.s thronf:Ll'l

how deep t his fec 1 i."1 ., of' r eluctance ha .. penc-

S5 Meanwhile, in spite oÂŁ numerous obstacles and provocations, the nunmer of recognized Sarekat Islam branches in 1914 was 56. ni tions

These recog-

were obtained after t.he :)overntaent had approved the statutes which

were dravm up in accordance government.

models fixed in deliberation with the

The aim and sphere of activities were defined as follows:

The association set itself the follotfing purposes, mindful of the rules of Islam and exclusively by means not contrary to the law of the country, good morals and public order : a) to promote the interest of the native population in the field of agriculture, trade and industry, health education and instruction, for which the would establish co-opera tive associations or comnercial companies , and schools; b } to remove wrong concepts concerning Islam, and to promote religious and pious life among the native populationJ c) to strengthen urotherly relation and mutual support aruong the members .

A luminous point in the dark

history of Indonesia was

the fact that, besides the generally reactionary Dutch colonial government, there were also enlightened Dutch leaders especially from the Protestant circles. such as

â&#x20AC;˘ c.

The already mentioned followers of the Ethical Policy, Th. van Dev 3nter and Fromberg (the latter was ex- member

of the Supreme Court in the Netherlands Indies ), could objectively understand the

s. I .

as a social phenon.enon .

expressed their synpathy toward the

s. I .

Some Protestant missionaries even

and declared that they did not

share the widespread feeling that it presented a challenge .

For example,

the missionary H. C. C. Ruttink wrote in the mag azine Nederlandsche

Zendings Verenigin& of July 1913 an article i n vrhich he pr a.iDed the revival and. consciottsness of the J avanese; Ds . Ba kker, minister and

sor at the

explicitly expressed the

School in

view that there was no r ; a s on at all to accept the accusations the J . I . mentioned in Macedonier magazine of Au:5ust 1919.

The leaders of the S. I . movement seemed not to feel despair about the attitude of the Dutch colonial government.

guide

To coordinate

the already recoenizod local S. I . associations, there was establ i shed in 1915 a central corumi ttee called ' Centraal Comi te Sarekat Islam' 1 which consisted exclusively of incorporations , namelY of already recognized local

s. I.

associations.

To intensify its work, this Centraal Conite

Sarekg,t Islam â&#x20AC;˘ was modified into

Centraal Sarekat Islam ', which more or

less functioned as a Central Managing

Thanks to

unwearied

and the increasing power of the S.I. , this coromittee finally succeeded in obtaining recognition by the government decision of

181 1916, no . 41, puolished in the Javasche Courant no. 25. The ' Centraal Sarekat Islam ' , a bbreviated

c.s.I.,

was constituted

of the following cae::-. bers: Chairman: H. O.S. Tjokroar'..inoto; honorary chairman: Hadji Sananhudi; vice-

chairmnn : Raden Gunawan and Abdul Muis; other meober s:

Wondoamiseno,

Hadji Agus Salim, Sosrokardono, Surjopranoto, Ali min Pra:\virodirdjo, and Herewith the S. I . acquired an intergrated leader ship.

On the other hand, it is uorth r entioning that parlia:

\thich v:as put fo::.'ward at this congress did not

-v1 ords , but vras vclCkt:d by c oucrete dLeds .

.s. I . their

.as charged with drafting

idle

Tj okroo.minoto as cr.rairman of the

for rcpr€tJen-vative bodies and to the provinces , residencies,

frcn the Central

towns, and desas (villages) .

f or a

Tjokrcaginoto did make a draft , conplete with

the ways of forming the representing bodies , their internal rule , etc . At the first ratioral Congrens were further disct;.sscd the religious

fac tor in the move ·ent, the particuliere l amlerijen or private lands owned by non-natives , the shariCah-court,

The Second National Congress , held on October 2D-27, 1917 in Batavia (Djakarta) , clearly showed a turning tOT.ard a revulutlonary socialistic tendency,

through the interference of Semaun, vmo

pushed hi! '"'elf more and cere in the fore£;rour1d 1 fi.I·st as S. I . reprcsenta-

tive at Surabaja and later on as chairnan of the Senarang- s . I .. becor:-..e a tool of the so-called

I e had

Indische Sociaal Democratisclle Vercniging'

(I . S.D.V. ), i . e . Indies Social Deoocratic Association, established Dutch c or:munist H. J . F . ll.

the

in Sema.rang ( eentral Java ) in 1914.

Sneevliet who cru.e to Java in 1913, was a former .men.ber of the Social Den.ocratic Labour l'arty in the Netherlands , which was on a cc:nmunist ba -is. The cotm:nlnist party in the tJetherla.nds was called Sociaal De=1ocratische Partij (Social Dezaocratic Party), S .D. P. .

Later on the I • .: . n; ; . at Se

rang be cane a branch of this Communist .fa.rty of the Uetharlands . this

It was

Sneevliet V!ho for the firs t time introduced revolutionary

socialist ideas to the Indies .

Soon after his arrival, ne extended his

59 influence into the •Vereeniging van Spoor- en Tranvreg Personeel' (Acsoci.ation of Railway and Tranlinc personnel), V.S. T . P.

The

forming of the I.S . D.V . in Aray 1914 had as purpose the dissemination

of Marxist ideas .

c.s. I .,

Tjokroarnino·to, AG-us Salim and Abdul 17uis, who let the

·were convinced of the danger presented

the col"'lll1unist challenJe .

Tjokroaminoto 's att:i.tude t011ard socialism was clear.

which considers religion as the opium of the

sharply o;_:>:_-.o se•i to

people.

He was

On tho other hand Tjokro(l."'linoto fac ed the pr cpacanda of Jfarxist

iderus with his teaching of Islamic Socialism whj_ch h.e clal.r'ted to be of

earlier date and better t han the s ocia.lism creat ed well a

CUl

in practice .

b:r Marx, in theory as

Many ti.rtc s Tjokroaminoto stated that ''whosoever is

Mt1.sl:im is a socialist by h ·msclftt and furthHmore he

a conclus ion saying:

thus we are socialists."

'flTie are

Sr . .,evliet seer.r:ed to be v ery clever i n a 1proaching the S . 1 • •

that the

s.I.

was gaini.ne power and influence, he cunnin3l :r man-

a 6ed to win t.he confidence of ir.lportant S. I . members, Asrceially the leaders. In this attempt he succeeded so far that he and his friend Ir.

got

the pr:Lvile :e to attend freely t he S . I . c ongresses , to present pape:rs dealing with la'hot"r and Goverm:cnt to be as in the

of the l ocal S. I.

were attracted to his analyses.

in C S. I . meetines as well

•s,

so that many menibers of the S. I .

'any S .. I . members, a1.t 1· ,cted by Sneevliet,

at·:.ended the cadre courses held by him at Semarang .

The fact that SneeViet

was a revolutionary socialist who opposed the conservative lutionary .Dutch

overnment -

anti- revo-

the government in the Nethor lands was in

the hands of a Christian part y called Anti-revolutionary Party -- was ap-

60 parently attractive to Indonesia n national ist in the S. I •• Sneevlie t'( the intantio n, however, as ob ,iously to extend his influence In l .Jl 5 Seoaun boOB:l!e a member

throu "'h the S . I . and other o:r

·rod· rdjo, and other· . } any Indonesia n members of th

b;,came

· aka

followod by othar radicali sts, such as Darsono, Tan

of the

lao e.rnbers

r.s. D. V.

.I.

tha

ak of the first 'horld .ar(l914- 18)

As a consequen ce of t he

t he Outr·h colonial go ;ornment had started to propagatn

establish ment

of a :ia t ive Hilitia. As a response to it several organiza tions ron ed a

canmitte

called • fndie !eerhaar ' (the Indies Defendabl e , in 1916.

l1tomo and other smaller organiza tions made a motion in this r -

Tl e

August 51, 1916,

gard

it i s of vital

xpresBin

the !etherlands Indi es timaly and Jecisively in "

at sea as well as on land . rt

aforehan _, th

portance t o brin tatn of del'erulab ility

Budi Utomo had adopted a motion,

exp ssing the necessity to insti'tute militia-d uty for the nativas , but that concernin g 'this "a d e1sion or the peo1Jle" was nged6d, so that first

a people 's represen tation with l egi tl · tivo capacity haJ to be creatad. Cone :rning thls matter th(}

which ns enacted In thi

c.(' . I .

took an explicit at-titude in a motion

a ·otary at

urebaja on Septe nber B,

otion the already many t · ...a expressed loyalty to the govarmm nt

confi eland

t. tifiAd

that thA

s.r.

strivin · to obtain

politica l freed . for Indoneoi a, in unit.v with and under th of tha 'etherlan ds . The C.S. l . expressed its full

prot.ectio n

ent to the draft-

motion of the •India r earbaar• -co mittee . It referred to the still exist-

ing grievance s of thA peoplo abott

icient legal ecurity, about

61 off nsive ill- treat ent by hru·pcans v)h: ch shu 1

govern-

mov

uvr '\thicl

time, rrhi e clruu=stanccs cvuld require imtoodiate provtal.cn, bo rd of the

c.. s. I .

o.qJross

docidsd

he da.i.l.f

as its Jositiva opinio. that tt'te · lD'titution

of a mili'tiia o.:.ould be

11lth the :Utcrar:we of the

e 's right,

in order t.hat the militia- d!.rtiy might ba felt by them as a r.tat.iot.e.l duty,

Tbe I •. • .u. V. was charply at:.a..:.us"t, tho do:Lenco plan. ini'lucnce ths o. I . ar..d Hade contact

t.h .>oclal.i tically inclined !Jldone-

attrac'\.-ed by the revolutionarJ currents

an .. Darsono,

It tried to

ere the ·

eady

becaM its spokesmen at this Second 1mtional

nud Seu;aun

o ross .

it was said that bosides tihe striving of tho

At this

native movement towards botterrl.! nt ot ·t..oo tativas t

tbo

It.d:!.os . At

the .loncry c·soion of

octo

ir.Cl.ples U..'1.d set up i tv progr

government woo put as

domination.

r·

er 231 of aotion.

the

c.s. r.

In t let

laid down asic i-l.'

al aim cf tho pol iLioo.l ctu 3 gle

As a sGeond oasic principle was

any domination by uainful " capi talism, base

tho

.:J

col nial

against

on the cct si; oration that

62 the majority of t,he ntr'.;,ive populati o

tined,

•

lived in. " ery :niaerablo

poop.. e th ·.s <.!Ong:c·e. s o... l Is-

for tho m .cal ed.uc:.1.tion of t! e pro' c.l,er· of den

the relif!ion par excellence ,

by Tjokroamiuoto on ,,.. ·lf- t;ove.r·nr.'Ollttt 1 and by tha Vice-':.U:l.hirCJUn Abdul

on "NationaliSlll n.

Sel. -eoverru ;ent, accol"'Cllng to Tjokroaminoto,

the rule over

the Indi es by its o;n1. population, :t.:rreupoctive oi rat:e, colour of skin or rel1.gion .

too

To the

should bo

s·:;on the aulihority to adcln-

!1etherlands just l i ke that oxiotl.ng

The ri,;ht of

Austrulin and England.

i s a. vit.:l.l question .:'or the Ind:!.es , oocauso

i f the r!Bcessity of axiatenc'1 i::; not fulfilled the Indios v Ul undoubted-

fall .

In ordP.r to be ablo to

sel.f-

i;,l1e

be uell trained tor that purpooe , u

eopl ·s •o

\till be

sta.'rlcls cl ose t o tbo

t he :JcthorlrJ...""lds, ttho:.re the 'Staton

f.CJ:"

when like

rep1-esents the wholo Du'tch

Peo[tle •s re re:lontation me....ns a gathering

am activo ·n the L"'lterost of thg oount . . y .

natives should

?-rs ons

The c nnstit,ution

Tjokroa.m.i.l1oto self- t;over oont in no lon:;er a

re:U.ly

hi mera, but s

ltl1ou,h i t do s not come it1Imediatly, i t . ..l final ly

t r ue

i thin a

uou1.·able dis'*

l .. ..... -'1

r-y.

ur· \ . . .

on oux· will,

tJ:"' .... ·\/hat

t not .l <.'r et that we , ee .. c • 11v i1:

ifica.ll • find ours

for·

'1.eu

al' ays take

c:tc..: unt the

au o

l"'

-::.n·· s,

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

ci..:n-

11ust work

vndit: ns in

n:...

r.e

eel ma ure enough yet for s ....l f-

at an inc-nv ..i.. nt

fre

. ·lly

it, bc.t .;e

a c ...se l.l.ke

Therefore, '':hen ru do t.ot

puli ...... ;. 1 rig.1to

:rust striv

..-..tlt;

d b"

"'UJ!t

Jco of t · e .

me,

ru·n

sue

• • • • • • • • • • • ••

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ... . . . . .. . . . . . . •

'.thus

l .....ti.:mel

rvl>le

oL a iniL

a lf- ->ovcrnm 1 t .

ro:;e.r!t \ riter huo 10nticned t ..Cc,ra '£jokro 'nino-to l1aa. z:ado • f

ote .

ctf

to fcrm a body

'.:.b.:

es,

drat t'as

a.ft

letc with the internal rules

.ted in

apet:ch in a popular

a :_,slim polit5.cal leader. Abdul • uia in his speGch about

L_don tdruliS fr rr. the

1 tionali

tt.era or rorei n douur......ti

Al hou. h t.he S. ! . a.t t' v a::> a till not a full- fle

ed poll ticul.

s t,rcss-od th... il!l or-

l.•

of · ts Cucvnd .:ra"' ional Gcngroos in ··.. h...

·\;; ..1

of the

this wos

word -

the topics

Self

sible in a non-de!rccra tic colony of those ays in the conrrress sbawed a fairly dove lop -d political

i v. ation.

The

the es of the con "ress 'Were the above-:tentli oned

over r:ent and Nationalism , the pro;ram ot action was of a large

variety.

It was concerned with toe

landarijen, forced

labour, local proposals such as problert.s, pass-port

require Qnt-s, reli ou.s 'A'Orship legal

polltical problews , such

as p . al law procedure for hativea , nomi nation cf embGra f<lr the .oopls's "!ouncil,

efence p-roblems, goverrJten't- :iecentraliz aticn and franchise, ag-

riculture and industry, financial and fisca.l

tt.ers and social problems.

a.nwhile trhe year l913 was a ·uricult year for tha Dutch.

Indonesia the people's moven.'Sllt continued to insist on the exter..sion ot ile in Hollwld itself the s ocialists .ere very turbul.ent, demt.-md.in.{;

reforms, both at hO'I!e and in the Indies.

y 18, 1913, compelled by the circumstanc es crea

d by the Firat

ar anong other thin s, the Dutch decided to open the Advisory CouneU., oal led 'Volksra.ad t (.eople 1s Council) which had been promised in

1916.

ced:>er

Tjokroa linoto and Abdul 1. is becau.e tsembers of the .t"'eople 's Council,

and their politi - al aim was openly de£' .i..nad by t.'le S. I . as · ing

to cnlar

.-..radually ·the autbori ty of the • eopla 's Council until it r al 7 Parliament" . 2 The J.llird i ational 'on.;ress , 'leld frot!l 5 ap"terrber 29 to Octooer 6,

1918 at Surabaja acqu'red a

very oleu.rly that tno revolutiona ry

trinary socialistic character .

CriticiS:.!IS

nad · ir cted

c gainst th

o: thcn·i iec :i.n so far

·ovcr1

4"'

il dicate 1 a

cack oH:.. .

they acted us dote. ders

€olG

ically t.h is a

tt r n ot tho S, - . lJOl icy tu·1a1 d lta!' i(!'" i c-sf)c.:.al :..Gt · c tendencies, of t he e;l, s:,.;-etru ··lc U eory v;it!l :.. 11

propagan :ist.:.c value .

['!'

-· so:; ar.l

I t sees.£ th;.. t th:.. n Q!..:ceptancc 11as

ed loct.l )rru ·Chcs of the .... . I ., and of the need -to

unity.

'!'he

1a.l.: cur ( rclctarit t) nnd capital (bot.rgeois )

£1Teat cl(

interpreted : n

' as for the

c between .t.hc

element-s in th· po ul a:M.on , 'bot.wet!.! 1 U t-: g.rnups

·deus

or gcd at this tio.e

2) tho navional-democratic grtiUp 1

..ve o.r: d non-n and tht.) op

ong the lta•.'te rs of the

ru.ceo .

s. I .:

...ntcd by Abdul '-

::; lvation from religion :: nd 1 \•t " rolig ioua el<n ent in the current

social

1917 in c.

by the

or Jatl\ c 1er..,on .. 1 of tho

1n , c.; v a""llbl,r 6 _, 191 a. wcmbcr of the Pc o lc • s Cow .c 11 ...

e:t• of the Du ch C01

Cr -rr.er 1

ni.st Pru: ty, succ e ad in for mit g t oeether

t7i t h l eadorn o

t\10 j

S I ...

•

· to, .... nou1J.n

1 t tOl

•

'""nd -J. • "

...... . ,

t .c

pro"o..

• ',

,,, r":,r

VU.J

·1ors.

'" 1

..........

1""716 "-I

d t""·

'1..n ' ...,h • ch ._...,, '(',.,,.....,..,.. J:; • pt)

t• ... . . _\

)• • ..... .,...,

,..,t -J

.ato.,, '

,..,

t.O

:.hP,

•, r:

-:,

'M:.: H

\1,.

t'"

[,..

1ll0nt• i n no l :mo. sent· a cabl e •

..n d f"c r .:0.. )

(.\

T•• na.onCS.i.\lll :. • ·•. ""vory til.S

p ,,_ • c#..

i"'0. :":»n+ .......;ti full 0 .I

\,l,.

;\.,. - +bo ... • oYe iVdl?

"r.),..o,., · sr.• ., ..... ..).. VJ

The ...,e lple ' s

tl,

Considering t hat t he tkte hns como to makG great changes in

of ,.;ovA:t"n 10nt in -th.:.; the opinion ·t,hat a parliament

be esto.bli.ahcd 1 ·· h .. h "i nd by the uit,A1 t".c i"ull right to pass l a,vs, and that t here must be founded a ,..'!... ' 4." """''!>n·,,-..·,..,=-·l. · b., .t. .o I\-...' ..... ·' ""' ..,_ ! . -.t• <ru\ n" ......... d ,,_ .-..u 1 the govcrnm.ont t.o s t rive to e-ther wi th the polit ical Beine

"'lt

_...._

ausoCldt!.or..s tn t'liS

e!U3t

....

.. '

Ll vCU•....:

v.he

s.,·s i.,em

as expeoted by the People 's Council can be founded

. . ::!\.)re of the ,> ' s Cota4c:..l 1 r ru .ely 1 b$f'ore 1921, ..nd hopes t hat this motion will be cabled t o t he &'up1•eno 0 , .. lt.:nt.

Sast-r

l'he uttitu-.le or the Dutch '!ol nial

a:.ter. .ent,

over , was

ct iona.ry.

ot..l

'C.'

'"'rl'll Vl.

It appo'tztt::1

C.;l """' •

"''h"\

on Dec

17, 191R tb

...,1·

f ...

·-rt:" O..J t;IJ

...

.:.1

·....it bv f1

""'

f ... \J<Io

68 F o o t n o t e s

For hie biography soe

OE•

Vol. I, PP•

4 75.

The present writer romombcrs having read ' lUack ' a book De Socialisten (The Socialists) 1 consisting o! 4 V.,.,ls . when in Indonesa

In 1946.

)

Jellea Troelstra (1860-1930) was a Dutch socialist leader who founded the 'Social ·orkere ' Party' in 1894 tor tho ccnatitutional a.chieveoont of Socialism. See art. n·1roolstra" 1n Sncycloto.edia Brita.nnioa (Chicago-London- Toronto: Encyclopat::d.ia Sritannioa Inc ., 957) 1 Vol. 22 , 489.

P•

see

P• 3.

2 . I • Kidwai was the .riter of • Jueut ;ibiaono, Islam aan Sosialls

and Socialism

(Djakarta: .

ta..ca Islao, n. d .) 1

&aels, op. cit •• Vol. I , p. 68. 6 Ibid., Vol. I, P• 98.

7 lbid., Vol. I , Pi?• 98-99. Cf. Blumbcrger art . "Sarekat Islam" , in EUI , ·ri i , P• 69).

Blumberger, art. "5a.rekat Islaratt , in ....:·I , Dol. III, P• 695 9

Ibid.

Ibid. 11

P•

696.

Blwubert;er, art. rtSarekat Islam", in EN I , Vol. III, po. 696-97. l2 Y..raemer, De Islam als en als ae quoted by Bouman, op. ci P• !iii. P• 9,

• illem Jan Areud Kernkamp, De IslA"ll en de Vrouw (Isl.ac and the Wocan) , Ph. D.-d.i.saertation, State-university at Utrecht, Holland, 1935 (Amster : N. v. Uitgov 1935),

p. 18.

14 c.

op. ci t. , P•

44.

Snouck Hurgr 0nje 1 "OVer Panislarnisne", in Verspreide Geschriften (Bonn and .i..eipzig ' Kurt Schroeder/Ve rlag, 1924), I , e spec i all y

PP•

)72-73. Ct. 15 1.6

Kernkamp,

cit., P• 18.

op. ci t ., p. 18. op. cit., Vol. ! 1 P• 105

17 18

cr.

Ibid. 1 P• 104

art. usaroko.t Islam" 1 in

oe•

Vol. I , P• 106. :rger, art.

Vol III ,

"Sarekat Islam" 1 in EN!• Vol.

• 697 •

II, P• 697.

20 Bluruberger, De Nationa.listiuche oowesing in lied. Ind.., P• 23 .

fll wrtberger, art. rtsarekat !slarn••, ELI, Vol. III, P• 699.

S::.e

H.o.s.

Tjokroatt:inoto, Islam dan Socialisn:e (Djakarta c

Bulan Bintang, 1950), Lth lmpre alon, p.

23 Amclz. op. c it., p. llS 24 -

24.

Blu.mberQ.'er 1 art. "Sarekat Islam" 1 EUI , Vol. !II, p. 698.

No. 416

These spe cbos are to be found in secret .issive of the tor t:ative and Arabio affairs, 23 August 1918,

27-

Ibid.

op •. cit., P• 108.

Blurnberger, art. "Sarek.at Islaou, in £NI , Vol. III , p. 700.

Inaulinda • was an Indo-Dutch a.&sociation rounded in 1907 to s erve the intarest of the so-called ' blijvors • (lltLrally ';eaning 1

1 stayers

' 1 nar.iely thoGe Indc-Dutcb people who did not intend t,o return to Holland and anted to sperAi the r '-lst of tbeir life in the Indies.

A:Delz, op. cit., P• 109.

v 'l'HE

OF ' HE 'AOVEh.'ENT

1. Oomnunist Intrusion After the Third tiational Con:.1ress of the

t.,

one

year passed

during which many U:tporta.nt events took place J also many at ·tempts were

made without suceess . s tru

'l'he

s . r.

\faG

very disapz- intod that i t,s wall- .u.:eant

thrc1ugh legal and democratic channels in the People •s Counc il

did not yield any fruit .

In the meantime the world economic crisis

the First World V.ar also had a tretr..endous influence upon the conjun\!ture in the Indit:a.

etc .

o£ goods, increases in >ricea , economic uphea\'als , in those days .

oi tua.tion .

Indo:-.e!J.tun society was in a turbulent

Pcverty and dissatisfact i on pl'Ovailcd everywhore and revolts

aga.inat the government autboritieo broke out in nany plaees, such as l empawa and Sekeda.u (both in West JOrneo) 1 Djnmbi {in Sumatra) 1 Kudus and Der.ak

(botn in Java) , etc.

in 'l'oli- 'l'oli (Celebes ) 1 in

On June

1919 a big riot broke out

hich the Dutch district-off:tcer 1 J . P. de Kat

Angttlino 1 another high otficinl, and some civil servants ·are murdered treacherously by a. mcb which was L'lci ted to frenzy .

It happened 'that this

incident to¢k place shortly after a pr opa ru1da- trip by the vice-president

the

s. I . 1

A)dul ltui.s 1 to Central Celebes to dis cuss ,t)roblt:k.a of "relig ion" , 1 ••dO'lr!ination" 1 und "aetions of the union". On July 7 of the rn:ne year,

as a result of severe r a aurca taken by the government to surmount the o0curring £a:.. ir1e by paddy...rv-quisition, incidents occurred in Tjimar

71 and Garut (both in \'1est Java). That in T

was l.movm as the

in which Hadji Hasan, his wife , children and followers were shot dovm by the soldiers of the Royal !letherlands Indies' Ar:ny,

being accused of fanatic opposition, wnile actually they only protested against the arbitrary and irresponsi ble practices of thd officials who 11erc

charged with the requisitioning of paddy. This cruelty, however,

soon sank into oblivion when, shortly after it, a conspiracy against the government l'Jas discovered in South Pr:tangan

Java). This con-

spiracy was alleged to be led by a secret confederacy called by the nysterious name nAfdeeling Bn (B depart ment) and was assumed to be in 2

close contact 路with a part of the C. v . I .

Although there were no clear

proofs of real partici pation of the S. I. movenent in all these t urbulence, the Dutch colonial govern"'lent considered the of all

s. I .

as the source

troubles . These conditions of anarchy formec1 a favoura1 ...1e oppor-tunity for

the communist-s t o propagate their doctrines and increase their influence in the Indies . The Semarang branch of the s . I. , already a.ff ectod by

revolutionar:v- soci alistic tendencies, became more and more communistic . "

In the First National Congress, Semaun,

represented the Semarang

branch, had already clearly said that he was t o oppose religion being t he basis of a movement . In the Second and Third National Congress his

position became stronger and he succeeded in obtaining the position Cooo.ssa.ry for Central tTo.va with headquarters at Se"'larang . Yihen the Dutch Sneevliet was expelled from the Indies by the colonial ment at the end of 1918, Semaun succeeded him as chainnan of the I. S. D. V.

72 It v;as from then on that the number of the

menbers who entered

the S.I. i11creased, apparP,ntly to infiltrate the latter, in order t hnt

from inside they might be able to achieve its goal toward

The

intruders, led by Alimin

and Darsono, v1ere vory active in opposing the

the opening of' the Fourth

c.s.I.

Tan l:nlaka A short tme before

Congress, Alimin Pravrlrodird,jo distri-

buted a brochure entitled "Purify ourselves" ns nan open letter to every menber of tho S.I."

He argued t}l.at the S.I., \4hich had become great,

had to have another mental pabulum to become mightier. The relipious bond had to give pluce to the firmer social and national feeling. "Since it has become gr8a.t and strong, the

is no more an IslaT'I\ic Association",

he said, "It has become an .Association of the Indies. "

Further he stntcd

that"only in this form, it is the great, ani' eventually, the sovcr cirn 3

Sarekat Isla'n".

Disappointed by the failure of lihe struggle in the People's Council,

and pursued by the

was as it were forced to

turbulent social and political atmosphere, of t he "proletarianu public, the S. I. oove"'lent

a leftist turn toward Marxist methods of

strupr-le . In such a. circumstclnce which ,.as very

for ooss-

agitation, the S. I. was involved in an action against the sugar-j_ndustry as representative of tho tyrant's capi t alis.n, tmder the slogan of "shrinking in of the sugar-plant area for t he rice-cultivation" . Under the threat of this revolutionary th ,nderbol t

filled the social atmosphere in

had

and in the Indies as well, the

Fourth National Congress of the S.l.. took place at Surabaja from October

13 26 to november 2, 1919. Tjokroamino to, speaking bef ore a big a1di---nce conDistine anonJ others of reprcse1tnt i vcs of a bout thir'cy 9olitical ort;anizatio ns, pointec out the necessity to fonn a. broac front against nthe nunerous ene:nics oi' t he people's movenent who rather their st:rengt!1

to destroy that novcnent, especially t he &. I .u Further he pointed out t_lat t he seven years 1 practice of tte S. I .. had proved hou few resu:..!- s COllld

be obtainec from the requests and clains directed to the eoveX'n•

ment . The S. I . would t hen hllvc recourse t o "noral forceu . Therefore a more tightly joined and better co-operatin g organizatio n, to,-,arrl one goal 2

be rtorc

1/h mi llion mel"lbers as ho.c

co,e

to the : oal

t l}cn the unwieldy 0. I . \vith its been sho\'lm in practice. As first step to

mentioned the forJinG of a

rrado Unio. •

Tho radicalism vJith which tho ::.• I . s eemed to be nore or less affected ori-:inated in the involvement of the b. I . in the afore- mentioned 4

{ad ical Conccntre.·ti on

This grouping of nationalist ic and socialistic

parties, of wbich the S. I .

to tbe policy of the f- .I.

the biggest, hnd given a. leftist colour

20, 1919, it held a bie protest-

meet:ing at ::;ocor (near r jnk&rta.), in t.hich a r.totlon was ndoptod and

cabl"'d to t he

De:rnocrn.tic Pa ""t y faction in tho Dutcl parliament

with t L., e request to .forvm.rd a protest a gai!lst nthe

taking up

o.ms a gainst the

had not attacked but only

and violent

in the Ganrc- jncidcnt v:rho act 1ally 5 passiv ly".

The radicalizn of the E• I. was also manifested in the e.cono:::nic-

political trend The

. I . leader c'Osrokn.rdono who had fomed t he nPorsc-

rikatan Personcel Pandhuis

(:Jative Fa-rmhouse - ployecs

•ion),

P . F .P. B., and influenced by the ' arxist Scmaun, took the

74 initiative in planning to unite labour, trade, and farmers1 associations into the so-called 'Revolutionnair-Socialisticahe Vakcentrulc' (Revolutionary Socialistic 'l'rade Union) 1 abbreviat8d R. S. V.

It was a 'l·r ade Union con-

sisting of the afore- mentioned P. P. f . B. , the •Personeel Fabriek Bond' (Fac tory- labourers ' Union) , a bbreviated P. F, B.,

Spoor en

Personeel' (Association of Railway and 1ramline Personnel),

abbreviated

v.s.T.P.,

and other labour associations .

R. M. Surjopranoto ,

the founder of the P.F. B. and a prominent S. I . leader , Fourth National Congress that the purpose of the

R.s.v.

in the

was to get the 6

power to bring about a "natural revolutionary changers in the society.

This coquettish and indulgent policy toward the Marxists seemed to be fatal for the

s.r.

in the eyes of the Muslim publ ic who could not

understand high- level policy.

Realizing this fact, the S. l . seemed to

be hesitating in pursuing this policy.

In the congress it was explained

that the denomination 'revolutionary- socialistic' was only meant as a propagandistic stunt ,

&1d

that no conclusion that it aimed at a violent

revolution should be drawn from it.

According to the schene put forward by Surjopra.noto in the congress, the

R.s.v.

would have tL co-o?erate closely with political organizations

which joined the Rudical Concentration.

The S. I . as the biJge-..t rrember of

the Radical Concentrati on was expected to play a dominant role in keeping in check

the actions of the

R.s.v.

The

Semaun, however ,

who succeeded in pushing away Surjopranoto as candidate- leader of

n.s.v.,

did not like to co-operate with political parties of the

Radical Concentration, saying that not much

to be expected from

75 such co-opera tion bettiecn

parties, and that t ne Radical Co, -

centratio n would not live

a reed dth the progr aE of t he R. S. V., b t,

about it

.1.'

•

of the

Congres s . T0 .

nity of the lo.:!aJ t

c OI

t·

I .. mo¥ .. e 1

1ns ::.tro .!"1:· felt

.. and to stre. gthcn the

s rn ·e f . . . l ....

Ol'r-i.n

genom!..

· · +... CC On p0 ,.1..3.• J.C,..-:, J."C

L. .

bad

.• I .' s t Le fol

nroblems 1 - )

discussio

after the The declini.t"l g

of the C. S. I .

to ... •.·tdy

lo ' s - ovesents:

· St "CO

· t·!iC uoy

. . . ... ..,vS OI... e.::o1

t!.,e •

c •I• •-

.....-:.-·, ·"

other politica l 2)

on religi on, to

means for

Islan a_d

its s oci.:1list elements ,

c·..1stws to l c a oli5>eC' , to see-.( illore u l:_fon-,it,y and ,_.'.!1ity i..11 the ;_ la.ng1. az:;os (I}

-;:ipa, 6 da ...&-;i.."Ja etc . ) , a d to i·1p ovc

the condition of r a r ..

i!!

av·C',."':" of , nogar y,

4) co :nittee on l ac -, - ...move.11ents, t o

associati ons and tc

""C

t ho

o:' l!:lbo

t.he r;ay cf assvciat i g

w.i. .l

t hc.s e of' other countrie s, 5) com:nittee on

and the

ati n, to stt d) t he p bleJ of coof farn rs '

6) provinci al committee 3, to stren_:the n t· C' .

I.'

erat · ...res

i n e er;j p ..cvii1Ce and the C. S. : .

The meeting to constit t

Doce ber 25/26, 19-9 . Ap

et:can t:·r.o l'"'c·l

the R.S . • -:ms hel · "'t Jc-j-':a.

rently the co "tlun·sts s· cceeded i

a o

forci:tf'"' t:eir

76 will.

j,,ha Trade Union was .. eperated from the political body callad

'Political Concontrat· on tor the

the

The

econaouc trade union, deprived of its political friltgo and lts epithet •revolution ary-soeialist.:...c • got Buruh ' (Union

e na:nc of 'Persatuan Par rerakan aum

Labour !.!ovet.ent) 1 abbreviated P. P. K. B.

from the Polit:cal Concen'trati on.

It otood a.Part

Semaun became ita

Surjo-

pra.."'loto the vice-pr o::; ident.

In May 23, 1920 1 the Cr)fOmunistic I. S.D. V. was t.urned .into ' Partij

der Komrounisten in Indi6 t P. K. I .

of the Communists in the Indies), abbrev iated

The S . I . suf fered under the increasingl y . eu.vy attacks fl•om tbe

comr,r nists who had t, rown off their jJaSk.

Darsono 'tho v:l.ce- presi deut, remained nembers of the S.. J .

the pres i dent. and

Se1.1u.un

hila they and •·!.8.11Y other Marxists sti11 They purposely nt:i intainl.>d their membership

in order to be moro effective in winnmg the

s.I.

for tueir communist

ideology. The h"1dul :r¢nt and coquettish policy towa..""d the c

to be harrr.ful also to

the s.I.

i ng

rnany turbulent

confidence o:t tho government in the leaders ot

in a condition of anxiety caused by the the Dutch colonial government did its utmost

put a otop to tho a ·t'ons of the S. I. distinguish between t l8 Muslim patri ots

· archi sts o£ the although r. cjst of them in De ak

In such a condition it could not

the

s. I .

and the Cummunist

All the riots were a.lso attributed to t e S. I ., ere insti .ated by the c anm1nist intruders ; thooe

d Kudus (ventral Java)

: U"..

u."'lists proved

ero even d.irGctly conducted

the

71 I . S. D.V •

in Sor.Jarang.

the S . I .

Pi.t"lall.y,

his hitter struggle a :ainst ccmm:uni5m, he was

nnd deta ined !or oight mt..tJ.ths i n 1920.

By 1921 he had been

tirr,ea by the attorr..ey- ..eneral t;hlenbcck.

or t.he various r i ots and

vt:LS , my times hel d

bil e in the

'ljol:roami oto as presi ient

oxa.min(:)d tVIent y

He r.as uccused, r.: rstly of for ming

leading the B depurtt'.:hnt eonsplraey to overtbrOl• tilo Dutch government.

rror e not proveabl e , he was accused secondly ot

Because these

l ett ing inaurgentz e-t.u::r"J out theil:' p an, wh11e tho D departr.tent nao from the l...ovGtii.cnt nhich was under hio leade ship.

of !1av lng a"!lbit::.ons to t com-:. king, him to ,;na yo

' s tmpr

FitwJ.ly ho was a!:!cused

d the Court of Just ice ··

iljo.kc'l.rta

on the accusation cf'

given

false ini'crmat.ion about tim ntrsterious B departr.,ent while he was under spcndine the · i j..:ht months 5..n prison, he was reloased, because

oath.

hB was fuw1d :..,

Q.fter

'fhe Dutch c olonial. pol i cy, however, recordt..-d

at a great success .

The H depar trrent affa ir

gaVt..1

cause t o pr ose-

cute hul'..dreds of t .ha s. t . marbers, especiall y of .. est Java..

sentenced to eltht to ten

yGarS '

of s . I.

took

imprisorunent. 'i'hey

This attitude of the gover n-

i t hdrew !""rom the S. I . and

the ' Polltiek Eccna!".i&che ond ' (Political ::Conomic

Association) 1

P. E. B.

This "'"faa a moderate political economic

the f orrritltion of which nad boen instigated by the !lutch authorities to canalize a.."ld neut.ralize tho alloecdl.,v "f· radi cal

s.r.

and

t end.anvies .

On the ot.her han , the communi.at rnett od of strug le w-u.s put

i nto px·actice in 1920 a

the capit alism or tha su··ar

yn ioate

78 which made extraordina ry profits at t he expense of the p oor l abourer who

was left in the economi c

TI1e

played an

P. F. B. led by

the labourers in the

iGportant rola i n

it a s a representat ive

the el'!lployers of the sugar- industry did

to, bllt £a il Jd t o be

b ody of t he lab ouTers, a "'Cneral c-;trike was

's int·;)rferenc e.

realized because of namel y t ne s t rike

Anot:13r s t,rikc acti on,

t he p"r"inter s in Semarang , was very s-uccessful -.t.Ud led "Vho "ot t he

'J£ the Union of

to t he

Ylhen

title of King of the Str:t.ker s , and Hadji Agus Salim, Serz.aun , Al-i min Pra1'1irodird j o, and ot.he s, mre leading t he Trade Uni on Central as bers of the Central Executive Board at Senarang.

£Jem-

This co-operatio n between

the Uuslirl and c om.Yflllni st faction in t he Trade Union , hmvever, did not last

long. In early August 1920 , during the first con-:;ress of the Trade

Union ( P. . .\ K. B.), the continually deepening difference of political views vTas obvious.

Tho long expected split Ca!je when SeiJaun wanted t o sive the

Trade Unlon a COr.ll.":'lUnistic <..ol our by changing it into a Revolutiona ry

Trade Union .

(president of the V.s. '1'. • )

·.e and his frie nd

withdrew from the Exe cutive Board and fon.ted a now union at Ser.:tarang

under 7-he a f ore-mention ed

this union were the

of ReYol utionary Trade Union.

v. s. 'l\ P. and

J o...ning

several small trade- a s soci ations, such

as of t he native officials in t he for est-service and in tile local

councils, of labourers of the ' Deli Planters !lij '.

(Deli Planters Co .)

and the harbour 1TOrks, also associat ions of drivers of carts and

carriages, tailors a s sociations and one farmers ' assoc i ation .

In the

79 dJe P. F. B. > the P. P. P. B. ,

former Trude Union Central ( r • P. K. h . ) tho

Tcc::cr.Lers ' l Pi ora), abbrevi2ted

Persa'tuan Guru Burripu tera'

P . G. B. , tl c

rereeH::e::i.J!g van Inllli1dbch Personeel B.o.·\ !.

(Associc...tion of

Openbaro

at ive lc1 sonnel of tht; B. O••

of Public· orkal), abbre' iatJed V. I . ? . B.O. l. Tne P. ?.::·.:s. represented tbe L1ajority uf trade association s LUld took Jogjaka.rta. as

the seat of its bt:k:.dquuter s .

Since

signs cf its coming decline .

1920 the S. I . had

ihc reasons nere r,.any, such as the very unfavourabl e Pcononical c onditions, the oppression of the Im.tch cclon..i.al JOVernmcnt

but the main reason ,

according to the understandi ng of tbe r'resen t wri wr , was "Lhe c Jrllf_uni::;t of the S. ! . , who could not st.e.nd these intruders,

intrusion .

had conducted a. weak pol i cy of i ndulging and coquettL11g bad proved to be a big

its associative bond o£

th them, which

Seeinz that the S. l . was tleclinina and

was loosening, the

launchrd

In a. di tion to that, the 9 1 1 secular nationalist s of the Sarekat uindia (Union of the Indies)

fiercer at tacA:s on t11e l e ade- s of the S. : .

who were suffering under rrany (....ccusations, such as insurgent, corruptive, through justice and fear because

etc., by raising the

10 of

'file fiercest attack was t hat by the cor.Jmlnist D .rsono .l o,

"hop_;_ng of purificatio n", -rtrote in the Sinar Hindia (Light of the Indies) of lctober 6, 7 and 9 1 1920, stating t

t Islam was being u sed tc 1 ask

the roal purpose of the S. I . , while the Sarekat rlindia cone out for .:.ts ai.t.'lS.

dared to

"The S . I. says th...:.t it "Plants the prosperity of

80 the people ", Darsono cri t :_c; zed, "but t he leaders O!Lress the people".

for the

c.s. I.,

"As

it r ecei.vos contributio ns from all over t he I ndies, and Furt 1ernore he s har ply criti.ci7.ed. the f inancial

it i s v-.r;r poor."

he hated their et'1be7?.lelt1en t of

a.droi..niGtration of t he

S.I . -r1oney on a ln.r . a11d .en._r al seal e .

The at titude of Tjokroa.m:i.no to

he is a. soc ial-denocra t, tonor·... ow a

was branded "hesitatine ";

1. ter he says t hat he does not l ike any o£

c o·:nnunis-t , w'1ile onr->

those isr.JS •• . Su ch attacks

P;aVe

nuch trou ble to t he leaders of the

they harmed the reputation of the S.I. still more .

c.s. I.;

From the S. I .

orea.nizatio ns of outer .Ja.va a meaninrrful question was once Jut, namelv,

for

hat pur ::>oses were the c ontribution s fron t.he local S. • or1anizatio ns

to the

c.s. I.

I t was answered that they were to maintain the

love'', and t ha t t he S . 1. -boat c ould not sail Tlithout ri ;ging. indication of mistrust prevented the

with its provinci al comnri tt.ees

c.s.r.

tie of '!'his

f rom coming into closer

the local , oups .

The

decidt d by the Fourth National Con ,ress ·.ras

obviously to ir.pr ovo that bnnd, to collect the contribution s for supporting the S. I . strikers, and also to take nver the task of the

c.s. t .

i.n case this collaps ed :mder the pressures of extraordina ry circl.lr.'.stances.

the att mpts to 3rrest the speeding decli ne of the S. I . was tho

interna l

·on of the local S .

These were to

a process of selection to form s e l ect corps of activists or

cadres, apparently inspL."9d b

com.':IU.n:!..st :net hods of or--;anizati on .

Surabaja a core-troup was founded, called 'Guna Perlaja' (Dead- seekers) ,

vl \.hich f o:.:·med a centr al cr gani zation at the disposal of the C. S . I. , leading t,he S . I . -cJ.dr c t. uho 1 for reasons of secrecy, were not al2.aried to

each

.1 •

u vner . 'I'he

11a.I·J .ful

uenc:es of the

comr.LUr

::.st adve1 t ure

tlJe S. I .. ,

a s als o cleD.rly sbmm by -:.lle emergence

was the mail: Cal.. se o= its decllne ,

of different orgw:i... . :tions t-;ith by- and count<:. r-trefids , st.cl' as . . anjar 1 (·me l eo 3 . 1. ) c.t Sukabumi, the

Scdjati•

'S.I .

Assoc iat:ion)

at Scrr.arane;, the ' Sarckat Abar.zan ' (Association of !(eds ) at Klater1 (rrddway Jot;jakarta and Sural{arta) ,

Faithful

3arekat Setya Warga t (l:nion of tlJe

:5.n 3outh and EE.st

The Fifth the

s. I .

eo ; all oi vrhich Lcre or less

that

Congress was rr.any timt;S

T."as fac ir..g LanY difficulties .

Finally it was decided t:1at it

s hould be hela at Jogjakarta from Harch 2 to 6, 1921 . of Indonesia has been, besides an

Joc jakarta in the

cultural centre , the

cradle of lL.m'lY poli·Lical movcw.ents .

At that time it was the seat of the

P. P. K. B. , the .Trade Uniun Get

.J..l

The Flf th :Jatio: ..d.l Gonur ess

v • -.... .

r.ti?.rked by an a·:./:-empt to collect

itself and to rethi:2k the basic princ i ples on whici1 the S . I . was f ounded. At a ntJeting in ,·;eJ.tcvreden (Bogor) , s on:; days tefore the 0ongress started ,

a small ;roup of S. I . -leader s had discuss ed t,he problem "whether and how fa t'1cre would be a place for c crrurruni st - besides sccialis!!l and

in I slam" .

The attitude of tl1e S . I . tovrard t he cornntuni.stic trend was

one ct' the :ioporta.nt point s t o be taken into ::.;erious consideration. P. P.

·.B.,

the

Employees Union, a.lso he ld a meetin

The at

a tended by TJokrr;c.m.L'1otc, di!":;cussing the aP- explicit. d ..:cis ion thd.t,

an inelination t

lone

" 0

ld ue c "d....'Cl.\11'1

... the

the ,t->r -llCl)lcs

to ':.oho.::;e

In an

-vhe

to thB side of ...he

.I . -J... . s o

cvmr.lU!. . - .c.s n •

the pcJ.··s on.E..l.L ty .f

l eft without serious cons·Lderation.

":!"ed"

Se-

Lo d :.."cover

.., S

of retros_t)ection and rethinking -co

S. I . from

c show

unity, all reL.tioas ui t.l the faction were to

Icll"d

i1ow fa::c it J.-.ad beEJn

It rn...ade

thF; c oru ntn.ist faction J id n(

..:..:3

In t'.,e F.ifth Nu·cio!lal

laarang-8 . 1.

topic.

Sd.Ve

the not

l j okroa

This ·was .:tn ex £'1rrJple of thf.:.• uemo-

critizing influe.ncc of TsJ&n on the na.tionalist movement.

In tho

liin ia (the vurabaja perlodleal of Lhe S. :z. ) news had been

published

the 4·lpl'8ssir;n that '!'jok.r•oar..ir.v Lo

in·t- ., .d.ing to

from i:ihe "presidi um" of' tho C .s. I . to dovote himself ·t,o "higaer politicstt .

This provocative news was analyzed : the

t.ake place as

.:15

he hEld been clee.re<.l of all ulame and the confidence

of his ..:· ollowers in hi!.'l

cho.mpion ha

been :,;ols ve:. .e.l .

Qble to b:;.co!Lle like Gandhi i n British Indian .

The

?hen

". ould be

Th.e fac t that frjokro-

in +.he People's Council wtw

a.ninoto wiLhd.r ;H from UH=' and resretted.

was to

of the J . ::: . in that c uuncil s houl .. be ,

at lca:J·t at first, .i.f not permanenLly, the cllE"Lrma.n (i . e • ., ti1e ..1e.:..d) of the

s. r. Frro ti1e

Econo u c

diS(!U'3S ·

.l.n the

a'uout t he )olitica!

(P . 3. B. ) , which was called the ' saitc...n alas' (forest

devil, i . e . a bad spirit -irho , eccordL1g to popular beli.... f , lives in the forusts and loads people astray) , it was obvious bU".v far this Dutch-

17 In

87 local S . I . 's were rep.ce&en·0ed,

lJor..

Pa.\:.::..onal Cungress only ;)O sent t.,eil

1) a

in t lti.s f!"ifth

tives.

Cv!lf iuunce in t.he

Thi:r·C.

It was tl crefore

..d

of Tjo}..ro-

2 ) a :..es"Lateucnt of the basic principles of the movemB!

3) a strengthen..:,d party-t:lscipline, ln t:.1.te S. l . bti

.f0l:'I:l

o.f a stipu:i..a.Jvion that

un\ er t.-0:culty of CY.lJUlsion froo the union, to lJe

eu..bGrs of ether }lolitlc,ul

not •

.After l"'arsono 's a1,1.ack hrw. boer.. di:2cuss0d , a

otiun of confide1.ce

,;a.s Lade; ·Lhat the congreus had confidence 11 :..n t!'lc pers on and the tactful

Darson0 1 ito has pleaded guilty as regards the form of his

and

has acknowludgE:-d that it, is repugnant to -:..ho bro ·_b.erhcod in th{.;; S. I .

Furtherrru.,re , thor€ was u.ccvunt of

a commission uf inquiry intv the

c.s. J:. '

wlu CD

Agus &, lli'l drafted for this

DarS0110 became a

C0 11gress

the new busic

pr .Lnciplen which were approved by 'l'jokroaminoto and the daily Executive board of the

u.s. I .

pr .... miS€.' ue tween the

These basic

the

<.f

<..:

com-

tre !US and the !!!Odernist Islamic

econonLc-dogruatic and vhe nationc>.liotic- religious, are to be ..vrLCt;d

1.' ·no y

·.,, - ;"()""'

-..J •

en :t ":.> r; ::.v n of the ;iccl px'CgY"'B-? o· 1·:!1,.... ,.,., 0{' tl•"' I-"t , J.,J.. .... .... .. "' , ......._....4.:! ... -::hile the !ndies ha.ve i·.: 0 ;;,() material...: . n lac · n in olo · T,

1dence ""

•

-""""'"

oul...

...

tn.in i tt• li!e a -

· .,.

3. · 1Uippa\:

'\,#

-.;.J

_,...,,

,.;)t

v.r:l:'-.h the ca

.;s

the eepii.i.:.lJ

....h 4

<•

t#l

.,__.,.1.--c• J..(.a!.f ..... J

colonir.r;;r ... -C . goYorme;lt:U act3 · nd r.•...

v .._w u...,

on l.,UC"·-di .... c:'l !i ..,t,iot ,

Ur..4 ..

"'n' 1

'·•

1 P.'" ' _.

.._.

•

O().;....lain.

• 1d

{-'!...,. ••....

l.' --

· r na ·

port and le :e., b!'l$

eaus,

B''l.d

j • ..

·v:l.!l-:

·i

n"'+.:;cn +.h!:!-.... 1.3-l,....,.&..

+.o w

t.'\,

VA'\,:

c:en aa.d ha:'lG entere-d the :'iel d rt t l11:o ,. 1o1o n."" · ·c"'"'-· <'! ,... '-o>.a.J

•

-'-"

in o· _ fa:f:.herJ_m d , v:i. • a mov . of a g · u.n or cap. ·t.u.liets of t 1--e Dutch nation v.hich r;ctfi :ltc prof l ts from "c,he produ'"" ... , ,.,.. f'-t ... • - .._,c;, •• J ., 0 •r• · .: "'.,J. -:; ......., "'..,c..U·- ..,.._1 \.:_,. . tn .lJ ·• ,, 1 ..!..z;;-,.•.r;-..< ....... £ro 1 tho :ma.terinls , a-;;r.:.y or liqt·:!.dut · ·1.'-' t ·'1 i ,. ust:ri · s -r: .i"'h usc :lr::"ver nt tee· 1iques. l':'.:ts t,· _c origin cf :"utch c.clo

II, L./Ihic

.:.1

.1..-'\.S,;U

t;.,'!'ie ext ac .:.o·: r\f t.rn clm:1nelc makes t,!le t 1 e c;.. p ...' alis o in 1

can not t.c ·s t ' t e a

•

.:!'

o;o..,l,o..J.. ...

e"'lt: o·'

.1 .r •

In D.t.n in t·ln ... ·" "ios C" ......· .e :ce of ttis condit::.on t'.i.'O. _ loo ...... for J"1-::

r.1

t)ec .. _hG

o-r by t ..1e :..

('?.

.:mh ....'·r:iec

en o .

our

-o -d

enpccu.lly to cp n L9)nda f,.Jl... the estrtbliohea· nt of 1.itn t:uropc.;t capi ·al invc ... t i.€

"lSt:r.:

7 . . ha proL!'C!3 of t.u opo.:.n ca., i · " l in"l e.... ·.. about u c e;.,.tinct1.on of freo nd fa_ "7:-JC· couiJ' id .. . ol,., o . t :a.oi:r :W,:;o· • . . .n · t;l us tll t.:.olo Y" !lt:i •">n ... t.."le Ind .e·· :JOon d11 be l"' d CE"zel tr,) thr; of vif.. , rt..cr... juot cnou.GI for· i'o b1;.1i n ... t en gh to ra.t...,u v c .. 1i l\.. vf :n:um·l'lty. #

8. he

the il1du&tr1as cunscq,llr-;nt e:;'" ...enf: · ons wf eo'

.dth L uropcnn can:.tal, [l · •."t1, 1c )t : ..f "airs) cal fc::- " cor.. o£ overment cfficiulcl fU,d it st.af.f', -.:hiCl.t coul : {>·:. b ,t.,:>p1lcd f!'O!:l t'l...: o:.. 1 nd. her for , .;.nst. ct.J..on <t.u ·iv n to the no. iv vr! c_.t r::)sti.lt1... in the 7tlden:tng tl!li. f h . ,__ 1 d . "1 - · <...)n::u1G 0. c.r Cl.I' .., $progHlSG or

•

s· . .J.. c

ers ero',p of ··t t ·:v';u en,jo ll"ff ·: 1.;t 'UC.:t o , l.o. c .,...r, vo.luP only , a t.ool of cap:i talit:t .. .J ll:ttJOU!'C \.) 1y •..... 0 :t. ' ., , ... , th._r-. ·i r.t,) ·. ... 1 .... • •v v ... •e.: . . ....v .._... _ --·-""" v lot is to aocape fro. the aey "':L111c th0y to tl.. · r t.""l.........

..A

t · be t;O thai. i·.hnit· fJl"O ;r-e$S beco es an lnsti,. b:;,. .mich tb.c - :uropca!! tal: sire co "Sol·. at-: t ..cir-

l . o.:t, oi tLe of' t: Jts fnut, over

.,....

na\.J-1" .. ...: do

l t .aeir rant

all t he

t!OOV')

t\l t1:;(! conviction c>f tho .;,.I • ., the ....wiC : t!lt.!.C·:l mu.;t coni,:) L c:·ed

.tl.•

c.n en. itnli.s:1 t .. be uarc nd na.:t ,

u ..

ople.:> .

of nnLionr-.1

c f ...:.t l sivcly, so that if the colonizer. -- (1oplc ·. c: •• t thi c".i-, .it rust b ... c .:... )1t ... trodc unions O...Yld th

· .2 .. ru aehiev£ f:ree< o·n t o . .,. gn:n•pt>, \1l'tich can be said t co.,.. p::·iso ..rl'J tho Lol . . e.t n o! he! 'n ies , t ou!; the:ur lO"IG]lf'nt ac: ·, tt1f' t10plo oo to obtain t)li 1 ri hty . c en lt ") ray f' r xe. ci n o·, r . · 1f....1.1nnc on the gove:;'.mlertt. M

. 1t .erot.J....

b) n

the l: ..>U.

{!:1.

the ... . I . :;:; ' nc :.i n.... of I J "' .• of the 1t, that a have tl:o l.t t a · t ·· s i'c r the ti:3ke o:!' co .,

ant of la.:;c tr groups,

le=-4,. ers

86 c) as regards production and livelihood, obligation of everybody to work seriously with mi ht and main, with prohibitions enriching one self with the 1-'r od.uct of somebody else ' s labour, are desiderata to be achieved at present by delivering the u.eans of production into the hands of the popular society. d) as re0ards the distribution of land and labour-products , accumulation by one side is to be prohibited according t o Islam, in order that opportunity of weans of a livelihood may be equalized by consuming all the land and labour- products . Most likely this can be realized if the distribution is in the hands of a c ounc il of commissioners from the people .

l.4. The S. I . i s convinced that real freedom for the people of the Indies lies in the liberation of all the people from any kind of domination, in accordance with the principles of Islam as already explained .

15. The S . I . has the conviction that its aims are likewise strived after by the great bulk of the people and labour-organizations all over the world. Therefore it is to co-operate with such organizations all over the world as an attempt to bring nearer these aitls for the whole of r.1ankind; all this being observant of the principles of Islam. 16 . Meanwhile 1 mindful of nature and the teachings of religion, the S. I . will by no means bind its destiny to any part of the world- organizations , but it will always remain watchful and vigilant in the maintenance of its independence and the purity of its purposes against whichever side.20

'Ibe concluding statement of these basic principles is un-

very important for the further attitude of the

c.s.I.

toward

the wo":"ld-organizations , such as that of the communists 1 to which the P. K. I . belonged.

It the question of party-discipline , on the a <;enda of

the con; ress , had been solv d the communists would have been eliminated

from the S. I .

This had, however, not yet ha. paned.

general session

'The C. S. I . in a

the congress had expressed its agreement with

87 the adoption of the party-discipline idea, but at the pressing request of Tjokroaminoto the discussion about this ticklish question was postponed until August 1921 when an extraordinary congress would be held. According to a later r eport, it should Sixth National Congre&s . the local S. I. groupo.

with the ordinary

The matter would first have to be discussed by

An1ong the political associations which no S. I .-

member would be allowed to join were mentioned: the Budi Utomo, the Sa-

rekat Hindia, the I . S. D. P., the P. K. I ., the Pasundan,

Sumatranen

Bond, the Sarekat Menado, the P. E. B., and ' Nederlandsch Indische Vrijzinnige Bond 1 (Netherlands Indies ' Liberal Union) . I ,

After the congress, the ideological fight between tha S. I . and the P. K. I . and between the Muslims and communi sts did not decrease but was continued more vehemently in public through the press .

A part of the na-

tive press considered the results of the Fifth National Congress as sa-

tisfactor.y, stating :

• • • a pure and moral victory for the people ' s movement and for the S. I • • • • It was not a question of winning or losing, but of managing everything in such a way t hat those who wer e wrong felt that, and those who were right did not win it, but made peace • • •• 22

This was explained as a successful transaction .

To everybody had been

given plentiful opportunity to criticize or condemn the conduct of Tjokroaminoto as president of the C. S. I . 1 but no such c:ixiticism was expressed.

Thus this native press concluded as follmTs:

88 The unity of the S. I . wa3 a ;;ain saved, and this '\:aB t he most important thing; people re.."'1ained apparently havinP" confidence in tho person and leaders1-.ip of 2'3

The communists , however, wore grovdng bolder in attackinG the Muslims. Althouch Da.rsono's method of criticism was condemned, another part of t r1e no.tive press considered t his

itself as

its end. This part of the native press , a ong others, said:

• • • The S. I . has recognized communisn in .• • The communists , about whom it liaS first said t hat t hey were no and who were considered as enemies of I slarr.t , are now r:ecognized as brothers • • • Be now united in t he against caoitali&u i n t hi s world • . • • Long live the S. I. and the P. K. I .! • • • 24

These r emarks went t oo far and made the S. I . :inpatient. The C. S. I. had to come up against t his wrong picture of the s tate of affairs. Through t he Surabaja periodical

Jetoesan Hindia , it said that while

virtually the C.S. I . recornizos co"1munis:J in I s lam, i t does not want any part oi -the communistic ideas in regard to fa1 ily- life, free love, and

still less of the proera!n oi the S87"1arang P. K. I . , vrh..i .ch calls for the s truggle a ga i nst

• •• In the flag of the S. I . stands: 25 live the ,;;.I . " - and nothing more! Thus fro:w thes e polemics , it was clear that the S. I . and the

P. K. I . could not

It wns actually only i n method and tacti cs

that the C. S. I . had yielded under the heavy prcssur0 of c reating the s ocialist idea of a "new society based uron

pr i nciples" .

89 that co-uld not ba asked . A further adaption to

lore than

cortu:I.nly

Y"ould

a total undermim.ng of tho vary

Th9 ideological conflict hetwoen thE)

s..

of t !.e

s. I.

and tho

{ . I . reachod

Conrrf'ess which took plnco at

a ct::U rliP.ating poin'v in the i--·brtm

6 to 10, 1921.. i'his oonr.;ress soone-d to be nork

Surnbaja

I.,

by a state of dGp:r-eesion. 11:te presi®r1t oi the had been in preventa:tive

eu&tody einoo

August of the

'l'jok:roe. inoto ,

sa7e year,

ttccuscrl

of perjury in the Sosrokard.ono•prooeaa (the B dopttrtrnon't and the T;jio.drmna) , and thus t his congress

c.s.

ful leadership. 'i ho 1

YlaQ

without his inspiring rmd tact-

and the oongreas

t llcrefo:t-e led

l lll\3

Hadji

The rostrni:1.ing meauuros of ttc Dutch colonial

i\gus Sali.1!1 and Abdul

governmant wero folt strongly by tho declining demanded tho abolitiotl of the ·to obt&in incorpora·t.ion.

s. I .

go,.,.en1'1lent Cil'Cular

f.or new

groupa

Purtbonnoro the govormcmt da'ilu/!dad t l-u"lt

S. I . put in its statutes the sti:·· ulation that, t.o bocome a

tor at least six

of' the

Apart fror:: tho real purpose of those l:L"nitations, infringe t oon trJ>O freed ore of ove:1ont of the

ch mcn::;urcs no

In this stste of dcprossion a .;)_.. a.cific trait o£ the Ii1doneaian society, v--lB. the (Jeep nttacP.2nc.nt to tho loader, cor .ony

Cj.'

the congress . rrho

vcloped in red and black

Hadji .Agus Sal

m rl.f"o ted at t .1o of Tjok:r·otr'linoto en....

vtas 'tt."lVoile..: , t'V...Groupon !.bdul Ui i s

did !.o:nago t o tha absent prcside1t t.s

1 o.der • o,

90 Jilt .. or not , did \tnnt and did inprove the wel.:-'arc of tho f • I . and

a .rugelcd for the £reel om of his nation.

The nost cri'tioul moment, in this eongresa arrlvod when r.a:!"tJt.htseipl.:.l"

;ovt

wtts

the P. . • I .

·l

pr-lnc:iplo for a

time 1

.a-tici. 3.!lts .:JilSide!'

the

l.·he

.<:l.nr-;,

1.m

•

mrcpticn fer tho

pr.oood t hat tl o intro :\·nction of ... rtJ causes tho o!' so e ·nen.bers or le-ader-_. !rom he s .... than t till ,; _.-;;-a that these momhc...,s or leaders prcf, !' o ... her p-... QLmvc tho [: . ... .. nnd thnt acccrdir!ClY t he . . only ·m1t to uso "tt'1c ·.:.. for tt..e of' tl1nt othe pnrty. J s 7iJ:;..; t.1 · r \Tl would noan a.rt o.dvunta.r;e for tho • I . and ./ nc me..ms loss. theref'orc the t · r! t hlnt; needed 4 s p.;trt.y ...discipli.nn 1- we solidity o-: p1-inciple. l .. on t_lc po5sibj.l:ttv of e n- operation co.u.c'i e cot"sidcrnc', I£ thero prBvnils ·on in pl':ncip1 s, th.e11 :.v neit:1er { no!' t27

not a .tithetica_; ti at 1--nligion c o lld

"lOt

be the tight basis of c .ption for t a P . ·· . I .

ca e

1 d not

s.I .

,..rty--discipline was tt.ccept ". Eo cla:L'tled that

o.ine

its

""idnal

t!-.<lt the father

the

91 Hadji Samanhudi, '\:as a capitalist and the S. I .-stores were capitalistic; that the hadjis made a ttcapitalistic i deology" out of relizian. He re-

called the obj ections which his party-associates bad Dade to using the adjective "sinful·l to li"1it the concept o_·

capit£1liSI!l" in the basic

t he S. I. stated that it •vuuld fight against

principles of 1917, 28

" aim'\ 1 capitalis::1".

In regard to that t>emaun argued:

. • • all capi talis::1 is sinf'l.ll, even the _:uslim one; the classstruggle nu&t be waged agai"'lst usli.-:1 capitalists toe , t .:> free the oppress ed classes, irrespective of religion . . • • The r .,. . I. 6t.and5 for the rightu of tl:e oppressed classos, therefore it s hould be exc ·Jted from party-discipline .29

Facing these attacks of the conmunists, Hadji .

talented and eloquent

eus Salim compared the new hunan teachings of ...arx with the old ur'an,

in which centuries earlier a ouch nore perfect

than that o.f historic matcrialis::1 nas tau.;ht . The :.!uslims "have to stick

to the

· ty of Islam; indead the S. I

swears alleheance to the idPa of

brot:1er..1ood; it is national but through religion it is at the same 50 i 1tomati onal. ·

Eemaun oersizted that at t he .. of the middle class and

the S. I. fi!anifested the c2pitalistic; for.ner

rore SYra:rr1ing \rith turbons (then t he distinguishing head-dress of tLe

ajj'\ . Furthomore Semeun put fon."ard the follo'\rl.Il[ ar __.UTI ents:

• • • Religion is not a Christians usliu.s are living in the sau1e country and have t 1e sa!ne i.._tere st;,; we

trcn

.- 1

, one

·ld rtut. the atrens on tactics ...1hcn

.f!l

concluded:

If parly m ic nccopOOd, t hen t'lc one group :-lthdra; s; :ti' it io rejected, t..lle otl.or party lcs.ves; . • . here t ho rund

..; ..52

i n 1.1.1c . . ., . I • t.

r..ad t.o

fol" the

'lY

tho

olidity of ite p ..:inoiple ...

whic. .teant

.1.

...

I t had tc opl t

\v-.ming of ive strengt...

he split of tho .-:.1. in:.io a natio·pa.J.istic · usli>:i group o p di e not leav

roetoratlon of t ho Cr<.ll:lblad

an.izatic•n

(::I

o t bet. e

c · a ing y bitte r

:un:s t"', both

q · tly . 1 t·

o. en th0 door for

i.ghtine for

f the "'"I .

the C.. S.I .

.... ol of ti e loca"t

il"'-

-nstoa n

s. T .

the

93 and the

Trade Union movements .

In the cconowic field t he Re-

volutionary Trade Union Central was growing dominant .

'ÂŁhe local

s. I .

groups in and around Semarang, which had been heavily infiltratBd by the communists, one by one broke tbe bond with the they gathered around the Provincial of a new central board.

at Semarang on December

pznding the forming

This was done in the

25,

oÂŁ the P. K. I . held

19211 when it resolved to form the so-called

'Persatuan Sarekat I slam' (Federation of

k{i"oups) .

of corrmunist S . I . organizations , t hrough which the

This group

had succeeded

in forming a political front, was publicly better known as 'Sarekat Islam Merah' (Red Sarekat Islam). anwhile it could be said t hat the totality of the native political movements were split into two main trends, the religious-nationalistic with Jogjakarta -- since 1920 the seat of the

G.s.r. --

as con-

centration point, and the communist with Semarang as its centre.

An indirect consequence of the split of the s.I. was the flourishing of native secular nationalism, which was also aniruated by constitutional reform.

for

The native communists were very active in trying

to effect reconciliation, or at least co-operation, with other parties , of colrse with a view to the benefit of their own party.

Finally these

parties found a welcome motive in the so-called Autonomy :;ovement , a to obtain

for the Indies, introduced by s ooe notables

of European nationality who wanted to see as soon as poss ible the realization of the principles drnwn up by the Review Cor.mlinsion of

1918 "as first step to meet the deeply felt desires of the people . "

9t For tl

of national ca...opora io. ·he

c. c.' . I.

also nndo

ru-1

come

contact ni th t ! o Nntive a-rnlhoaoo

es Union ( • • • • ) ,

ihich

bc:.on dm :r: .. to tho aido of the commun:tsta

a111:

Th.:

ho1·. vor, f:· ilcd bccaueo cncc intel'fel'

tho action of the

• .• I . ·which

t , the conflict.. .ov-a 'thole... s the S. • did

It co:mtod upo. .,ho t;rr)":dng

on strll:e.

.. ,

consc;.ousnes

(;ivo

to scr..rc as t 1c bo 1d

anch a s O!Jf..C!l'"i:ion to e'""crrvhint; which

and o;? i ti.;J 0'\m il."ttoli nal ai'fc'!.rc, protest ngain t

m d:t:..

polieo.m c SUl'as i n rega.rd to food-DUPt')l:-,r and to the uca of tho ri ht to

protect n&:l:i.nct the practice cf pol1.ti "D-1 mcaoures of 1.nt c

est, et ... .lie period of conflict

the P . IC . I ., after t ho

c.d baen

split_, resul ted ir a CC,.tntinuo W ooarch fer better pattomG Of "·l·n v.l.,... "r- •

•

teront of

a:.

you

ir.

es.

r t ic:l. "'!tc .• '

ct Kedt, P"dja · i .

:ov ., • . ...

i t: and

.I. greate

"Ccass rlth t.hei r v . I ....scl ool

i:nstrt. c.tion to J3

pa11

_"oTt.; or less undcl"' co:'""-

(Fund

was n.cco :"'lis..1ed in a E nern..... ..ootinn: of trade

2) t

P .r . B., the Fnctory

a lrl Eor

.ions at adiun in

_,rcrs'

lt.:.'t:l01

t:"'

i ssocint .ions of

mo oyees of .t.b:: Sutc

o·1o• oli,..

Fac vOl''.i.O$. 1e

trade

96 .:s

fie:o

( • .. 1. )

t. . violflnt actio

str·

dcctr:Lne

to t.

·1.ld

notori01 .. s _ .:.1- ·

1923 ..

of ti:

(P • • I.} t.--

. I . i!..te

•

nee or the Dutch still

forces

.. -- ;,s

the _r . . . ... roo n

•

one fro t

al of

_ _ ,J....:!.

,t;o-

deta

:sk

· slins Yiith re ....

_-c n&..:..im

c ""'binntio

of !!lOre

et t o

,- ideal of

,. . b oi.:l!.e.•w - .:uc

.....

.tio-

i;telf-

lass indo ende!1t

Sll

:-:' i gs

o·

·- na: iorcl

SPC _

tc. ,

· t h tl' of 1921 an

.....

.s.

..... ..

as of Ja.

t thee

•

nation:::.! :re1U .:on

. s

tra in""o a

ous p · ciples oJ:' t

-1::..

97 On

'""'

the

nr> .. ... ...

•

·; _-n

· .J.

c use it

•

uJ..ncc +v l m

.l.J,

had ...ur 10d

1o.:.r

"' · en

P,op..'let C:o-n1:'!ittee) Jn..;t::.tutcd by the c •• I. in 1913, t

1.6, 1912 e.e a

-s

'c ant ·.·...icb \vuuld not

.. ., full-

fledge· politi cal part y"'

-""i··r -<"! ' " I

!!Ln..,, t\1'3.0

.. :L,":"'

Tn.....

(/U. • •

of the

0 . ,.

the

.. '1

u.o..• h l"ll"\

r""r:<...

oppose the

.4 j

c."' • -

...,

4 ..........

.I.

It t rl.t:A

...

v>J"'-

- c

• J.ne

nado i t ncept.:. a_

·rei the

. !·hn. . , C. C .-l.

ccr ; ni.st V. • '! • ' . . . oA

'':

.I .. by l:cep:ing t e loca1. £i.1ancial co tri t.::.on.)

lf. Its narro ,- 1:!.. .dcd co

social :Ld c."J.

its''

,. .;.lo\n1" ......

•

ti.a

for

. . . .... t

v::.c

,):r.

ttr

arong., vi1ieh tr.:t d ha

· n it for

out c.no l"OSUltod a SP-l. .. 'l . t to tL d 1f f:.:

""'ated ftnm.

n na nged to .•10

baco. e .... "' .lUCh bi u

• •

t£ .era"'

.I . . t• .... J..

oth r ttr .,. '>.. • 1 ..

alati a,

•

.: ·• . ..l.....

VIJ.G .... • 1 •

7 i I

1 ko th . Juvanes'"1·-. -lOVO 1 . • • ......."8

S \.1

There :ire, h ·1J"'"vo-z."1

tLe L. i. nc..."!c ly

....

into

,..

i.l...u p ... _'Oi

f _, fro:"l .1Ci -ty i.n:j dc -rcc t , 1.t :ts nlso aufforin" ' iro lack of

k:lf d3 o • Lee· ali

u:...o of ii> "uet lie!;. tho tr:"r:') ba...)i c:. J 9

.... _. .,• "' r·.

·no

v .. ""

.._, .

Cilt,

I•

,J;."

ch ...... .• Jl.'•c

he k:'..nd g-rante-d by 'llah,

+o ..,

.;pct1c

i.i...t ... infilt atcd local

t··v

.L.,"'1Cl..•

...,

to ·1othor

•

...,n these crittcal

co::

;

."Cul

tion; ntha.t rould

oep.e2 coted in .

J. .

n..:es the -... •

ciety. ·

s. I .

se ed to turn w. re l

·aRt'V of tho o ce-hoa ·1 .....

group s e oo' tc r eta ·

oir

io s

99 disposition.

Po iOnder that these "red" S. I .

esrecially those

with peasant renbers, were meltinp a1;1ay :her.. the comr:nmists started

violating religious sensibilities. by the

Tjokroaminoto, anparently inspired

that the relini.ous f?entinent of the people was still

porerful, t ook the

the First Al- Islam Cnngress

at 'rjirebon (West Java) at the end of October 1922.

This nas also a

realization of the second front of the strugrrle which the present UTit€r has already mentioned before.

It ras ins Pired by the Sarekat Hindia

(N . I . P. ) which had decided in its Bandung

of r ay 1922 that it was

strivinr; for "the unity and the freed on of the people".

This conr;ress of

the Sa.rekat Hindia Yrhich was considered similar to the All India in Dritish India should be counterbalanced by an Al-Islam

the exanplc of tbe Jfuslim kar;ue in British India. Al- Isla!!l

The ai

after .!S

of the

w·ere:

1) to

t,be

danger of diverz.encies of opinion among the Muslims

details or branches (fur1ic ) of Islamic jurisprudence (applied fiqh) and regarding disputed relissious matters (khila.riyah), 2) to strive for the achievement of unity and co-operation amon

Ji,slims as resards relir;ious matters .

the

With the incre: sing of knmvlcdge and experience, the S . I . felt

more and more the need of "rationalizinr;" the with the object of its struggle,

In accordance

politico, the transformation of

the s . I . movement into a political party was felt nore appropriate. only the local

c.s.I.

s. I.

actually

·roups

So far

l ike a political party, while the

era vltht·ut initiative and without a firm integrating

100

bond with centr e.

The C. G. I . qua Centr al Execu tive Board of the S. I .

held a weak posit ion as long as its incor porat ion was not grant ed, and the local S. I . group s accor dingl y were stand ing on their own feet . Becaus e of this cond ition and the effec tive barrin g of conta ct between the leade rs and the peopl e 1 disci pline was very sligh t. been able to infil tra t.e easil y.

There fore the comLu nist had

'1\vo means v1hich the

ening its bond were the alreG dy

s. I .

used f or stren gth-

oath- prece pt and party -disc iplin e.

The farne r was r estric ted by the Dutc0 colon ial

while the latter

was f i er cely attac ked by the comc unists .

In the Seven th Natio nal Gcnere ss, held at Madiun f r om Febru ary 17 to 20, 1923, the P. K. I intru ders, who had been throvm out by the decis ion of party -disc iplin e in the prece eding Natio nal Congress , still succe eded in infil tratin g the V'"orking Cor.unittee and causi ng disor der.

Thanks to

the tactf ul lead of Tjokroaminoto, the congr ess could be put back to order . The number of local S. I . groups repre sente d was reduc ed from 50 in the Fifth Nat ional Congress to 40 in this congr ess , atten ded by 117 offic ial del egate s. The t otal atten dance was b tween 1200 and 150C mel!ibers .

This last congr ess

of the S. I . as a movement was also atten ded by woman-members for the first time. The most impo rtant topic in this

was that of the trans -

forma tion of the assoc iation i nto a polit ical party. duced in a gener al sessi on by Hadji Aous Salim . of the a centr al body -

'l'he topic was intro-

He expla ined t hat the form

far- - local a! SOCi ations Volu ntaril y bound by

was demanded by the Dutch coloni al

' s polic y.

This form of organ izatio n hampe red the free growt h of t he .ovement.

101

additi

i'ol"'nclly a· .. a organi zati n i·t

·n-D

ther1.. he w nl: }.)0·.-,d b t ;c-en.

s "'pt1ra"';:,cd

no .htrtt :for.rw..tio. ..

I -

,A- •

•

'3 !"(,!.J

·r

1 {

t r JX"';;•w.·,..

ol'C,

IsL"l.... in rB•{r..;.Td to ito social

...

ow11

•

and to its

his

1:5

fo-:: t·:i.:;;

-Jiew and

1·reodo:-a to follow· ti;;>

:tn the

..... "'

·:t

of thr::: ,a.. ...

s--tol

into

l.d ad

S ..."

<,._ •

,l. i

,··o jo

C" ,.·,-. T

o-"f' J.....

.1.1

......

-,., 1

...

....i

ro nest

o "t

)

•

. - .- :a .doncr ·f.t "'o

, ...

...

•• ·O. "

.::..e c

_ ,;

.. ·•

t"-lC

I<!!J'\.p1--...,

- r.;;v

aga o:" a

'f'

,..

1." \..

of an

eo: :ocss

:.)

•

.'..

S't·---

1c... cd nnd "" t>ri · ( t. e .e·,ts ..

104

16 Ibid.

17 18

Itid. Tbid ., pp . 371:-75.

·-

19"

J"bit,

,-., r ... ,.., •

c. )

Vol . : , pp# 160-63. H. O. S. Tjokroa: i!''liJtoJ oE· · , 19-'0) , 4ti''.a. -..unpreesJ.on · 'akar+-a.· (DJ :_&ne Isl:..n can Social -l:lan til n·:.anl7, .. tl pp. -'- u · .. - •

1-1elz,

.. r-' P• 3 I

Tol. V,

,, pla .ent,

Ibid . r.:id.

24--

Ibic , p. 376. •

2c ./

25 Ibid.

Ibid.' ") . 377.

f.eo this thesis , :"::<. 61 . 2.7

u.c.;. v Bl unberser, a:rt. u,_Sare'r,.,...

p . 3' 7.

l!).,..u T ' c.;, • .o.V

Thic

3:!. :bi{.

32 33-· en tt

t ·r

i'"' -v

•

1922, pp. 2J9f, 3501', h3lf; th 1s a$ qro· p 37d. ·: , Vol. V, TslaTD:t , ·h1

n ..... -LJ

35- , •.

..,.. ' "' t, • flr . . ,_ .. OJ. . .,._L_..,ocrl p . 378. • C , , '"'l !::) ' t .•. . :!· co vl!9S.L.:S ' IJ • '1 ) 36 c.. ....

o.;

.!."

Bl nberger,

P · J'J 7"" •

·1

-jc:-)t'l-,1 . ..

.,;o.!...

'-'

-•

Li _,

; ..... ...:..u

E!t:: , Vol.

c ..t , ... ' .....u ule

-"J •

Isl3r" rt , in ENI , Vol. V, Suppl ·me t,

105

Ibid.

38 lbid .

39 Ib::.d.

L.O

fbid. l'ahin, 1-!2

?6 .

in Indono.3ia, p .

-----

, clz, op . cit ., Vol .

....oe obvi.o··..; t.'1at the

and Revol ntio:1 in :"1.do.:.csic, ?6. 1 It i SC J:"'Qtc ou·C" c:: 1::: 0 oo.ti .. J'o -thi::; J..;:· \ p . L9) -vm.s c lso '"':Cart to weaken the .:ts.Jocintive bond of tl1c S. l. '1'1 :hc-s a .. c- ..... groups t.hc . ..... . _. ...

1. .

a pro.. : • • - lcac r , i \ 1 ': ::. 1 3,_:-c1·.rit:1ess accou.nt of disorder ca:Jscd by t: o ., _..(. , • said t h:J.t , •I . J923 fcl:!_ j nto trn"''' . :!") t· ,:_,the , cor-:.. .. ntL"'1is7.c, 1\i1o had infiltra·tad t he Co;--1n.it.tee, nearl;y :Ju.ccooded in '1 .. ;·•. con.:;.. esc.. .c;y . ...... v;>s e 't' .J t ·0:.c a:..,rant,ernc") t s :.or uJ.::g .. c,__c ccn l:a.ll ;:it:1 co :c. fu1.t;s and s vr.iboJ.H . >ortunatel y for the ;.,. I. · leaders, 1-, ., r "0 _,.,,.... c-4t . . ct."' 1,-; t .I_ • .v.,_ - • l.'"" .. .y.. ..... e __g"J1.:.v 1)ef'orr.\ ..- ..;...' 0 was ope:, 1 hen t he hac' t a.n u11.knot·m young !!I.D.n o.sc0ndcd a 1 p:'...;:tf _,r anc dcli\C.f'eJ t:·r,, follo·.:i. ..1e spcoc:: ttBrothers ! u . I . ...-s·',;'")rs ! - on 't ::ollo-..1 your 1 adcrs blincly, jnst lik peo_ple \',... o perfon:1 the sa:..3:t be 1ind the i ·ii ., Yd.tr.o1:t '-:: t• intention . . . • !I 11 StopT '' c:"'ied t e people i7ho attended the congress. S:.>.r,o.n·; fo rria:\· enr· ..:,1 : doi:·ln the podiu:1 . '!'he ii s ccs.;.c:J. W=S in panic . .,., ·i.,o to c:J.2- lj- to0k o er the lead of ·t-hi s s ession anc f:J 'Cccedcd :Ln :"'esto:r2.ne it to (...:ce Ame:'z , OJ2 . cit ., Vol. I, :.·-!? · 131-32. ) . v>t "'. I , ·1n lr.t.lio1 V r: .,_,. c:. v ..... ........... Bl U!Tlb crgel .. , c.:.... , < • ...,. ..._

P•

!,.;..:\ ....... ...

- "'o • Jv

2:,

on D

..&....:..

•

t he e;::plo.nation riv..:.:n by 3abirL;, t"ILo v..-rotc in ...

1?34,

>i:: fL:.nct·. "1 cf c·m. of the is:::....: .C:1doncsi0 ( l • S. I . I . ) :.. ross ouncil, ql-:.oted b:t .AJ1elz , c.,. . cit. ,

V . I , on . 134-37.

;

np . 132-33.

CON1RIBUTION OF THE

TO I NDOliH'...SIAN JJA'fiONALISM

1. The Political Achievements It is true that with the transformation of the S. I .-movement into

'Partai Sjarikat Islam'

(P.s.r. ),

the struggle of the Indonesian Muslim

for self-zovernment and independence had entered a new phase, but it is

equally true that the following developments were deeply rooted in the preceeding phase.

Furthermore the history of the

provides one

of the most interesting keys for an understandi ng of the present Indonesian nationalism. Notwithstanding the simple form of organization, in whiah Hadji Samanhudi initiated the movement, the S.I. was from its beginning clearly

a nationalist movement, and thus its contribution to Indonesian ationalism was as a pioneer.

It is true that Hadji Samanhudi could not express in

plain terms that what he telt and wanted was freedom from foreign domination --which was later on much more clearly formulated by Tirtoadisurjo cind t hen by Tjokroaminoto on Samanhudi's request .-,

the actions of the movement

undoubtedly showed its nationalistic nature. The contribution ot the S. I.-movetT.ent to Indonesian ationalism

was made possible by the important role of Islam as a powerful binding raetor for the Muslim masses.

Islam, which was brought Indonesia through

peaceful ways (mostlY through trade), found deep roots in the hearts of the Indonesian people.

In spite of the "impurities" 1 especially among the

lo6

107 pantheisticall y i.ncl1 ned J a··. ranese, the Indones ian fusl ir.Js r;ener ally have

a str ong rel ivious

Tiley found in Islam a r allying point of i den-

tity to S:Jl!bolize seper ateness from, and opposi tion to,

non- ,'us-

The average Indonesian would f eel r'lffend0d if called 1 ka.fir 1 1 (unbel ieYer ) , even if did not bel ong to the Toup, 5. e. the :roup

l im overlords .

o.f pious Mus l i:r1s wb o fai thf ull y perforncd relir;ious obli :ations, such as

the prayers

al ms- tax (zakat), f asting (Kaum ), etc.

For the

gr oup the follot7i.r'!G Qur 1a·1 tc inj unction seerc.ed t o be t he source of this

f actor:

And hold f ast, al l of you to2et hcr, t o tbe cabl e of God, do not separate. And remember God's favour unto youJ hol'l ye lQ'ere ene:nies and He .1ade friendship bct tvcen y')ur 1carts so t'lat ye became as brothers by His grace; • • • (III: 103)

Commenting on t his Qur 1 anic verse j.n one of his Friday•sermons, Hadji Agus

Salin1 gave the following interpretation (tafsir):

These words of God command the whole M1.1slim e ommunity to hold f a s t to the cabl e of God and forbi d the comnunit y In t h is v erse is explained the advantage of being united and

t he dis graceful consequences t hat will result if this injunction is ne glected• • • There must be a solid unity and strong brotherhood. • . not only s ol id and str ong spir itually , but also bod• ily and materially to render influence in the human inter-course a.nong n!ltions of the world• • • no t to become a subdued and dependent paying hoaaee to, and commanded by, t he conquerers . • •

Al tho::tgh with ouch sinpler com ents and inter!-'retation, i t could

108 be sunnised that such Qur'anic injunctions formed the source of Muslim 1nity

and brotherhood wnich brought about Hadji Samanhudi's success in founding the Sarakat (Dagang) Islam .

Another important role of Islam in the couraging and animating factor which of the moveme nt , although still under the

was the en-

dacisive for t he open starting S "1Vere

domination of a power-

ful and superior imperialist government. Such Qur1an1c vers es as +.ha

already cited "Faint not nor grieve, for ye will overcome then i f ye are 3

i ndeed believers"

would have given much

likewise t he

following:

he)E

And {He will give you) another (blessing) which ye love: fro::1 God and present vi)tory. Give good tidings ( 0 to believers . (LXII: l3 () ye who believe.' Be God's helpers, even as Jesus son of ltary said unto the disciples : \1ho are my helpers for God? They said : Je a.re God 1 s helpers. And a party of the Children of Israel believed, while a par ty disbelieved. Then we strengt hened t hose who believed against their foe, and they becallle the uppermoat . (LXI I • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 ye who believeJ I f ye help Goi, He will help you and will make

your foothold firm. {XLVII :7)4

The present writer recollects Indonesian Vuslim leaders using the verses in their flaming speeches, continuing the tradition

the fonner S.I. -leaders, such as Harsono Tjokroaminoto's f ollowing the

example of his great father H1dji Umar 8aid Tjokroa1 inoto. The powerful animation by the

of God was undoubtedly t he reason for the meteoric

rise of the S .I., ecli?Sing t he shortlived eight months of bold vehemence

109 of the Indies :?arty, and the small Bud.i Utomo.

ThuD the Isla...'1ic bond and

the encouraging spirit of Islam wore the first contribution s of the S. I .. to t he genesis of Indonesian

The kind of courage v1bich was shO":Jn by the s . I . was not destructive . On the contrary, it tried to canalize t he wakening forces of the

legal and constructiv e endeavours , as shawn by

first stop

to get incor:;omtio n for the S.. I. from t he sions and suggestions of loyalty in pu'bl).c meetings . of the government to

r: jo1cr00J11J.noto' s

into

and by tho eJC!)resThe unsatisfacto :r.r

request c:.J.uscd much disa':>-

p ointment and distress . The many riots and revolts aeainst the Dutch colonial government ncre more or less an indirect result of this dissatis .faction. In a ddition tc thiG, :from the sociologica l point of ViC".v , the f i[;hting instinct or Kanroftri eb of the people , having b een suppressed for tens of years since the Java War ( 1825- 3C) burst out in the hot phere, especially when the about

cal

by- products of t he

s. I. ' s

atmos-

request f'or incorporatio n had brought

Tnus these revolts and small riots were tm,.,anted.

s. I .

movement 路rvhich would not have been resulted i f the

eovexnment had given the required incorporation. I t was actually the sound courage of patriotism wr1ich the

s.r.

meant to contribute to Indon.... sian Ua-

tionalism .. Such "aell- l:nmvn say-l..ngs (l;adrth) of t he Fro:;>het of its rather obscure authenticit y

in sp ite

Cif), as Hubb al-.7at ani min al- iman

(love for the fatherland is a part of faith) "楼1ere often used to animte patriotism; the

lcct as late as the

use of such sayings the nresent writer can recol-

110 It is a 1tel1- ... own

cal fact that. IslAm free · ts very

r co..,ni2'.as a very ind The foundation of

het ,aen roli ,ion

n :firt1t ! ola. c

COL]lTUlnity (

oli -cica .

.;rrunah) at t«adina.h after

( 1, ation) i n 622 very _ :v. ':Jdla.tely ..,.ot a po itical character

the

w!"'en

ad ·. esldes his .f\lnc·bion a.s prophet a c

the noo C

ade

tritb

JG"llS ,

vhC

a.t.c .. et.c. These \'e .e clear e.."i

ic statG idGal in lat er

pleo

· nto be · n-. wen

"ad.':l.i.niatration"

(:X'eat: t.nd estahlisJJing discipline ,

cull.1 for

the

... la

:.:. 1n.donesia l::a

i o, r; o o

un er t e bnnner rt was

i .s

•

• Calle

sdoooei.a was

vlittcnl ra'tli-

cracy

1d 1an1 an

1825-30, and others) was al 1oct in arin.b1 .. carrie l out the

esccnt, n

bol associatad . th

ost 1· 'rely that suc h co. ands as "0 ye

obeY ... the

s:t.. 40C "-h ur,n

·tch inJr...erialism, w et h r led b..... uslim lea ars

ondjol• 18) 3-.37, a:n<! others) or by lJho

ince

... of the

}1 the Islani7.ation of

a peaceful and ,?a.dus.l :trocesa., 4

O'tC ej

uslin bi n\ory. Islam in

tr,at,

Resistan<!a t o

... aj tiM-be,

. 11 a :·ay o f: , . e as muc.h as a .....·)1i ., i on, os ec1.a

Cl.5

( .ur

:WS

as pol' t i cal he

.adina.h, buil L"'l.g up a

f e"1din...., t e occrupie

":, _......·t

framing tl e Conntitution

(

tw.'-'0

lieve .

er ar-d those who a e in authority

(IV:59) r.asulted what tJhu p

la •• ey

'od., o.nd

·rom

sent l"Tritor has already des i

.. ou"

slarnic

natiol ali sm. Ars.otber i m lm5

• ts w.C.

,_ · ter

ocrat: :" . ng .

CO'iJ.tribut ion c.£ the ci . I . to

luonce •

y dJ ocrati\J • ng . n£luon-

nv t h . S!.-i!". t ua_ ·or ..c of

. lhich, c om in

ationalism

t . e present

111 Indonesian custom,

the tendency to create a f orm of govermnent

self- rule of th-; people and upo11 f r eely

rep recentative

institutions axki an executive responsible to. the people . Islam are indeed t·.vo d i ffe r t'nt thines , each o.f them having i t s own orit;in a.11d

history- The Iclm:tic institutior: of musMt"Ul.rat (counselling ) is enjoined by God :

It vtas ty t he mercy of :-ot" t hat t hou -:as l enient \'lith t hem /the non-...:uslims7 ( 0 £or t hou }'.!.a<.: st -;..ccn ste rn and . :."ierce of haart t . ey \1ocld havt. \li s::-F.:t·sul from r ouP<.: ar out thee .. So "1Urdon the!'l and ask for giveness for them and consult with t !.:em the of affa irs .. '\.nd u l·ten thou art resolv<:c, then put truGt in Cod ••• AnC: t ose ansv;cr -tr'e call o.t' ti!'eir LOrd a nd e stablish worshi ...?"J 1 and whose affa i rs are a matter of co1msel1 and w:1o of wr1at we beve Oet 'm"iecl OP t hem, . • ( Jtr}his watf is t he af.fair of' God . Lo ! JTe lovrd:.h not ·.n:·onrr-doers .. ( .A.LI I : hO) .l

:-'roill :-aushawarat Y:hich pcrfc tly s uits "lith t he indigenou.<J nerunclinc-an , and from the already-mentioned

ll strucgle .for a full- fled red parliament,

the

Q•

I . ·was ins-oired to

a nd Li dcm nding it t he s . : .

did n ot mind 1l t h non- "ruslim in the Radica l on12 In the _Jo"Jular sanae, I slam is dcnocratic because it concentration. s i ders eve:j ..

being alike in t he nr esence of God; th ir diff erences

arc only' such as to enable to J i stinc;uish and t o knrn1 Lach t he

Qur ' anic verse:

0 rnanl:.ind 1 Ic ! We h"lv t;l C l '80 t.ed .rou male and f omalc, and have . 1de nations and tribes that ye kno.7 one another . Lo! t he nob of you 1 in t he s i ht of J<xl, is t he. best :Lv; conauct .

ll2 IX' ; 3)

God is Knower 1 Aware . {

Lo.

n 'the result

nting

f the

26, 1913, J . Th. ·'e trus Bluni>ergor, dernocr tic native

ss on January

• • Cong

irst

who called the

s. .

a "national-

aaid:

Tnis First S,I. Con ass tJO.S a revelation for the Indoneent sian society. • , In addition to tbe Jav list-.economie sociation, o.nd more or lese influenced by of the Sura.karta L..c0ra tic trend came l!p • • • reli ious sentiu.ents, a

The seeds

ove

the

sound r.ational consciousness spr ad by t.1c

· sses throu"'h con resses

in Ba.nd\ltlg on June 17 to

s. I .

o ag da- trlps were

of Il don sian

inesti. . lc value for the f o

on this ao.h.i VaJient of the

as atJmm in

24, 1916, Dlu

s. I .-

•

irst

r ar gave t

nting

ationa.l Con re s tollOWl..ng con-

elusion •

Thia con :re s cl arly pro · d that the •• is a . .: r es or the JeO le. Th y are aytng tion or the grown attention to t he Q..r :-an e ent of the relationntrl bet't en vhe loyal overre. ,nt and the · ople. So far the association ·a by-phenomena in wli h every exprecsion, leaviM unconsi red psycholodc lly peo le 's mov illent nas resulted' in 1h ch ·u inferior ass s are involv d. l

It was the already- ntioned Isllanic also called

, tior..alicm -

1fh ch s ved t.1e

·-·- cha. v·n·sm atrl lert·st rmtolutiona.-y actions m· ch

it could be

o 1

re un1 altt>.y

ll3 developments of Indonesian Nationalism.

The Budi Utomo whlch could be

considered as a "fellow-traveller" of the S. I . seemed to nave no ambition to meddle in S.I . affairsJ

after the suspension of the Surakarta

S. I ., did the Budi Utomo express

its sympathy.

Thanks to Is-

lam as the binding factor of its nationalism, the S. I . , although having

its cradle in the capital of the

princely state, could surpass

the chauvinistic trend of J avanism.

The Indies Party soon after its estab-

lishrnent in 1912 tried to launch its leftist revolutionary spirit at the S . I . but it was again the shield of faith wh :.ch defended the 1at ter frcm

the poisonous ideological spear. The very militant cunning cmmnunist attacks were the heaviest that

the

s. I .

had ever undergone .

was enenw

number one of the s . I .

of party-discipline and

when the

Communism as tbe Dajjttl (Muslim Anti-Ghrist)

s. I .

Even after it was eliminated by the decision

defeated at the Seventh National Congress,

was transformed into a full-fledged political party, e c. .ual

in form and equipment with P. K. I ., it did not yet stop launching polit-

ical [LSsaults .

AB a reaction a eainst the above- mentioned congress, a Com-

munist Congress was held at Bandung on March

4, 1923 1

attended by 16 branches

of the P. :r.. I ., 14 local Red S. I . groups and the representatives of the Trade Unions which were federated in the Revulotionar.y Trade Union Central. Explaining the purpose of holding this congress , namely the secularization of the Red S. I . â&#x20AC;˘s into ' Sarekat Rakjat 1 (People's Association), Semaun as president of the P. K. I . criticized the S. I . as follows:

114 In the

s. I .,

where religion is only used as bond , the r e are

capitalists labou r , t hat t he existence of organization can never be good • • • We as labourers therefore do no+ :eel a t home in t ho S . I. • • • have l eft the S . J . and form ed an opposition-party , when we noticed that the 19 "'loneJ o:.. t ..1e labourers was being spent by the S . I .-leaders.

To laurtch att acks on the f ; . I ., which clos ed its door entirely to

comrnuni3t influence, the P. r:. r. would forn in the first stage a .federation

kat 'Rakjats, t he '1t rue 11

s.. I .

to compete with

nca pi tal-

is ti c., S . I . groups. Than il"l the e .a:c ond sta g<:! the P. K. I . ·would form a unit

with

Sarekat Rakjat. At all ;;laces, wher e the Hed

established, would also be founded P. t( .

S. I . (Sarehat

r. - branches ,

s . I . groups

1ad be en

with which the ntrue "

would have t o co-operate i n fighting capitalism.

All unportant ma t ters, howevar, would be sGnt f or th0ir ar4angement by both local organizations t o the Central Executive Board oi the ' . K. I . at

Semarang. The imperc eptible change of the "capitalistc'1 S . I .-or ganization

into a tttrue", i . e . C:orrununistic , S. T. would apparently be carried out acco rJin& to t he ' ' oviet systeo. The

K. I . leaders obvious l y wanted to

es ta ' lis 1: a social organisu by follm·d .ng the method o: building cells whjch we r e to get power by

out syndicalism. The S arekat Rakjat

was to become the cell-struc.t ure, and. in its relationship witl-J the

0 •

K. I . ,

the wlderstructure, to support the P. K. I . as the top-structure . Both

structures were to constitute an organizat ional thole. Those who were not ."et "ripe" for communistl

ould have t o r emain in the under-structure, i . e .

in the Sarekat k.a.kjat, the people's party , uher a t ey would bf.! "sifted out rr

(purif· ed) before their ad ption in t,1e P.. K.I.

nion

Trade

active red iorces, an

tiS

ith the

.. d · s

'Ckat Rakjat and

vtO"tJld

o ;ora d to

destroy oapitall6m 1 under which bead.!L"1.G• from the rteture of thingo, every20 net join ttle conurrunisto. thing would be roclr.oned which d

ith the transformation of

slam 1 (P •• T. ) , th.e s t rug le

hase, but

a ndw

the S •• ·movement into

tho Indonesian

inci. l ea t'1!ld uims reiJained t

slitn 11<'ltionalists entered Onl- the form ot

sane.

the organization bud changed.

Sjarikat

As already explained.,

it nad an integrated

political 1;arty, so that it was moro up to its heavy

form of a

task. Soon t he reucvrad co. :unlst action resu1 ted t.1e alreacly- rlentioned

Rail ay an

:in C0ntral Java in

l-ine

ey 192,3.

i s t J4e tbe

P. S. I . could control its branches and succeeded in eaving the party from

har mful involve ent_, thanks to 1 ts new inten-al structure .

'l'he Dutc h co-

lonial governr.ent• which aa.w the f act t hat the conmnu1ist rere not backed by the s piritual rni..;ht of I:Jlarn, unhesitatingly nrrosted the co _

l eader S maun an

thus sur.c eded in suppressing the c ot:T.lunist action.

e, wnen anarchy

on ·ay·oL"iber J2 1 1926

roke out in cany pl aces throu bout the Indies

nd into 1927, t.he Dutch colonial

over

ent oroke

e P. K. _., eltiling L;e leaders to Upper Digul in ast Irian ( est .ew

Guinea ).

Some P. K. I .-1 aders, however, succeeded in esca)inf! the

n nt •a

a ..ong otl.ers Semaun, ;ran

irdjo.

The dissolution of the ,. K. I . completed the v ..ctox-.f of the

over the fer

r, but i t

loss ot energy

P.o. I .

1d s iri. tual

116 authority, was still felt by t

l).

6 ., I. a long t ·

after .

the S. I . to Indonesia"'l r ationalism

Another tmporta"1t contr:bution

11as the creation of state-consciousness r:hich uo lne c nsciousneas.

of the S.I. 1

s .alyti. ors

s early e.o, 1911 t..l·.rts was already to bo t raced in the statute

in -whi ch -v;a,a .L'Gntiont..;d ntna

1 1

the · • -•J ·who ware ir.dvued with pa.tr 1ot::..sm1 so1'1ed

t.he First

s. ! .

Conq:ress of January 26, 1913.

atiorml e1.nd atate....

t.;e CO"J.n-cry".

..,rcat.d.OS!l

state-conscious1.ess, L:nd after one year tre.r al ready shown ·

furt. -r from national

further

l"'(k'lk)C,

The

!1e seed

pro-

the fruits as

of tho trYlonas : an poo 1. . . was

t he d...velopment of the ? . "• , Concentratl.ng i ts ener gy upon the propaganda of a 'ational mdi a'

Con :raso, the

P.s. 1.

positively ai.med a.t Greater

Tllis c on . ess would unite the d·rreront peoples or

stru,.gle a ga inst ..political

1donesian

tm r. die s ror

and exploit.ation"•

Ab ul

sent to Su!tiatra in 192.3, but his a.gi tat ion ·::eomsd to have stirred l:abau

a Jle t.oo much ,

t ljc comnon is

was ldina.t1g-

that the D.: tch colon al govcr ::ant fear d that

fer ent would cause

a.s bo.d h.a en,

'l·lte •. he

J.oli--oll in Ca-

Finally Lbe ,overn.. n t. pr ohibited his viaitin the pro27 vinees out side Java and '.adu.tu. .ea.nwhUo rjokroa.minoto )la .ned to ropaoate lebes in

1919.

the .idea. of Ch·eat Insular unity on Borneo and OClsbas .

Ls endeavour to

unite the .a.lays and Dajaks into a. National

r lco

had to e eiven up . ,:hen

..nt prohibited h:i.re t o enter the

lJe

the capital.

l'O\rinc.:.al

In April 1923 the ational orrieo Congress,

possibly call the EiBhth o.tional Co ·re s, 11as held. h

at ,andjarmasin

The

ever, . ot at tonded by Tjokroami noto and only two decisions

a.a 1 ere

117 d to cend a. pet1 t ion

na.: . . . ly to institute a Borneo Council .:.n princiole,

to the G. G. , in :'!rich he

evanc s of the poonl of orP.eo would be

suMmLV'I

up.

1be propagar da on Celebes reault ed in the gatl1orine of a J ational so at

l1elol as Gon

oet probabl't i.his C(·nf'rOGS

st 2h to 29, 1923, led by Tjokroc• inoto.

ado fror:

a.lso called the

l"JaG

a t ional Con

ini.h

e.d two

eas Tj okroaminoto pointed out t.hat the

the open·.r1g of tbe oon

million members and t lHlt five millic·n porsr,ns were affected by its basie ere. e x pcsed to persec utions, but crntinuod tul-

princii lea; thn. t tl)e leaders

ient of the

t ullinc-:" their duty,

r otection of The

explained th t all parties, 1r es pcctive of r ace cr:d reli ion,

to jo5.n the otion

· lebes onrrrens which ai .. d

ttje welfare

1.h

· uld be P..bl

striving after the proThis co

tl1e whole . opulation on the ial£md.

bcr.re er, had no nucceo •

:r·urther he

ost ·11gn.

r!rest;,

.ae no c 0ns'i erable response to · t a flaming

::rug )'entiono of Tjokro.::un:tnoto.

bly c o.uGed by t he hampering

In spite o£ ti,o fcm resul" s, "·oot

1eo.sur s

stru

t.he

ttch c olonial

lin..., for the idea

a corrrJ . tee T1l1ich

Congress .

"'C

ortment, Tjokroarninoto did

national unity. ould

t.uticn

ational Indies •

P. K. I. a.t Surnbajn in

a.nuatjr 1924, he explained tho purpose of such an i..nsti tu1 ton. him, the J..veula.r Con reesee wuuld fo

diea • Conrrrese .

It a national

moral, and econo ic forces

espai.r in

At Surabajn he suc ceeded i n

repare the

In a treati ng trith the Budi Utomo

r10t

t he underet.ructure

ccording to

the

nity was thus f ormed, t .en the intellectual,

the people would be

le t o develop J

political and ec onomical .domin tion would !in lly come to an end.

he " nfortunately

118

thJ.s comm t e did not bring about any result.

1924.

1924,

The Tenth

ational Con re s

Since II dji

. s SalJ.m h d

t .e

•• I . had no

cord· 'ly a new pollticol.

"' eople 's Cour..cil.

'This con rre a was · n· t i ated by hiu to draw ac-

c ram based upon non- co-operat on, attacking the

a r sul d · n no ai..>nifi-

n.ovcnth and 'I l.fth ,ati.on 1 on.;.J1..

slim international

c ouncil.

auld be launched a ainst t

ro c.o-anda

These c on ·assos discussed n- nly pro lema

cant. decisions on political rra t tara . of

c ·1 nd. thus followed

.a c

It wae decided that c omr..l\Ulist ethod.s of strug lo

e followed and active

,ouncil in

cople '

i th raw from the

re representative in

a policy or non-co-operation.

at 8 to 11,

rabaje. from Au

as hal at

•:JSent writer will deal

h.!..Ch the

lations, Wit

afterwards . eld at

ress,

The Thirteenth National Co

5, 1926, adopted an improtant motion on "Islam

ogor fran Dace

and Ooverwent Inter ference

lations con-

statin!:! t at the· Govert . nt ' e

in the

earning 1sl2.31C mar ria

Re rulntions

ot State.

ducation were contrary to

mosques and

the freedom ot religion guaranteed

.... r 1 to

y the Dutch \lonsti tution and the Indies'

ue tiona c or ccrn.:ng the le al basis

ror

the interference

ot the overn. nt .:.n Islamic affairs and the nature o! this int r erence 11ere ndentiously put forward in the con ress . Tbe Fourteenth National Jone e a at 1927, 'ias

ked nth the furth

political i

olo

dom on th

would then

• In

.. kalon an !rom January 14 to 17 1

davelo ?"ent o£ n on sian ...

t ut s

b s i s of Is de f or polit ·c.; l action

• • • t

onaliem as a otter

the aim of the party. " er th

catch

ord of

al 0

tional

anda

119 fr edom•, if 1 onaible in co-op ... rotion with other organi zati ons

same purpose.

h" c

this pro Jaa-anda was soon ll\unched by ray of course a for the

illavera to

o£ cirele..laadera and tnrough afternoon- . . eti n a ' i th

the

8.J&inet

ucation of ·

y ·uth : uld ba cast in tha ruil t ary mot lei; to

ube scouts tne honour

ould tall l n

his r li ,ion,

w."

Furt l r it

eJ:

e share o£ •

'- 10

ropa anr.ia. con-v · nued, h

"J.

era

£or in the

us lim nus not ling to !ear, not

to fight the holY m:r against ti1ose who harm

even doatht he is indeed

ue tinJt" to

tl.tuo the

reason to fear

e ru . le for the ri { Jts o

x·evolntione.ry movements were sharply criticized.

ould t...se Islnm as a nti. hty eans to cl'ent thG native- soil; the ed-

P. • •

llO

actions of

In arious . etln s

come ".nto contact with the com:::on people.

bad the

as pointed out t l at the people should ...e pre ared to est

wrest their .freedom in the coming b t t le between he Imperialism of the Thus were the fi

of the East.

and tl,e

of Indones tan r n.ticna.li s1. •

y aij'i a.tions for ·the sake

Fart, er than thia the P• . • • could not go 1 because

the Dutch colonial lovernment was afraid of possible excesses ru:d put

to tile •

n end

33 tlonalism and also

In accordance with this far developed to repre ent the P• • I . abroad, the na.rre of tl ..e

was then canpleted

the denomination 'Hindia 'it!'.ur 1 (East Ind'ee ) -

witl1out the word 'Dutch' or

etherlande' attached to itl

so t hat its full name o car

Sjarikat Iw;lcm1 Hindio. J.i 1r• (Sjarikat IslAm arty

enomina.tion of' t.he

ele ation to tl

seemed to be necessary

.orld I 1 ic

on ress at

tl the

tPa.rtai 1

iea).

• • • ad sent

. . . .ah en J na 1, l 26, in

120 e

.st Indies h

usli.ms of t.he

narre., tho P. • I . Hindta

· mur

S•...er.ned

By taking t 1io

r epresented.

to express its ri sh of ocomi.ng an

• at :t.V}dies' branch of an .i.nterl ational Sjarikat Islam. A

.. as

very i .portant event

l"tly after t11e Fourteenth butional

SJ1

he rise or the secular J.lationulist pol itiyal party called

Indonesia ' 1 a br eviatad to P.

1927, u Tj okro

dont1sia.

able to r

d attractive

the bro, d

country and hatred t cv;a.rds 'l'be Fitt ontl1

on July 41

the poli ical stu •

t a.aional

• on t. 1e t

nts of 1

ory

Uationalist Interest was "expounded by

'his theory of .u1don

arno n suo 1 an asy

arno, one

u::>ed the ac"liivi ties of the

Suko.rr1o

arhl

'1hia dynamic party 'vas 'ou de

•

u tho "nitiative of Ir. inoto.

on roas

a:r

that within a short

riod it was

ses of eople, a s pirit of love t

perialism".

ational Con ,ross was also

September 28 t o October 2 1 1927 •

Tl e

tarde the

eld at QkalonP-"an, from

ost important sub j ect in t lis con rress

was the pro Josal to f orm an Indonesian Uni ty- front by fed rating all political associations on a nationalistic basis .

Ir. 'ukarno, presiueut of the

.I.,

'fhie propcoal was intr oduc d by

o deem d Oo-o{Jeration posoible in

the form of a fe erative alliance , without gi · 1g up i:ndi:v-idual treeda:u..

native

<WSO ... ·.ations

cutive ;oard of the P • fernn.ng of the f

oould a

o join the

• agreed wit blch c

the

into

r opoaal an

J.he

Central

rted the

lng on ... o , ber 17 1 192'7 with Indo-

nesi ' (Consultation f a u revi tod to ' • •• K. I .

tionalist roli i al

It e

eociationa ·n In onesia) ,

nece aary t o ention

at the P•• I .

d. tl n .!..

COt

e t

1.1 ..

ccordin

u o

ive

nto cal

oft

c.. :.:w d 'ra 2

added, "t C0l1f"

so .as also a te

•

ln ·

•

thio

•C

•t

· o at ont

r3 of ·.

flu c d b t

""t ... on o

2 '

o ... jolrro liuoto ' o

t,o a

12,000.

y 6 o

o jrumrtn, ran·

011..Ll

tc nt7 ann v

..'

o· b

fa e

o.1

!'l

. .. . I .

• •

ionol 'L'lit , 3

t o ' rY..roneo _a i1 • ' •

urtJ G..."

\JUS

n •o uovo

on a .a t (Aoooe ·at ion

o. n in

don c'U. );

rowt ·

a '

or oia ' ( . on 0.

the In o. o

•

so··lfl

• utua

vio

.. 0

Ov:J ..

Uo t aco

J. a .

( 9 9).

•

..I.,

• 0

0 Ot

. .. ani od t-ov nc s

2r" to 27 in

an1 on u

· c

s t

) year

on uust2to

est Jnv

r 1

•

st nt

122

th vo

otnm.. thr.

t. rms

t . e s .. )...,. ·

b: diffi ..

t. nt .!')C ac.h

-·'

r '"An

ccom_;a.nied

nld c ..rta:n - o'*:, be . .. a"·or than ... onhe

th .m( n t.hat the ·· ...

of t.he

of' i'reedo:

t hese

t' e

+-o

in t his 1..i.fe n.nd ·.n t.he hereaftar,

.fioo for

tc.

ante P. N.. I . proparandints .

"t •

Sukarn

t.o,...cther w4

to f t.his

n 'tot

,... ;/'OD.ra • ·

.,.a ..

l a:

'T'h

+.h

riGo JlPnt .

was a. eed on by the c on....ress.

n.r tho

t the head of t..'Je party

1) a lc

WO 11d

function

De?lan ?a,-.tai • ( Party Council ) or '

Tah..l<im P.-. • I . I . •

at Djakarta 1 wi+,h Tj

as e hai

Ha.dji A\.l.S Salim, R•• Surjoprat1ot.o and four other 2) an

and

rbersj

OI''?:t:n ' 1-.'ldjnah Tanfidhija.h ', at Jo jcl'..arta, cons"atillg

of the di rectors rship and

P•• r.I.

nor ro-

;_ts t.zt tcntion o'!'l ; ntcrnal m-:1ttors.

ire

n ·:.nd

the depart .nt o.f wo ks, of

aff airs, of finance , o!

ublio ·.n truct·on and

.... ti.on,

labour r-.nd a ..M.c,ll t uro, f)f the vtomen 's nove .ent and of the yout Ch; :J.rman o

(a _ 1sl·n

s· ndjojc (fr an Java).

this e ecutive

t tee was

d the vice-chairman was Dr.

.f •

San..>adj1

mk· an i rjo-

Tne former was the director cr the

epartment

'" 1. v c

an"' ..._

l•

......

•

J e ... .

•

Vle:re

...

this notion

-"-"he

...

10ll

... ., ;..) •

., r •'

'\1

v • ••o•

, . , . •;'\'

a ,i.,. l..

CX!Jlz...-n-·.

nt c

(4, . .... . v. ) .,

Urd.on w .. ..., vc .,.,., 1

govorn-

••., ..J

u...;..u.

c..lre tho place o£ a. i irst

cf a. c.unfc ..racy

'l-e

Jc:.:. i cW.

· ctl. "'1 eoo uha!ubcl"S

'. b. • • had held a pr o

April 6 to 8•

South Cele eo at

';he t han

Luc ;· iical

had

11ore

... , .. ..... ..:..u

the iJlai.t.cr Tl

:h.icl..

secu:Ul.r

. .... . ! . .... f()

os in

n cd by lCOO

roo

The Executive

· ttoe (L'll "na.h

124 Tanfidhijah ) was meanwhile also active in giving directions to the people concerning cur rent poll tical a.t'ld economic problems, e . g.

(bad

malaise

economic conjuncture ) 1 retrenchnen t and une.oploymen t, forced labour and

Tcwfard the government t he P. S. I . I . was launching t he so-called

long- lease .

hidjrah- policy1 a policy or self- help and non-co- operati on.

1bese

directions were in the form of a publ i c announcement, issued on December

1930. The Eighteenth National Congress , held at Surabaja in 1931

was

marked with the deepening or the S. I .-ideology 1 after gaining experience r elations and from the s ecular

from t he communists, from MUslim nationalist s .

The most inportant decision was to compose a 'Program Asas I

(Basic Program) and a

Program Tandhim' (Program of Organi zat i on of Work ).

Asas would be for the philosophic explanation of the P. S. I . I . ideology based on Islam, wnil e ProGI"am Ta.ndhim was to be a pr0gram of acti on based upon directi ve principles and adapted to current needs .

This di f f icult task or cam-

posing the Basi c Program and t 11e Work Program was laid by the congress upon the shoulders or Tjokroamino to, who succeeded in accomplishi ng this heavy

task successf ullY on October 26, 1931. After expl aini ng the name of the party and its changes , followed by the definiti on of its purpose "to put Islam i nto practice as widely as possible and to the fullest extent in order to obtain a true Muslim 7orld, in which slim way of life can be

the true

Tj okroaminoto gave an elaborate

explanation about The Qur 'In, Sufficiency of t he Holy Qur 'In, an l Contents of the

Qur 'an,

as a general notion.

As for the Basic Program, he dealt with s 1) Unity in Islam 2 ) National

Freedom 3) 'Ihe . ature of the State and the Government 4) E:conomic Lif'e 5)

Condition and

in Society and in Law

6) True Liberty.

laid dovrn the follovlillf: points :

The Work

1) Action and its K>tive in batters of

2) Purpose and its

.. ..cr""i . at

(' orchip) and

ShariCa.t ('a;,· of Life ) , Politics , Livelil1ood o£ the recple , Social

nt rcourse, Education :u-1d Instruction.

l'he Nineteenth . ational CongresG, held at Djakarta,

ch 3 to 12,

19.33, as a continuat ion of t he deepening of the • • • • I . ideolo Y • tion to this,

Ttas

especially in ouk-sr Java..

Jartin-4o t f but

to tl-x1 e-LJ.icienoy and ext'ausion of tho party, . ! . 1 . waa in a. very bad c vndition (dis-

Since the

ancrod into 'Partai Ir.donesia' abbreviated

s olved on \.pril 17, 1931,

In addi-

O'a in diSSOlVed in

19.34) I the Only i-.ll'eL Uer 0£

doneaian

ationalism in the political plane waa then the P. 3. l . I . witn ..,s td the dovelopu.ent of

the otrlle:r bar,.d, t.hia

Sukiman ·· irjosandjojo and SUrjopranoto

factions among the .. uali.nls t hemselves .

were expelled from tt e part:r, baca.use

a personal c onflict betwc<m the1n. and

union (P. P. ·. D. )

P\...wnhousa

1'jokromninoto, an aff air wi.thin tho

without involving the P. S . I. I . or t1·ansgressing

s.1arp

ccnn. ents on this dictatorial way o:f acting caused :nora expulsions from the

Thl9 led t.o t he foundation o£ a new xu•ty

rib r-list.

Indon sia' (abbreviated to he

etftli.: th

'Parvai

slam

II) in ay

tional C

ess, bald at

djarna r.vara .f'rom 'aY 20

to 26, 1934, ·as the la t con ess atterdad by Tjokro through Ute propa ation of lndoneaian Nationalism had s

ino o.

hat the P.

·.r. r.

ad wi ely thro ,bout

126

: 'O<lo:u.an

.....

I-

......

oli jJ: ( olii.. ...

.,;,id( ) ho r.oad st;,;. -ed

·ational rr .o-

rt a lt.c

j oso, A

or· o ·

.n j!.l1· ' o: "'.ovc ·

J27

·,'

......., , ,

ot e . ..

.a."l.1

.:o p .. .• .l •

• C C ..h•:. lt ( .

.a:..icmal

' fl

JUly 19 t c 2:;

i tH

i1oltlt ,

t ha ... t ,..e

er ,1on). A co .....miqt;.· o.•: cto:_er G, l9'J'l

and n

.... . .. .... . I . rro. C:y

... v• r -

&\...<

:e·"'tal to t-he

;.; 'I...!.S 0

1 t,()

I't ..

Ur!'ust.

'-- CI(

·o

o.L

!l:Jt

on w··.t

d_o.,.nvJ.on, L.. .. U!'i.!rl

';)

of i ncrens ... nct ivit.y for tl o oakc of Indooosi·)

7 193 , .

joeo,

\lV.

..j (") ...,

this at

\:r .COve

)'I

.Len !1e

L"1

.......................

r ov

tintio s noovt. co- o .r:_,

Ju:t

os t.:.on

50 :!0

urt

.t..":1A·

in t.l

"'la l.ne-.. \1! at tl

- nr·iuc·· ol(; in o..:12er t c

to nrd.

(i'

£ on lbi-

G3-of ... ons

t . . • .• I . I was ,_, r..Lv

.:.t. - 1ternJ.l .. ·

eo • ·r L. . l. '

aiJ.o

0:1::n"ds •

·act - onn 1•

·ur

. "'

t :i.; sit· at ·.o. 1 · · t ·

• '".I

..L

•

th a

.as

nto 0.

0 .

n. and oi" its fo l l:rt7ers".

l'HiPOCi.J.t1ono am by ...

·n

1 ... . n

001'1."/il

I uJa..;l,.

d ns tho tOlit cal creaniz.nt :on

• jai k!C

!aS l.kmsur, the

Xlf

· oin :'in ad ition to

l ad rs ,

. UU' ··.tgbt to Ol' .

O-.

:r· thoir 1

p .I .. I . co l l b

lOI 'lJ

,.1-

tt1o part_l'.

t!Fa !J . I . I .. llQ.d boon mub n th t'J.i):od foolinrn

too

·U;t:tnc

!Oonle

• . I .:r. a

jooanctjo o, bcr. v

a cctal]8'

not.. oo

dijoh,

!',

to e ·

olicy

· ·l coMidier tho

J.at,tor would drop part.,

thot ti·

l.)X\JS JJ. OJlt

laet ern, jcinnrl

In tho 1

oit ·on

Ol'foct

i'tti..a pul:ty VJO l( atto u:Ot to achi ve

Cll)f}; the poo ile of

accol-clon c Jit.h tl

aid

o · t! (

... ox· the o.c o

ot:.rugclo but o.a t,act1eP

hand, a personal co -

Cn the

o.G

ct v oli.cy, a.lao ltno;:.n. o..n ·

The;.

to that of

he oo ' o beca · a

__ccu ·ivo

of h

P. .I .r- . lco.d S

t" 1US

o·

ic tion ·ron

.xpoll

; ich f ollc:rN d

• .. • • dica

fuaad to

:d en fu

lioy of the ' non •- _

;;I

t Of

J29 . ..I"' . l- . I •

1Im . n · ( aeb Java) on 1

r ct

ca ion of tLo f !.t

!'J

h.. t

::s

th ir

v::1

ru:

ao.dare

r <L t a

.fo

t . ocrot · c

t. .ain the rm

•.

as b

a --callc

•,

•

J.o:

n to ov lo stt·o 1gly,

'l)Lu:·u1

olla·1 tl

·: e · uais

h_G

eat ..

·1. · ' TrClV

rt !lO

0.-.Lcy •

tl :rc ao , ot

• ..... I. ·• to con .inue

. .

lQ, l 1.:.0 t

· de

·o •J.aij 'l.t :ton to

1 m o:cy l9 2 tho

QSC

C!'t Ju

n{ a

19L5,

t l7t t

1·

clos

i c ..

a t on

ltil

.;..

utical

ra or lcmJ .:. act d by tho

ich .i

ta of

0 t{G

• •

of t

r 1oo' ( , oot

.I .

. . . "'

one ry t

.";reb

i,c,u_ 0

. ,o,.c

130 Other

9• l 9h2 and ordered all. i t.a branches to :follow suit i.TID ediately.

thing.

politica l parties had to do the

Abikusno Tjol{lt()su joso as ex resident of the P. s . I •• seemed to be

ambitiou s to offer his services as Indonasia n premier to t' · Japanese "libbeing proud v.t the fact t.!1at he was most obat!r.av e in maintain ing

eratorc.u

non-co-o peration with the :lutch.

Although the end2avou r of Abikusno Tjokrosu joso was too pronmtur e

to ain success, it b:...d its influence on the plans of the Japanese , ospecialz y those dre:.wn to

Japnnt...3e

-.er.

vhe stronuath of t he !&lslil'-.!8 for tre purpose

.:....Tt

preparati ons vmro made

A Preparato ry

all-ambrac i.""lg 4..u.slir: bod,y•

!/ for

{;o:m. ·. t

anese

This eomr.Ji.ttce, however, did not yield any result.

an the Jap-

directly , ,iving t.1o

e::tselves be,&n to approach the

.:la .

honour,

in . . . akin"' con-

ndrca'"'t of under Dutch rule 1 tba J panese tactics

tact ith these spiritua l leadors of the

the

bik'J.Sno Tjo-

Uni.ficat ion at the Islamic COinJ.";lunity was set up and beaded by

krosujos o.

the

In addition to the a.ll-elribx· l!.Cin. Triple,. A r11ove.cent1 set up

by the Japanese to cupport thair J.....adership or Asia, to i orm

F'rom all these e o .tacts and

actiVi tics , .hi ch in reality were only to serve the J a. ness war-ai."ll.S, the conclusio n c.: )uld be drawn that

t thi) J a ..

Jere

no politica l

ot a.rry

got from the Fascist rule of

hard lessons and bi tt..xly--;a ined experienc e l.

At tho last

stao of the Japanese occupati on. the activitie s of x-lea ern of he P. S. I •• were corrtlinua d by t.he leaders o! t a

uhn..l!lmadiJah and the !ahdatul 1J'la!..a 1

1.31

ocial and Gul tural Achieve ·ants •

t s Q.\.'

an ._ le. · ·x· o the

. 1 . mov

c cc

sed

ru:.

pl:

\:. 10

... u .i

s on ' ould

the

" Je

uil

Oi,.; t

onos i an

O.A.

• ul ur;tl cou .riL ;.t io ., in

s .. i .....J

i' th

state-

. t ...

. at o , 1 •

aluo 5'"1

i r. J!t_, st, in t .-...

...

liche

132 In the Second Al-Islam Congrcns nt r'JUrut f:t·om

y 19 to 21, 1924

Tjokroarninoto gave an ioportant opening lee ture on " 3ociallsm based upon

Isla.i.111 • This lecture was revised. for publication as I slam dan .:locialisme (Islam atld Socialism), Ylhen Tjokroaminoto 1as in Jogjn.karta. After eDln:inin as it

the meaning and history of

develo·· cd in the :Vestem

orld, Tjol:roaminoto dealt with Socialism in Islam as regards its bases

and elements to d.

. . bot

and as exemolified by L:)c

found in t he

her, he criticized the so-called " us lim I.nroerialicm in the

ast history and advocated True Socialism w1 ich laid stress on

t,1(\

s hould

1'o achieve social progress the

value of IsL.-unic

et 1_ical

obtain worldly kncrtiledt10 and religious knonledee .

t he oro&'I'ess of of science s hould be coupled The tclled with morality; t he prof!res<J 0 .1.· mundane knoVIledge s noul. . . be the prob"TeSS of the belief . the hereafter ( ukll!"m7Iyah) . • . good 6 progress is only t hat v. ich is in accordance with I slrun 1

orld affairs was

'i'he interest o.r. t he Sarekat I slam in _.:uslim

sbo11n by the f orming of a ' Central Co:nite Chilafa.t ' ( Khilafat Central Committeo) at Surabaja in

1924 . Tll:ls co'llilittee had p ractieally all t he Isla'll leader •. Hondo-

organizations as men'bers and ,ta.s led by the am.iseno . Its purpose l.ras p rim.:? ri

to support the . C,a liphatc in its strug-

gl e a minst t he encronchment by secularized olitical lca(;ers, such .:em-'ll • sba in Turkey .

2L to 26, 1924 to form an Indonesian

'L-lrl.rd Al-Islam Congress in

abaja on ec

d iscussed the task of this coomittee, among others

ele ation to

t o be held at Cairo to discuss the

uslim

Congress

lem of the Calip- te-

olitical

133 n of diotu rbat1 ccs in Egy pt, whic h 1·esu lt.ed in the resl u atio

ime 'irds ter

..ra sa.cd Zagl ul Pash a, caus ed the canc e11a tion <:f this Musli

plac e In the Jo,atu"th Al-!a lBJn Cong ress , uhio h r.as neld at tl"X) sa!B tona l 1:cn;p"ess of the Sare kat Islam', na."!lely tl e Elevent·l1 and time ribu ted his in Jogj almr tta on Au gust 21 to· 27, 1925 , 't jokroaci not·) cont ··:;.:t lcnal Educ ation.

laL for a

deta iled

for the

·uali m youn r.;; won and wcrn.en ap

to :rot

:pro ress cf modern tilr"fis br;. t rf)m.J.i nine "'..:.rue

ifj

scho ols, Tj ok1..oamLnotrJ

de ocr tcy, indel)Ottden'-1e at'lu ! t:;l .

uslir r.a and fai t.1 ul to tho "e c,f Isl.irn, ac

1 v111.:; sur.r ·te t t.'!rrt

s irit of Islam

cati on

I. i.a alrt of educ ut,io n was

each

of 1;,he O-;JI.u1 on tbt\t t \ e spiri t of

in e duca tion .

m(;r.;..Ut,y slJOuld be

Gmu ross wa.s !1old at fiamlun

'.:'h e Fift h

t: ut.

in r ebru .nry 1926 .

t ·t-.es .:....'ld .made the tmThls cot.greas WllB led b:r the Khi15'1at Cen tral Cor.md

im Cong ress port aat doo.!.tlion of nond 'ing a delor.:ati cn to t rJC rO!'ld ·.!usl on tlune l tho sante ear at the in,-i. tat ·l cn of Ibn to be held in c·

suCUd to cl.1 scus s tho pos it on or the Hol.r Lc..n·l ntf;e r the ho vrorld

unde r hiD f\: 11 power. f ..s r: . Il 41 ••

rrjok roaY1:l.noto

•

Lfu.nsur who loft for the

a};ka h .

1 this re ard · o Sixt h

·Jt .:.1slJ.: G

abbr ev lcrto d to

2 1 1926 .

Con ..

I:tade a

..ore• it1.if:.e

e the

dec lslon to

t n-1

vrere appo :nted

neld in <-;urabaja in Sept.ember 1926 ,

' 'ho Sixt h Jl l-Isla:m

ConE,;rass at

iUSll m Conr.l'ras!.l

,. A.

_ran ch of the · ..orld

'J"hc: • "C<.;Ut.l c Boar d of

.r. I. ..... .

seno (vice-

co.1sist d of 1:·o1a·oa1. '1Lnoto (.Jro..;.ilcr.. ,) , A s d 1.1.!!1 (secret ary

residen t)

of t ..1.-J ta

o -r,he

co tril>u v d

·ekctt Islaw

'"'· eral) .

Thus the

1 · •

CoL.. tnit.r by

the

nav+ . 0 ..s .

tho ·eventh Al-..:s Co-.' i

v--·'

• ' { euc .

. .....

- -

pro c........nt v.l

.for•..ed. t.1c

,1;

ru: .._.'lg 0.1."'

.!.nte ..1 u.:.o. to at

h th

alan w.1....

ria...,c ra..;ulu. tions and

th-3

-..e .L.n t -";";i

in Boger .

'on

a:t

27 .".t1G

·t.. .

..ruo;) i

Cal"€: of

mo '1Ues •

al:L.:t tu 11!.tkah

sent A

w. .. .

;:>

ens of

vt' crs in I

c-.;. tin

r·

• •1...

Lhe

Al-

lilJO

....

Isl-

u.ar 2, 1..,27,

sJ.ru

nd Lime

ga.'"'

gt s

on his

d. ..

• ii. "'· .

.lationa l v

Fl t . . .

u.S

..ely L. Pekalon an J

•

ogress , also kncnm as

onesi

intc_ cot of

CUd to disci,.!. ...

g ...0:..1

h..:ld ....

g.,ess

c.l ..d

in all v.ere

r;ut. 0

u- t,l c

.. .

.g Tuis

Ui-.;."1 .

its s.;..xt

28 to

!>o.t? 1.1c ber

isi

the

in 1932 -ven .Al-1sla m Con:.:o>rc; s s

&la.I •

an s • art') , Tjokroa J:tinoto

v:VO

irJporta nt contrih u vions · n

e form af

. ing

135 Nationa l_

In the

princip les for the Indones ian

oi' the P . S . I. I. these wore ;>resen ted in a

and Customa . In a ":)Opular and eo.rry wa·;r

i!nt,itlc d "IGJ..arr'o...ic Culttu,o

ex.?L."lined the e1eanin::;

of Art, J.eli ; ion and Philoso phy as eleJnen ts const:l tutill . Cultu:.:·e , describ ing

solu·ce o.l C:ultlTO .. As fvr the

the role of Isl[l.m as a basis for of the IIusliL1s , Tj okroa.m inoto s-t<:tod:

anc

!'lUSt. ta1::e cure o£' our Isla, !ic ,....1.lltlLrE ' -.?j'th ,_ .Le:;; it and. to dr:1Jrf' it to its trllO baocs, oncloav our to st:..•e::1'";t: and main to Lri.1g it. into progres s , and \?it·. l'nodcrl} t hou ghto and idec:ts, in accorda nce with ·cho :>r·or;:·cs s o!: t:i.Jae !63

We should

In ordor to acl1ievo success in the v ende..-.-:"'our, mlJ· ol...:-r•oar.rl.;on.o·a..o y

........

........,tcd .. 1

•.Jont.ion ed cultura l

_.,.,....;.lC; "'"U.::...:Ji-1(1 011t '-' • ...p ler--• ..z..A. ..;..1.4 ' (.)" l.}J. t.) .....

l) 'llo CulttJre can l ive cont:t.nuollsq ami slu·vi vo succeso ive

a) if it is contrar y to tho lavvs of life and proJ.res s , and to the

human mind of the nation cuncern ed, b ) i :r it does not \'7ork or i f care is not taken that it be nrescrv cd a.1d spread,

c) in a c:ircu.,.o tance \7he:n it •JaS not t i:e capacity to express or to s hm"' it,se l f . 2) In order to be able to live continu ously ant:. SlLT'Vive

futurt3, each

culture shoulu show itself in concret e forms , i..'l a cere 710ny or rrhe Ninetee nth r.7ationa .l .:::ongress also c!:.tar.,:::e d Tjola·oam.i.noto to

roko a ''General itegu.la tion for tho ::.usl i:n Con:tux:tity" . This t ask 11as ac-

comolis .. hed on _•'cbruar y

4, 19.34 .

7he purpose of makine t h is

Genera l

136 in Indonesia ....-rhich,

'""eeulation " was to build a United l:uslim

aa one tulit, would also become a l!lember oi' the Unit of tho ::uslin 'Jm."ld

Comm:un::ty. 1,he "General

contains directive , rinciples f or

tho bu ildinG of tho a.forc- :mGrrtioneci ::.=uolir.1 Co:::tL-tttnity jn I!r::orocia. It

consists of twent y chapters nnu one concl udinr, chapter. CliDpter I to VII contain t> idi.rt(. . pz-incinles ill ustrated wi th t he

anic verseo con-

cerned, na.mGly: I .. Gene rc::.l '.:ui de

Qur'an,

t he }£uslim Soclalist Way of Life; bas.Jd on the

XLIX.

Aims and Purpos e of -.Torldly Life; based on

III4 .A Gui de for I;oble

rv.

based on the

Qur'an,

A uuidc f or Justice and Objectivity; based on tho Qur 1 lin, rl:l35.

VI. G11ide for C.ood

vr:-

f:;ur 'a."l,. ..

in t l1e Broadest 3e;nsc; b.:1scd on tho

Guide for TrcatieG and ..ritneGs ; bascci on the Qm · tan, Chapter

IX. Gui de i'or -.7uslim tJnity.

..y. l . ("'I \.it ,.. •

•1

an,

222.

t o X..Z cont.ain gu:ider; for eve ry- indi".tidu.al ::uslim,

VIII. Guicle fo:... 'rruc Belief an<: IsJ.•.:un.

X. nu:t.de for

Leaders and !t'ollov·tng the Leader3hi p .

.::.. or •-=-. .: ee_1---;n .. " B ·rhr:. v v

:ti .(.rht _a"tih •

.... . 1'"' • .. n f o.. .. .L XI XIII. Gui de for /the Ei r:h_!7 7iew of Life.

137 XIV. Guid e for GooJ Trea tmen t of t he Fami ly . XV. Guid e for

...Tiag e Hcla tion s

XVI. Guid e for the Trea tmen t and Care of 01 ... hans .

t o Others ,

Cuid e for Givi.."lg

Gui de for t he ' n,joi ninr; of the : i rht ancl Proh ibit in,...

...

..-,,. X

Guid e for Givin '5 Frefe renc e to the Needs

of the Indiv idua l .

the Socic t ;y· o.bO\"e

Tj okroa mino to was indee d a grea t leade r of t he peop le. The product ivity of his leade rshi p

high due to his tale nts as publ ic Gpca kcr,

ral :--oin t writ er and jour nalis t . As an impo rtant contr ibuti on from t he cultu on it is vorth of view were his vario us rrrit ings . In the field of publ icati

n d:india., mention:ing his cont ribu tion as Jire ctor and Chi ef Edit or of the utusa the daily net·1s paper of the Sare kat Islam edite d in

fron 1912 to

1927 he and . .\zus Salim estab lishe d a print inG and pub -

1923. In lish inr; offic e

.?ad jar Asia 1 'Ja,·;n of Asia) Ltd. whic h publ ished the daily

erned 1\. lthou gh the P . S. I. I. as a poli tica l party v1as prim ari}y conc cult ural ll.fwith poli tica l strug gle , it was often invo lved in soci al and

ver, its infairs . In the clos ing year s of the Dut ch colo nial perio d , hor1e fluc nce in relie :;iou s affa irs was decl ining .

time a new Islam ic fede rat i on, the

unde rstan d that by t his al- Acla Indonesia ( Great

into bein g . Islam ic Coun cil of Indon es i a) , abbr evia ted to ::.I .A. I . , came tions , name ly This f eder ation ;·1as s pons ored by tT1o large relir ious orga niza t.he inte rthe ·uhru nmad ijah a..11d the i!ahd atul UJ.ama. as a reac tion aeai nst iage lar;. feren ce of tte I utch colo nial gove rnme nt in the Islcu lic marr

133 Backed by hundre e oi.. t,housa nds ol' their members these two relir;i ous

the settin g

or . nizati ons asGtu1Kd the londe rship of Indone sian Islam

up of this it . I.A . I . federa tion at Surab aja :in Septc1r.ber 193'( . Innnedi.D.tely

. l .A.I. conven ed an Al- Islo.m Congr ess, the fir路st

aft r its foundi ng the

s ince the Jast one lod by the P . S. I. I . in 1932 . l(fuen the

to be

Ja .anese fascis t s i nvadoli t.he Fast Indies at t l e end of 1942, the .,.uslim or !lizati ons soon were expos

to the Japane se Islami c policy of util-

leader shi p for the Japane se _urpose of winnin g the war

izing the

en i n the social and cultur al f ields

again st the Western Allied

1 nothin -.-:as achiov d so far, t he less in t he ""\olitt cal field. W1 on the

by the '

.! . I .I\ . I . was re

djlls .ljuro : us1imi n Indone sia ' (Consu lta -

tive Counc il of Indon esian :_uslim s) , more la1o Hl in itn ubbJ. eviati on as

19L.J, the Cl.. i p of the \Ta)anese fascis t regime on tho

in Naverrb er

l us lim o:-gan izutio n was f:i.rzr拢r , so that until tho

penden ce on August, 17,

194.5 nothin g ccnstr t ctive could

o.t the S. I . to the.. Indone sl.?-n

3 .. The

roclam ation of inde-

be achiev ed ..

pl.l.Wlic

.t'orma lly speaki ng, the Repub lic of Indone sia was ""'rocla imed on

Au.gus路t 17,

1945,

do rod to tno

t wo days

the Japane se nrl.lit arJ forces had surren-

estern Alli<"'s . On a small piece of paper the

tion was writte n

of t;,e

simple nordin g:

re , t.he Int onesia n peo...,le , hereby p roclai m the indepe ndence of Indone sia. Al1 ntters .. (rtain in to the transf er o_路 ,;o.1er, etc . out effici entl,y and b1 t he shorte st ossibl e time. be On behalf of ti'e Indonesia:.'l poo le Djaka rta

17 Au. t f 1945 -

(31 Iedj

Ha tta (signe d)

139 Indonesian Jevo-

flith t hese sir.1plc Tiords , honevcr, tiLe

for Independenc e ;'1hic:1 was li!:c

l ution was started . A Nat ional ..

destroy-ln

could not be

a flood

all bnrr ier.s £.11 its TJay.

The national consciousne s3 of tl1e masses , since forty years a r;o spread ana tau2:ht by thr S . I. , showod its full strenrrth . The pcopla rs was scnsatiolli'll ! 8veryr1here the Japanese aut.aorities were

ll0d to

the revolution

transfer their authority. :Sunc Tomo, a "een(.. r al"

Surabaja , k..l'lChVing tno s p irit nhich imbued the people , issued ever"J via the

a ":;'ignt onn callillf

J:'!'l_r

io, aJx1ayo concluding tho

nicr. t

J1.llahu Akbar" (Cod i s the Great,) t hree

independenc e , a cession of

One day after the

for Indonesia's Independence

the

Constitutio n of t.he J.cpublic

1) t o ratify the

2 ) tv elect Ir. Sukarno and .Jrs

_.. w1

o.::

Hatta respectively as President

and Vice - r resident of the _1epublic of Indonesia, 3) t:!:1at t be President ·.1ould be a ss i sted in his daily 1.1ork by a

-ational

Committ ee . ... aking the ter.::porary Constitutio: l of the Rcput l i c o.L Tndoncsia into conr;idorati on 1 one can easily notice that InJone sia in a seni-

sccularizeu. state. In thm _:reamblc this qualificatio n i n clea:::. . fron tl1c sontonceo: follcr.·IL""l"' c.

• •

•

• •

•

• • • • • • • • • • •

•

• •

• • • • • • •

the blessinGS oi' Co--J. Almighty, and rJoved by tl:c highest i dealr: to lcac' a free national life, t :r e Indonesians hereby declare

their ina.eoendence

is set forth in c. Con.. natio nal :=urth er . stitt:tion of the Indon esian state ·nhieh is u renub lic, resti ng fou."lded on ·t. ..'!e ".Jelic.: i..1 God. ...\1u"Jon the Y"eo::'l e 's noral humanity, the unity of Indon esia, rnip:hty, riel:t oous os' a."ld a G.cno cracy l ed by the wise gui dance of the re) resen tativ Congr ess ensur ing socia l justic e for t ho whole Indon esian neonl c ..

The state -philo sophy as evide nt f ro:·! this ::'ream blc has been tho cs resul t of the I\1uslim l eader s in their str ivinG to put Islam ic ?ri..'1 cipl in the Cons tituti on

the majo rity of t he

Altho ugh

t hese :!usli n leade rs have been alway s a mino rity in the ,ropa .rator y comt ho mitte es of Indon esian i."'ldepend.en ce which have been alwaJ s domin ated. by is con-

secul ar natio nalis ts . This fact, e s pecia lly after

:Nen in the study Com-

sidcr ed as an injus tice by t Le ;Iuslb

the Di.tte c for t he ...'repa ratio n o... Indon esian Indep enden ce , insti tuted by

repre sente d the Muslims .

sixty -six t he

19L.5 and

...

chart er

calle d

( o_' jakar ta Chart er) , signed by Indon esian leade r s on

'Jia gam

Jtt.'le 22,

out of

short before its colla pse ,

Japan ese

f reed from any inter feren ce by t he decli nin3 Ja--anc s c .'\lnig hty as the

autho rity, mentions that, in addit ion to the belie f in first princ iple of the

t here is "the oblig ation to carry out

the shari cat of Islam f or its profe ssors n

1cr, .:..s not

:'his phrc:we ,

inclm .led in the "Teambl e of the Provi siona l Const itutio n of

1945, most

becau se of nationalis t press ure. :his semi-secul arize d Cons titut: on is 11 !!luch more or less a cons train ed "comp romis e which have been t11c cause o•.'

dissa t i sfact ion a.11onr t :'1c from the

Tho

on : orm and ".:10verei gnty of the

natur e in clear and on ..clil:·i on:

in t he oco,lo and shall be

The Sovere ie-r!·t,y sha 1 be exerci sed by the ?ecole 's

The st.2te is baseu upon t he faith in t:1c .nll- . racing Cod.. of t> 1"\oo le to nrof"'G s the f'r 11he and to f1.!li'i ll their reli:-i m..s duti ec . . 67 t heir own

In t his ce:r.•i - secula rized nature of the Indone sian Const itution

. .. of can be easily traced. the influe nce and leracY

Isla"lli c Nation o.lism

expoun ded by the S . I. no1.rement The first Cabino t o.:" the Re?uL lic o_ Indone sia v;as on a .. esi-

tintil to-day is consid ered t L.e best

denti al o/stc.:l,

m by the

r usli.71l poli tical pa_-rti es, es._tec ic.lly t ,;.1e Msjum.i party, t he L:lrces t and sii!gle _usl ;!11 politi cal J.Jarcy fotu1de\i on J ovembe1" 7, vernne nt by its decree on r ovem' e_· 3,

1945

15'45

ai..ter t he go-

ga't e a..."'l o . ."'ortur ity to the

people to forlr! politi cal orea.n.lza ions. Thus tr.e .:iasjumi part.{ is quite diffe ..."'e...t fr om the Isla. ic federa tive body

in r overnbc r 19L3

d1lr; '!!g the Japa11eso occup ation period . ....ot: have only t ht: sa .e name, but

have quite d iff0 r cnt a:Lw a:1d conten ts. In t he first Cab:L1et of the publ:.c only tv1o ...

leader s ueca.:ne ..'lL'1is ters , ..1amely Abi1.'1lsno Tj o-

,.. t• D ..., 1-:rosu joso, ex- presJ.... ' en t OJ. r:e . . .::> • ad :interi lu, n.n

;ach i d : as jim O- the

As early a.s ·ovem!Jer 10,

• • • ' ' of.....o:::m.n1J•..cat 1ons as Ifu..rn.st.e

:ra.11.. .:::tul

1945,

Ula.ma,

"li'ta ·t,o d rive all the

' Fem.UL.2. '3ocia lis Indone sia' to

Fes:i.n.do'

The

ate .

the :#nrxi st socia.: !.ists (hear on

t l cy bccn.me coEITIUnists) L""\acle ar: unsuc cessfu l attempt i u the All Yout:1 Congre ss

:.e-

1 '11dcnc sian

-1.

onesia

youth to become

( ...'Jcial ist Youth c:. . I ndones ia ) , 2-b, =e\.ria t d

-:riter· \7itrle ssed t his failur e , 11hich was t_ arl!-rs

lh2 t o the stron g react ion o:f the - usli:n Youth a.:!d ·:,: o fact t hat .suc:4 as too pr mc!t 1re amids t t:.e atmos phe!'e of Jatio nal Revol ut i on.

at tempt

back

'.:he parti ci pants o: t he c onr·re Gs, co· i.ng from Surab aj;; ,

cont:; rcss the

home to defend t he ir city when amidst, the discu ssion in

by t::t")

·which 1-:-as attac ked

out i..11

t hat f i ::1ti.11g had

nCi/S

..iti s'1 force s (inci dent of Bri.ea dier :-encr al ...la l laby)

?his

by the co:mu nists seeme d to be an. alr;a ys

in troub led

renea t.ing event i:" t:1e histor J.r of Inc.:on esia . Cn ::oveEbo!"' L. ,

Cabi..11et was --han ,d i nto

the

ciali st Party . This chang e

::o-

o.i the In

Cabin et , heade d by <='u tan

by t ho ·:asju mi

i'or...n nas

as a t ... a...'lsgr ess i on of the E'rovi siona l Const itutio n . Ac cordi ng t o t ':e

of ::.1 asjuo. i leadcl "S the Fres i denti al SJ-t>t en u i t :! tr · : ... eside nt a t the 11cad 'ance the r;oVC!'!unent !'espo nsibl e to t he !=eo:;-l c ' s : on :ress is ..J.o!'e in acco:Wit

• co.ncept l aDllC j . • _s •n .)vne

':O

•' 0-

' J.- Cau vne .....

f- •

0 f'

vne

.!. •

S L1.1at· e

t, · an a

:Tesi dent YJho ca..l'l

wrong . In the secoe.d Cal.in ct , only ] . - · lasjidi as :li."'li stor of state

could be

ns . of autho i·ity '\7as evide ntly incrca s:U1g t he dis satis f a ction of the :.:usli ;.0

.::ar t he .

.. :: · s :-eu13in'"'d lliritc d n...l'l 1

a ..7i.TJ.istry

sj.:..di \"'ho

of -elig ious .Affai rs . It w.s also t he ab ove-;'!lentio nod H : ".

· st.t r was assie ned to head t hi s n811 !Ji.rl. is vry and tl us b ecame t ho _ i:-st r5..n

eli -ious A-?fai. !'s o _he

the ,. _epub lic, inaug-w: ate<i on · a1uar y 3.:

resul ts of t rro

oliti ca l stru

19h6.

le of the

ua.s jumi party u eal.:cned tt<. confi dence of so_e ·u. . l:U leade rs

1ere

. .. I. t. 1c路 .dors disaa socia ted thoro-

. o· :-.: /

Ja.dji

lJuOt'inO Llle

-. .... r:... ,-'.Jv t wrl ter ti.ttn(fsse as tho l·:re.:;eh , ;. .,;

4.r.tr-

.J rJ.._"' ec. c.z

i he

:n Indones ia.

st f

_,l

For a.n

t · on of

Sec a epecLl c!,a-tJtur on the Constit ution (Or..fOl'\it li.lrn ...a.!

.....al

or .

• ./' • · J Oill'W-:-O,pkins

iti,Ol"O :

ry ,Tc:.."'ry tg : r • van

anll

,3J"I.I.J..I.,;1

S£-e this tbcais P• 32 10 ..t s of the quoted versos \u e-x·llnoo are The .. C.lOS ' 0 C:X[Jla-1 \ il !'el._tio n of ll tlus t t- s.:s 1?• 66 . :;;

1 l.JJ

' ucn

use l in .h.c co 1 •

.o or.... _.. t is f ....n 1 ... · bJ expu.in the view of Isl..a.m LVJ. r e gard to the nature ot d ....mocr cy and. nationaJ.is, 1• .u

].1,5

J . Th . • otrus . lumber

'\?as in f u.tict:io n du .. inf., the bcrger n in

694-

...

TI.i d .. , P • . h.

0_, ., .

p . ;; .

•

J.., 't

-..iCe "G :l.S vr BS:lS

380- 81

. Th l.U. •'

p •

_, 'JO.J.. • •• .,.

' a:!"e ·:at Is

r ·was a . petherl ands Indies 1 c::..v:il serv ::, ·-lumof' the c.r . .:eo

Bl\Elbe:!.'·ger, o rt . "Sarcl mt Islam·' , in '!':""!I, Vol. V, Supple 1ent ,

. , lbJ..L ' :). 331 .

c-. See ·v h; --0

pp .. 100-102

....

. 96 .,

t:Je quota tion i."1 t his

(\4

V. l

.,.. ..;<::'

P·

1 ....

. -op . 50- r'l . t .. ic t'tlCG J..S,

,-J

, - lb.nr ,.., -e ..' \,)

P · 351 .

l-}-.

. . .. , p . Ib:tct

c'-:lrt

15$""

27·--

in K -I, Vol. VI,

. a 1so t'.u. ... t•. esl.s

, 'Pp lement ,

p . 70.

. .·-i Tlg' { ext.ern ment) issued This _ r ol..luit ion ·1as ca:led ' ·'ed in tho 19 , l92h a..Yl ")u.... ccisior :. t cf Janu G as e 1 l:o. 9 , a.... 1 nt.:.o:: d .. y -lutlbe !.,:--er, a i.i . Java Cou.:: a.'!t of Janu.ar y 24, 3.::'2 in EVI, 7ol. VI, Sup·'l o::t, " -:....rekc.'t

e i.U'lity of the 'Greater Insu12 .r nit:>-.. uas ._.e ... :t na · · !!tan ( orneo) , S! •laTiesi J...rc.lipe lago: Jav .... , Island s ' of -·· e swallc r re. nJ.nip - island s (Celel cs) an l eut Irian ("".est - m; 1 th or sent 11ritc r can recoll e ct, as tl e - llc: y;ere lmor1 ..1 , as _ar ' ..rreato r /-unda 7 1do' a:::; d.:..stin ct ro. tho al.'o ... oJ nda _, Island s' By

10, 19 . :n.TI A. ' :tn

o m.c

.L '

, J ·ly

s if

' a

e'·-:-t, ... (:4..

-..-

un" ......

p . 352.

Blum er

1·t. u ..

IslaJ_ 11 , in

..... ,

U:>plenent,

'11 ...L.!.. )

.:2

Ibid. , P• Ibid.

33 "),

354 •

'""r. id •

...>·t

of Inforl!.at ion of the

,.. .

op. ci!., P• 34 •

ep. of

upnle ent,

l t..mber eer 1 art . "Sar0kat I slam." , in E!.I, Vel. VI,

. . . . . 3 "'.

., _......__.... ...he T'!

(:l"' I . ..... T....

l , • " -c..

.,.

fJ" .........

1 S •• ..., -v-c...:l.

. .! . -. ··a ' , J.S

words 'ind.,s' and 'nesos' . 'l'he a Co.!pound word oribinati ng f r om the r f'or" v . . J ....,") l,..,.. . ..,..s-r· , ; -m,e JY ·• er "' Y'! .., ·i ., ' .. ·· )- r_,.,." de -""'"";.)..Lo...... ' n 1 astian (1826-190 5) to the:. isla.ncm r:hich are inhab.:. L_l by the A. -

.,;.., J

.....

.I.-...,.¥

"' ly •.• n

v .t""" _...;._.·1r

'"J."n 1'1' ...1. ..... ...I. ........• J..,J

....,..._.._

:.A.

V..J...U.J.:

\ ...... .. ,.... ll.. J:)v·-..1.-.....>:; 1

.;.n:!"> ...

...J V# ....

Jl ..._ l1.' 1... .., J

.1. •

...,)

v._. J

..••O<='a 'rl'o.J. J tOJ •

since a part of Ir..do-China and adagasca r . .Ln this sense it .1d.d .... cent tlsed t . t +h ' t -l. . . . ... •• e 0 .... r.\l. C.:.. "' .lC... :J '.JK r.J".rer u,. a .!. "-' u.J .. a . .!.. !. l. .. -1 8'.... • Ind.ies conside.ce d as cne unity. l.i.1e .l..ame has t hus of the ... eth . . ta:d a . . . . 1:. .:.. .!.:!.1 · ...... 1..:... ..., • ..L '-' _ JI'.l...U' p• & Sons, J. J. Indischen .. . . u .v .. 1t tv tu.'Va .:.n lJ)G , d.i't-r tav·n...) .. r .... ..... ast·a."l u...a.l · sc 1 n Arch.i;.!..;ls (Lei:-> zig, die Inscl entitled Indor esiel! 1, J. Vol. 1, o '· 1siKlo.ped.:...... 18 ;J.- C); 1 ,/ 'l ....

J....,

3r(

a le_; ·-Glutiv· or __.r1·1 i G ; Ctnally c c ..1oos 1g o.L sc•.1\...on us an \V".r 0 1 g , because t...J.:uci'J. i n .lJ.rab.ic sub.1.: . . si .L1 to o 1... '., arul trc.ltion r . 'ffiJ.c .:.,.:) La.:o s 1 ow·s a •b Ltr::tr r 1 o.c· ab · c la.J1guaue • A u tter n e w.vuld be i r.Lsufficie nt _knowled! ie_o.l.' t e , ....Wa."1 . il ' • ' . D.J'li..> Ll • U ,..r..u..11 ..... ;

P• 356.

J) 1

OC 1t

vw.'e4at Isl

1" , _ 1

m-t 11 SaJ:'dwt I,.;.) lam",

3ee _;

j l .:.s

.l1.1..1berger, _rt .

:..:J

·n

I , Vol. VI ,

cl. V, Sl:.p-

11.

Bl · .b._r

P• 3/1.

P•

e.:a.t.

sl...,

n, .:.n

' ol. r 1

Tbe tei'.Gl 'hidjrah' used far ' politi ·al non-co-u perati.on ' is n.J .;....;.t.l'\; ·-. ,:_t . t . C Ually 1 n. t.;,ra i on 1 c.o..."'l d ,. · ncor ... c t . .... _s 1 "kal-J. t o . M tnah. used u.o a term for the migrati n ' of the 1 rophet from , ?

"'+..J

'l'he present wr i ter duos not succeed in etting the 0s s . of ,.,his c:

date

lL7

tune lz, on.. cil:, , lol . II, pp.

I r•

L , .•

ajc.J (.a.cty . . rtai is an abbre- iution of ' crc-::.'tu.:m &u:crJtomo and a f u nic.;:1 of th-.) ,. of Grea'tc1.· ::::..... u i-.. J . ..... luv l er·, lN ...,:.·Jicht v:.:u1 de sa IzKionco:._a ' ( . . · .].I ) in 1935 · i ll e' er a:Lionali sticchc 11.?- 16. Bandung! L ... Uivgever ij .. vru1 I{ocvc, '""1s5".3) , ·)r, . -

l (;

Lj.,...

a proinincn t.

L) •

I .

47 , . . ,-. . llar a L!.\..<

.iJ jU!laedi, is a da lly i n .Jj aka rta , cc...::_t:::. .... by !h r :-:.Ja.ns av:!.ew , opi!1ion n • '2."h<) word P . S . I . I. C:oice of t'1c P . S . I . I . ) i c a P . .3 . I . I . pc:"iodica .l .

on . cit. , ? • 116.

SGo

'. i·-;oho i s a "'usliu leader of the ruodern:!.::;t · c st e:. n- -di..lC:.:rtcd ( .:ooolo 1 s Cotl"'" cil), rcin the group . ·;e i.··as the onl y t' c voi.ce of the "''u::>l:i.Ls , nl1E:1 t·--o .... _ • had withdra-:· n f:-om the f'Go:plO I 6 : o\.UWil from 192h •

.I.'

v f'0

ali al- iaLa.i: is a promL""lcn"G · 1:..1 leauer , at 'I .,. . . t +' • '"" l " t _cs .t T' v!le .un.S ry 0- . 0 e J! 1 UlrS . 1.n .... ' ....:cpar-vmerr.,. O.L... .ro

headin":

1''1.

Sec .luvier, o-

cit. , p . 115.

I'oic.

53--

Ib i d . ' p • 117 • 'Dnrul Isla I ( Ar • . ar al- Iclan) 1!iOa!1S "Abode of Isl amtf . By the .n i., in It. .Jonesia . ...:.,o r a."'1 account is meant 11 Islami c S'l.iaten uy the 'Thenar Ul- J.slau1 _o ......w.on t .. . .tt set- J .A.O. van o .· L p ,. 1 19. .. i • I' .. ,..., • !• • .... ,....v, 1.J • ?,4-£a_r .... , _acuJ..c m 'ava·, in •.ec-r.ern-·

----------------':'> •

••

Bcnua, op . cit. , p . 112 .

ILlc. E'.ce t Lls th: sis ...n ..

.....

For t he aims of the Al- Isla.'l'!l CongresG see this

? · 99 .

r'q ".)J

n Sarekat Islan" , in This date is accord:lt! g to !, op .. cit , · pple.:nent, p. 379 . ccor·"in · Vol .. v , "econd p . 129, t >is congress '\l.:lS in 1921. 1\cco!·.:lln,.,. to l t t '1is '\.as ii 1922. accordit: ·· to Am Al - Isla.. on -:"ess was i n 1924,

60 P•

380 .

lumber. r, ar-ti. " Sarc::a't Islam" , L11

Vol. V, Suppleme nt ,

1)'

'.I.o.<-: .

(

u...... p ...l''f

19eo · '" =-''" ) B:u::uang,

Jco

ctu,"'!1 • _,.,.,..-1 . . . ""-=r..

Isl--

...c.

..- .. ,.., '

,,;.... , ,ro 'P • "''-ll. w

---u

T _, .pp. 11",

7,1...

-oid. , Vol. II, n. ?0. Ib:.d"

65*".

I· iJ.. , )p . 79-142.

66- --

o; . cit.,

ry .

252, footnote no . 59.

:;ioral Cons·::.itu-:,icn of c 1e Rc )U.·)lic of ce nrc·v-i . Chanter 1, ..:'OR!:.i Ai J .'JCi'h .lliiG!!TY 0./ 1\ STilT , Article 1, sectior1 2; L.• · ' · -..1...."1J.s(,r;;r "' m 1 ,.::., · t · 1 o c:. , sect .ton • "'l ..... t·or- .ll..r , ·,.i..uJ.,T r ,,--( O-. . ImorAr -J. J4,, t:na'1 .. • l 'l.C 0.1.• ...I naone::n..r., • ' 1- • .. t..:... v.J.. . <.. i ·..:.. , o . l "'"'\r'lf"lf""r u.!le mat.:l.On L.

""'

)

Eenda, on . cit. , n . 290.

'"""'

....;..

.-C4v

"1--='.·n.:-. ,..,.._.......... +v ht:\ ""'

1-..... as a Ts -<.1..:..6""

l::.st n:o

creati c!1 und de--:elon-

Indonc!J inn natie>.t"1 .

fact t.at i t

in. .;th ... o

bon.:l and

"' -

......

bo-:-] o" this al"lity is t he bali

in Go..' ' :

tl·e state- "'"'hi lonophy of the J21· onnsi'lll ·:_,.i'!Utlic

Thr: 3 . I . st&.:r·t ed in 190.5

v-el'":'-..- soon

t ion be co. e t ''o

call of Go

Greater T.n •

·'laS

D.c

this bell:'f

a. usl:bl

of self-

re•1 up to a !1at·onalist

- r· c ; I.'YLI pr·l t -·-""

o -f'

• .:J

and

.t. V.!

as voi cC'd by Is l am. This

CVO!l

ii'1

to the IT.tdonesian

and

:>ivinc Oril."rli.:-ct.cncc tl::J.t ·rave coura

decided

..,,..

-u..:..n.J.::.

..,_

..,

--.r

t1i c t o.tiona l i s:!:! has t he::·e:·ore

the

onl of

!ruslims.

J......-.--rv..•.:.; .._'·l·<r bro·t\1r-> " I

------

.P,c-J -

...,ugh+.- ,""!" +..,_ O,y - . . . ,

+' u11C

4 .,., • i .J.-1\.

gc:-:.ou.s

· ' · 1·a c'·c, - :tS CI!e.

o" ' -

.. IsL-ntl --, at!d the risi..'rlg• tide of ,._, s and i.morovcd VJ •

i1:Ji

..ent ;:' ic:! claiTI:ed a full- fledged

t ern) , the S . I . locwne:: a dcmocra-vic

•

, .

i..'1 the

'.::as

t l.D ll! :'O·...4 0

this matter

cont .. i:

parlic:u 1ent for the I'act Indi es . Its • t 0 .__71d Onl:::::>_ar..

F'ed. by tho s.._1i.r .:.t

the

i'oll0Ned by t he l!!n.Sses

.1..'

v11C

< t•:.LC pa·Ct'CC!'11 • a.emocra 0

sense. Thus this ··c1rv,;cracy is put as t he i'or.rth

pr:L1c:i.pl e oi' the Pantja Silo. . A bitr.er e·-:pe!'ien c€ ot· the , . I., ne.·t in bitternes s to the op-

co..lfau.nist

press; on by t he . . . utch colonial rovc:t·tu-n.8n::., -r:as

The idooloeical atliacks by t he . orar.xists caur;ed the ehorgence of Tjokroaminoto' s doetrine oi' Islamic Jccialisl... , 1hicl: called for relieious so-

. . 1s consider ation (..uuanc

a matter for

elcnent of I:1doncsia n

Indonesia no. It has 'l'herafor e it becor:1 ·c t : G

fifth and l<:lst ori!1ciole - of tl e otatc-phi locophJ, P..3.mcly Soclal Just..:..cc.

o.t pre.3cnt calla .1as

the

of Indo:l&Jsia, is

.. sidont of the 11

di{?' -:-er 11 in search of oto as

nPn to . Juka . . . no .. kf "dis:rcri r:.- o

as he l ·.,.,self

.c Indonesii:Ll state- : .-tlosophy . It

e:r of the S. I . that had ·i7e!l the tools for this this s

-philof:op:J.y

been C.ur, out., the

l.a:1_d do;m .. ..Io.<J thG no11ly

nen foun' ation of the Indon csiru1 Gtat.e can

is mcctjJ lf, to ""i. c foi·m -tc

elect ed ,...onst itue:r c

11hich i s still t o be c!'eet ed

mieht e.nd. main to strcn f;thcn -this fotmr:1t:!..oY1

it Y::l.ll be sol :.d and

co t 1mt the h ild:Ln ,.. ba.st:.?d

prc·c ation and

hea l thy, -i:.u:

home ().rid protc ci;icn t.o tl1c

c-... e CG... , race ::n

cult.u re .

?he S"l culc.J• natio nalis ts

i:rres

utmos t to fl; , ril

al.Jo

int.cl l•·c-:.u.:t2. rol0 o!' sflcul a: : zi n"' and modtJrnis.L. . .

unity ..::itn

.:.ntcr-

the natio n and

tl:c

.. ruali:--n mn.socc and

o-' the Ar-

'I'hc co ll!nunists aro .for u.."1cicr stnnd.ablc- rcaso! lS busil y at t.em:>tine to make Indon esia fully socul al':!.zed, te:r.. ·-L!G tmn.trds

Go·_ :m:.icm, • 1 ..., -

1.4.

( C.-Q\ls Om ::.note nce) •

tlJC L"1donc::;.:..x1 ratio n. ur::o:.,.tu-

Cll. :intcr rw.l

caw

end t be c;ormroni stc

been not 17itho ut

it 1ould bo

t he sec:u lar nat1on 3.list s

t1,e

na.tcl y t he

blood ..

r::ood actua lly

L' these nat.:..onalic ts could co- orera te: ··1i th the IsL-:m i sts,

since t! n l a.t0er have sho-;·:.1 , nd t.he • .eGt , due to t

belie f i n Cod ' s

abl e to cc-·o er."t ox.:.st once of

.·:::.th t: e bond of the

l35 done sian socio ty. In the Nine teent h

pri!l ciple s for t ho

ic Cultu re of the P. S.I. I . t hese Jere presenl.:.ed in a pape r enti tled Islam

o ular and easy \Vay Tjokro amin oto e:rol ained the mean ing

and Custo m. In a

g eli 路on and Philo sope y as elcmen-lis cons titut in Cultu re, desc ribin

of .rt,

the duty the role of Islam as a basi s for and sourc e of Cult ure. As for

Tjok roam inoto state d:

of the

Islam ic ultur e '"li th itc t.rue base s, endea vour to stren gthen it and t o (rive it to prog ress, and wit h might and main to b ring it into imr: ..ony '\'lith mode rq thou hts and idea s, in acco rdanc e \lit h the proc ress of We shou ld and must take care of

O ttr

l;ime t 63

cultu ral

to achio ve succ ess in the

ende avou r, Tjol.:rQ.;:t.....ri.noto p ointe d out guidi ng and Durv ive succ essiv e perio ds,

1 1 To Cult ure can live

a) il. it is cont rary to 路t,he hutnan

of life and prot:ress , and to t he

路 nd of the nati on conc erned ,

or if ca re is not taken t hat it be

b) 1f it does not

rose

and s read ,

c) i

a circ wnst ance Ylhcn it las not the ca. acity to expre ss or to

snO\:r itsel f'.

e, each 2) In orde r to be able to live conti nuou sly and surv ive t he futur symbol. cultu re shou ld show itse lf L"l conc rete fonr..s, in a cer mony or The Nine teen th Na t,ion al Cong ress also make a

ener al Re

conro lishc d on

tion for the

ebr uary

us lim

h, 1934 . 路-he p t

d Tjokroam:i..'loto t o

unity . Thi s t ask 1as acose of making this

ener al

152 if it

Althouch in politi cal m..T0tcrs there has been

comes to mai."'l taining Cod 's oovcre i r;nty and I slam the Jfusl iTUs are united .

Herei n lies the stron[% h of the 'uolirns as proved in t he histor y of the S . I . and a.gnin ooca.u-:c eviuen t in tho recent delibe !'::tion s and decisi ons of the Consti tuent Assem bly. .All l!uoli-:1 partie s have u c:reed t o mai.11to.in

!shn

the bnois of the Indone sian state, so t >at the prcse;:1t Cabin et

a.nc.!. r rosido nt

to the

Sul-arno na·ve unanim ously azreea rtto

Const itution 11 and to. rccoc;n izo tho

Jjukar ta Cha.rte rn , r:l·ic:1

systen of

to have a

ncan that the desire of the

1945

of Islam by tL.e

Cabine t and the obliijation of co.rryi nr; out the

Husl:ims can possib ly be fulfil led . By oo doing the future Indonc sla.L state wi ll be develo ping in hareon y with t he toac!1i ngs

·with tho democ ratlc

o::

Ish"'il, nnd co- operat ion

can be mo.int ained and mcrca sed . That is why the

Musl:L·;1S call, in accord ance wi t h the call enjoin ed by God in the ·

rtur •un: SAY: 0

Pr:orLl:

0-.

T:m

COME TO AP AGREE!!E."T BE-

T .EE:· US AIW YOU: THAT WE SHALL WORSHIP

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