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Introduction Introduction The development of mining industries attracted many Chinese immigrants who came to the state in 18th and 19th centuries to work and develop the mine �ields resulting in support to Malaya economy since 19th century until the falling of tin price in 1980s. Many towns in peninsular Malaya was founded as a tin-mining community and Sungai Lembing, which once famous for being the world's largest and deep underground tin quarry, is one of them.
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Since the opening of the port for more than a hundred years, it has relied on tin production as the main economic lifeline of the local area and has made great contributions to local development and national economy. From the most primitive “mountain rat” dangerous open-pit mining method to the “underground mine” type that uses a large number of advanced machinery for mining and processing and re�ining ,Sungai Lembing tin mining can be described as a boom. However, many Chinese miners migrated for their livelihoods since tin price fall which gave direct impact to the livelihood of Sungai Lembing.
01 Heritage Planning and Mining History : Introduction
18 80
18 87
Hakka Chinese illegally sold tin by using bamboo rafts to carry them to Kuantan
The liase agreement was transferred to PCL and mining project was started in 1892
Pahang Company was set up to sign a 75 years lease with Pahang Sultan which allow 10 percent of payment of the tin or
18 83
19 26
PCCL became monopolistic mining company and has right to collect taxes
19 06
19 79
Great depression occured, which affected mining production since the price of tin collapsed
19 87
PCCL transferred ownership and renamed it PCPLC (Pahang Consolidated Public Limited Company)
Japan occupied the area and built a 19-mile road from Kuantan to connect Panching to Sungai Lembing
19 42
20 01
Mine was permanently closed by government
Demand for tin was decreasing worldwide, resulting in mining temporarily shut downent
19 86
02 Heritage Planning and Mining History : Introduction
Sungai lembing museum was opened. Area shifted to agriculture caused �looding to be more frequentment
Town was redevelop into tourist attraction and former mining general’s bungalow renovated into museumnt
19 88
Fire burnt several century-old buildings including 20 shophouses, 11 terrace houses, and a libraryent
20 19
03
History of Mining Town Heritage Planning & Mining History
Revolution Revolution of of Tin Tin Mining Mining Methods Methods
04
History of Mining Town Heritage Planning & Mining History
05 Heritage Planning and Mining History : History of Mining Town
Sungai Sungai Lembing’s Lembing’s Tin Tin Production Production Map Map
After tin ore was extracted out from the mining site at Sungai Lembing, it has to be carried all the way to the smelthing factory at Butterworth. With the technology advancement brought in by the British in the early 1900s, the production of the tin mining is increased drastically, boosting Malaya’s economy to a new height.
06 Heritage Planning and Mining History : History of Mining Town
08
Remnants Remnants and and Traces Traces of of Mining Mining Town Town
Introduction
Sungai Lembing was once well-known for its underground tin mines being the second biggest in the world. But after the price of tin mines began to fall steadily and frequent �looding , Sungai Lembing became an abandoned ghost town. Even though current time is not like its glorious past days, traces and remnants left by the town can become evidence for us to perceive the prosperous sungai lembing ining equipments and locomotives
Building History
Sungai Lembing Museum Sungai lembing museum was of�icially opened on 23 April 2005. Before becoming a museum, it was formerly the residence of managers of tin mining companies. The museum serves to : - disseminate information of sungai lembing - display evidence of sungai lembing and showcases collections of original mining equipments and locomotives
Remnants and Traces of Mining Town Heritage Planning & Mining History
The building has gone through some changes until it becomes a museum. In the 1890s, this building just a small one storey house with roof made of nipah leaves and the wall is made of wood. During the period of J.T Mariner, it became two storey house with british colonial style known as european bungalow I.
Gallery collections Collections divided into 2 section; Ground �loor section mainly showcases the history of sungai lembing First �loor section mainly showcases the history of mining and equipments used during mining
Ground �loor plan
First �loor plan
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Remnants and Traces of Mining Town Heritage Planning & Mining History
09 Heritage Planning and Mining History : Remnants and Traces of Mining Town
10 Heritage Planning and Mining History : Remnants and Traces of Mining Town
Heritage Heritage Management Management
“Heritage is our legacy from the past, what we live with today, and what we pass on to future generations. Our cultural and natural heritage are both irreplaceable sources of life and inspiration.”
ǡ ϔ ǡ ȋ ȌǤ
Past, Present & Future
Heritage shapes people’s lives, feelings, emotions, hopes, and memories by teaching us about cultures and peoples of the past. Heritage is a powerful lens through which to extract lessons from the past by learning how society lived and how they overcame their challenges. Importantly, those lessons can be applied to understand and tackle present and future world challengesǡ ǡ ǡ ϐ ǡ Ǥ
Cultural & Social Aspects
Center City Revitalisation
Property Values
Business Incubation
inherited bestowed ϔ future generations.
Resurgence of small towns build and grow economic prosperity economic regeneration
greater rates
Restoration stimulated new businesses and xisting businessesǤ
Local Awareness
Identity
Education
Jobs Opportunity
ǡ promoting and celebrating ǡ valuesǤ
identity (cultural heritage) of the local community ǯ past gloriesǡ historical assets.
The legacy of knowledge ȋ ǡ Ƭ Ȍ passed and stimulated Ǥ
Special skills & labours ǡ ǡ itself
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Heritage Planning and Mining History : Heritage Management Planning & aspects
Burra Charter
”‹–‡”‹ƒ
The basic principles & procedures to be followed in the conservation of heritage places and advocating a cautious approach to change: To care for one place & make it useable; ’’Ž› •Â?ƒŽŽ …ŠƒÂ?‰‡• –‘ ”‡–ƒ‹Â? …—Ž–—”ƒŽ •‹‰Â?‹Ď?‹…ƒÂ?…‡
01. Understanding ‹‰Â?‹Ď?‹…ƒÂ?…‡
• human creative genius
• interchange human values over span of time/ within a cultural area of the world • unique testimony
• outstanding Universal Values in human history • outstanding representative of the culture • natural phenomena/ areas
02. Develop ‘Ž‹…›
‹‹Ǥ ••—‡ †‡Â?–‹Ď?‹…ƒ–‹‘Â?
i. Evaluation
�˜‹”‘��‡�–ƒŽ ••—‡ Š‡�‹…ƒŽ ƒ�† Šƒœƒ”†‘—• ™ƒ•–‡ †‡’‘•‹–• at the abandoned tin mine which contain high residual concentrations of heavy metals may have polluted the surrounding river and ecosystem.
a. Sungai Lembing Tin Mine Man-made Creation Past Glory Damaged (accessibility)
ƒ•‡ –—†› ÇŁ Zollverein
b. Sungai Lembing Museum The historical park development project Future attraction Artifacts , Historical Relics
ŽŽ‡‰ƒŽ ƒ�† —�…‘�–”‘ŽŽ‡† Ž‘‰‰‹�‰ activity in the forest cause decontamination of water Annual Ž‘‘†‹�‰ issue
• associated with events, living tradition, ideas, belief, literary works • representation of earth's history
• representation on-going ecological/ biological process, evolution
• natural habitat for in-situ conservation of biological diversity, threatened species
‹‹Ǥ ‘Ž‹…› †‡˜‡Ž‘’Â?‡Â?– ĆŹ ’ŽƒÂ?Â?‹Â?‰ ’”‡’ƒ”ƒtion ‘…ƒŽ —–Š‘”‹–›Ȁ –ƒ–‡ ‘˜‡”Â?Â?‡Â?– Č‹ ČŒ ’‡…‹ƒŽ ƒ”‡ƒ ’ŽƒÂ? for town - action plan , guidelines Conversion of RKK to concept of Š‡ ‹˜‹Â?‰ —•‡—Â? (sectors : arts & culture, heritage, natural & built landscape) ƒ™• ‘ˆ ƒŽƒ›•‹ƒ …– ͳ͜͜ͳ Â?˜‹”‘Â?Â?‡Â?–ƒŽ —ƒŽ‹–› …– ʹͲͳʹ Assessing the ‡Â?˜‹”‘Â?Â?‡Â?–ƒŽ ”‹•Â? of the Heritage sites or its value ƒ–‹‘Â?ƒŽ ‡”‹–ƒ‰‡ …– Č‹ ČŒ ʹͲͲ͡ The prevailing law passed by the Parliament to give ’”‘–‡…–‹‘Â? & ’”‡•‡”˜‡ the –ƒÂ?‰‹„Ž‡ & ‹Â?–ƒÂ?‰‹„Ž‡ …—Ž–—”ƒŽ Š‡”‹–ƒ‰‡ Č‹ ‡”–—„—ŠƒÂ? ”Â?‹–‡Â? ÂƒÂŽÂƒÂ›Â•Â‹ÂƒČŒ emphasising the importance of ’”‡•‡”˜‹Â?‰ heritage buildings while improving it’s it’s ϔ‹”‡ •ƒˆ‡–› ’”‘–‡…–‹‘Â? Č‹ ‹”‡ ĆŹ ‡•…—‡ ‡’ƒ”–Â?‡Â?Â–ČŒ ƒˆ‡–› ’”‘–‡…–‹‘Â? to preserve the ‘”‹‰‹Â?ƒŽ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• & ƒ—–Š‡Â?–‹…‹–› while —’‰”ƒ†‹Â?‰ ϔ‹”‡ ĆŹ ÂŽÂ‹ÂˆÂ‡ÇŚÂ•ÂƒÂˆÂ‡Â–Â› Â?‡ƒ•—”‡ –‘ ƒŽŽ Š‡”‹–ƒ‰‡ „—‹Ž†‹Â?‰ ‡šǤ ’”‘˜‹†‡ Â•Â—ÂˆĎ”Â‹Â…Â‹Â‡Â?– Š‘•‡ ”‡‡Ž
‹‹Ǥ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‹‰Â?‹Ď?‹…ƒÂ?…‡ ••‡••Â?‡Â?–
I�’”‘’‡” �ƒ�ƒ‰‡�‡�–
“transcend transcend national boundaries and be of common importance for present and future generations of all humanity� (Operational Guidelines 2012).
The current building and site conditions are �‘– ’”‘’‡”Ž› �ƒ‹�–ƒ‹�‡† and the lands are currently ƒ„ƒ�†‘�‡† and unkept properly
Â?ˆ—ŽĎ?‹ŽŽÂ?‡Â?– ‘ˆ Â…riteria Tangible
Intangible
Human Creativity Building Monument Man-made creation Human Settlement Natural Phenomena.
Practices Representation Expression Knowledge
Â?•‹‰Â?Â‹Ď”Â‹Â…ÂƒÂ?– ’”‡•‡Â?…‡ of cultural and architectural heritage at the town after the abandonment of tin mining industry.
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Heritage Planning and Mining History : Heritage Management Planning & aspects
the ™‡ŽŽ ’”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘� ‘ˆ …—Ž–—”ƒŽ and natural heritage sites of mankind, which have an ‘—–•–ƒ�†‹�‰ —�‹˜‡”•ƒŽ ˜ƒŽ—‡ and are thus both unique and authentic, but are simultaneously sensibly integrated into public life.
03. ƒÂ?ƒ‰‡ ‹Â? ……‘”†ƒÂ?…‡ ™‹–Š ‘Ž‹…› ”‘‰”ƒÂ? ĆŹ ”ƒÂ?‡™‘”Â? Č‹ ‡”‹–ƒ‰‡ –‘—”‹•Â? Č€ ‡…‘nj–‘—”‹•Â?ČŒ Â?’‘™‡”‹Â?‰ Ž‘…ƒŽ …‘Â?Â?—Â?‹–› or the Ž‘…ƒŽ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› to be involved as a key •–ƒÂ?‡Š‘Ž†‡” to yield results and revenue from sustain sustainable tourism through heritage management.
ƒ”–�‡”‹�‰ with local communities to receive input and ˆ‡‡†„ƒ…� about ongoing and future ’”‘Œ‡…–• to reconcile their particular needs and the destination’s long-term sustainable devel development.
‘…ƒŽ ™ƒ”‡�‡•• Awareness from the society towards conserving the physical integrity of heritage sites, promoting and celebrating their education educational, historic and cultural values that is to be passed on to the new generation.
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Significance Significance of of Industrial Industrial Mining Mining Heritage Heritage Genius Loci For centuries, genius loci has been an inseperable concept from mankind. At Sungai Lembing, its genius loci, or known as the spirit of the place that manifested from a local distinctiveness, past cultural legacy and character articulation has offer a more comprehensive understanding of the past and present communities, history of monuments, sites and cultural landscape.
Catalyst of Revitalization Though Tin Mines are no longer active, it still serves as a point of attraction of the town and has been a signi�icant incentive to tourist demand. The growth in tourism provide alternate income source for the locals, such as hospitality, food & beverage and transportation, bringing a remarkable economy development and reviving the ghost town.
Social Engagement
Significance of Industrial Mining Heritage Heritage Planning & Mining History
With Sungai Lembing becoming a famous tourism spot, the town is once alive again as more people come by the town and interact and engange with the locals, encouraging the locals to jump out of their secluded lifestyle.
Preservation of Tangibilities & Intangibilites Active engangement of tourists with intangibilities such as local culture and a certain technique past down from the old generation keeps these skills and traditions alive with positive economic support. It also promotes preservation of relics, monuments and old photographs that cannot be recreated, offering them a second life in museum and gallery to be appreciated by the public than just be a dereliction.
14 Sustainable Community Development Due to the mining activities, the earth surface and water body of Sungai Lembing is proven more contaminated with heavy metals than its neighbour district, posing a risk to the inhabitants and ecosystem. This provoke awareness in the locals to understand the importance of preserving natural environment and be more sensible to environmental issues to build a more sustainable future.
Link Between the Past and Future The mining heritage serves as a macro cultural artifact that allows future generation to study the history and technology used in past. It reminds the community or the nation of its roots and tell us who we are far more effectively than any form of words and exhibition in museum ever can.
Emotional Regeneration Since the collapsed of economy, locals have long suffered from long term unemployment, poverty and social exclusion. A social identity based on a glorious past of tin mining history became a key identity of the community, giving rise to distictive local culture and uniquity. As the community shares a same identity down the root, this result in a tight knitted community with high esteem and pride.
Significance of Industrial Mining Heritage Heritage Planning & Mining History
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