Introduction Introduction The development of mining industries attracted many Chinese immigrants who came to the state in 18th and 19th centuries to work and develop the mine �ields resulting in support to Malaya economy since 19th century until the falling of tin price in 1980s. Many towns in peninsular Malaya was founded as a tin-mining community and Sungai Lembing, which once famous for being the world's largest and deep underground tin quarry, is one of them. Since the opening of the port for more than a hundred years, it has relied on tin production as the main economic lifeline of the local area and has made great contributions to local development and national economy. From the most primitive “mountain rat” dangerous open-pit mining method to the “underground mine” type that uses a large number of advanced machinery for mining and processing and re�ining ,Sungai Lembing tin mining can be described as a boom. However, many Chinese miners migrated for their livelihoods since tin price fall which gave direct impact to the livelihood of Sungai Lembing.
01 Heritage Planning and Mining History : Introduction
18 80
18 87
Hakka Chinese illegally sold tin by using bamboo rafts to carry them to Kuantan
The liase agreement was transferred to PCL and mining project was started in 1892
Pahang Company was set up to sign a 75 years lease with Pahang Sultan which allow 10 percent of payment of the tin or
18 83
19 26
PCCL became monopolistic mining company and has right to collect taxes
19 06
19 79
Great depression occured, which affected mining production since the price of tin collapsed
19 87
PCCL transferred ownership and renamed it PCPLC (Pahang Consolidated Public Limited Company)
Japan occupied the area and built a 19-mile road from Kuantan to connect Panching to Sungai Lembing
19 42
20 01
Mine was permanently closed by government
Demand for tin was decreasing worldwide, resulting in mining temporarily shut downent
19 86
02 Heritage Planning and Mining History : Introduction
Sungai lembing museum was opened. Area shifted to agriculture caused �looding to be more frequentment
Town was redevelop into tourist attraction and former mining general’s bungalow renovated into museumnt
19 88
Fire burnt several century-old buildings including 20 shophouses, 11 terrace houses, and a libraryent
20 19
03
History of Mining Town Heritage Planning & Mining History
Revolution Revolution of of Tin Tin Mining Mining Methods Methods
04
History of Mining Town Heritage Planning & Mining History
05 Heritage Planning and Mining History : History of Mining Town
Sungai Sungai Lembing’s Lembing’s Tin Tin Production Production Map Map
After tin ore was extracted out from the mining site at Sungai Lembing, it has to be carried all the way to the smelthing factory at Butterworth. With the technology advancement brought in by the British in the early 1900s, the production of the tin mining is increased drastically, boosting Malaya’s economy to a new height.
06 Heritage Planning and Mining History : History of Mining Town
07
Remnants Remnants and and Traces Traces of of Mining Mining Town Town
Introduction
Sungai Lembing was once well-known for its underground tin mines being the second biggest in the world. But after the price of tin mines began to fall steadily and frequent �looding , Sungai Lembing became an abandoned ghost town. Even though current time is not like its glorious past days, traces and remnants left by the town can become evidence for us to perceive the prosperous sungai lembing ining equipments and locomotives
Building History
Sungai Lembing Museum Sungai lembing museum was of�icially opened on 23 April 2005. Before becoming a museum, it was formerly the residence of managers of tin mining companies. The museum serves to : - disseminate information of sungai lembing - display evidence of sungai lembing and showcases collections of original mining equipments and locomotives
Remnants and Traces of Mining Town Heritage Planning & Mining History
The building has gone through some changes until it becomes a museum. In the 1890s, this building just a small one storey house with roof made of nipah leaves and the wall is made of wood. During the period of J.T Mariner, it became two storey house with british colonial style known as european bungalow I.
Gallery collections Collections divided into 2 section; Ground �loor section mainly showcases the history of sungai lembing First �loor section mainly showcases the history of mining and equipments used during mining
Ground �loor plan
First �loor plan
08
Remnants and Traces of Mining Town Heritage Planning & Mining History
09 Heritage Planning and Mining History : Remnants and Traces of Mining Town
10 Heritage Planning and Mining History : Remnants and Traces of Mining Town
11
Remnants and Traces of Mining Town Heritage Planning & Mining History
Location Location of of Remnants Remnants on on Map Map
12
Remnants and Traces of Mining Town Heritage Planning & Mining History
13
Heritage He Heritage He Her Her rri riiit it it tta ta aage age ge ge M Management Management M Ma Ma aan an nna na aagement agement gement gement
Past, Presen
Heritage shapes people’s lives, feelings, emotions, hopes, and m
Heritage is a powerful lens through which to extract lessons from the pa
Importantly, those lessons can be applied to understand and tackle present and futu
Heritage tage Management Planning & Aspects ects Heritage tage Planning & Mining ning History
Cultural & Social Aspects
Cen
Cultural heritage attributes of a society inherited from past generations should be maintained in the present and bestowed for the bene it of future generations.
Resu town com pros
Local Awareness Awareness from the society towards conserving the physical integrity of heritage sites, promoting and celebrating their educational, historic and cultural values.
Identity The physical appearance expressing the identity (cultural heritage) of the local community and display of the site’s past glories, represented in their remains as historical assets.
14
“Heritage is our legacy from the past, what we live with today, and what we pass on to future generations. Our cultural and natural heritage are both irreplaceable sources of life and inspiration.� The United Nations Educational, Scienti ic, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
nt & Future
memories by teaching us about cultures and peoples of the past.
ast by learning how society lived and how they overcame their challenges.
ure world challenges, such as climate change, migration, con lict, and decolonisation.
nter City Revitalisation
urgence of small towns or downn districts to build and grow the mmunity and increase economic sperity or economic regeneration
Property Values
Business Incubation
Effect of historic districts where properties and land values within historic districts appreciate at greater rates
Restoration of heritage buildings stimulated new businesses and more activity from existing businesses.
Education
Jobs Opportunity
The legacy of knowledge (trades, expertise & skills) related to tin mining to be passed and stimulated from one generation to another by participate or direct learning.
Special skills & labours in restoration, revitalization, conservation of heritage sites and the town itself
ManageHeritage Mana Planning & ment Plannin Aspects Asp Heritage Plann Planning History & Mining Histo
15
UNESCO Criteria To be included on the World Heritage List, sites must be of outstanding universal value and meet at least one out of ten selection criteria.
01. Understanding Signi icance
• human creative genius • interchange human values over span of time/ within a cultural area of the world • unique testimony • outstanding Universal Values in human history • outstanding representative of the culture • natural phenomena/ areas
Heritage Management Planning & Aspects Heritage Planning & Mining History
03. Manage in Accordance with Policy
Burra aC
The basic principles & procedures to be followed f owed in the conservatio foll atio To care ffor one place & ma make ke it useable; Apply y
i. Evaluation Investigating and understanding the place, history, use and the its signi icance
a. Sungai Sung un ai Lembing Tin Mine ung Man-made Cr C Creation eation Past Glory r ry Damaged (accessibility)
02. Develop Policy
• associated with events, living tradition, ideas, belief, literary works • representation of earth's history • representation on-going ecological/ biological process, evolution • natural habitat for in-situ conservation of biological diversity, threatened species
b. Sungai Lembing Museum The historical park development project Future attraction Artifacts , Historical Relics
P Pano rrama Hill c. Panorama t te Natural Site T Herita tag age Tangible Heritage Tourism
d. Rainbow Waterfall Natural Site Tangible Heritage Tourism
i. Issue Identi ication
a. Improper Management
b. Environmental Issue
c. Unful illment of UNESCO Criteria
Identi ication of site t conditions, te constraints, obligations obli ations arising oblig from f om signifance fr
The current building and site conditions are not properly t tained ar maintained and the lands are l ly currently abandoned and l ly unkept properly
Chemical and hazardous waste deposits at the abandoned tin mine which contain high residual t tals concentrations of heavy metals
pre r sence of cultural re Insigni icant presence architectu t tectu ral heritage herita tag ta age at the town t wn to and architectural after aft ter the abandonment of tin mining after industry ry. ry y. industry.
i. Planning and Management Implementation, review
monitor,
Annual Flooding event
a. Program & Framework (Heritage tourism/ eco-tourism) and
t ty Empowering local community t to be ty or the local authority sta t keholder to ta involved as a key stakeholder f om fr yield results and revenue from sustainable tourism through heritage management.
Partnering with local communities to receive input and feedback about ongoing and future projects to reconcile their particular needs and the destination’s long-term sustainable development.
Case Stu Study : Zollverein Comple infrastructure of a historical Complete coal-mining site. It constitutes remarkable material evidence of rema the evolution and decline of an essential industry over the past 150 years.
Structure (architecture of the industrial complex in the Bauhaus style) Spatial & functional connection (coking plant & shaft) and as a symbol.
The well preservation of cultural and natural heritage sites of mankind, which have an outstanding universal value and are thus both unique and authentic, but are simultaneously sensibly integrated into public life.
16
Charter Char
on of heritage places and advocating a ocating a cautious approach app to change: y small changes to retain cultural signi icance ii. Cultural Signi icance Assessment
“transcend national boundaries and be of common importance for present and future generations of all humanity� (Operational Guidelines 2012).
Tangible
Intangible
Human Creativity Building Monument Man-made creation Human Settlement Natural Phenomena.
Practices Representation Expression Knowledge
elopment & planning preparation p ii. Policy development Local Authority/ State Government (MPK) Special area plan (Racangan Kawasan Khas) for town - action plan , guidelines Conversion of RKK to concept of The Living Museum (sectors : arts & culture, heritage, natural & built landscape)
Laws of Malaysia Act A1441 Environmental Quality Act 2012 Assessing the environmental risk of the Heritage Herita tag ta age sites site t s or its value te
National Heritage Act (NHA) 2005 The prevailing law passed by the Parliament to give protection & preserve the tangible angible & intangible cultural rral heritage heri
JBPM (Fire & Rescue Department) Safety protection to preserve the original features & authenticity while upgrading ire & life-safety t measure to ty t all heritage building ex. e provide provide vide suf icient hose reel
PAM (Pertubuhan Malaysia) P (Pertubuhan ertubuhan Arkitek A emphasising the importance importan t ce of preservtan pre r se re ing heritage herita tag ta age buildings while improving it’s ire rre safety safetty protection pro r tection
b. Local Awareness Awareness from the society towards conserving the physical integrity of heritage sites, promoting and celebrating their educational, historic and cultural values that is to be passed on to the new generation.
Heritage Management Planning & Aspects Heritage Planning & Mining History
17
Significance Significance of of Industrial Industrial Mining Mining Heritage Heritage Genius Loci For centuries, genius loci has been an inseperable concept from mankind. At Sungai Lembing, its genius loci, or known as the spirit of the place that manifested from a local distinctiveness, past cultural legacy and character articulation has offer a more comprehensive understanding of the past and present communities, history of monuments, sites and cultural landscape.
Catalyst of Revitalization Though Tin Mines are no longer active, it still serves as a point of attraction of the town and has been a signi�icant incentive to tourist demand. The growth in tourism provide alternate income source for the locals, such as hospitality, food & beverage and transportation, bringing a remarkable economy development and reviving the ghost town.
Social Engagement
Significance of Industrial Mining Heritage Heritage Planning & Mining History
With Sungai Lembing becoming a famous tourism spot, the town is once alive again as more people come by the town and interact and engange with the locals, encouraging the locals to jump out of their secluded lifestyle.
Preservation of Tangibilities & Intangibilites Active engangement of tourists with intangibilities such as local culture and a certain technique past down from the old generation keeps these skills and traditions alive with positive economic support.
It also promotes preservation of relics, monuments and old photographs that cannot be recreated, offering them a second life in museum and gallery to be appreciated by the public than just be a dereliction.
18 Sustainable Community Development Due to the mining activities, the earth surface and water body of Sungai Lembing is proven more contaminated with heavy metals than its neighbour district, posing a risk to the inhabitants and ecosystem. This provoke awareness in the locals to understand the importance of preserving natural environment and be more sensible to environmental issues to build a more sustainable future.
Link Between the Past and Future The mining heritage serves as a macro cultural artifact that allows future generation to study the history and technology used in past. It reminds the community or the nation of its roots and tell us who we are far more effectively than any form of words and exhibition in museum ever can.
Emotional Regeneration Since the collapsed of economy, locals have long suffered from long term unemployment, poverty and social exclusion. A social identity based on a glorious past of tin mining history became a key identity of the community, giving rise to distictive local culture and uniquity. As the community shares a same identity down the root, this result in a tight knitted community with high esteem and pride.
Significance of Industrial Mining Heritage Heritage Planning & Mining History
References References (8) Mazaki, M.Z.A. (July 28, 2017). Sungai Lembing: Terowong Bijih Dalam & Panjang. Retrieved from : https://www.libur.com.my/sungai-lembing/
(1) Fares Yahya Alshaebi, Wan Zuhairi Yaacob, Abdul Rahim Samsudin. (January 2009). Risk assessment at abandoned tin mine in Sungai Lembing, Pahang, Malaysia. Article in Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering.
(9) Palmer, D. (2011). Tin mining in Malaysia, 1800-2000. Muzium Gopeng Gopeng, Malaysia.
(2) Lee Yoke Lai. (Feb 2016). Study on the Evolution of a Heritage Tin Mining Town: A Case of Taiping in Perak, Malaysia. Doctoral studies University of Tokyo.
(10) Ahmad, S. & Jones, D. (2013). The Importance and Signi�icance of Heritage Conservation of the ex-tin Mining Landscape in Perak, Malaysia, the Abode of Grace. Retrieved from: http://papers.iafor.org/wp-content/uploads/papers/acas2013/ACAS2013_ 0134.pdf
(3) Tam Hui Shin. (April 2019). The Pahang Consolidated Company Limited and Sungai Lembing Chinese Community (1906-1988). Deparment of Chinese Studies University Tunku Abdul Rahman.
(11) Alagesh, T. (May 4, 2019). Good old days of Sg Lembing: New Straits Times. Retrieved from: https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2019/05/485428/good-old-days-s g-lembing
(4) Simon Khoo. (Oct 21, 2009). Former miner opens crystal museum. Retrieved from: https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2009/10/21/former-miner -opens-crystal-museum
(5) Syed. (October 2, 2015). Agar Aku Tidak Lupa. Retrieved from: http://agarakutidaklupa.blogspot.com/2015/10/jalan-jalan-sungai-lembing -jambatan.html
(12) Australia, I. (n.d.). The Burra Charter: The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Signi�icance, 2013. Retrieved from: https://heritageperth.com.au/your-heritage/the-burra-charter/
(6) Zulki�lee et al. (2011). Laporan Lawatan Ilmiah Ke Muzium dan Lombing Bijih Timah di Sungai Lembing,Pahang.Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris. Department of History & Archeology Faculty of Human Sciences University Pendidikan Sultan Idris
(13) Centre, U. (n.d.). The Criteria for Selection. Retrieved from: https://whc.unesco.org/en/criteria/
(14) Ehab KAMEL, A. (2015). WHAT TO CONSERVE? Heritage, Memory, and Management of Meanings. Retrieved from: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/42136971.pdf
(7) Malaysia Dokumen. (May 31, 2018). Kerja Kursus Sejarah PMR 2009 Muzium Sungai Lembing. Retrieved from : https://fdokumen.site/document/kerja-kursus-sejarah-pmr-2009-muziumsungai-lembing.html
19
References References (22) Sonja I�koa. (2016). World Multidisciplinary Civil Engineering-Architecture-Urban Planning Symposium 2016: Comprehensive Management of Industrial Heritage Sites as A Basis for Sustainable Regeneration. Procedia Engineering 161 (2016) 2040 – 2045. Faculty of Architecture, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia.
(15) Historic England. (2021). The Most Important Historic Places in England Are Listed. Retrieved from: https://historicengland.org.uk/
(16) Master-Iesa. (20 December, 2017). What is Cultural Heritage Management? De�inition and key concepts. Retrieved from: https://www.iesa.edu/paris/news-events/cultural-management-de�inition#: ~:text=Cultural%20Heritage%20Management%3F-,De�inition%20and%20ke y%20concepts,educational%2C%20historic%20and%20cultural%20values.
(23) Carol Stephenson, David Wray. (2015). Emotional regeneration through community action: Emotional regeneration through community action in post-industrial mining communities: The New Herrington Miners’ Banner Partnership. Capital & Class 29(3):175-199
(17) Mustafa, Nurulhuda Adabiah and Abdulllah, Nuraisyah Chua. 2013. Preservation of Cultural Heritage in Malaysia: An Insight of the National Heritage Act 2005. Malaysia: Universiti Teknologi Mara.
(24) Luis Loures. (2008). WSEAS Transactions on Environment and Development: Industrial Heritage: the past in the future of the city. Issue 8, Volume 4, pp. 687-696. Department of Landscape Architecture; Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Algarve.
(18) Rypkema, D. D. (August, 2008). "Job Creation Through Conservation". Retrieved from: https://www.globalurban.org/GUDMag08Vol4Iss1/Rypkema.htm
(25) Oh Seong Por. (Nov 2017). Sungai Lembing: El Dorado of the East. IEM Bulletin November 2017: Jurutera. The Institution of Enginneers, Malaysia.
(19) UNESCO-Welterbestätten Deutschland e.V. (2020, October 16). UNESCO World Heritage. Retrieved from: https://worldheritagegermany.com/
(26) Frank Athelstane Swettenham. (1907). British Malaya; An account of the origin and progress of British in�luence in Malaya, London: John Lane Company.
(20) Queensland Government. Department of Environment and Heritage Protection (2013). Assessing cultural heritage signi�icance : Using the cultural heritage criteria.
(27) Pahang Consolidated Company Limited. (1966). Sixty years of tin mining: A history of the Pahang Consolidated Company Limited (1906-1966), London: Pahang Consolidated Company Limited.
(21) A.K. Ahmad, Sarah, A. Al-Mahaqeri. (2014). Assessment of Abandoned Mine Impacts on Concentrations and Distribution of Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments of Catchments Around Sungai Lembing Abandoned Tin Mine. Iranica Journal of Energy & Environment 5 (4): 453-460. School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
20 References