Weiwei Zheng | MSc Arch, Politecnico di Milano | Graduation Project 2022

TOGETHER!

Conservation of Veterinary campus & Transformation of Research Center

Extension Project of Campus Research Center

The project takes its cue from the desire to regenerate and assign new academic needs to the spaces of the beautiful historical complex of Via Celoria 10. The plan is to allocate those spaces to the centre of the Department of Cultural Heritage with the addition of other strategic functions for the University.

Our project aims to extend the campus' central building 22090, creating a dialogue between the old and new, classicism and modern. The addition consists mainly of two different functional volumes, a glass entrance hall and a wooden auditorium, working together as a new ensemble with the existing building. "TOGETHER" expresses our purpose of renewing the life of the existing building by using different material language and giving it full recognizability.

STUDENT:

Weiwei Zheng

Yujie Jia

SUPERVISOR:

Giulio M.Barazzetta

CO-SUPERVISOR:

Sonia Pistida, Lucia Toniolo, Angela Pavesi, Mauro E. Giuliani, Luca A. Pitera

POLITECNICO DI MILANO

School of Architecture Urban Planning Construction Engineering(AUIC)

Architectural Design Studio for Restoration and Transformation of Complex Construction

Abstract

The area considered in the project is the Veterinaria campus in Milan’s Città Studi. As a complex district with many academic institutions, Città Studi has gradually expanded and emerged since its planning in the early 1900s, contributing to the development of the surrounding urban area in the eastern suburbs of Milan.

While carrying out this thesis project, our primary goal was to preserve and transform the site and buildings based on their historical significance. For our chosen theme, the building in the centre of the veterinary campus, the former animal clinic, we planned to observe and analyse its role and history of change to understand its architectural typology and the adjacent relationships within site. By tracing the historical photographs, drawings and some relevant literature on the site, we have gained a more comprehensive understanding of the veterinary hospital grounds.

In keeping with the original plan, we have also expanded northwards from this to add two significant new volumes. One is a steel-structure and timber-facade lecture theatre, which provides an academic discussion or exhibition function for students and staff on campus. The second is the entrance hall, which has been transformed by removing the classrooms and raising the ground floor to act as a link between the old and new buildings and as a distribution place for different users.

Moreover, we propose to strengthen and repair the original parts of the building in order to adapt them to the functions of the new research centre. In particular, by studying the architectural language between different structures and materials, the old and new buildings are integrated into the same environment, bringing new vitality to the site.

Keywords

Renovation, Extension, After WWII, Steel Frame Structure, Wooden facade, Authenticity, Compatibility, Durability, Reversibility, Recognizability

Existing built: 775 m2

Extension Area: 701 m2

New Campus Research Center Total Area: 1476 m2

Astratto

L'area considerata nel progetto è il campus di Veterinaria nella Città Studi di Milano. Come quartiere complesso con molte istituzioni accademiche, Città Studi si è gradualmente espansa ed è emersa fin dalla sua pianificazione nei primi anni del 1900, contribuendo allo sviluppo dell'area urbana circostante nella periferia est di Milano.

Durante la realizzazione di questo progetto di tesi, il nostro obiettivo primario è stato quello di preservare e trasformare il sito e gli edifici in base al loro significato storico. Per il tema scelto, l'edificio al centro del campus veterinario, l'ex clinica degli animali, abbiamo pianificato di osservare e analizzare il suo ruolo e la sua storia di cambiamento per comprendere la sua tipologia architettonica e le relazioni adiacenti all'interno del sito. Grazie alle fotografie storiche, ai disegni e alla letteratura sul sito, abbiamo ottenuto una comprensione più completa dell'area dell'ospedale veterinario.

In linea con il progetto originale, abbiamo anche ampliato il progetto verso nord, aggiungendo due nuovi volumi significativi. Uno è una sala conferenze con struttura in acciaio e facciata in legno, che offre una funzione di discussione accademica o di esposizione per gli studenti e il personale del campus. Il secondo è l'atrio d'ingresso, che è stato trasformato rimuovendo le aule e rialzando il piano terra per fungere da collegamento tra il vecchio e il nuovo edificio e da luogo di distribuzione per i diversi utenti.

Inoltre, proponiamo di rafforzare e riparare le parti originali dell'edificio per adattarle alle funzioni del nuovo centro di ricerca. In particolare, studiando il linguaggio architettonico tra strutture e materiali diversi, gli edifici vecchi e nuovi si integrano nello stesso ambiente, portando nuova vitalità al sito.

Parole Chiave

Ristrutturazione, Ampliamento, Secondo dopoguerra, Struttura in acciaio, Facciata in legno, Autenticità, Compatibilità, Durata, Reversibilità, Riconoscibilità

Background

In our conservatoin and transformation project which is in a post-war campus district in Milan, we intend to introduce the fundamental background of post-war architecture development and relative case study not only in Milan also including other European renovation projects.

In brief, we put emphasis of discussion on the material transformation and development from the second world war to 21th century, covering the appearance of modern architecture in France, the rationalism and classicism architecture as representative styles in Italy, green architecture by applying sustainable material and advanced service system in recent times. For the study of material also experienced several periods such as brick and concrete structure, reinforcement concrete structure, light steel structure with glass and environment-friendly timber material.

In Milan case study, we chose two projects including residential and public function types, whereas rationalism style mainly applied concrete material, in the next several decades, buildings experienced transformation in different ways. In the other cases, we tried different keywords to analysis like "material", "typology", "geometry" and "conservation methods".

Neoclassicism in Milan

1. Generation of neoclassicism

Since second half of 18th century, Italian experienced a great deal of socio-economic changes towards a new era, neoclassicism was developed in Italy as forefront in opposition to Baroque style till 1850. In order to achieve cultural and economic renaissance, neoclassicism began around the rediscovery of Pompeii and spread all over Europe as a Grand Tour in Italy to reburn the Greco-Roman ideals. Nearly all realm of art was involved in this artistic movement including painting, architecture and literature, which is the last Italian-born style spreading to all Western Art.

2. Neoclassicism in Milan

Neoclassicism in Milan can be divided into 3 phases: the Austrian period of Enlightment, the Neopoleonic years and the Restoration over 100 years. In first period, Milan was characterized by a more sober and austere approach, resulting in symmetrical, wellordered structures like Teatro alla Scala. In second phase, new roads and city gates with Romantic features were completed such as Arco della Pace. In restoration period, with the return of Autrians, revival of previous neoclassicism was developed and approved. Our site built around 1910 is in the last period of neoclassicism in Milan including district palnning and architectural design, which followed traditional geometry and aesthetic rules in construction.

Teatro alla Scala 1778

Arco della Pace 1816

Post-War Architecture in Milan

1. Post-War re-construction in Milan

After World War II, Milan went through the 'Economic Miracle' and the destropyed city facing the reconstruction and restoration of buildings in the city. Neo-rationalism from 1960 became a new movement led by Carlo Aymonino, Also Rossi and Giorgio Grassi, who were infuenced by the European modern architecture by Le Corbusier and rationalism between 1920 and 1930. These architects claimed inspiration from both Enlightment and early-20th rationalism, and did a lot of practices in northern part of Italy mainly in Milan and Venice including residential district planning and architectural design such as QT8, San Cataldo Cemetery and Monte Amiata Housing.

2. QT8

At the end of 1933, on 5th Triennal di Milano, the thought was raised to promote an initiiation for an experimental neighbourhood in Milan. This proposal was postponed till 1945 when Piero Bottoni called for a study center with 100 architects, engineers and technicians to realize 'Social Collective' on after-war reconstruction and this new residential district. Therefore, on 8th Triennale in 1947, QT8 (Quartiere Triennale 8) appeared as a part of exhibition to construct. This neighbourhood is a multi-functional society including residential buildings, stadium, natural park, metro station and bus stops, where residents could fufill nearly all requests for life. The privacy and publicness can be well designed, and multi-story residential building provided an typical example of post-war construction in low budget.

Satellite map in 1945

Milan Case Study - 1

The 11-storey "high house" in QT8

Built between 1949 and 1951, this 'high house' was designed by Pietro Lingeri and Luigi Zuccoli as a member of INA-CASA in Italy which is a production under the law of 'Bill to increase workers' employment, facilitating the construction of houses for workers'. This building was firstly built in QT8 near Olona river following the main heliothermic axis from eat to west. On site plan, the building owns a private natural park and is near to the metro station, which is the typical neo-rationalism architecture in Milan.

Structure & Function

The main structure system is reinforcement concrete frame structure that represent the new material application after WWII, applying shear walls for stair cases. On the grounf floor, it opens partly to the public as semi-public space, which is not the same as ‘five points of architecture' of modern architecture. This building preserve other parts of ground floor as apartment units, in order to fulfill the law for low income workers since after WWII and allow more units contained. For the gradient privacy design of the whole building, it is obvius in plans and sections from public to private in function setting: stair case - corridors - entrance - bathroom/kiitchen - living room/bedroom, in addition, living room and bedroom that are most private space own most private scenary of the natural park.

Milan Case Study - 1

Plan development

The proposal for plan design seems changed over years until the construction started. The top floor part is a series of studios for artists, and the units of cornor and middle types of typical floor were changed. For the ground floor, there are s open areas for children to play and leave pillars free, from the entrance, it detaches the mass of the building. On the final completion, every floor have single corridor and 2 external stair cases, every units own 50cm high steps at door and enjoy natural light from entrance, living rooms and bedrooms all face the east direction enjoying the quiet scenary of private park, while entrances and service rooms overlook the west front.

Aprtment units

In the part of unit design, ground floor and top floor both have one type of unit, and on typical floor there are 5 kinds of units including OneBedroom, Two-Bedroom, Three-Bedroom units. Every unit guarantee at least one living room or bedroom owning one private balcony. The main pattern is radial circulation starting from entrance to different functional rooms.

Facade description

Facade of this building was divided into three main parts: Bottom / Middle / Top, Bottom and Top mass withdraw a certain diatance and apply different shape of windows to distinguish different functions of housing units. On east facade, the position of private balconies are emphasized and there is a gap between the handrail and floor for drainage.

Facade transformation

For whole building, there is a canopy added on the roof on both facades of east and west. On east facade, we could recognise the tile layer was added in recent renovation, the orange coating we also assumed as new addition on the facade. While on the west facade, more ceramic tiles were added on the stair boxes and handrails of corridors. The openings of stair cases also changed over several decades. In addition, the steel drainage system on the roof of corridors was created in recent years, original drainage system was the same material as facade not steel.

East facade photo in 1950

East facade photo in 2022

Milan Case Study - 2

Nuova sede "La Centrale"

The new headquarters for the offices of the financial company "La Centrale" was designed by architect Pietro Lingeri between 1954 and 1958.

It is a modern office complex with a large volume and an extensive functional program, updated to the most modern technological standards of the time. It is located in a central area of the city, near Piazza della Scala.

The complex consists of four parts: the two lateral bodies, of four floors above ground, are connected to the urban morphology of the block, adapting to the eaves heights of the neighbouring buildings, while the central body, of eight floors and overlooking the square in front, is set back from the boundary of the lot, giving rise to an open access space.

The openings, set back from the structural mesh, are clad in a different material and house large windows with pivoting openings. it provides a sense of importance and also creates a welcoming space in the area.

The first image shows the view from Maurilio Bossi square before Lingeri's intervention. After the intervention, as shown in the second image, this new building generates the corner of the place. With a partial step back of the building, it seems like a background of the road.

Moreover, during the progress, the intervention has different design variants. While adopting the same volumetric program, some of these proposals abandon the theme of the rational grid to present a more ordinary front set on the re-proposal of the ribbon window.

The intervention, due to the interweaving between rationalist poetics and the logic of the urban form of Milan, presents multiple aspects of interest: an outcome with considerable methodological clarity.

General view of the building

The edifice that was demolished to build "La Centrale"

Plans & Model

Model of the building being planned

View from Via dei Bossi

Via Filodrammatici

Via Arrig Boito

Facade & Detail Facade

The gridded façade language is evident in the elevations and detailing and the prominent vertical columnar elements. With good reason, speaking of the Milanese architecture of the second post-war period, the Lingeri building was recently mentioned among the examples of diffusion of the rationalist 'three-dimensional network' as a design tool with an increasingly formal and normative value "(Baglione, Susani, 345).

Paying attention to the civil decoration of the buildings is an element that characterizes the work of Lingeri, which is also found in the headquarters of "La Centrale". For example, he used pillars in this project to give monumentality to the building in the view.

Detail of the facade

South facade

European Case study - 1

Extension of Kunstmuseum, Basel

"We understand it as neither a repetition nor a copy of the main building, but rather as an emphatically contemporary, forward-looking building capable of accommodating completely new forms of art and the engagement with it," ——Christ & Gantenbein.

Plan & Facade

In terms of the master plan, the addition part has a completely different shape from the existing one, which is a whole irregularity volume compared to the existing classical typology (rectangular plan and courtyard). They are only connected by an underground canal. The addition part has only a direct entry fromed by the extension of the existing permeable arcades. While the existing facade is more accessable due to the openings and arcades.

A contemporary element —— a frieze made out of light-emitting diodes called "digital art magazine", is splashed across the front of the new brick facade to create an image for the newer building.

In terms of the facade, the new wing speaks the some language, mimicking the proportions and layout of the existing. They have same classical architecture’s standard tripartite order of base, middle, and capital. Their window height match, as well as the heights of the buildings. And they are both transparent at the lower level, becoming more solid with increasing height.

Existing part

Construction time: 1931 - 1936

Surface: 5350 sqm

Height: 25m

Function: museum, collections up to classical modernism

Same classical architecture’s standard tripartite order of base, middle, and capital.

the heights of two parts match

facade layer 3: new light frieze

facade layer 2: windows

facade layer 1: new entrys & existing arcades

Addition part

Construction time: 2009 - 2016

Surface: 2750 sqm

Height: 23m

Function: museum, larhe special exhibitions

Similarities & Differences

Existing pattern:

The existing elevations are faced in a finely jointed light grey limestone, interwoven with narrow bands of darker stone.

The light grey overall facade With some horizontal darker bands

Warm gray color

Respect the material, both solid and commonly used in history. Respect the pattern/color, perform an abstract transformation

New pattern:

The new facade consists of handmade coal-fired brick, stripes of bricks, with varied shades of grey.

The shade gradually changes from dark at the bottom of the building to light grey at the top.

Silver gray color

The new wing of Kunstmuseum

The existing part of Kunstmuseum

Volume Pattern & color

Similarities & Differences

Existing detail:

The surface is a smooth plane. Limestones have different narrow width, some are wide and some are thin. And the stones are in different colors, some bands are darker.

They both have horizontal bands in the facade, but in different ways

New detail:

The outer layer is brick layer. This layer makes a horizontal emphasis and all the bricks are 40mm high

European Case study - 2

New Federal Criminal Court - Ticino, Schweiz

This renovation project was completed in 2013 with 9580 square meters located on Via Stefano Franscini where there existing former school of Buisiness, designed by Durisch & Nolli Architetti. In conservation part: the neoclassical oeuvre has been conceived as entrance of the building. Near the previous mansory & concrete structure, new reinforcement structure was constructed to resist and protect original structure. It is, however, in the core of the building that one finds the symbol of the new institution: the main courtroom introducted by the small visiting room, adjacent to the secondary courtroom and the press room. As other criminal courts in Switzerland, this one opens its doors to the public and media during the discussion sessions. On the top floor a library occupies the spaces around the main courtroom while the neoclassical building houses the cafeteria and meeting rooms.

Here lies the conceptual connection between smoothness and plasticity, sober objectivity and monumentality, justice and ritual, logic and representation. The white color of the concrete refers not only to the clarity, purity and truth, but also to the blank page and impartiality. Thus, a quiet, even sacred, breath seems to cross the courtrooms. From this point of view one can describe the new Federal Criminal Court building in Bellinzone as a monumental structure at the same time peaceful and realistic.

Keywords

Compatibility: Use all white coating on existed facades and new addition elevations to make the whole project as a intergrated building, and remained the same rhythm sensation in the reconstructed elevations and interior corridors.

Durability: Applying reinforcement concrete structure to achieve resistance and strength.

Recognizability: Even though the whole building has white coating, the characteristic of neo-classicism can be recognized through new construction part.

Facade photo

Plan layout

It is obvious on the geometry and typology of the rhythm on plan drawings, such as the different functional rooms and corridors, following the facade design and extended into interior space design. Also in sections, the neo-classicism could be recognized easily of arches and new addition parts, the comparison between classical and modern styles.

Highlight part of renovation

The courtrooms were conceived as square floor spaces each one topped by a pyramidal dome with a skylight that provides natural light to these places. The surfaces of the dome are richly ornamented with perforated triangular panels which create an interesting pattern suggesting baroque elements. This floral motif spreads through the domes’ surfaces just as branches and leafs do in the canopies of the trees.

Ground floor Plan

Context

Under the background of neo-classicism and neo-rationalism artistic movement in Italy between 19th and 20th century, Citta Studi ever experienced neo-classicism planning and architectural design in around 1910 as well as contineous renovation and conservation stages till recent years. Over 100 years' development on this campus, architectural style changed together with the functional transformation. Our aite as Veterinary Campus in Citta Studi has three main periods: firstly planning in 1910 with function of Agriculture and Animal clinic, then planned as biologic campus and the latest renovation as a multi-functional university. To match with the campus proposal, our Building 22090 also possessed same stages: completion of construction in 1910, norther part was re-designed and added second story on main building at second stage, the demolition of northern part as a modern educational building, and requested new research center in the future planning.

We also need to emphasis the symmetry of the whole campus, which we insist in the new addition part to preserve the aethestic and geometric characteristic of site.

History of Citta Studi

1675-1702

From 1540 until 1714, the Kings of Spain dominated the Duchy of Milan and the city of Milan was considered a provincial capital, therefore, Milan was designed as a typical middle-aged city surrounded with traditional city walls.

1808

From 19th century, Milan started to expand outside the edge of city as radial geometry through main roads extending to rural area, Citta Studi was on the way to be planned and designed on the process of urban development.

Old map: 1675-1702

Old map: 1808

1820-1870

In this period Milan was still expanding its city boundaries centered main roads constructed before, while Citta Studi started to discuss and designed as educational district in the original urban planning.

1910

At the beginning of 20th century, outline of Citta Studi area were almost same as today both in historical city map of Milan and plan of the campus of 1910. The fact that fundamental buildings were completed in general could be confirmed.

Old map: 1820-1870

Old map: 1910

Condition of Citta Studi

Information on the history of the area shows that the master plan of the Citta Studi started in the 1920s. And after almost 100 years of history, the main function of the district is still university education, with complementary medical and sporting functions and abundant greenery. The present map also shows that this area is well connected by the M2 metro line and also by tram and bus lines.

Citta studi Milan

Photos of Citta Studi in 1930

Citta Studi Mapping

History map

Final master paln of Citta studi in1919 Buildings and street blocks in 1910

Road map before 1910

Other buildiings

Education buildings

Greening

Present map

Buildiings 1920-1965

Medical complex

Transportation

Buildiings 1965-now

Sport complex

History of the campus

1910

Development of Agriculture and Animal Clinic

Neo-classicism style Development of Agriculture and Animal Clinic completed around 1910 associated with obvious geometrical and symmetrical characteristics on planning and building design.

1949

Planned as a biologic campus

In the renovation after WWII, this district was planned as a biiologic campus which preserved some features of previous function, therefore some addtions on existed buildings were gradually constructed while not have certain architectural style.

Coming to the modern age, this campus continued to developed and transformed into more advanced and comprehensive university woth more research centers and laboratories focusing on academic studies.

In renovation as a multi-functional

In the future proposasl on this academic university, new functional positioning has been settled, more multi-functional and open-minded campus where more facilities and public functional spaces could be an oppotunity to catch up with the progress in society and economy.

1949 - late 20s Development and Construction of campus Current

campus

Transformation of Building 22090

1910

The single-story building was made of brick as a peak animal clinic connecting two buildings for animals on north. In addition, southern porticos also connected the other two neighbouring buildings.

The northern part was extended to the function as obstetrics and kennels and individual from the main central building which was transformed as a two-story one. The form of roof also changed along with the shape of the building.

Now, the two individual north part and the southern porticoes were demolished and whole building was transformed into a educational building. New addition part is a individual classroom open to the campus while other parts still play as a role of private research center for biology and veterinary medicine.

Possible future state

In the proposal for the whole university and Building 22090, advanced and interdisciplinary is expected to realize in the near future. For the building as research center, we intend to extend the north part as lecture hall and computer lab that will be more open to the whole campus.

Approach&Survey

This character has three main parts: Survey and get relative accurate dimentions of the existed building, including exterior survey and interior survey. In the exterior survey we tried to confirm the position of the building in the siite plan, and the nterior survey we can get the dimentions of each room.

The other part is using metashape to generate orthophoto which is the base of material and decay mapping, the material and decay analysis is throughout the whole building not only one facade, therefore, the orthophotos of all four facades are necessary to discuss the main material for plaster and decortation part surrounding the openings on the facade. Also for the deterioration mapping, touch and feel the material at site is important to discuss the characteristc of the decay appeared on the facade as well as in the interior.

The last part is diagnostic and conservation project on one typical facade. Whereas diagnostic project could be the first step for analyzing the material, we tried to protect the existed building and consolidate the demolition part in the process of new addition construction, so this part could be a early-stage preparations for next step.

Site survey

1. Polygonal survey of position on site

In the process of survey, our group attemped to get the position of the single building in the whole campus by treasuring the distance between the four corners of the building and edges of surrounding buildings, on the map, we choose the polygonal geometry survey to confirm relative correct position and relationship with surrounding buildings on the site.

2. Dimention survey of outlines for building

From larger scale to smaller scale, the large group was divided into 4 groups to meature the outlines of the building from 4 facades. In order to get more accurate dimensions, two different groups make two treasurements on the same facade, then we compared the datas with original plans provideds by professors.

3. Plants and Trees position

The last step of site survey is to record the position of trees on the site, which is important for the next design process to decide what to remain.

Structure assumption

1. First assumption for the older part of existed building

For the older part that does not have basement, which was built between 1949 and 1950, based on the historic technical drawings of the campus and the interior survey, we assumed it as brick walls and concrete beams structure, which is most popular since postwar construction in classicism style architecture. What's more, we discovered enough beams on the brick walls in interior survey,from the plan, it is obvious for brick walls and concrete beams as main structure for the whole building.

2. Next assumption for the recent part of existed building

For the other part of the building that inculding a small basement constructed for technical and heating equipment which is also visible from interior and exterior (4 concrete collumns) as reinforcement concrete structure in the next decades renovation of the two-story building. Therefore, we tried to make the structure assumption of the whole building in the explosion drawing. Then we will make the proper consolidation for the demolition part on the base of this assuumption.

Detail references

Refering to details of standard size of bircks (12cm*25cm*5.5cm) and hollow clay bricks (16cm*26cm*16cm), we compared with real dimensions of bricks at site and confirmed the basic dimensions as well as assumed this brick structure and hollow pot slab on concrete beam.

2. Reference of stair details

In the reference, we found similar constructive techinical drawings compared with photos of interior survey. Fllowing this detail, the height of one story could be estimated, which is a more necessary clue for the survey section drawings. Furthermore, it is also benifical for the material analysis in interior design of post-war period.

Reference for hollow clay brick

Reference for stairs section Reference for stairs plan

1. Reference of bricks

3. Reference of foundation

As for foundation part which we could not survey on site, in previous structure hypothesis and technical drawings of the campus, the reference with brick and concrete foundation detail would be more close to our assumption. And the thickness of mansory wall that connects with foundation is the same as reference.

4. Reference of roof

Roof with timber structure of existed building is another invisible part in the survey, which has a series of exact standard tradition including timber skeleton, two layers of tiles on the surface and metal drainage system that could be seen from exterior of the facades.

Reference for foundation

Reference for tile roof

3.

Interior survey - Basement

In the survey process of basement which is supposed to construct in recent years as renovation in order to add ventilation and heating system for the whole building, playing the role of equipment space. In brief, the stairs to basement and the equipment rooms are made the most of the space. It also have a skylight for ventilation and heat abstraction of machines, and exterior stairs to outdoor area.

The structure of basement is really easy to survey and analysis that is reinforcement concrete also for the re-built foundation under basement. As for the existed part of foundation which could be visible through a small opening, it is brick and concrete foundation that mathes with the reference of the same period.

Interior Photos

a. B02

g. Stairs

b. B02

h. B08

d. B01

i. B07

e. B06

j. B07

f. B06

k. Stairs

3.

Interior survey - Ground Floor

In the survey of ground floor where there are five entrances for different type of users: Students from the campus to attend lessons could come from north and western corner entrances, professors and researchers conld come into labs and offices through south and east doors, for the circulation for the main two crowds are also individual.

Structure of the previous part of the building, the beams are visible from interior and measurable by laser distance measuring instrument, following the visible beams we could conjecture the possible load bearing wall of the building as well as the main foundation position.

Interior Photos

b. 004

c. 003

h. 016

d. 001

i. 010

e. Stairs

j. 009

f. 015

l. 007

3.

Interior survey - First Floor

In the first floor interior survey, we put emphasis on the semicircular balconies that could not be get from othophotos and general enterior durvey, furthermore, the outlines for the first floor also relied on this survey, the conducted beams and load-bearing walls also need confirmation and verification.

Videos are necessary to identify the functions of diifferent rooms for now, some rooms have already cleaned up and will transform into new function. The positions of toilets in ground and first floor are not match from vertical dimension.

Interior Photos

Material & Decay

Material: Cement

Decay type: Black compact deposit

Decay reason:

This decay could be caused by a series of complex mixtures, such as rainfall and dirt from air, tiny material losses from very surface of the cement. Sometimes the salinity in high humidty air could have chemical reaction with cement and dirt in the common atmosphere.

Material: Plaster

Decay type: Discoloration

Decay reason:

It is mainly caused by high humidity in atmosphere, especially in rainy days water would bring tiny dirt and color painting on the surface of plaster. This circumstance would also cause other damage on the material auch as detachent and material loss.

Material: Lime mortar

Decay type: Detachment

Decay reason:

Firstly, it owns the characteristic of this material - laminar, which tends to be detached by different layers. Furthermore, general temperature change especially between seasons and climate may also the reasons to damage ans change micro structure of material itself.

Material: Concrete

Decay type: Biological colonization

Decay reason:

This deterioration always appear at bottomn and ground of buildings, mainly caused by high humidity of environment and floating seeds in the air, lichen and mould are possible grow at same time and position. For the historical building that in not often used, is better to take termly cleaning.

Material: Mortar

Decay type: Crack

Decay reason: Actually crack have similar reason as detachment which also happen on the same material type on this building - sudden temperature change and high humidity in air, gap between different materials during long periods after construction.

Material: Mortar

Decay type: White painting

Decay reason: This is totally manual activities on the existed facade and the reason could be difficult to analysis, we just assumed it ever experienced some dirty on the surface. In the next conservation project, it may better to repaint with similar yellow coating on the mortar.

Material & Decay

Material: Mortar & Plaster

Decay type: Mechanical damage

Decay reason: Due to renovation of ventilation or other equipment installment, this damage may not be prevented, and in the following years, this mechanical damage may lead to other deterioration such as cracks or detachment surrounding the existed damage position.

Material: Plastic (steps)

Decay type: Plant colonization

Decay reason: Plant colonization has similar cause as lichen and mould colonization: high himidity, regular rainy days and plant seeds in the air transferred by wind. Especially on the plastic material surface, it is much softer than cement and mortar, therefore, termly cleaning is necessary.

Material: Mortar

Decay type: Material loss

Decay reason: The reason for material loss at this position is not really easy to estimate. One possibility is the deformation of interior timber structure caused by temperature and humidity, and lead to material loss of mortar surface.

Material: Tile

Decay type: tile deterioration

Decay reason: This decay appeared on roof mainly as material loss and detachment of tiles caused by extreme wind and general rainfalls over the decades. It is fundamental deterioration which needs regular cleaning and conservation.

Material: Glass

Decay type: Abrasion

Decay reason: The matrial is basically applied to almost all openings of the building and received decays from exact weather and climate change, which could cause abrasion and deformation on the surface.

Material: Aluminum

Decay type: Rust and abrasion

Decay reason: The matrial is also widely applied to almost all openings of the building as frames to support glass inside. In the regular cleaning of opening can be enough to prevent from some fundamental deteriorations.

North facade - Orthophoto and Decay mapping

Material Deterioration

Tiles Plastic steps Black compact deposit

Plaster with painting Aluminum frame Discoloration Biodeterioration

Lime mortar of decoration Timber frame White painting Crack

Cement of decoration Glass Detachment Mechanical damage

South facade - Orthophoto and Decay mapping

Material Deterioration

Tiles Plastic steps Black compact deposit

Plaster with painting Aluminum frame Discoloration Biodeterioration

Lime mortar of decoration Timber frame White painting Crack

Cement of decoration Glass Detachment Mechanical damage

East facade - Orthophoto and Decay mapping

Material

Tiles Plastic steps Black compact deposit

Plaster with painting Aluminum frame Discoloration Biodeterioration

Lime mortar of decoration Timber frame White painting Crack

Cement of decoration Glass Detachment Mechanical damage

West facade - Orthophoto and Decay mapping

Material Deterioration

Tiles Plastic steps Black compact deposit

Plaster with painting Aluminum frame Discoloration Biodeterioration

Lime mortar of decoration Timber frame White painting Crack

Cement of decoration Glass Detachment Mechanical damage

West facade - Diagnostic & Conservation project

Diagnostic Scheme

P: Using samples for investigation in laboratory

Apply material championship preliminaries in the laboratory to check following parts: chemical-physical characterization, investigation on mineralogical petrographic, characterization quantitative of certain components on the facade.

Conservation Project

Removal

R.01: Removal of demolition part

R.02: Removal of vegetation

R.03: Removal of previous painting layer

Cleaning

Pl.01: General dry cleaning of entire surface

St: Investigations by applying strategraphic blocks

Explore the different layers of plaster outside the mansory structure, this building ever experienced renovation in the past several decades, therefore it needs more samples to confirm the layers material in different periods' construction.

Pl.02: Cleaning with absorbent clay

Pl.03: Dry cleaning with wishab sponges

Pl.04: Cleaning with deionized nebulized water in low pressures

Consolidatiion

Co.01: Micro surface consolidation

Co.02: Filling the detachment and missing part

Co.03: Consolidation and support for demolition part

Repainting

Pr.01: Repainting the white painted area

Conservation on roof part

Make use of crack part for investigation

Make use of mechanical damage part for investigation

Pl.05: Special cleaning of roof part

Filling

part

Dry cleaning with wishab sponges

Cleaning with deionized nebulized water

Micro surface consolidation

the detachment and missing

Project

After the study on background and survey on site, we supposed to create a compatible dialog between the old and the new, a comparison between the classicism and modern, a transition between the private and the public. In the typical neo-classicism style campus, Our concept, 'TOGETHER', is to make use of transition box to connect existed building of laboratories and the main functoin of lecture hall. Above all, following design steps are based on the request of whole site planning and the symmetrical geometry of the central building.

To rearrange the function for the two main classroom and redesign the individual streamlines for different types of users, we adjusted the basic type of new addition and also try to provide better solution on sustainable material choice.

Considering the existed structure mixed with original mansory & concrete structure and later renovation of reinforcement concrete, we choose steel as main new structure to connect with existed building and new timber frame facade which is playing significant role to resist the original geometry and rhythm of south facade.

Site

On site plan design, we insist the original symmetry on the plan design, including the new addition and the landscape design. Transiton volume with glass and steel frame is specially emphasised between the old and the new construction proposal, from the roof top plan, it is also obvious of the gradient privacy from existed building as academic research center, transition area as main entrance and the roof of lecture hall as green roof open to the public.

Landscape

In the landscape surrounding the Building 22090, we tried our best to preserve the existed trees on site and moditfied landscape proposal to match our renovation project. The southern part has more urban furnitures to link with the public green roof, while the northern part that has more shadows was designed as a traffic functional landscape.

Ground floor site plan

On the ground floor part, we attemped to consider whole campus as a intergrated one with contineous circulation from different entrances of buildings on site. In our building 22090, we preserve its existed entrances for professors and researchers inside, and created two new entrances in the glass transition volume especially for the lecture hall and computer lab used by university students. For the more public green roof open to the campus, the stairs towards to it are really easy and convinient to get from the existed circulation in campus.

Entrance for lecture hall

The lecture hall has its own entrance from the north facade, we try to respond to the whole campus lecture hall layout and put the entrances at the same direction, this is also benifit on the elevation design to match thythm with the proginal north facade of existed building.

Ground Floor Plan

Concept & Form Generation

- Demolition the latest classroom on ground level.

- Demolition part of walls and foundation of underground level.

- Put the two main volumes as transition and lecture hall with requested area.

- Connect the existed building and lecture hall

- Guide streamline better through gaps

- Roof as a slope to distinguish 2 volumes

- Keep the same width as the original north facade

- Follow the slope in the lecture hall

- Add the computer lab volume under slope

- Connect the two main classrooms through corridors on -1 level and traffic core at entrance

- Arrange the service and technical space

- Green roof open to the campus

- Provide skylight for PC lab as small courtyard.

Circulation Diagram

Functional and Users Analysis

Circulation Explosion

The extension of the project retains several of the original main building entrances, including those to the south and east and west.

To better organise the relationship between the old and new buildings, the new lobby also has two entrances, east and west. It's a glass box with two levels of through-height space, making the interior view more transparent. It connects the original and new buildings and provides ample light to the underground areas.

The new lecture hall has a separate entrance according to the broader range of users, facing directly onto the campus square to the north. The primary users of the computer lab are students; thus, it is arranged underground and can access through the lobby. The underground patio provides light for the computer lab and serves as an evacuation route when necessary.

The blue lines in the diagram indicate private circulations that restrict staff and faculty access. In contrast, the red lines indicate the invited circulation access to university students and guests. The roof garden is an entirely public space open to everyone.

Functional Volume Analysis

As the table shows below, the project requires a lecture hall of 267m2 and an underground computer lab of 208m2

After the conservation project, the original building will no longer be used as a laboratory but as a research centre for the new campus.

Our extension project is on the north side of the original building, connected by a new entrance hall. The auditorium is at ground level and has a roof garden that can be accessed by an external stair.

The computer lab is below the lecture hall and is lit and ventilated by an underground patio.

Considering the different usage scenarios, the lecture theatre has a moving wall and an internal audience seating system, which can fold up to make it a flexible activity space.

Function WBS diagram

Existing building 22090

Extension project

Existing building 22090

Extension project

Functional analysis

From the functional layout of different floors plan, we indicated every room with certain function and areas in detailed data. Considering the existed building function, we made demolitioins and constructions as less as possible, just made some modifications on clasrooms layout and add elevator inside old building.

In the new addtion part, entrance hall in the middle connects two classrooms and old building corridors, we preserved previous base ment technical area and storage room and make use of the space under external stairs as technical room for lecture hall ventilatoin and heating system. The traffic space in the entrance hall was put together for better circulation and match with basement existed traffic system.

Interior Views

Plans - Underground Floor

Underground Floor Extension Plan

Underground Floor Plan 1:300

Interior Views

Lecture hall

Plans - Ground Floor

Ground Floor Extension Plan

Ground Floor Plan 1:300

Interior Views

Entrance hall

Sections - A

Section A-A 1/100

Section A-A 1/100

Section A-A 1/100

Section B-B 1/100

Sections - B

Facades - North Facede

North Elevation Rendering 1: 300

North elevation of the new construction has the same thythm as the original north facade of existed building, which was equally distributed into six parts with timber frame on the facade system whereas old facade was made of plaster and mansory structure. Therefore, we could see compatible and harmoneous feeling from the north elevation, also comparison between the old material and new material where it has created an interesting dialog over 100 years' development. In addtion, from this direction, new volume has a extended state for the shape of trapzoid, and the entrance hall as a transition part also responded to the semi-circle shape space in old building.

Facades - West Facede

From west and east elevation, we could obviously recognise the preserved part, the demolition part and new addtion part of the Building 22090, same rhythm of north elevation was contineously created on the other two elevatioin till the transition glass volume, the most important is the height change from the edge of existed cornor and slope of glass box to connect with the timber lecture hall, which also have a slope to welcome students and visitors to the roof garden, the different heights also correspond to the postions on previous facade. That is the reason why it is compatible and suitble in the geometric analysis on this elevation.

Interior Views

Corridor to computer lab

Underground entrance hall

Underground patio

Multi-Functional Space

Ordinary functions:

Lecture hall & Formal reporting & Lectures & Lessons

Other functions:

Exhibition Hall & Research presentations & Exchange seminars & Campus Events

Movable Furniture

Movable acoustic wall Retractable seating system

Movable glass doors

Detail Plan - 01

For the first detailed plan and facade, we chose the underground patio area, where the intersection of interior and exterior materials can be seen in its entirety, as well as the entire wooden façade from bottom to top. The details of the façade show the correspondence between the windows and doors and the interior spaces. The patio on the ground floor brings natural light to the computer room and serves as an evacuation route when necessary.

Detailed Plan 01

Detailed Plan 01

Detail Section - 01

Our first section shows the east elevation of the lecture hall and the part of the underground patio, including the connection and waterproofing of the green roof to the elevation, the structure of the interior, the ceiling and insulation, and the drainage of the outdoor area.

1. 150mm vegetation layer (Anti-slip system)

25mm drainage mat

5mm protection and storage mat

8mm protective mat

10mm bitumen membrane

160mm PUR thermal insulation

5mm vapour barrier

150mm composite slab

2. Drainage

3. 30mm plywood

25mm oak boarded

8mm waterproof layer

200mm thermal insulation (wooden supporting inside)

5mm vapour barrier

25mm oak boarded cladding

4. 300*500mm secondary beam

5. 260*260mm secondary beam

6. Acoustic Ceiling

7. Opening for ventilation

8. Top hung window (double glazing)

9. 20mm wooden pavement

10mm Acoustic layer

80mm Concrete layer

10. 150mm composite slab

11. Acoustic Ceiling

12. Double glazing door (Sunshade louvres inside)

13. 20mm pavement

20mm Screed

5mm vapour barrier

150mm Insulation

10mm bitumen membrane

30mm Screed

350mm iglu system

50mm Concrete layer

14. 450mm Retaining Wall

Details

30mm plywood

25mm oak boarded

8mm waterproof layer

150mm vegetation layer (Anti-slip system)

25mm drainage mat

5mm protection and storage mat

8mm protective mat

10mm bitumen membrane

160mm PUR thermal insulation

5mm vapour barrier

150mm composite slab

Top hung window (double glazing)

200mm thermal insulation

(wooden supporting inside)

5mm vapour barrier

25mm oak boarded cladding

Acoustic Ceiling

Exterior wall supporting (for vertical frames)

30mm plywood

25mm oak boarded

8mm waterproof layer

200mm thermal insulation

(wooden supporting inside)

5mm vapour barrier

25mm oak boarded cladding

Interior layer:

70mm insulation

25mm oak boarded cladding

Double glazing door (Sunshade louvres inside)

Fixed seating system:

20mm wooden pavement

10mm Acoustic layer

80mm Concrete layer

150mm composite slab

Drainage

20mm pavement

20mm Screed

5mm vapour barrier

150mm Insulation

10mm bitumen membrane

30mm Screed

350mm iglu system

50mm Concrete layer

Acoustic Ceiling

For the second detailed plan and facade, we chose the connected area of the new entrance and outdoor stairs to the roof. As shown in the plan, there is a technical room below the outdoor staircase, providing fresh air for the lecture hall. The glass façade of the hall is connected to the wooden façade at the corner. The elevation drawings also show the existing plaster walls, the glazed walls and the wooden walls as a new integral facade.

Detail Section - 02

Our second detail section shows the intersection part of the existing building and extension building, including the intersection of the original north elevation and the glass roof of the entrance hall, and the intersection of the green roof of the lecture hall and the side of the glass hall roof.

25mm drainage mat

5mm protection and storage mat

8mm protective mat

10mm bitumen membrane

160mm PUR thermal insulation

5mm vapour barrier

150mm composite slab

20mm plaster board

150mm Insulation (supporting keel inside)

20mm plaster board

6mm coating

13. 20mm pavement

20mm Screed

5mm vapour barrier

150mm Insulation

10mm bitumen membrane

30mm Screed

350mm iglu system

50mm Concrete layer

1. Sheet-aluminium sliding panel

2. Steel fixing for beams

3. Triple glazing roof

4. Drainage

5. 150mm vegetation layer (Anti-slip system)

6. Wooden bench

7. 260*260mm secondary beam

8. 300*800mm Primary beam

9. Acoustic Ceiling

10. Opening for ventilation

11. 6mm coating

12. Semi-auto movable wall system

14. Retractable Seating System

Details

Sheet-aluminium sliding panel

Anti-slip system

Triple glazing roof

Steel fixing for beams

D2 - 2

150mm vegetation layer (Anti-slip system)

25mm drainage mat

5mm protection and storage mat

8mm protective mat

10mm bitumen membrane

160mm PUR thermal insulation

5mm vapour barrier

150mm composite slab

Shutters

Drainage

Acoustic Ceiling

Wall supporting system

Interior plaster walls:

6mm coating

20mm plaster board

150mm Insulation

(supporting keel inside)

20mm plaster board

6mm coating

Semi-auto movable wall system

Opening for ventilation

20mm pavement

20mm Screed

5mm vapour barrier

150mm Insulation

10mm bitumen membrane

30mm Screed

350mm iglu system

50mm Concrete layer

Acoustic Ceiling

Wooden bench

Structure & Technology

In the structure design, first assignment is the existed mansory and concrete structure preservation. When it comes to the new addtion, we chose steel frame as main structure and steel connection between the old reinceforcement concrete structure and the new steel structure. In the structure of the 230 sqm lecture hall with long span, we need 80cm high primary beam and for secondary beam system, it has prefabricated shape as diagnal form with haunches at end.

Comprehensive considerition on design, structure and facade system, we tried to realize some basic sustainable concepts such as green roof, recycled drainage system in the space of columns, sustainable material like timber facade system, ventilation system combined with technical room for each classroom, solar panels also as shadow system on the glass roof. In the following characters we did ventilation, heating and water supply systems proposal for the new consdtruction space.

Exploded view of the structure

New additional part:

Prefabricated connecting elements

+

Secondary beams installed on the site +

Reinforced primary beam (with haunch)

Existing building: Masonry structure (brick walls)

+

Confining concrete beams

+

Concrete columns (only north part)

+ Hollow brick slabs

+

Wooden structure roofing

Detailed Structure

Connection between beams and retaining wall

Connection between secondary beam and primary beam

Connection between beams of different sizes

Connection between columns and beams

Load definition

Load 01: Normal floor of new addition

Load 02: Roof garden of lecture hall

Beam check

1. Load: q=47.3 kN/m

2. Reactions: V=189.1 kN , M=378.3 kN*m

3. Choose section: S355, fyd=335 MPa

Wel=Mres.el/fyd=336.5 cm3 —— HEB260, h=260mm, b=260mm

4. Control the shear capacity: Av=37.6 cm2

Vres.pl=Av(fyk/γs *√3)=565.8 kN, Vres.pl>V ——Verification passed.

1. Load: q=47.3 kN/m

2. Reactions: V=567.4 kN , M=2041.2 kN*m

3. Choose section: S355, fyd=335 MPa

Wel=Mres.el/fyd=6093.1 cm3 —— HEB800, h=800mm, b=300mm

4. Control the shear capacity: Av=161.8 cm2

Vres.pl=Av(fyk/γs *√3)=2437.8 kN, Vres.pl>V ——Verification passed.

5. Check displacement: Dmax=L/250=6.74 cm, D=6.24cm, D<Dmax , Verification passed.

Secondary beam of lecture hall

Primary beam of lecture hall

Forces and Moment check

DISPLACEMENT

The most significant problem in MIDAS simulation is the displacement at the middle of the longest span of pecture hall, we ever applied HEB 800 primary beam but it exceeded the limit, then we add support at edge and change the steel type into larger yield strength as S355

BEAM STRESS

Applying self loads and wind loads on the structure, the maximum of beam stress appeared at the edge of the logest span of primary beam after adding reinforced connections for the reason of displacement. However, every node between columns and beams also need to be reinforced.

BEAM TORSION

In the gragh of beam torsion analysis, maximum datas happened at 4 corners and computer lab, therefore additional beams and columns are necessory construction.

analysis, it is obvious that basically corners of the lecture hall additional connectors between necessory in the process of classroom

BEAM SHEAR FORCE

Analyzing the beam shear force on y and z direction, we could see different results compared with previous diagrams. The part that most need take care of is the two primary beams togther with columns in lecture hall and computer lab, where stronger material is necessary to apply.

BEAM MOMENT

Beam moment diagram is more or less similar to the dispalcement gragh, maximum appeared at the same position, middle of longest primary beam. In addition, other primary beams that only have columns at edge also need some supportings at corner.

Sustainability Concept

NATURAL LIGHT

We guarantee every room enjoying natural light: entrance hall as a glass box, lecture hall has openings on three directions' elevations, computer lab receive natural light through courtyard under ground.

GREEN ROOF

The roof garden is the symbol that we aimed to open the whole addition to the campus, entrance (stairs) to the roof also obvious from the common circulation to the building.

SUSTAINABLE MATERIAL

On the material choice, there are three main materials in the new addition part: steel structure, timber and glass facade system, every material we applied is sustainable and changable.

RECYLE WATER DRAINAGE

Water drainage system including edges of glass roof, the single-slope on the roof garden and transfer rain through tubes inside columns of the lecture hall and recyle from underground storage.

VENTILATION SYSTEM

Ventilation system for the two new classrooms is designed individual together with relative machines in techinical room, whereas for glass entrance hall is combined with existed building ventilation.

SOLAR ENERGY

On the roof of glass volume, we applied solar panels not only for shadows from sunlight but also for low-carbon life and recycled energy concept in the new construction part.

Salor Analysis

We collected our solar study using Rhino (ladybug) for the overall site analysis and the selected building solar analysis. It is critical to carry out these solar analyses as our extension is located to the north of the existing building with a glazed box as a transition space. We applied solar glazing panels to the roof of the box to avoid excessive solar radiation causing excessive interior temperatures.

We also noticed that the wooden facade of the auditorium absorbed a moderate amount of solar radiation so we could consider the lecture hall to have a better indoor quality.

Sunlight hours and sun path diagram (whole year)

Shadow Analysis

We simulated the daytime solar exposure and the distribution of shadows on the summer and winter solstices, respectively. The overall sunlight is sufficient in the summer can we could consider the outdoor green space and the roof garden to have a good atmosphere for activities. Besides, we also found that the new extension part to the north still enjoys more daylight in the winter, even though it is less than in the summer.

Time: Summer solstice day

Time: Winter solstice day

Service system concept

Ventilation System

Ventilation of this project can be divided into three parts: existed building and entrance hall part with machines on the roof area, lecture hall part with facilities under stairs to roof garden, computer lab part with individual techiniical room neighbour to classroom.

Water suply & Waste system

As for water supply and waste system, mainly in toilet area that we put at the same area in each floor, which is convenient and easy-facilitied in the process of constructioin. Considering drainage system for the new addtion part, we made use of the single-slope roof garden to collect rainfall through main two columns and transfer to underground.

Heating system

Heating system design concept is similar to ventilation, existed buidling is seperated to new addtion part. Under the background of Milan climate, we calculated heat loads of new addtions in winter applying designed U-Values for different materials.

Fresh Air

Return Air / Exhausted Air

Water supply system

Waste system

Drainage system

Heating system (hot water)

Heating system (cold water)

Heat load

Basic data:

External design temperature in Milan: -5oC

Internal design temperature for education building: 20oC

Design temperature difference: 25oC

Building data:

Collect datas of lecture hall and compute lab with internal air volume (Vi ), area (A k ), thermal transmittance of each Building element (Uk), thermal transmittance of each linear thermal bridge (Ψl), length of each linear thermal bridge in meters (Li).

Total heat load:

Total design heat loss is the sum of design transmission heat loss for heated space, design ventilation heat loaa for heated space, design heating-up capacity, therefore, we calculated these heat loss seperately in the new addtiion part, and get the final data of total heat loss.

Heat loss calculation:

1. Transmission heat loss calculation: including direct to exterior, through unheated soace, through ground, heat loss through to different heated space.

2. Direct to exterior: including building element and every thermal bridge heat loss by getting the proper U-Values.

3. Through unheated space: between classrooms and technical rooms.

4. Through the ground: for lecture hall, it has the retaining wall at the bottom of the floor, for computer lab its floor just on the ground.

Total heat loss

Ventilation system

Overall information

As described before, new addition has provided individual ventilation system and relative technical room for lecture hall and computer lab. For this reason, we calculate airflow and duct sections seperately.

Section calculation

Firstly, the total air flow includes air flow for area and airflow for person, we also need decide the air velocity for primary tubes and secondary tubes. All formulas and calculations are mainly for the fresh air flow.

Duct size decision

When we take consideration on choosing proper duct size of ventilation, compared with circle shape, rectangular shape is better choice for the limited height of ceiling space.

Technical room

We designed individual techinical room directly for each classroom, where ventilation and heating machines could be put.

Duct size

Ventilation plan & section

From the section and plan of ventilation system, it is carefully considered the space between main structure and ceiling area, different duct sizes for lecture hall and computer lab can be read from the technical drawings.

Ground floor plan of ventilation system

Underground floor plan of ventilation system

Section of ventilation system

Cold and hot water supply system

The water supply for this project is the branch system. In this type of installation, the various fixture units are connected one after the other to the same trunk line, generally using tee fittings.

Also, as there are only three bathrooms in this project that require hot water supply, we have adopted the simpler method of installing individual water heaters on each floor.

1. First step of dimension the supply pipes is to calculate the water flow in a specific way, and here we calculated according to EN806.

The loading units method is used (LU, Loading Units) with: 1 LU=0.1 l/s

Get the loading units for different points of use, LU: Washbasin, WC = 1 Urinal with outlet valve = 3

2. Starting with the last fixture that is connected to the network, the sum of the LUs is calculated for each section of pipe. In this way we got the sum of LU.

3. The European standard EN8063 presents a simplified method for pipe dimensioning. Based on the type of material used for the pipes and the LUs calculated, the diameter of each section of pipe is determined.

Cold water chart

Pipe dimensioning chart

Underground floor layout

Ground floor layout

First floor layout

Vertical layout

Waste water system

The standard that regulates the dimensioning of gravity waste systems inside buildings is the European Standard UNI EN 12056. The dimensioning process of a waste system can be divided up into the following phrases:

1. Calculation of the flow rates in relation to the drainage units of the sanitary fixtures connected. So we got the flow rate of each sanitary fixture according to the Standard, DU(l/s):

Washbasin = 0.5 l/s

WC (9 litre cistern) = 2.5 l/s

Wall urinal =0.2 l/s

And as our system doesn't have continuous flow rates or waste water pumps, then the total flow rate for each section is equal to the flow rate of the waste waters caused by sanitary fixtures (l/s):

Qtot=Qww=K*sqrt (sum DU), for our school project, the coefficient K is 0.7.

2. Determination of the diameters of branches that connect the sanitary fixtures to the waste stacks.

3. Select the general gradient as 1cm/m, and according to the diagram, select the right size of pipe.

Water flow and pipe size chart

Vertical pipe chart

Ground floor & First floor chart

Underground floor chart

Underground floor layout

Ground floor layout

First floor layout

Vertical layout

Rainwater drainage system

The sizing process of a rainwater system can be divided into the following steps:

1. Calculation of roof surface. For each roof has different effective surfaceA, besides Ah is the horizontal projection of the roof area, Av is the vertical projection.

For single pitched roof with adjacent vertical wall: A = Ah + 0.5*Av

For single pitched roof: A= Ah + 0.5*Av

For flat roof: A=Ah

2. Calculation of the flow collected on the roof. Flow rate Q = r*A*c1*c2, in which r=0.04l/s/m2 , c1=1, c2=1. So we got the top roof flow rate and underground garden flow rate listed in the chart.

3. Sizing of rainwater downpipes according to the flow rate of each outlet.

4. Sizing of rainwater collector pipes.

Water flow chart

Pipe size chart

Rain water direction

Drainage system

Bibliography

Bibliography

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Pietro Lingeri, 1894- 1968: la figura e l'opera: atti della Giornata di studio: Triennale di Milano, lunedi 8 Novembre 1994

La pratica del fabbricare - Parte prima: Il rustico delle fabbriche - con 302 figure intercalate nel testo e con un atlante infolio di 68 tavole in cromolitografia. Formenti, Carlo. 1909

P.L. Nervi, Structures, G. & M. Salvadori ed., New York, 1956

L.Wong, Adaptive Reuse, 2017

C.Beruto, Progetto del piano regolatore della città di Milano, realizzazione all’onorevole giunta comunale, Tipografia Bernardoni, 1885

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Lebanese American University, POST WAR RECONSTRUCTION: THE LESSONS OF EUROPE, New York, 2018

Andrea Canziani, Modern architectural heritage as a catalyst for education in conservation, EAAE Transactions on Architectureal Educationa N.52, Italy

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Website

https://blog.urbanfile.org/2019/02/16/milano-qt8-un-intero-quartiere-da-preservare/

https://www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/fotografie/schede/IMM-3u030-0016619/

https://www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/architetture900/schede/RL560-00030/

https://www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/architetture900/schede/RL560-00014/

http://www.maarc.it/opera/nuova-sede-degli-uffici-della-finanziaria-la-centrale-e-arredamenti

http://www.maarc.it/autore/pietro-lingeri

https://www.domusweb.it/en/movements/italian-rationalism.html

https://www.archdaily.com/44267/kunstmuseum-extension-christ-gantenbein

https://www.archdaily.com/785910/kunstmuseum-basel-christ-and-gantenbein

https://www.dezeen.com/2009/12/17/extension-kunstmuseum-by-christ-gantenbein/

https://www.britannica.com/art/Western-architecture/Classicism-1830-1930

https://arqa.com/en/_arqanews-archivo-en/federal-criminal-court-bellinzona-switzerland.html

STUDENT:

Weiwei Zheng

Yujie Jia

SUPERVISOR:

Giulio M.Barazzetta

CO-SUPERVISOR:

Sonia Pistida, Lucia Toniolo, Angela Pavesi, Mauro E. Giuliani, Luca A. Pitera

POLITECNICO DI MILANO

School of Architecture Urban Planning Construction Engineering(AUIC)

Architectural Design Studio for Restoration and Transformation of Complex Construction