Report PG 6-3

Urban Design Design Studio III Study Report of Project Group 6-3 April 2017 $7.50

The City city beautigul movement INdustrial aesthetics how to make a city attractive

Content

Strategic Approach and Development Program

City Beautiful Movement

Create a connected and a more liveable community, the principles of the masterplan are trying to improve the public transport service, housing types for different people, economic growth, heritage cultural protection and environment protection in Glenside.

City Beautiful Movement definitely influences the American society at that time and inspired the urban design concept in the future. However, this movement has also been criticized and identified as an unrealistic and false proposition by some critics.

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City Beautiful in Australia

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Expressions of beauty in Industrial Aesthetics Kyoto The realization of industrial aesthetic Kyoto is located in the western Japan.

Kyoto together with west Shiga and Osaka makes up the "Kyoto metropolitan area". And Kyoto has always been the capital of Japan since the 794 years.

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How to make a city attractive?

concept should achieve four aspects: functional beauty, beauty of technology, beauty of material and formal beauty.

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Strategic Approach and Development Program for Glenside

Bowen Wang a1680673

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ccording to “30-year plan for Greater Adelaide”, the master plan should follow three objectives: Maintain and Improve Liveability, Increase Competitiveness, Sustainability and Climate Change. There are 14 principles for how to build a more liveable, competitive and sustainable region, and they haven’t changed since 2010. Look through these principles, it is clearly that the plan focused on Improve quality of live by create a connected city and diversity housing to achieved affordable living, it also focused on retain heritage culture. About competitiveness and sustainability, the 30-year plan mention the economic growth and environment protection. As a mixed-use community, the limitation of Glenside such as the hectare and location make it cannot be developed like city, but the Glenside’s strategic objectives should can help to build the Greater Adelaide.

Combined with 30-year plan for Greater Adelaide we proposed our own strategic objectives. First is actively promoting economic restructuring, and improving the quality and efficiency of economic growth. Second is making a suitable living environment which is also sustainable development, harmony, stability, inclusive, modern community. Third is making solid progress in conserving energy, reducing emissions and protecting the environment. By following the strategic objectives, the development of Glenside will conform to 30-year plan for Greater Adelaide.

To achieved our strategic objectives, we proposed 6 principles for Glenside.

First is accessibility of transport, currently there are only two bus stop close to Glenside, one is close to north exist, the other one is located on Glen Osmond road, we proposed to add a bus stop which is close to the entrance (Mulberry Road) of Glenside so that people are well serviced by public transport.

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alking path, cycling path also will be organized to covering the residential and public area. Second is housing diversity, we proposed to provide different housing types for all ages such as one bedroom apartment or townhouse for student and single, 2 bedrooms housing for family, consider about personal economic situation there also have diversity size housing or more garages for choice. Third, heritage buildings are an important part of Adelaide’s fabric, protect and reuse of heritage buildings plays a key role in revitalizing key precincts that are reflective of cultural values and reinforce sense of place. Glenside heritage buildings can be reused as library, museum or cafÊ, it not only retains the history culture but also attracts people to visit. Then, the interface between residential area and the main road always have a large stream of people, it is a great opportunity to help the economic growth. By building some stores along the Mulberry road to attract more people come and visit Glenside, also improve the economic. Afterwards, the environment protection and biodiversity are both mentioned in 30-year plan for Greater Adelaide, it will create a more comfortable and healthier living area. The Adelaide’s average number of hot days above 35C is predicted to dramatically increase in the future, maximize the green area becomes a main task, so it is not only concentrate on rejuvenating the existing vegetation, like grass and shrubs but also plan more trees to cover the public area.

To maximize the green area, the roof of apartment can be considered as roof garden. Finally, Glenside community should increase housing supply near jobs, services and public transport to improve affordability and provide opportunities for people to reduce their transport costs. it also follows the affordable living.

These are development programs we created based on Strategic objectives.

Our master plan’s main concept is sightseeing, we proposed to design a mixed- use community that can attract people come and visit.

Overview the master plan, it shows that the residential area consisted with apartment and townhouse, the proportion is about 70% :30% because the residential development density is 100 dwellings/ha so there are approximately 900 dwellings in Glenside. Apartment building heights are proposed have 6-7 storeys, townhouses and commercial buildings are 2-3 storeys. Diversity housing type for all ages from singles, couples, young families, mature families, empty nesters through to the elderly.

The 2 storeys commercial buildings can be located on two sides of Mulberry road. To access Glenside, there will be 4 exits and entrances, the new road connections to Greenhill Road and Fullarton Road are proposed, also a new bus stop on Fullarton road will be investigated.

The walking path will be covering the whole community, bicycles will share the internal roads and the open space pathways, the trees will be plan on the both sides of the road, the connection with the Frewville shopping center also will be improved. The public space will be designed as landscape, they will take up approximately 45% -55% of the site.

In public space there have BBQ, shelter, and people can do some exercises, it follows our sightseeing conception. The Elms building forecourt will be the focal point of the development, providing a high amenity passive recreation area for the public to relax and enjoy the grandeur of the heritage buildings, it connected with one of the public space.

First of master plan out-come is site access, the new access on the Fullarton road and Greenhill road will more convenient for people to get bus, the new bus stop should be located close to the intersection of Fullarton and Mulberry road. Second is new internal road, there are 5 new signalized intersection, together with internal road network treatments will help to minimize traffic load on Amber Woods Drive and Eucalyptus Road, the driveway link will be 6 meters wide and will provide connection with residential area and open space. And Then, the proposed walking path will cover the whole residential area and open space, it also connected with main road. The walking path around apartment will be flexible and random, because most young people choose to live in apartment, it will be an abstractive way to show their active lifestyle. In contrast, the walking path between townhouse will be more regularly, because most older people live in there, they lead a regular life, also most of them have vehicles, 2 open space in the center of townhouse area are proposed, the open space not only reduce traffic load in residential area but also provide activity space.

Besides, the greening of the site.

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ew trees are proposed to cover street and open space, according to road’s hierarchy choose different species such as open space and roof garden are proposed to be small or medium evergreen species. Afterwards, the open space and recreation.

The north-west corner will be the storm water catchment zone, the most open space will be located around apartment and designed as landscape, the idea is providing a high amenity passive recreation area for the public to relax and enjoy, and people can feel closer to nature. Last is built form, apartment allotments are set back from Fullarton Road along the west elevation, the townhouse are set on the north.

There is a 50m separation between Mulberry road two sides to provide an unobstructed view to the heritage listed Administration Building.

Commercial buildings on Mulberry road create a small business area in Glenside, cafĂŠs and clothes stores will be followed Mulberry road.

About reuse the Elms building, removing the additions on the east, north and south sides are proposed, the ground floor can be used as child care center, other floors can be used as library. The Occupational Therapy Centre are proposed to be a gym. The former Cottage Wards are similar to Elms building, removing the external additions and redesign the building as townhouse.

In conclusion, by following the strategic objectives we aim to create a connected and a more liveable community, the principles of the masterplan are trying to improve the public transport service, housing types for different people, economic growth, heritage cultural protection and environment protection in Glenside. So we plan to redesign the access and internal road that can bring more conveniences for people, also the walking path, cycling will covering the Glenside, then more trees will be planned on open space and roof garden, the open space will be designed as landscape, at the same time reuse heritage building to protect culture and commercial buildings, these design are all to attract more people, last is based on people’s economic level they can choose different housing types. Our masterplan for Glenside can help to build a Greater Adelaide.

City Beautiful Movement in America— Background, Idioms, Criticism, Examples and Influence

Max Ma a1680673

Introduction: City Beautiful Movement is one of the progressive reform movement appeared in America during the 1890s to 1910s, aiming to enhance the life quality and maintain the mutual benefit of the public through reshaping the city layout landscape design and land distribution. It definitely influences the American society at that time and inspired the urban design concept in the future.

However, this movement has also been criticized and identified as an unrealistic and false proposition by some critics. The following pages will introduce the controversial Movement through five aspects: Historical background, Architectural idioms, Criticism, Examples, and Influence.

Historical background: Around the late 19th century and early 20th century in America, the country experienced Industrial Revolution, a four-year recession and a stage of rapid population growth.

Most of the towns could no longer maintain such massive population which has tripled from 31.4 million to 91.9 million between 1860 and 1910. Lots of rural residents moved into the city, nearly half of America people lived in the urban area at that time, the residential room and job opportunity were so limited. Thus, the life quality and social order were obviously affected: High unemployment rate, social class contradictions and especially crime. City Beautiful Movement emerged at the right time because of such problems. In 1893 World’s Fair in Chicago, Urban design “White City” provided by Daniel Burnham cooperating with several landscape designers and artists got a huge response and affirms. Over 27 million people visited this design and they were impressed. The design of parks, reflective pools and plazas have broken public’s flat understanding of urban planning. After that, to avoid the blind growth of the city, City Beautiful Movement had a real sense of development.

The government adopted significant numbers of large-scale urban planning projects for those major cities such as Washington, Chicago, Los Angeles and Detroit, hoping that comprehensive and cultural planning can solve issues like poverty, crime, and congestion. Therefore, City Beautiful Movement became the main theme of urban design and the effective approach to social conflicts in a matter of course during that time, showing standard and influence for urban planning in the next few decades.

Architectural idioms: Several Architectural idioms were used and highlighted during City Beautiful Movement period, while Beaux-Arts and Neoclassical building style are the most representative two. BeauxArts is actually a design style and a neoclassical architectural genre first identified in Paris and become famous around the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. A few American architects are used to study at École des Beaux-Arts in France, they tried to introduce these design idea of Beaux-Arts to America. For instance, Frederick Law Olmsted imported this design style into his lagoon design of White city in the Chicago Columbian Exposition in 1893. So did the Neoclassical Architecture style, originated from the neoclassical movement during the mid-18th century. It references the style of ancient Greek and Italian Palladio type buildings. And it was frequently used in American designer in the Chicago Columbian Exposition as well. In the next 20 years, these two Architectural idioms threaded throughout the movement and can be found in many cities

The World Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893. The Court of Honor SOURCE: Plan of Chicago by Daniel Hudson Burnham.

Criticism: Around 1910s, the City Beautiful Movement was in full swing.

Nonetheless, criticism and attack rose at the same time. And till the late 1920s, City Beautiful Movement started to decline. Under the pressure of public opinion and the conflict of interests, many plans and designs cannot be implemented anymore.

Mainly, two opinions were post.

One idea of criticizing is saying that the City Beautiful Movement is Formalism and has always been political, as a tool for politics gaining their own benefits from the general class. It is also identified as a channel to profit the social elite and the commercial group but ignore the situation of the others, especially the labor community. For instance, Mel Scott identified Daniel Burnham’s plan of Chicago as an aristocratic city for only the group of wealthy.

Banker Henry Morgenthau claimed in 1909 that the very first aim of planner was to clean the breeding places of“disease, moral depravity, discontent, and socialism.” Partly according to the ornate design style, people were not willing to see the government spending money on planning or building things luxury and exaggerated and such movement seems nothing to do with the status of the local working class. The other point is that, the city can only solve those issues of the surface like offering spacious roads and plazas to change the outlook of the city but city’s land was fully invaded by the commercial area and they never consider about whether it is functional or not.

Sometimes planners may focus too much on the physical views of the landscape but ignore the potential principles. Furthermore, cities space would be covered by vehicle as time goes. The demand of viaduct, parking buildings, and good transportation system makes the City Beautiful Movement no longer suitable and useful. The historian Thomas Adams said that the roads redesign was too simple, planner should figure out further ways to deal with the traffic and consider architecture and road system separately. Yet, realists could not agree with such criticism above, claiming that it is unreasonable to fully negative City Beautiful Movement. In fact, in the contest between realism and idealism the latter won and the movement only lasted about 20 years.

The Chicago Plan of 1909. A complete scheme of classical civic order is laid down on the Illinois grid. And amazingly, spurred by civic boosterism, by 1925 much of it is complete. Source: © The Art Institute of Chicago.

M

ost of the major cities of America were facing the soaring population in late 19th century. City Beautiful Movement was very popular and has been implemented in those developed industrial city. Between the 1908 and 1918 of Detroit, the local government took the initiative to invite famous planners to Detroit including Charles Mumford Robinson, Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr, Cass Gilbert and so on.

Some well-designed projects were produced such as 18-story Michigan Central Station and Roosevelt Park.

They are two combined design on the west of the city center built between 1910 and 1921, and was the highest train station of America at that time. When the building was completed, it quickly became the focus of the city, effectively embodied Detroit's prosperity.

However, it did not last long. The city population kept growing fast but disorderly due to the ignorance of employment and housing issues.

Problems showing above have not been resolved, but increased. Finally the station was closed at 1988 and it is still deserted now. From the result point of view, Robinson’s cannot be a successful one. And the criticism about City Beautiful Movement is not one-sided but true.

Postcard of MCS and Roosevelt Park, early 1920s (Courtesy of the Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Public Library).

When it comes to Chicago plan produced by Daniel Burnham in 1909, it is quite successful. It was finally finished at 1925 which is actually a challenge for them because that the voice of opposition to City Beautiful Movement was relatively high at that time. As the result, the layout plan of Chicago is effective and functional. He redesigned the bridges, boulevard along the lake and the park, the road system, railway station; expand Chicago’s central business district; create new space for institutions and infrastructure and create civic cultural centers to increase the cohesion and harmony of the city.

In this case, Burnham’s design has proved that when dealing with city issues, City Beautiful Movement can be helpful. The success of Chicago plan inspired other civic leaders and planners and set off an upsurge of City Beautiful Movement.

The Chicago Plan of 1909. A complete scheme of classical civic order is laid down on the Illinois grid. And amazingly, spurred by civic boosterism, by 1925 much of it is complete. Source: Š The Art Institute of Chicago.

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n the other hand, when the time came to the mid-1920s, Administrative Center Plans of Los Angeles was facing a total different situation. Administrative Center Plan is another example offered by Allied Architect Association and lead by Charles Mulford Robinson. But, it is the civic plan which was finally not accepted according to the objection and criticism. Charles Mulford Robinson, as the leading spokesman of the whole City Beautiful Movement, his ideas is realized in most of big American cities excepting Los Angeles. Using his word, Los Angeles is the most “obstinate� child. In 1920s the enthusiasm of City Beautiful Movement had been fallen with all the changes, the local government found the shortage of this movement, they preferred spending more money on building infrastructure constructions like harbor and aqueducts rather than build beautiful landscapes. City Beautiful Movement is no more optimistic and Allied Architect Association was facing difficulties in the terms of politics, economy, society and ideas. So, the idea of city beautiful have to turn to another way that easier to applicate.

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Tceatet aut que restotatur?Dolor arciati volor sedigen imagnatem quias con prorepe ditiam quiam, sunt et, ad quatem .

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n general, the City Beautiful Movement is a positive movement conforming to the time. It did make the appearance of cities aesthetic and break the way of former urban layout. Issues of infrastructure construction were also solved to certain extent.

Nevertheless, it was criticized by lot of people as time goes. Since people find that some plans or designs cannot solve the real existing social conflict and it is still a waste to build such ornate architectures. Then it was quickly replaced by city efficient and city practical or called zoning plan, avoiding large-scale design in order to minimize the resistance.

City Beautiful Movement is quite controversial, but it is unreasonable to totally ignore the positive influence on American urban planning, society and the public.

The core idea of City Beautiful Movement is to reshape and rebuild the visual order and the beauty of harmony of city through building large-scale landscape parks and boulevards. And it also improves the infrastructure and functions of city to meet the business and daily needs.

Daniel Burnham as the leading thinker of City Beautiful Movement who directed plans of cities involved Washington, D.C., San Francisco, Cleveland and Chicago.

His works improve the city layout and accelerate its development, enabling city to adapt the growth of population. However, City Beautiful Movement has gone, the legacy rendered by it is significant.

As the later design may in most cases follow the style of Beaux-Arts and Neoclassical architecture, it left a great number of heritage buildings as well which is valuable to study today. Some parks and plazas have changed the landscape and they are still wildly appreciated by people nowadays.

City Beautiful in Australia

Ray a1697301

Introduction: City Beautiful Movement is one of the progressive reform movement appeared in America during the 1890s to 1910s, aiming to enhance the life quality and maintain the mutual benefit of the public through reshaping the city layout landscape design and land distribution. It definitely influences the American society at that time and inspired the urban design concept in the future.

However, this movement has also been criticized and identified as an unrealistic and false proposition by some critics. The following pages will introduce the controversial Movement through five aspects: Historical background, Architectural idioms, Criticism, Examples, and Influence.

Historical background: Around the late 19th century and early 20th century in America, the country experienced Industrial Revolution, a four-year recession and a stage of rapid population growth.

Most of the towns could no longer maintain such massive population which has tripled from 31.4 million to 91.9 million between 1860 and 1910. Lots of rural residents moved into the city, nearly half of America people lived in the urban area at that time, the residential room and job opportunity were so limited. Thus, the life quality and social order were obviously affected: High unemployment rate, social class contradictions and especially crime. City Beautiful Movement emerged at the right time because of such problems. In 1893 World’s Fair in Chicago, Urban design “White City” provided by Daniel Burnham cooperating with several landscape designers and artists got a huge response and affirms. Over 27 million people visited this design and they were impressed. The design of parks, reflective pools and plazas have broken public’s flat understanding of urban planning. After that, to avoid the blind growth of the city, City Beautiful Movement had a real sense of development.

The government adopted significant numbers of large-scale urban planning projects for those major cities such as Washington, Chicago, Los Angeles and Detroit, hoping that comprehensive and cultural planning can solve issues like poverty, crime, and congestion. Therefore, City Beautiful Movement became the main theme of urban design and the effective approach to social conflicts in a matter of course during that time, showing standard and influence for urban planning in the next few decades.

Architectural idioms: Several Architectural idioms were used and highlighted during City Beautiful Movement period, while Beaux-Arts and Neoclassical building style are the most representative two. BeauxArts is actually a design style and a neoclassical architectural genre first identified in Paris and become famous around the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. A few American architects are used to study at École des Beaux-Arts in France, they tried to introduce these design idea of Beaux-Arts to America. For instance, Frederick Law Olmsted imported this design style into his lagoon design of White city in the Chicago Columbian Exposition in 1893. So did the Neoclassical Architecture style, originated from the neoclassical movement during the mid-18th century. It references the style of ancient Greek and Italian Palladio type buildings. And it was frequently used in American designer in the Chicago Columbian Exposition as well. In the next 20 years, these two Architectural idioms threaded throughout the movement and can be found in many cities

The World Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893. The Court of Honor SOURCE: Plan of Chicago by Daniel Hudson Burnham.

Criticism: Around 1910s, the City Beautiful Movement was in full swing.

Nonetheless, criticism and attack rose at the same time. And till the late 1920s, City Beautiful Movement started to decline. Under the pressure of public opinion and the conflict of interests, many plans and designs cannot be implemented anymore.

Mainly, two opinions were post.

One idea of criticizing is saying that the City Beautiful Movement is Formalism and has always been political, as a tool for politics gaining their own benefits from the general class. It is also identified as a channel to profit the social elite and the commercial group but ignore the situation of the others, especially the labor community. For instance, Mel Scott identified Daniel Burnham’s plan of Chicago as an aristocratic city for only the group of wealthy.

Banker Henry Morgenthau claimed in 1909 that the very first aim of planner was to clean the breeding places of“disease, moral depravity, discontent, and socialism.” Partly according to the ornate design style, people were not willing to see the government spending money on planning or building things luxury and exaggerated and such movement seems nothing to do with the status of the local working class. The other point is that, the city can only solve those issues of the surface like offering spacious roads and plazas to change the outlook of the city but city’s land was fully invaded by the commercial area and they never consider about whether it is functional or not.

Sometimes planners may focus too much on the physical views of the landscape but ignore the potential principles. Furthermore, cities space would be covered by vehicle as time goes. The demand of viaduct, parking buildings, and good transportation system makes the City Beautiful Movement no longer suitable and useful. The historian Thomas Adams said that the roads redesign was too simple, planner should figure out further ways to deal with the traffic and consider architecture and road system separately. Yet, realists could not agree with such criticism above, claiming that it is unreasonable to fully negative City Beautiful Movement. In fact, in the contest between realism and idealism the latter won and the movement only lasted about 20 years.

The Chicago Plan of 1909. A complete scheme of classical civic order is laid down on the Illinois grid. And amazingly, spurred by civic boosterism, by 1925 much of it is complete. Source: © The Art Institute of Chicago.

M

ost of the major cities of America were facing the soaring population in late 19th century. City Beautiful Movement was very popular and has been implemented in those developed industrial city. Between the 1908 and 1918 of Detroit, the local government took the initiative to invite famous planners to Detroit including Charles Mumford Robinson, Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr, Cass Gilbert and so on.

Some well-designed projects were produced such as 18-story Michigan Central Station and Roosevelt Park.

They are two combined design on the west of the city center built between 1910 and 1921, and was the highest train station of America at that time. When the building was completed, it quickly became the focus of the city, effectively embodied Detroit's prosperity.

However, it did not last long. The city population kept growing fast but disorderly due to the ignorance of employment and housing issues.

Problems showing above have not been resolved, but increased. Finally the station was closed at 1988 and it is still deserted now. From the result point of view, Robinson’s cannot be a successful one. And the criticism about City Beautiful Movement is not one-sided but true.

Postcard of MCS and Roosevelt Park, early 1920s (Courtesy of the Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Public Library).

When it comes to Chicago plan produced by Daniel Burnham in 1909, it is quite successful. It was finally finished at 1925 which is actually a challenge for them because that the voice of opposition to City Beautiful Movement was relatively high at that time. As the result, the layout plan of Chicago is effective and functional. He redesigned the bridges, boulevard along the lake and the park, the road system, railway station; expand Chicago’s central business district; create new space for institutions and infrastructure and create civic cultural centers to increase the cohesion and harmony of the city.

In this case, Burnham’s design has proved that when dealing with city issues, City Beautiful Movement can be helpful. The success of Chicago plan inspired other civic leaders and planners and set off an upsurge of City Beautiful Movement.

Criticism: Around 1910s, the City Beautiful Movement was in full swing.

Nonetheless, criticism and attack rose at the same time. And till the late 1920s, City Beautiful Movement started to decline. Under the pressure of public opinion and the conflict of interests, many plans and designs cannot be implemented anymore.

Mainly, two opinions were post.

One idea of criticizing is saying that the City Beautiful Movement is Formalism and has always been political, as a tool for politics gaining their own benefits from the general class. It is also identified as a channel to profit the social elite and the commercial group but ignore the situation of the others, especially the labor community. For instance, Mel Scott identified Daniel Burnham’s plan of Chicago as an aristocratic city for only the group of wealthy.

Banker Henry Morgenthau claimed in 1909 that the very first aim of planner was to clean the breeding places of“disease, moral depravity, discontent, and socialism.” Partly according to the ornate design style, people were not willing to see the government spending money on planning or building things luxury and exaggerated and such movement seems nothing to do with the status of the local working class. The other point is that, the city can only solve those issues of the surface like offering spacious roads and plazas to change the outlook of the city but city’s land was fully invaded by the commercial area and they never consider about whether it is functional or not.

Sometimes planners may focus too much on the physical views of the landscape but ignore the potential principles. Furthermore, cities space would be covered by vehicle as time goes. The demand of viaduct, parking buildings, and good transportation system makes the City Beautiful Movement no longer suitable and useful. The historian Thomas Adams said that the roads redesign was too simple, planner should figure out further ways to deal with the traffic and consider architecture and road system separately. Yet, realists could not agree with such criticism above, claiming that it is unreasonable to fully negative City Beautiful Movement. In fact, in the contest between realism and idealism the latter won and the movement only lasted about 20 years.

The Chicago Plan of 1909. A complete scheme of classical civic order is laid down on the Illinois grid. And amazingly, spurred by civic boosterism, by 1925 much of it is complete. Source: © The Art Institute of Chicago.

M

ost of the major cities of America were facing the soaring population in late 19th century. City Beautiful Movement was very popular and has been implemented in those developed industrial city. Between the 1908 and 1918 of Detroit, the local government took the initiative to invite famous planners to Detroit including Charles Mumford Robinson, Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr, Cass Gilbert and so on.

Some well-designed projects were produced such as 18-story Michigan Central Station and Roosevelt Park.

They are two combined design on the west of the city center built between 1910 and 1921, and was the highest train station of America at that time. When the building was completed, it quickly became the focus of the city, effectively embodied Detroit's prosperity.

However, it did not last long. The city population kept growing fast but disorderly due to the ignorance of employment and housing issues.

Problems showing above have not been resolved, but increased. Finally the station was closed at 1988 and it is still deserted now. From the result point of view, Robinson’s cannot be a successful one. And the criticism about City Beautiful Movement is not one-sided but true.

Postcard of MCS and Roosevelt Park, early 1920s (Courtesy of the Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Public Library).

When it comes to Chicago plan produced by Daniel Burnham in 1909, it is quite successful. It was finally finished at 1925 which is actually a challenge for them because that the voice of opposition to City Beautiful Movement was relatively high at that time. As the result, the layout plan of Chicago is effective and functional. He redesigned the bridges, boulevard along the lake and the park, the road system, railway station; expand Chicago’s central business district; create new space for institutions and infrastructure and create civic cultural centers to increase the cohesion and harmony of the city.

In this case, Burnham’s design has proved that when dealing with city issues, City Beautiful Movement can be helpful. The success of Chicago plan inspired other civic leaders and planners and set off an upsurge of City Beautiful Movement.

Criticism: Around 1910s, the City Beautiful Movement was in full swing.

Nonetheless, criticism and attack rose at the same time. And till the late 1920s, City Beautiful Movement started to decline. Under the pressure of public opinion and the conflict of interests, many plans and designs cannot be implemented anymore.

Mainly, two opinions were post.

One idea of criticizing is saying that the City Beautiful Movement is Formalism and has always been political, as a tool for politics gaining their own benefits from the general class. It is also identified as a channel to profit the social elite and the commercial group but ignore the situation of the others, especially the labor community. For instance, Mel Scott identified Daniel Burnham’s plan of Chicago as an aristocratic city for only the group of wealthy.

Banker Henry Morgenthau claimed in 1909 that the very first aim of planner was to clean the breeding places of“disease, moral depravity, discontent, and socialism.” Partly according to the ornate design style, people were not willing to see the government spending money on planning or building things luxury and exaggerated and such movement seems nothing to do with the status of the local working class. The other point is that, the city can only solve those issues of the surface like offering spacious roads and plazas to change the outlook of the city but city’s land was fully invaded by the commercial area and they never consider about whether it is functional or not.

Sometimes planners may focus too much on the physical views of the landscape but ignore the potential principles. Furthermore, cities space would be covered by vehicle as time goes. The demand of viaduct, parking buildings, and good transportation system makes the City Beautiful Movement no longer suitable and useful. The historian Thomas Adams said that the roads redesign was too simple, planner should figure out further ways to deal with the traffic and consider architecture and road system separately. Yet, realists could not agree with such criticism above, claiming that it is unreasonable to fully negative City Beautiful Movement. In fact, in the contest between realism and idealism the latter won and the movement only lasted about 20 years.

The Chicago Plan of 1909. A complete scheme of classical civic order is laid down on the Illinois grid. And amazingly, spurred by civic boosterism, by 1925 much of it is complete. Source: © The Art Institute of Chicago.

M

ost of the major cities of America were facing the soaring population in late 19th century. City Beautiful Movement was very popular and has been implemented in those developed industrial city. Between the 1908 and 1918 of Detroit, the local government took the initiative to invite famous planners to Detroit including Charles Mumford Robinson, Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr, Cass Gilbert and so on.

Some well-designed projects were produced such as 18-story Michigan Central Station and Roosevelt Park.

They are two combined design on the west of the city center built between 1910 and 1921, and was the highest train station of America at that time. When the building was completed, it quickly became the focus of the city, effectively embodied Detroit's prosperity.

However, it did not last long. The city population kept growing fast but disorderly due to the ignorance of employment and housing issues.

Problems showing above have not been resolved, but increased. Finally the station was closed at 1988 and it is still deserted now. From the result point of view, Robinson’s cannot be a successful one. And the criticism about City Beautiful Movement is not one-sided but true.

Postcard of MCS and Roosevelt Park, early 1920s (Courtesy of the Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Public Library).

When it comes to Chicago plan produced by Daniel Burnham in 1909, it is quite successful. It was finally finished at 1925 which is actually a challenge for them because that the voice of opposition to City Beautiful Movement was relatively high at that time. As the result, the layout plan of Chicago is effective and functional. He redesigned the bridges, boulevard along the lake and the park, the road system, railway station; expand Chicago’s central business district; create new space for institutions and infrastructure and create civic cultural centers to increase the cohesion and harmony of the city.

In this case, Burnham’s design has proved that when dealing with city issues, City Beautiful Movement can be helpful. The success of Chicago plan inspired other civic leaders and planners and set off an upsurge of City Beautiful Movement.

Expressions of beauty in Kyoto

Vicky

a1729435

Introduction: In this report, I mainly display the city called Kyoto, a typical traditional city in Japan and analyze reasons why this city is such beautiful as well as attractive. After that I would like to introduce the aspects with aesthetic impression by combining the narrative and examples.

However, it remains some disorder and argument in city development and demonstrates huge difference between western cities. Kyoto also deserves us to set as a valuable case in how to integrate beauty in traditional city further reconstruction. Firstly I am going to start from the background.

1. Background: Kyoto is located in the western Japan. Kyoto together with west Shiga and Osaka makes up the "Kyoto metropolitan area". And Kyoto has always been the capital of Japan since the 794 years.

The long history of the city makes it have a wealth of historical relics, which is also one of the important cities of traditional Japanese culture. Some of the traditional customs of Kyoto have been held for more than a thousand years and become a unique landscape in Kyoto. These various human resources make Kyoto attract many tourists and it also serves as an important industrial city in Japan.

Beautiful district As for the sense of beauty maintained in Kyoto, the first issue I would like to point out is the beautiful district.

It has been studied mainly in three ways: through comfortable scale and through the neat and regular street appearance as well as the other blueplan for the future bicycle using.

The comfortable scale of beautiful district Compared with the ancient maps, the border of Kyoto successfully expand. Moreover, the module of city is not in regular shape anymore due to the different areas developing degree. But the similar road network still keep working, which indirectly confirms its efficiency.

Unlike the European cities with curve roads with different directions branches, the straight roads in Kyoto are designed to like this. But similar with the particular western cities with long history, the most percentage housing buildings are in low height. Maintaining such beauty greatly thanks to the authority’s landscape policies, which tightly controls the skyline of the historical region beneath 19.7m in the residential areas and the other ares to less than 30.3m.

Neat and regular appearance Additionally, consideration of the usage of timber materials and the form of blocks used on doors and windows, the façade of street seems more likely to be in one style. It is called the beauty of rhythm and order. In the period of Muromachi jidai, people working in handicraft are the main pillar of the society, so it is so popular to see the machiya beside the street with two floors’ height.

Nowadays wellpreserved machiyas are still standing beside the narrow street.

Design for bicycles of beautiful district Instead of traveling on foot , visitors have another choice to view the city. Riding bike to the most sightseeing is certainly convenient and it provides an opportunity to go through small alley and experience more like the locals. In fact, the modern transportation is not proper for the historical distinct. Therefore, government pays more attention on infrastructure building especially for bicycling and they plan step by step.

There has already sprawled some shops for renting bikes which sites close to railway station within 5-10 minutes’ walk. Other than shops and chain stores, there is also an official website to book a bicycle. And in the near future, they are going to add bicycle lines and cut the flow of motor vehicle to make city more available for people to experience by themselves. In conclusion, people could have an interaction with city by their eyes, feet and other human modulo and a series of activities are hold in here having great vigour in further reviving.

2. Beautiful individual house space The second issue I would like to point out is the beauty living in personal house. This part has divided mainly in three ways: through the scenery and through stationary lifestyles between generations as well as inhabitation’s natural philosophy.

Scenery Residential buildings in Kyoto also serve an important part in expressing its identical territory beauty. These townhouse often used to offer commercial and living space for the family. Comparison with the western houses, machi has plenty of differences. First of all, it is small in size. The inner space of the majority of the machi is limited because it often narrow in width for about 5.4m but long in length. For its regular plan, it would be easier to build new house beside the old one and keep similar appearance with neighbor.

Stationary lifestyle between generations Second, residents in machi are mostly handicraftsman. Additionally, basing on the traditional Japanese custom, the whole family still keep the ownership unless they sale the house, which means that the experience of living in traditional machi became the common memory even in different generation. In some degrees, not only the longperiod house but also the old fashion lifestyle could be conserved.

The section of a machi shows the inner planning.

M

ost machi are made of environment-friendly materials, such as the grass roof, wood construction and other wood ornaments. It is just the one of their actions for close to nature. Last but not the least, the residents prefer the life in machi rather than modern furnished house because they see “machi�as a lifestyle, which is more close to nature. For instance, when the weather change, they can see the snow or get a feeling of cold for the first time. A yard is no more a simple picture of delicate flowers and plants. On the contrary, it displays a vivid as well as dynamic scenery that exaggerates the environment changes and make our tactile sense more acute. So, Kyoto inhabitant illustrates the way living harmony with nature especially the western cities.

Nonetheless, travel of Kyoto becomes popular in these years, the machi still face up with a dilemma that city expand cause more old buildings to tear down or some tall buildings make use of the layer space beside the location of the traditional community, which finally shade the houses. On the other hand, local handicrafts try to keep the old building technology as much as possible. Unfortunately, It causes a chain reaction and eventually make effects on machi conservation.

Apparently, it breaks the form of the aesthetic balance on the surface while it is a general problem existing in traditional city’s reshaping progress.

Viewing from the bank of Kamogawa river, we can see people sitting relaxed near the river.

Time, sharing memory and the conventional philosophy makes the machi more precious and beautiful.

However, the biggest distinguishing characters of this pattern is that the small yard in the middle. It is obviously that a garden in-house could bring natural scenery into the house.

3.Beautiful landscape-the riverside For the commercial stores beside space the river, they get admitted from the government to set up light Kamogawa River is a famous sight construction on the river. It is not spot in Kyoto, which runs through just aimed to good scenery but also the city center. And it is also the create a vertical experience for mother river for Kyoto. In ancient people. For example, you could sit times, the majority residents settled on the bank or have a drink beside in the west and south part of the the river as you want. There is also city. Actually, this river plays an a horizontal system for pleasure. essential role in Kyoto’s good views. Abundant activities vary from On the one hand, this river provides bicycling on road, sitting under the citizens an opening place to share sakura to fishing or playing water and relax. On the other hand, there in the river. In conclusion, river is almost no distance between the in Kyoto should not be separated people and river, which also keep from the traditional city circle and coincidence with Japanese natural it represent kind of beauty how thinking. According to its history environment has influence on our during 8 to 12th century, it used to nowadays’ life. the gather place for low-class or even store the dead. However, after experiencing several ages rebuilding, Kamogawa river becomes an active part now. Tourist industry also booms during these years, for people could witness sakura blessing in spring and enjoy hiking in every season. Several bridges connecting two banks are built on the river for people’s convenient passing. As the side benefits, this area is also popular in evening, where allows passer-by to hang around and see the sunset. All in all, there renders too many different kinds of activities people can choose. A place which is available to stay and enjoy has great charming without charming.

The Kamogawa river keeps energetic even at night.

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ith reference to the preceding of the test, traditional Japanese usually believe in a natural philosophy called Wabi-sabi . It is also a typical oriental beauty of leaving blank whose original meaning is to highlight the essence of things that emphasizes simplicity and the beauty of nature that can be tested by time. When it comes to Kyoto, Karesansui garden extremely represents this thought. The garden replaces colorful flowers and trees with great life force by white sand and some original stones. It is saidto be a garden but some even do not have any tall plantings. Designer is willing to encourage people’s rethinking and they leave the space for imagination. In detail, the waving sand symbolizes flowing water and group of stones means mountain. By contrast, there appears to be a huge culture gap between the western and Kyoto. For one, show a preference of abstract represent while the other one seems to emphasis directly expression.

Conclusion: In the end, Kyoto builds its distinguishing beauty through different scale of city space. Firstly, the personal or inner space expresses an art of function and natural philosophy. Second, proper modulo of resident blocks helps people to live more relaxed. Last but not the least, a natural thought and a concept of blank appears in every details in life, even in making a cup of matcha Although Kyoto has a huge amount dessert. Therefore, the expression population, the clear zoning and of Kyoto is more likely a spirit or planning can leave people an a city characters. The definition is impression of quiet. Nowadays not just limited by the appearance Kyoto city plan allows the quiet or the art form, it looks like a result atmosphere living in this historical of local people conventional rules. distinct, which is also a kind of blank Out of consideration for city’s future in modern city life. If someone need and critical thinking, the action of a break from a rapid pace of city, residents promote new policies to they could just walk to the ancient protect the historic heritage and city center and melt their problems make city more beauty. It makes into nature. other cities show their city transform activities especially in developing countries.

The scenery of the garden of Karesansui.

Industrial aesthetics: beauty in urban city planning and urban design.

Bowen Wang a1684857

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ith the development of modern industry and commodity economy, people present a diversification and artistic trend for the function of products. The upgrading of products gradually speeding up, the “changing” evolved the popular aesthetic. Modern city planning is not following aesthetic tide, but see if it can lead the aesthetic tide from the function, technology, material, form etc. So the realization of industrial aesthetic concept should achieve four aspects: functional beauty, beauty of technology, beauty of material and formal beauty.

Architect often pay more attention on function, although buildings can attract people by their beautiful appearance, people can not only stay on the aesthetic appreciation, people will consciously or unconsciously feeling from external form to function, technology, environment and other aspects of the rational knowledge.

It’s important to consider the function and beauty at the same time. The beauty of technology can be embody in “smart city”, “ Smart cities can be seen as systems with flows of energy, materials, services, people and financing.“By information and communication technology methods to analysis, integrate all kinds of key information in city core system, including the people's livelihood, environmental protection, public security, urban services, commercial and industrial activities, then make intelligent response in all kinds of requirements. Its essence is using advanced information technology, realize urban intelligent management and operation, thus to create a better life for people in the city, promote the harmonious and sustainable growth of the city.

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ity combined with different buildings, building is the combination of different materials, different combinations also formed a unique building types, beauty of material is a reflection of building materials, different materials have a big difference, it also makes the different materials have different feature. The basic laws of formal beauty is the unity of the "diversity". The beauty of architectural form, not only in "diversity", not only in "unification", but in the harmony of diversity and unity.

In urban design, functional beauty can be shown in transportation and housing condition. For example, Sydney with its local walking, cycling network and traffic routes connecting central urban area, other parts of Sydney, that’s convenient for people travelling, leave for Sydney is very convenient and in a few years the regional transportation network will be upgrade based on existing network, then from different area to the inner city will become more convenient. The community life in Sydney district featured will continue to become the main point and cultivate citizens' sense of belonging. Activity hub will be set up among the community, make the various services relatively concentrated to each other, thus greatly enhance the habitability of Sydney, it will fundamentally improve the global competitiveness of Sydney.

Between 1890 and 1920 in Melbourne, two kinds of important infrastructure construction make planning expand into the scope of metropolitan area. They are the construction of water supply and drainage network and extend suburban rail system and electrification

I

n terms of water supply, follow the practice of Britain at the same time in the city, set up specialized agencies to be responsible for the water supply, pipeline, wastewater collection and treatment. To reach public health standards, the agency had the right to control the residential and industrial location, because the latter requires permission, construction and development also need to connect water supply and drainage network. In terms of railway transportation, the state set up funds to build and manage the electrification suburban line, the line along the direction of the axis into six major extends beyond the existing suburban residential area. As these two types of physical network finished, Victoria government make metropolitan area with radial infrastructure network gradually emerged during the next 100 years.

The effect of these decisions can see in the space diagram of 1928 in Melbourne, it consists of a very small core in 1840 spread outward.

In addition, the functional beauty not only shows in urban system, but also shows on building. Building once completed it will be difficult to move, so it would be handled carefully with the surrounding environment, it can be a positive and powerful factor to environment, at the same time, natural environment also affects the building style and features. A good building impossible break away from its environment, it must be adapt to the environment, become a part of the environment There are a lot of buildings must rely on a specific environment to form a character.

Smart city reflect the beauty of technology. the understanding of the smart city concept often have emphasize, some view is the technology application, some thought the key is the network construction, some view is participation of people, some thought the effect of smart is the key, some leading city of informatization construction is emphasis on the people-oriented and sustainable innovation. With the rise of Internet, the fusion of mobile technology development and innovation of democratization process, knowledge of social environment is the development form of smart city after the digital city informatization. To gradually form smart city, there are two kinds of driving force one is the representative of a new generation of information technology such as Internet, cloud computing, mobile Internet, the second is knowledge society environment gradually form a open innovation ecological city.

T

here are 4 applications in smart city, first is smart public service: smart and urban public services management system. By strengthening the employment, health, culture, professional application system such as housing construction, urban construction and the standardization of the management through precise and intelligent level, effectively promote urban public resources Shared throughout the whole city, promoting urban traffic, logistics, information flow, cash flow coordination work effectively, promoting urban efficiency and level of public service at the same time, promote transformation and urban development. Second is smart city complex: the visual collection and identification, all kinds of sensors, wireless positioning system, RFID, barcode recognition, visual tags and other top technology, building intelligent visual iot, automatic data collection, covering urban context of commercial, office, residential, hotel, exhibition, catering, conference, entertainment and communication, lighting, information communication and display all aspects, make managers can visually city synthesis management. Third is intelligent transportation. Build "digital transportation" project, through the monitoring, traffic flow distribution optimization technology.

Then, smart education culture service: actively promote smart education culture system. focus on the construction of comprehensive information network, digital, network school education courseware, the teaching resource, virtual library, teaching comprehensive management system, remote education system resources such as Shared database and Shared application platform system.

Continue to push forward the reeducation engineering, providing multi-channel education training employment service, to build a learning society.

I

n the existing building materials, although new building materials have been used in construction projects, provide more possible for the development of architectural art. But the structure is still using traditional building materials. Concrete is not only a basic framework of building materials, but also has durability and unique artistic expression, the straightforward and simple character ensures the structure details are fully expressed. At the beginning glass only used as industrial products, but then, it is increasingly used in express transparent, bright and clean, empty spirit. Wood as a light warm and solid material, have very good feel, smell and plasticity. The plasticity of lumber for provides convenient, it can express the concept in construction, reflects the architectural aestheticsThe basic laws of building formal beauty is the unity of the "diversity". It is contradiction between two sides, only the diversification, not tidy uniform, will appear desultorily and fragmented. If only neat uniform, no variety of change, will seem dull and monotonous. The former let a person lost, even unpleasant; The latter lifeless, not to mention the beauty of form.

Because beauty is that people rely on intuition feeling, people feel the architecture, the beginning is direct perception by the vision, not to really know what kind architecture function and technology. Highlighted the building height, color, size, shape, etc, also can form order, and achieve the unity of the diverse.

Construction form is decided by many factors. Among them, the proportion between building parts can constitute a significant and active factor to express the beauty of buildings. In urban design, formal beauty not only reflect on buildings but also reflect on city layout. The direct influencing the city layout including: economic factors. Mainly refer the construction projects such as industrial base, water conservancy, transportation hub, scientific research center and the distribution of all kinds of different technical and economic requirements of the project. The indirect factors influencing the city layout including: the historical factors. City in the long-term historical development process, starting from the formation of urban core, through the development of nature and planning, present different forms in different historical periods. According to the basic characteristics of the planar shape, the layout of the city form can be classified into the following main types.

I

n urban design, formal beauty not only reflect on buildings but also reflect on city layout. The direct influencing the city layout including: economic factors. Mainly refer the construction projects such as industrial base, water conservancy, transportation hub, scientific research center and the distribution of all kinds of different technical and economic requirements of the project. The indirect factors influencing the city layout including: the historical factors. City in the long-term historical development process, starting from the formation of urban core, through the development of nature and planning, present different forms in different historical periods. According to the basic characteristics of the planar shape, the layout of the city form can be classified into the following main types.

How to make a city attractive?

Helen

a1697160

Introduction: In this report, I mainly display the city called Kyoto, a typical traditional city in Japan and analyze reasons why this city is such beautiful as well as attractive. After that I would like to introduce the aspects with aesthetic impression by combining the narrative and examples.

However, it remains some disorder and argument in city development and demonstrates huge difference between western cities. Kyoto also deserves us to set as a valuable case in how to integrate beauty in traditional city further reconstruction. Firstly I am going to start from the background.

1. Background: Kyoto is located in the western Japan. Kyoto together with west Shiga and Osaka makes up the "Kyoto metropolitan area". And Kyoto has always been the capital of Japan since the 794 years.

The long history of the city makes it have a wealth of historical relics, which is also one of the important cities of traditional Japanese culture. Some of the traditional customs of Kyoto have been held for more than a thousand years and become a unique landscape in Kyoto. These various human resources make Kyoto attract many tourists and it also serves as an important industrial city in Japan.

Beautiful district As for the sense of beauty maintained in Kyoto, the first issue I would like to point out is the beautiful district.

It has been studied mainly in three ways: through comfortable scale and through the neat and regular street appearance as well as the other blueplan for the future bicycle using.

The comfortable scale of beautiful district Compared with the ancient maps, the border of Kyoto successfully expand. Moreover, the module of city is not in regular shape anymore due to the different areas developing degree. But the similar road network still keep working, which indirectly confirms its efficiency.

Unlike the European cities with curve roads with different directions branches, the straight roads in Kyoto are designed to like this. But similar with the particular western cities with long history, the most percentage housing buildings are in low height. Maintaining such beauty greatly thanks to the authority’s landscape policies, which tightly controls the skyline of the historical region beneath 19.7m in the residential areas and the other ares to less than 30.3m.

Neat and regular appearance Additionally, consideration of the usage of timber materials and the form of blocks used on doors and windows, the façade of street seems more likely to be in one style. It is called the beauty of rhythm and order. In the period of Muromachi jidai, people working in handicraft are the main pillar of the society, so it is so popular to see the machiya beside the street with two floors’ height.

Nowadays wellpreserved machiyas are still standing beside the narrow street.

In terms of water supply, follow the practice of Britain at the same time in the city, set up specialized agencies to be responsible for the water supply, pipeline, wastewater collection and treatment. To reach public health standards, the agency had the right to control the residential and industrial location, because the latter requires permission, construction and development also need to connect water supply and drainage network. In terms of railway transportation, the state set up funds to build and manage the electrification suburban line, the line along the direction of the axis into six major extends beyond the existing suburban residential area. As these two types of physical network finished, Victoria government make metropolitan area with radial infrastructure network gradually emerged during the next 100 years.

The effect of these decisions can see in the space diagram of 1928 in Melbourne, it consists of a very small core in 1840 spread outward.

In addition, the functional beauty not only shows in urban system, but also shows on building. Building once completed it will be difficult to move, so it would be handled carefully with the surrounding environment, it can be a positive and powerful factor to environment, at the same time, natural environment also affects the building style and features.

A good building impossible break away from its environment, it must be adapt to the environment, become a part of the environment. There are a lot of buildings must rely on a specific environment to form a character.

Smart city reflect the beauty of technology. the understanding of the smart city concept often have emphasize, some view is the technology application, some thought the key is the network construction, some view is participation of people, some thought the effect of smart is the key, some leading city of informatization construction is emphasis on the people-oriented and sustainable innovation. With the rise of Internet, the fusion of mobile technology development and innovation of democratization process, knowledge of social environment is the development form of smart city after the digital city informatization. To gradually form smart city, there are two kinds of driving force one is the representative of a new generation of information technology such as Internet, cloud computing, mobile Internet, the second is knowledge society environment gradually form a open innovation ecological city.

T

here are 4 applications in smart city, first is smart public service: smart and urban public services management system. By strengthening the employment, health, culture, professional application system such as housing construction, urban construction and the standardization of the management through precise and intelligent level, effectively promote urban public resources Shared throughout the whole city, promoting urban traffic, logistics, information flow, cash flow coordination work effectively, promoting urban efficiency and level of public service at the same time, promote transformation and urban development. Second is smart city complex: the visual collection and identification, all kinds of sensors, wireless positioning system, RFID, barcode recognition, visual tags and other top technology, building intelligent visual iot, automatic data collection, covering urban context of commercial, office, residential, hotel, exhibition, catering, conference, entertainment and communication, lighting, information communication and display all aspects, make managers can visually city synthesis management. Third is intelligent transportation. Build "digital transportation" project, through the monitoring, traffic flow distribution optimization technology.

Then, smart education culture service: actively promote smart education culture system. focus on the construction of comprehensive information network, digital, network school education courseware, the teaching resource, virtual library, teaching comprehensive management system, remote education system resources such as Shared database and Shared application platform system.

Continue to push forward the reeducation engineering, providing multi-channel education training employment service, to build a learning society.

In terms of water supply, follow the practice of Britain at the same time in the city, set up specialized agencies to be responsible for the water supply, pipeline, wastewater collection and treatment. To reach public health standards, the agency had the right to control the residential and industrial location, because the latter requires permission, construction and development also need to connect water supply and drainage network. In terms of railway transportation, the state set up funds to build and manage the electrification suburban line, the line along the direction of the axis into six major extends beyond the existing suburban residential area. As these two types of physical network finished, Victoria government make metropolitan area with radial infrastructure network gradually emerged during the next 100 years.

The effect of these decisions can see in the space diagram of 1928 in Melbourne, it consists of a very small core in 1840 spread outward.

In addition, the functional beauty not only shows in urban system, but also shows on building. Building once completed it will be difficult to move, so it would be handled carefully with the surrounding environment, it can be a positive and powerful factor to environment, at the same time, natural environment also affects the building style and features.

A good building impossible break away from its environment, it must be adapt to the environment, become a part of the environment. There are a lot of buildings must rely on a specific environment to form a character.

Smart city reflect the beauty of technology. the understanding of the smart city concept often have emphasize, some view is the technology application, some thought the key is the network construction, some view is participation of people, some thought the effect of smart is the key, some leading city of informatization construction is emphasis on the people-oriented and sustainable innovation. With the rise of Internet, the fusion of mobile technology development and innovation of democratization process, knowledge of social environment is the development form of smart city after the digital city informatization. To gradually form smart city, there are two kinds of driving force one is the representative of a new generation of information technology such as Internet, cloud computing, mobile Internet, the second is knowledge society environment gradually form a open innovation ecological city.

T

here are 4 applications in smart city, first is smart public service: smart and urban public services management system. By strengthening the employment, health, culture, professional application system such as housing construction, urban construction and the standardization of the management through precise and intelligent level, effectively promote urban public resources Shared throughout the whole city, promoting urban traffic, logistics, information flow, cash flow coordination work effectively, promoting urban efficiency and level of public service at the same time, promote transformation and urban development. Second is smart city complex: the visual collection and identification, all kinds of sensors, wireless positioning system, RFID, barcode recognition, visual tags and other top technology, building intelligent visual iot, automatic data collection, covering urban context of commercial, office, residential, hotel, exhibition, catering, conference, entertainment and communication, lighting, information communication and display all aspects, make managers can visually city synthesis management. Third is intelligent transportation. Build "digital transportation" project, through the monitoring, traffic flow distribution optimization technology.

Then, smart education culture service: actively promote smart education culture system. focus on the construction of comprehensive information network, digital, network school education courseware, the teaching resource, virtual library, teaching comprehensive management system, remote education system resources such as Shared database and Shared application platform system.

Continue to push forward the reeducation engineering, providing multi-channel education training employment service, to build a learning society.

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