English Morphology Exercises

ENGL MORP ISBN 978-961-06-0323-8

9 789610 603238

»Primeri [...] so vzeti iz avtentičnih besedil: enojezični angleški slovarji, objavljena književna in strokovna dela ter elektronske besedilne zbirke (BNC, ukWaC in COCA). Ta pristop študentom in študentkam omogoča stik z angleščino, kot se dejansko uporablja.« (iz recenzije prof. dr. Gašperja Ilca) »Gre za bogat nabor svežih primerov iz konkretne rabe ter inovativne vaje, ki vključujejo med drugim tudi jezik SMS-sporočil in analizo naslovov knjig. Zbirka je vsebinsko izčrpna in odraža živ jezik; kot taka je zato nepogrešljiva dopolnitev predavanj.« (iz recenzije prof. dr. Tatjane Marvin)

English_morphology_naslovka_FINAL.indd 1

MONIKA KAVALIR predava an-

FRANČIŠKA LIPOVŠEK predava

gleški jezik in jezikoslovje na Oddelku za anglistiko in amerikanistiko. Ukvarja se s korpusnim in sistemsko-funkcijskim jezikoslovjem, kontrastivno oblikoslovno in skladenjsko analizo angleščine in slovenščine, zgodovinskim jezikoslovjem, stilistiko in medkulturnim sporazumevanjem.

angleški jezik in jezikoslovje na Oddelku za anglistiko in amerikanistiko. Ukvarja se z modernim angleškim jezikom s poudarkom na oblikoslovju in skladnji, s sodobnim angleškim jezikoslovjem, kognitivnim jezikoslovjem, kontrastivno analizo angleščine in slovenščine ter prevajanjem.

MONIKA KAVALIR, FRANČIŠKA LIPOVŠEK: ENGLISH MORPHOLOGY EXERCISES

Vaje iz angleškega oblikoslovja sledijo snovi predmeta Angleško oblikoslovje v prvem letniku študijskega programa prve stopnje Anglistika. Pokrivajo vse ključne teme predmeta in še posebej naslavljajo tiste vidike, ki zaradi razlik med slovenščino in angleščino slovenskim govorcem povzročajo preglavice.

MONIKA KAVALIR, FRANČIŠKA LIPOVŠEK

ENGLISH MORPHOLOGY EXERCISES

Oddelek za anglistiko in amerikanistiko Ljubljana, 2020

5.5.2020 9:39:32

Monika Kavalir, Frančiška Lipovšek

ENGLISH MORPHOLOGY EXERCISES

Ljubljana 2020

English Morphology Exercises FINAL.indd 1

5.5.2020 10:44:17

ENGLISH MORPHOLOGY EXERCISES Tip publikacije: zbirka vaj Avtorici: Monika Kavalir, Frančiška Lipovšek Recenzenta: Gašper Ilc, Tatjana Marvin Tehnično urejanje in prelom: Aleš Cimprič Slika na naslovnici: Stock photo © sara_winter © Univerza v Ljubljani, Filozofska fakulteta, 2020 Vse pravice pridržane.

Založila: Znanstvena založba Filozofske fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani Izdal: Oddelek za anglistiko in amerikanistiko Za založbo: Roman Kuhar, dekan Filozofske fakultete Vodja Uredništva visokošolskih in drugih učbenikov: Janica Kalin Tisk: Birografika Bori, d. o. o.

Ljubljana, 2020 Prva izdaja Naklada: 500 izvodov Cena: 9,90 EUR

CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 811.111'36(075.8) KAVALIR, Monika English morphology exercises / Monika Kavalir, Frančiška Lipovšek. 1. izd. - Ljubljana : Znanstvena založba Filozofske fakultete, 2020 ISBN 978-961-06-0323-8 1. Lipovšek, Frančiška COBISS.SI-ID 305122304

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Table of Contents

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Table of Contents

Preface.............................................................................................................................................................. 5 Introduction....................................................................................................................................................... 7 1

Phrases & Phrase Structure................................................................................................................. 11

2

Sentence Analysis.................................................................................................................................. 15

3

Communication Types of Sentences............................................................................................... 21

4

Parts of Speech (Word Classes).........................................................................................................29

5

The Morphemic Structure of Words................................................................................................ 33

6

Nouns......................................................................................................................................................... 35

7

8

6.1

Number......................................................................................................................................... 35

6.2

Gender & Genitive Case...........................................................................................................56

Pronouns................................................................................................................................................... 63 7.1

Personal Pronouns..................................................................................................................... 63

7.2

Reflexive Pronouns.................................................................................................................... 67

7.3

Possessive Pronouns................................................................................................................. 74

7.4

Demonstrative Pronouns........................................................................................................77

7.5

Interrogative Pronouns............................................................................................................ 79

7.6

Relative Pronouns......................................................................................................................80

7.7

Indefinite Pronouns..................................................................................................................86

Adjectives and Adverbs....................................................................................................................... 93

Sources.............................................................................................................................................................101

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Preface

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Preface

This collection of various exercises and texts is intended to help students of English develop their understanding of English morphology. The exercises have been purposefully designed to be used for productive practice and analysis during the English Morphology seminar classes. The exercises are comprised exclusively of authentic examples of use, which have been extracted from sources in the bibliography without any formal or orthographic modifications, although they may occasionally be abridged.

The workbook introduces linguistic concepts that are essential to the field, encompassing the hierarchy of linguistic units (sentence, clause, phrase, word, morpheme). Particular attention is paid to detailed analysis of individual parts of speech (word classes: noun, pronoun, adjective, adverb and preposition) and related grammatical categories, as well as their role in phrase formation. English-specific morphological phenomena and processes which are a source of difficulties for Slovene learners of English due to the differences in the linguistic systems of English and Slovene are given special emphasis.

English Morphology Exercises will be exploited to their best advantage through independent preparatory study and in-class discussions. There is no accompanying key as the fundamental aim is to motivate discussion of language phenomena and there is often no simple right or wrong answer.

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Introduction

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Introduction

‘TO KNOW GRAMMAR’ OR ‘TO KNOW ABOUT GRAMMAR’ Fluent native speakers of English quite often say that they ‘don’t know’ any grammar, or that foreigners speak English better than they do. One way of making sense of such comments, which at first seem nonsensical, is to distinguish between ‘knowing grammar’ and ‘knowing about grammar’.

If you have reached this point on the page and understood what you have read, you must ‘know’ English grammar. You may not agree with what I say, or like the way I say it, but you are certainly able to construe what it is I have said. Knowing grammar, in this sense, is a facility which developed with little conscious effort when we were young children. As adults, we learn to put words together in the right order, and add the right endings. Moreover, we have the ability to recognize certain types of error, and know how to correct them. If sentence the am writing I now contains major errors, you are likely to immediately notice them. However, to be able to diagnose the problems with such a sentence, you must ‘know English grammar’ (at least, to that extent).

All of this is an unconscious process. By contrast, ‘knowing about’ English grammar is a conscious, reflective process. It means being able to talk about what it is we are able to do when we construct sentences – to describe what the rules are, and what happens when they fail to apply. It is not difficult to point to the errors in the previous paragraph; but it is difficult to describe precisely what they are, and to state the rules which have been broken. If you are able to do this (using such terms as ‘word order’, ‘noun’, and ‘definite article’), then you ‘know about English grammar’ (at least, to that extent).

Adapted from Crystal (1995), p. 191

Task 1 The above text contains a sentence that is grammatically unacceptable.

• Underline the sentence and correct it. (‘knowing grammar’) • Provide a grammar-based explanation for your correction. (‘knowing about grammar’)

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English Morphology Exercises

Task 2 Identify, correct and explain the errors in the following sentences.

1. The leaflet gives practical informations about common childhood illnesses.

2. I’ll pay you double if you’ll get the work finished by Friday.

3. Next to his tanned face, her seemed very pale and unhealthy.

4. Is there any significant difference in quality between this two items?

5. The charity raises money for holidays for underprivileged.

The Jenny Nicholl Case (UK, 2005)1 Suspicious text messages Thought u wer grassing me up.mite b in trub wiv me dad told mum I was lving didn’t giv a shit.been2 kessick camping was great.ave2 go cya Hi jen tell jak I am ok know ever 1 s gona b mad tell them I am sorry. living in Scotland wiv my boyfriend.shitting meself dads gona kill me mum don’t give a shite.hone nik didn’t grass me up.keeping phone of.tell dad car jumps out of gear and stalls put it back in auction.tell him I am sorry Jenny Nicholl’s historic messages 1 Yeah shud b gud.i just have2get my finga out and do anotha tape.wil do it on sun.will seems keen2x 2 Sorry im not out2nite havnt seen u 4a while aswel ru free2moro at all x 3 No im out wiv jak sorry it took me so long ive had fone off coz havnt got much battery 4 Only just turned my fone havnt lied bout anything.no it doesn’t look good but ur obviously jst as judgmental than the rest.cu wen I cu&I hope its not soon 5 I havnt lied2u.anyway im off back2sleep 6 Im tierd of defending myself theres no point.bye 7 Happy bday!wil b round wiv ur pressent2moz sorry cant make it2day. cu2moz xxx

1 Based on work by Malcolm Coulthard.

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Introduction

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Task 3: Compare the underlined or boxed items. Which differences do you notice? Try to use the appropriate linguistic terms.

Task 4: Which branch(es) of linguistics do the following courses belong to? Which of the above traits will they help you to learn more about?

Year 1 Introduction to General Linguistics: sign systems, history of linguistics; levels of language, linguistic terminology English Phonetics and Phonology: pronunciation, speech organs, articulation of vowels and consonants, phonemic and phonetic features of connected speech English Morphology: form and internal structure of words; parts of speech and their grammatical features Social History of English: historical sources of contemporary English vocabulary, development of American English and British dialects English Verb 1: English verb, its features and grammatical categories; verbal phrase Year 2 English Verb 2: complex verbal structures: conditionality, mood and modality, non-finites, reported speech, voice; syntactic and contrastive analysis English Historical Grammar: development of English phonology, morphology and syntax Prosodic Features of English: rhythm, ways of organizing the message in sentences, melody of speech, pragmatic function of tones and tunes English Syntax: phrase and sentence structure, sentence patterns, complex sentences

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English Morphology Exercises

Year 3 Language and Culture: relationship between language and cultural identity, linguistic relativism/determinism; language typology and language universals English Discourse Analysis: analysis of written and spoken texts, style and genre Varieties of English: British vs. American English, British dialects, varieties of English; English as lingua franca Lexicology: levels and description of lexical and grammatical meaning; lexicography Grammar Seminar: in-depth analysis of selected topics

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Phrases & Phrase Structure

1

11

PHRASES & PHRASE STRUCTURE

1. For each underlined phrase, (i) identify its immediate constituents and (ii) state its type.

2. Some of the underlined items are simple phrases. Can you ‘expand’ them to make them complex?

Fluent native speakers of English quite often say that they ‘don’t know’ any grammar, or that foreigners speak English better than they do. One way of making sense of such comments, which at first seem nonsensical, is to distinguish between ‘knowing grammar’ and ‘knowing about grammar’.

If you have reached this point on the page and understood what you have read, you must ‘know’ English grammar. You may not agree with what I say, or like the way I say it, but you are certainly able to construe what it is I have said. Knowing grammar, in this sense, is a facility which developed with little conscious effort when we were young children. As adults, we learn to put words together in the right order, and add the right endings. Moreover, we have the ability to recognize certain types of error, and know how to correct them. If sentence the am writing I now contains major errors, you are likely to immediately notice them. However, to be able to diagnose the problems with such a sentence, you must ‘know English grammar’ (at least, to that extent).

All of this is an unconscious process. By contrast, ‘knowing about’ English grammar is a conscious, reflective process. It means being able to talk about what it is we are able to do when we construct sentences – to describe what the rules are, and what happens when they fail to apply. It is not difficult to point to the errors in the previous paragraph; but it is difficult to describe precisely what they are, and to state the rules which have been broken. If you are able to do this (using such terms as ‘word order’, ‘noun’, and ‘definite article’), then you ‘know about English grammar’ (at least, to that extent).

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English Morphology Exercises

PHRASES – REVISION (1) Using bracketing or tree-diagrams, illustrate the structure of the underlined phrases. Each underlined passage has at least two possible interpretations.

1. Out of the fog came a figure in a helmet with the head of a wolf.

2. African art critics responded with scorn.

(2) Provide the following: 1. Two examples of Nominal Phrases:

2. An example of an Adverbial Phrase:

3. An example of an expression where you first need to see the context to be able to determine what kind of phrase it is:

4. Two examples of simple phrases:

5. Two examples of complex phrases:

6. An example of a problematic phrase where it is difficult to define which part is the Headword:

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Phrases & Phrase Structure

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7. An example of a complex Premodifier:

8. An example of a simple Postmodifier:

9. An example of a Complement:

(3) Analyse the structure of the following book titles: 1. The statistical probability of love at first sight

2. The curious incident of the dog in the night-time

3. From the mixed-up files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler

4. Lily’s purple plastic purse

5. The ocean at the end of the lane

6. The girl who circumnavigated fairyland in a ship of her own making

7. The strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde

8. Short stories from Hogwarts of power, politics and pesky poltergeists

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ENGL MORP ISBN 978-961-06-0323-8

9 789610 603238

»Primeri [...] so vzeti iz avtentičnih besedil: enojezični angleški slovarji, objavljena književna in strokovna dela ter elektronske besedilne zbirke (BNC, ukWaC in COCA). Ta pristop študentom in študentkam omogoča stik z angleščino, kot se dejansko uporablja.« (iz recenzije prof. dr. Gašperja Ilca) »Gre za bogat nabor svežih primerov iz konkretne rabe ter inovativne vaje, ki vključujejo med drugim tudi jezik SMS-sporočil in analizo naslovov knjig. Zbirka je vsebinsko izčrpna in odraža živ jezik; kot taka je zato nepogrešljiva dopolnitev predavanj.« (iz recenzije prof. dr. Tatjane Marvin)

English_morphology_naslovka_FINAL.indd 1

MONIKA KAVALIR predava an-

FRANČIŠKA LIPOVŠEK predava

gleški jezik in jezikoslovje na Oddelku za anglistiko in amerikanistiko. Ukvarja se s korpusnim in sistemsko-funkcijskim jezikoslovjem, kontrastivno oblikoslovno in skladenjsko analizo angleščine in slovenščine, zgodovinskim jezikoslovjem, stilistiko in medkulturnim sporazumevanjem.

angleški jezik in jezikoslovje na Oddelku za anglistiko in amerikanistiko. Ukvarja se z modernim angleškim jezikom s poudarkom na oblikoslovju in skladnji, s sodobnim angleškim jezikoslovjem, kognitivnim jezikoslovjem, kontrastivno analizo angleščine in slovenščine ter prevajanjem.

MONIKA KAVALIR, FRANČIŠKA LIPOVŠEK: ENGLISH MORPHOLOGY EXERCISES

Vaje iz angleškega oblikoslovja sledijo snovi predmeta Angleško oblikoslovje v prvem letniku študijskega programa prve stopnje Anglistika. Pokrivajo vse ključne teme predmeta in še posebej naslavljajo tiste vidike, ki zaradi razlik med slovenščino in angleščino slovenskim govorcem povzročajo preglavice.

MONIKA KAVALIR, FRANČIŠKA LIPOVŠEK

ENGLISH MORPHOLOGY EXERCISES

Oddelek za anglistiko in amerikanistiko Ljubljana, 2020

5.5.2020 9:39:32