Pohorsko Podravje pred tremi tisočletji. Tradicije in inovativnost v pozni bronasti in starejši ...

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KATALOGI IN MONOGRAFIJE / CATALOGI ET MONOGRAPHIAE 44

TRADITION AND INNOVATION IN THE LATE BRONZE AND EARLY IRON AGES

POHORSKO PODRAVJE THREE MILLENNIA AGO

POHORSKO PODRAVJE PRED TREMI TISOČLETJI

TRADICIJA IN INOVATIVNOST V POZNI BRONASTI IN STAREJŠI ŽELEZNI DOBI

Biba Teržan, Matija Črešnar

POHORSKO PODRAVJE PRED TREMI TISOČLETJI

TRADICIJA IN INOVATIVNOST V POZNI BRONASTI IN STAREJŠI ŽELEZNI DOBI

POHORSKO PODRAVJE THREE MILLENNIA AGO TRADITION AND INNOVATION IN THE LATE BRONZE AND EARLY IRON AGES

ISBN 978-961-06-0418-1 ISBN 978-961-06-0418-1

9 789610 604181

2021

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POHORSKO PODRAVJE PRED TREMI TISOČLETJI TRADICIJA IN INOVATIVNOST V POZNI BRONASTI IN STAREJŠI ŽELEZNI DOBI • POHORSKO PODRAVJE THREE MILLENNIA AGO TRADITION AND INNOVATION IN THE LATE BRONZE AND EARLY IRON AGES Katalogi in monografije / Catalogi et monographiae 44 2021

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K ATA L O G I I N M O N O G R A F I J E / C ATA L O G I E T M O N O G R A P H I A E 44

POHORSKO PODRAVJE PRED TREMI TISOČLETJI TRADICIJA IN INOVATIVNOST V POZNI BRONASTI IN STAREJŠI ŽELEZNI DOBI

• POHORSKO PODRAVJE THREE MILLENNIA AGO TRADITION AND INNOVATION IN THE LATE BRONZE AND EARLY IRON AGES

Biba Teržan in / and Matija Črešnar s sodelavci / with contributors

Teja Gerbec, Lucija Grahek, Mihela Kajzer, Vesna Koprivnik, Bine Kramberger, Tamara Leskovar, Mira Strmčnik Gulič, Iztok Štamfelj, Jayne-Leigh Thomas, Tatjana Tomazo Ravnik, Borut Toškan, Rafko Urankar

Ljubljana, 2021

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Katalogi in monografije / Catalogi et monographiae 44 Biba Teržan, Matija Črešnar s sodelavci / with contributors Teja Gerbec, Lucija Grahek, Mihela Kajzer, Vesna Koprivnik, Bine Kramberger, Tamara Leskovar, Mira Strmčnik Gulič, Iztok Štamfelj, Jayne-Leigh Thomas, Tatjana Tomazo Ravnik, Borut Toškan, Rafko Urankar

POHORSKO PODRAVJE PRED TREMI TISOČLETJI TRADICIJA IN INOVATIVNOST V POZNI BRONASTI IN STAREJŠI ŽELEZNI DOBI

POHORSKO PODRAVJE THREE MILLENNIA AGO

TRADITION AND INNOVATION IN THE LATE BRONZE AND EARLY IRON AGES Jezikovni pregled slovenskih besedil / Slovenian language proofreading Nina Krajnc, Dušan Merhar Prevodi / Translation Andreja Maver, Miha Kunstelj, Tamara Leskovar, Agni Prijatelj Karte razprostranjenosti / Distribution maps Vesna Svetličič, Manca Omahen, Nejc Dolinar Risbe na tablah / Drawings on Plates Drago Oman, Bine Kramberger in avtorji / and authors Oblikovanje / Design Aleš Cimprič Recenzenta / Reviewed by Janez Dular, Mitja Guštin Glavni in odgovorni urednik serije / Editor-in-chief of the series Peter Turk Uredniški odbor / Editorial board Dragan Božič, Janez Dular, Janka Istenič, Timotej Knific, Biba Teržan Založnika / Publishers Znanstvena založba Filozofske fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani in Narodni muzej Slovenije Zanju / Publishing executive Roman Kuhar, dekan Filozofske fakultete Pavel Car, direktor Narodnega muzeja Slovenije Tisk / Print Present d. o. o. Naklada / Number of copies 500 Cena / Price 59 €

To delo je ponujeno pod licenco Creative Commons Priznanje avtorstva-Deljenje pod enakimi pogoji 4.0 Mednarodna licenca (izjema so fotografije). / This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (except photographs).

Tiskano s finančno pomočjo Ministrstva za kulturo Republike Slovenije, Javne agencije za raziskovalno dejavnost Republike Slovenije, Narodnega muzeja Slovenije ter občin Zreče in HočeSlivnica.

Printed with the support of the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Slovenia, the Slovenian Research Agency, the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia, the National Museum of Slovenia and the municipalities of Zreče and Hoče-Slivnica.

Prva e-izdaja. Publikacija je v digitalni obliki prosto dostopna na https://e-knjige.ff.uni-lj.si/ DOI: 10.4312/9789610604198 Kataložna zapisa o publikaciji (CIP) pripravili v Narodni in univerzitetni knjižnici v Ljubljani Tiskana knjiga COBISS.SI-ID=48032515 ISBN 978-961-06-0418-1 (Znanstvena založba Filozofske fakultete) E-knjiga COBISS.SI-ID=48022275 ISBN 978-961-06-0419-8 (pdf)

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KAZALO / CONTENTS Pohorsko podravje pred tremi tisočletji – Tradicija in inovativnost v pozni bronasti in starejši železni dobi – Predgovor Pohorsko Podravje three millennia ago – Tradition and innovation in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages – Preface Biba Teržan, Matija Črešnar ........................................................................................................................................................... 9 Oris zgodovine raziskav pozne bronaste dobe v severovzhodni Sloveniji History of research of the Late Bronze Age in north-eastern Slovenia Matija Črešnar .................................................................................................................................................................................. 13 NASELBINE / SETTLEMENTS Orehova vas pri Mariboru – Naselbina iz pozne bronaste dobe (horizont Rogoza–Orehova vas) Orehova vas near Maribor – A settlement of the Late Bronze Age (Rogoza–Orehova vas horizon) Lucija Grahek .................................................................................................................................................................................... 31 Pobrežje v Mariboru – Naselbina iz mlajše kulture žarnih grobišč Pobrežje in Maribor – A settlement of the Late Urnfield Period Bine Kramberger, Matija Črešnar .............................................................................................................................................. 55 Hotinja vas – Naselbina starejše železne dobe na Dravskem polju Hotinja vas – A settlement of the Early Iron Age on the plain of Dravsko polje Teja Gerbec ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 109 GROBIŠČA / NECROPOLISES Pobrežje v Mariboru – Grobovi mlajše kulture žarnih grobišč Pobrežje in Maribor – Graves of the Late Urnfield Period Vesna Koprivnik .............................................................................................................................................................................. 177 Gračič pod Brinjevo goro – Nekropola kulture žarnih grobišč Gračič below Brinjeva gora – A necropolis of the Urnfield Period I. Katalog grobov in grobnih pridatkov I. Catalogue of graves and grave goods Vesna Koprivnik ........................................................................................................................................................... 215 II. Analiza sestavov grobnih pridatkov in družbena struktura II. Analysis of the grave-good compositions and social structure Vesna Koprivnik, Biba Teržan ................................................................................................................................. 279 III. Kronološki oris III. Chronological outline Biba Teržan ................................................................................................................................................................... 299 Rogoza pri Mariboru – Gomile iz starejše železne dobe Rogoza near Maribor – Tumuli of the Early Iron Age Matija Črešnar ............................................................................................................................................................................... 329 Gomile iz starejše železne dobe pod Poštelo Early Iron Age tumuli under Poštela I. Uvod I. Introduction Biba Teržan ................................................................................................................................................................... 343 II. Velika gomila nad Razvanjem II. Large tumulus above Razvanje Mira Strmčnik Gulič, Mihela Kajzer, Bine Kramberger ................................................................................... 347

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III. Gomila 14 iz Pivole III. Tumulus 14 at Pivola Mira Strmčnik Gulič, Biba Teržan .......................................................................................................................... 401 IV. Gomila 13 iz Pivole IV. Tumulus 13 at Pivola Biba Teržan, Matija Črešnar, Bine Kramberger ................................................................................................. 411 V. Kronološki oris gomil 13 in 14 iz Pivole ter Velike gomile nad Razvanjem V. Chronological outline of Tumuli 13 and 14 from Pivola and the Great tumulus (Velika gomila) above Razvanje Biba Teržan ................................................................................................................................................................... 423 SPEKTROMETRIČNE IN OSTEOLOŠKE ANALIZE / SPECTROMETRIC AND OSTEOLOGICAL ANALYSES Kemijske analize predmetov iz grobov pozne bronaste in starejše železne dobe Pohorskega Podravja Chemical analyses of the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age grave goods from Pohorsko Podravje Rafko Urankar, Matija Črešnar ................................................................................................................................................. 469 Konjski ostanki iz Velike gomile nad Razvanjem Horse remains from the Velika gomila tumulus above Razvanje Borut Toškan ................................................................................................................................................................................... 481 Antropološke analize – Uvod Anthropological analyses – Introduction Tamara Leskovar, Matija Črešnar ............................................................................................................................................ 487 Antropološka analiza sežganih človeških ostankov z najdišč Pohorskega Podravja in Prekmurja Anthropological analysis of cremated human remains from Pohorsko Podravje and Prekmurje Jayne-Leigh Thomas .................................................................................................................................................................. 493 Antropološka analiza sežganih človeških kosti iz gomil starejše železne dobe v okolici Poštele Anthropological analysis of cremated human remains from Early Iron Age burial mounds near Poštela Tamara Leskovar ........................................................................................................................................................................... 525 DODATEK / ADDENDUM Brezje pod Brinjevo goro, srednja bronasta doba Brezje below Brinjeva gora, Middle Bronze Age I. Antropološka analiza skeletov iz gomile I. Anthropological analyses of the skeletons from the tumulus Tatjana Tomazo Ravnik ............................................................................................................................................. 535 II. Antropološka analiza človeških ostankov iz štirih grobov iz gomile II. Anthropological analysis of human remains from four graves from the tumulus Jayne-Leigh Thomas ................................................................................................................................................ 545 III. Analiza človeških zob in čeljustnic pokopov iz gomile III. Analysis of human teeth and jaws from graves from the tumulus Iztok Štamfelj ............................................................................................................................................................... 547 SKLEPNA BESEDA / CONCLUSION Pohorsko Podravje v pozni bronasti in starejši železni dobi The Pohorsko Podravje region during the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages Biba Teržan, Matija Črešnar ...................................................................................................................................................... 561

Imensko kazalo / Name Index ................................................................................................................................................. 585

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Knjigo posvečamo spominu na Stanka Pahiča (1924-2003), kustosa arheologa v Pokrajinskem muzeju v Mariboru, izvrstnega poznavalca arheoloških najdišč na Štajerskem, Koroškem in v Prekmurju

The book is dedicated to the memory of Stanko Pahič (1924-2003), curator of archaeology at the Maribor Regional Museum (Pokrajinski muzej Maribor), a personality of vast and in-depth knowledge of the archaeological sites in the Štajerska (Styria), Koroška (Carinthia) and Prekmurje regions of Slovenia

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POHORSKO PODRAVJE PRED TREMI TISOČLETJI – TRADICIJA IN INOVATIVNOST V POZNI BRONASTI IN STAREJŠI ŽELEZNI DOBI

POHORSKO PODRAVJE THREE MILLENNIA AGO – TRADITION AND INNOVATION IN THE LATE BRONZE AND EARLY IRON AGES

PREDGOVOR V preteklih treh desetletjih je prišlo predvsem zaradi zaščitnih arheoloških izkopavanj ob izgradnji avtocestnega križa v Sloveniji do številnih odkritij novih arheoloških najdišč iz različnih obdobij, kar velja tudi za Pohorsko Podravje. Že tekom arheoloških izkopavanj so našo pozornost vzbudila razmeroma gosto razporejena arheološka najdišča naselbin iz pozne bronaste dobe, ki so spreminjala do tedaj znano podobo o poselitvi Pohorskega Podravja (Teržan 1999; Strmčnik Gulič 2001). To je bil tudi povod za poseben raziskovalni projekt, s katerim smo želeli znanstveno obdelati in proučiti novo odkrito arheološko gradivo ter s tem pridobiti nove podatke o procesih naseljevanja in naselbinskih strukturah na Dravskem polju v stoletjih ob izteku 2. tisočletja in zgodnjega 1. tisočletja pr. n. št. To je bil čas, ko je kultura žarnih grobišč s svojim pulziranjem doživljala vzpone, pa tudi padce in ko se je ob njenem zatonu porajala nova doba – zgodnja železna doba in z njo halštatska kultura. Uspelo nam je, da je projekt s skoraj povsem enakim naslovom, kot ga nosi naš zbornik, Tradicija in inovativnost v prazgodovini (N6-0004), finančno podprla Javna agencija za raziskovalno dejavnost Republike Slovenije (ARRS) v okviru komplementarne finančne sheme. Projekt je bil namreč v mnogo večjem obsegu najprej prijavljen na razpis evropskega raziskovalnega sveta (ERC), kjer je bil solidno ocenjen, a ne izbran med financirane projekte. Po izteku projekta so se raziskave nadaljevale tudi v sklopu ARRS Raziskovalnega programa P6-0247. Za podporo želimo ARRS na tem mestu izreči zahvalo. Seveda smo se dolžni zahvaliti tudi Znanstvenemu inštitutu in Oddelku za arheologijo Filozofske fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani kot oddelkoma matične ustanove. Posebna zahvala gre študentkam in študentom arheologije Univerze v Ljubljani, ki so v sklopu terenskih vaj sodelovali pri naših raziskavah. Kot je razvidno iz vsebinskega kazala predložene knjige, so bile naše raziskave usmerjene v tri tematske sklope. V prvem sklopu predstavljamo rezultate

PREFACE Numerous new archaeological sites have come to light in the last three decades, mainly during the rescue excavations conducted in advance of motorway constructions across Slovenia. The same is true for Pohorsko Podravje1 as well. In course of these campaigns, quite densely spaced settlements from the Late Bronze Age have been unearthed, which was surprising considering that the knowledge up to these excavations did not hint at such a settlement pattern in the area (Teržan 1999; Strmčnik Gulič 2001). Pohorsko Podravje has since been the focus of a special research project aimed at studying the newly discovered archaeological finds and gaining new insights into the habitation remains and settlement processes on the plain of the Dravsko polje and the fringes of the Pohorje Mountains in the centuries of the late 2nd and early 1st millennia BC. This was a time of the Urnfield culture with its peaks and declines, the last of which also led to a new age – The Early Iron Age and the Hallstatt culture. The project of a much greater scope first tendered for funding by the European Research Council (ERC), which was positively assessed in the ERC peer review process, but not approved for co-financing. Fortunately, we succeeded in securing the financial support for the project under a title almost the same as the one for these proceedings, Tradition and innovation in prehistory (N6-0004), from the Slovenian Research Agency (ARRS) as part of their complementary funding scheme/the ERC Complementary Scheme. After the end of the project, our research continued in the ARRS funded research programme No. P6-0247. We wish to thank the Slovenian Research Agency for their support. We would also like to extend our gratitude to the Scientific Research Institute (Znanstveni inštitut Filozofske fakultete) and Department of Archaeology at the Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana (Oddelek za arheologijo Filozofske fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani), as the departments of the mother institution. We 1

Pohorsko Podravje is a part of Štajerska region, covering the Pohorje Mountains, the lowlands besides the Drava River and the surrounding areas.

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temeljitih analiz celotnega gradiva na novo raziskanih nižinskih naselbin, odkritih pri krajih Pobrežje, Orehova vas in Hotinja vas; prvi dve iz pozne bronaste dobe1, zadnje imenovana iz starejše železne dobe. Mira Strmčnik Gulič, vodja zaščitnih arheoloških izkopavanj na teh najdiščih, arheologinja konservatorka na mariborski enoti Zavoda za varstvo kulturne dediščine Slovenije, OE Maribor (ZVKDS, OE MB), je namreč velikodušno odstopila gradivo iz izkopavanj omenjenih najdišč v obdelavo mlajšim kolegom, ki so se s trdim delom uspešno prebili skozi velike količine podatkov in najdb ter s svojimi izsledki obogatili naše poznavanje tistega davnega časa. Seveda je bila uspešna obdelava teh najdišč možna tudi zaradi plodnega sodelovanja s Skupino za arheologijo na avtocestah Slovenije (SAAS) in Centrom za preventivno arheologijo Zavoda za varstvo kulturne dediščine Slovenije (CPA ZVKDS), za kar se želimo zahvaliti predvsem prof. dr. Bojanu Djuriću, vodji skupine SAAS, in Barbari Nadbath, vodji CPA ZVKDS. V okviru našega projekta smo ob tem začeli tudi s ponovnimi arheološkimi raziskavami na Pošteli, tako na utrjeni naselbini iz železne dobe kot tudi na pripadajočih nekropolah. Raziskave so zaradi vključevanja številnih naravoslovno-tehničnih disciplin in eksperimentiranja z različnimi novimi metodološkimi pristopi (geofizika, geokemija itd.), za kar so bila pridobljena tudi dodatna evropska in domača raziskovalna sredstva, po obsegu prerasle okvir te knjige in bodo objavljene v posebni monografski publikaciji. Drugi tematski sklop je posvečen nekropolam, in sicer doslej še neobjavljenim najdbam iz pozne bronaste in starejše železne dobe. Te predstavljajo naselbinskim najdbam komplementaren arheološki vir, pomemben za razumevanje poselitvenih vzorcev v prostoru in času, ki je ob tem nepogrešljiv pri preučevanju družbene strukture in obredja. Za obdelavo arheoloških najdb iz žarnih grobišč v Pobrežju pri Mariboru in z Gračiča pod Brinjevo goro pri Zrečah, ki jih je v 50. in 60. letih preteklega stoletja izkopaval Stanko Pahič in se hranijo v Pokrajinskem muzeju Maribor, smo ob soglasju direktorice dr. Mirjane Koren uspeli nagovoriti kustodinjo arheologinjo Vesno Koprivnik. Obema velja naša zahvala. Pri obdelavi najdb iz izkopanih gomil v Razvanju in Pivoli, katerih izkopavanja so potekala pod vodstvom Mire Strmčnik Gulič, ZVKDS, 1

Na tem mestu moramo omeniti še tretjo naselbino iz tega obdobja, Rogozo pri Mariboru, ki pa je že bila celostno predstavljena v prispevku, objavljenem v Arheološkem vest­niku 61 (Črešnar 2010).

also thank the students of archaeology at the University of Ljubljana, who participated in the research as part of their curriculum fieldwork. The research had three main focus areas. The first was to point at detailed and comprehensive analyses of the finds from the lowland settlements newly investigated at Pobrežje, Orehova vas and Hotinja vas, the first two dating to the Late Bronze2, the third one to the Early Iron Age. The rescue excavations at all three sites were headed by Mira Strmčnik Gulič, conservator at the Regional Office Maribor of the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia (ZVKDS), who kindly offered the documentation and material from these sites to be analysed by younger colleagues. They rigorously examined the vast quantities of data and artefacts to advance our knowledge of those distant periods. This has been possible also because of a fruitful collaboration with the Committee for archaeology on the Slovenian highways (SAAS) and the Centre for Preventive Archaeology at the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia (CPA ZVKDS), for which we primarily wish to thank prof. dr. Bojan Djurić, the head of SAAS, and Barbara Nadbath, the head of the CPA ZVKDS. Within the framework of our project, renewed archaeological investigations at Poštela, both the Iron Age hillfort and the associated cemeteries below it, have been initiated. The investigations involved a myriad of other scientific and technical disciplines, as well as experimenting with different new methodological approaches (geophysics, geochemistry and others) additionally financed from European and Slovenian research funds. These investigations and their results have grown beyond the scope of this publication and will be presented in a separate monograph. The second scope area represents the research of necropoleis, more precisely the till now unpublished finds from the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages. They are an archaeological source important for a more comprehensive understanding of the settlement patterns, but also for the study of the contemporary social structure and ritual practices. The archaeological finds from the cremation cemeteries at Pobrežje near Maribor and Gračič below Brinjeva gora near Zreče, that Stanko Pahič excavated in the 1950s and 60s and are now kept in the Maribor Regional Museum, were analysed by the archaeologist Vesna Koprivnik, curator at the said museum on the approval of its director, Mirjana Koren. The excavation of the tumuli at 2

Mention should be made of another contemporary settlement, Rogoza near Maribor, which was already published in an article in Arheološki vestnik 61 (Črešnar 2010).

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Slika 1. Pohorsko Podravje z arheološkimi najdišči iz pozne bronaste in starejše železne dobe, predstavljenimi v monografiji. Figure 1. Pohorsko Podravje with archaeological sites from the Late Bronze and the Early Iron Ages presented in the monograph.

Pobrežje Poštela

HORJE

PO

Pivola

Rogoza Orehova vas Hotinja vas

Dr

av

a

Brinjeva gora

Dravi

nja

(Velika gomila v Razvanju in Pivola, gomila 14) in podpisanih (Pivola, gomila 13) so sodelovali tudi restavrator Stanko Gojkovič, Mihela Kajzer, oba ZVKDS, OE MB, Drago Oman, Pokrajinski muzej Maribor in dr. Bine Kramberger, ki smo jim prav tako globoko hvaležni. V tretjem sklopu raziskav pa so predstavljene analize naravoslovnih disciplin. Kot prve so predstavljene arheometrične raziskave kovinskih predmetov, za katere smo dolžni zahvalo dr. Nevi Trampuž Orel, Narodni muzej Slovenije, in dr. Rafku Urankarju, PJP d.o.o. Za analizo živalskih kostnih ostalin iz Velike gomile nad Razvanjem se moramo zahvaliti dr. Borutu Toškanu z IzA ZRC SAZU. Najobsežnejši je zadnji sklop, ki je namenjen antropološkim analizam. Te so opravili različni strokovnjaki. Analize sežganih/kremiranih kosti iz žarnih grobov različnih grobišč v Pohorskem Podravju sta opravili dr. Jayne-Leigh Thomas, takrat doktorandka Univerze v Edinburghu, in dr. Tamara Leskovar z Univerze v Ljubljani. V dodatku ob tem objavljamo ponovne analize skeletnih ostalin iz srednjebronastodobne gomile pod Brinjevo goro, ki sta jih izvedli dr. Tatjana Tomazo Ravnik in prej

Razvanje and Pivola were led by Mira Strmčnik Gulič, ZVKDS (Razvanje, large tumulus, and Pivola, Tumulus 14), and the editors of this book (Pivola, Tumulus 13), while the analysis and restoration of the finds also involved the collaboration of other colleagues, namely Stanko Gojkovič (restorer) and Mihela Kajzer from the ZVKDS Regional Office Maribor, Drago Oman from the Maribor Regional Museum and Bine Kramberger. To all of them we are much obliged. The third research strand were the archaeometric, archaeozoological and anthropological analyses. Dr. Neva Trampuž Orel, National Museum of Slovenia, and dr. Rafko Urankar, PJP d.o.o, have carried out the archaeometric analyses of the metal finds. Dr. Borut Toškan, Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts (ZRC SAZU), analysed the animal bone remains from the Velika gomila above Razvanje. A number of experts have done the anthropological analyses. Dr. Jayne-Leigh Thomas, then PhD student at the University of Edinburgh, and dr. Tamara Leskovar, University of Ljubljana, analysed the cremated bones from the cemeteries in Pohorsko Podravje. In the addendum, we are further presenting the revised analyses of the 11

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omenjena J.-L Thomas. Zobno gradivo teh skeletov je posebej preučil dr. Iztok Štamfelj z Univerze v Ljubljani. Ker je bila večina prispevkov, ki jih objavljamo v tem zvezku KiM-a, spisana in oddana v redakcijo že v letih 2016/2017, novejša strokovna literatura ni več upoštevana. Žal je zaradi različnih vzrokov prišlo do tiska z večjim časovnim zamikom, za kar se tako avtorjem prispevkov kot tudi glavnemu izdajatelju, tj. Narodnemu muzeju Slovenije, opravičujeva. A naju kljub temu veseli, da smo – čeprav z zamudo – uspeli obelodaniti za Pohorsko Podravje tako pomembno prazgodovinsko gradivo. Nenazadnje gre naša zahvala mag. Barbari Ravnik, direktorici Narodnega muzeja Slovenije, in dr. Petru Turku, glavnemu uredniku zbirke Katalogi in monografije, ki sta sprejela naš zbornik v tisk kot 44. zvezek KiM-a. Za pomoč pri tehničnem pregledu manuskripta se zahvaljujemo Manci Omahen Gruškovnjak in dr. Tamari Leskovar. Slednja je ob tem sodelovala pri urejanju in prevajanju besedil, posvečenih antropološkim analizam, katerih prevode v angleščino je jezikovno pregledala Agni Prijatelj. K jezikovni podobi besedil so pomembno prispevali tudi prevajalca v angleščino, Andreja Maver in Miha Kunstelj, ter lektorica za slovenski jezik, dr. Nina Krajnc in Dušan Merhar. Tisk zvezka so poleg Narodnega muzeja Slovenije s finančno podporo in postavljanjem omogočili Znanstvena založba FF UL, ki jo vodi dr. Matevž Rudolf, ARRS ter občinama Zreče in Hoče-Slivnica. Vsem iskrena hvala!

skeletal remains from the Middle Bronze Age tumulus below Brinjeva gora, carried out by dr. Tatjana Tomazo Ravnik and J.-L. Thomas, while dr. Iztok Štamfelj, University of Ljubljana, made new research on the dental remains from these individuals. Most of the articles in our monograph have been finished already in the years 2016/2017, therefore later literature is mostly not included. It is due to various reasons that this delay occurred. We owe therefore the authors and the publisher, i.e. the National Museum of Slovenia, our sincere apologies. Despite the delay, we are pleased about the publication of these important prehistoric material from Pohorsko Podravje. Finally, we would also like to thank mag. Barbara Ravnik, director of the National Museum of Slovenia, and dr. Peter Turk, editor-in-chief of the Katalogi in monografije series, for publishing our research as Volume 44 of the series. For the technical help we would like to thank also Manca Omahen Gruškovnjak and dr. Tamara Leskovar. The latter has above that helped with editing and translating the texts dealing with human osteology, which were proof-read by Agni Prijatelj. The final text has received important input also from Andreja Maver and Miha Kunstelj with their English translations as well as dr. Nina Krajnc and Dušan Merhar with the Slovenian proof-reading. Apart from the National Museum of Slovenia, publication and printing was financially supported by the Faculty of Arts Scientific Press, led by dr. Matevž Rudolf, as well as the Slovenian Research Agency ARRS and the municipalities of Zreče and Hoče-Slivnica. Sincere thanks to all!

Biba Teržan in Matija Črešnar, urednika zbornika

Biba Teržan and Matija Črešnar, editors

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ORIS ZGODOVINE ­RAZISKAV POZNE BRONASTE DOBE V SEVEROVZHODNI SLOVENIJI

HISTORY OF RESEARCH OF THE LATE BRONZE AGE IN NORTH-EASTERN SLOVENIA

Matija Črešnar

Matija Črešnar

Pozna bronasta doba je obdobje kulture žarnih grobišč in je tako s stališča številnih arheoloških najdišč kot raziskav, ki so se odvijale vse od začetkov razvoja arheološke vede pri nas v drugi polovici 19. stoletja, brez dvoma eno pomembnejših in bolje raziskanih arheoloških obdobij v severovzhodni Sloveniji. Prve arheološke najdbe, ki so v drugi polovici 19. stoletja vzbudile zanimanje in izvirajo iz pozne bronaste dobe, so bile depojske oz. založne najdbe. Podatki o najdiščnih okoliščinah so sicer skromni, pomenljiva pa je njihova količina, saj sta bili do I. svetovne vojne odkriti kar dve tretjini do zdaj znanih depojev. Med njimi so tisti iz Čermožiša, Grab pri Središču ob Dravi, Hercegovščaka, Hudinje, Podgradja, Bele pri Poljčanah in Slovenske Bistrice.1 A čas ni niti najmanj naključen, saj je bilo prav to obdobje ustanavljanja muzejskih društev in muzejev, torej začetek organiziranega zanimanja za lastno preteklost.2 Ob tem moramo omeniti tudi pomen ustanov iz Gradca in s cesarskega Dunaja, ki so s sodelovanjem z lokalnimi ustanovami in razvejano mrežo sodelavcev pomagale pri seznanjanju strokovne javnosti s trenutnimi znanstvenimi smernicami. Prav tako je pomembno njihovo vključevanje lokalnih posvetnih in cerkvenih oblasti ter šol, saj so s tem ob pridobivanju novih podatkov o morebitnih arheoloških najdiščih tudi med laičnim prebivalstvom dvignili čut za spoštovanje kulturne dediščine.3 Vse našteto lahko brez zadržkov razlagamo kot vzrok, da tudi na najdbe prvih bronastodobnih grobov ni bilo potrebno čakati prav dolgo. Že leta 1875 je bilo namreč odkrito znamenito prvo žarno grobišče v Rušah, kar časovno sovpada z odkritji slavnih t. i. Dežmanovih kolišč na Ljubljanskem

The Late Bronze Age or Urnfield culture period is certainly among the most prominent and best researched archaeological periods of north-eastern Slovenia, both in the number of known archaeological sites and the level of investigation conducted here ever since the beginnings of archaeology in Slovenia during the second half of the 19th century. The first Late Bronze Age artefacts, which came to light in the second half of the 19th century, were hoard finds. The data on their context are scarce, but not their quantity as two thirds of the known hoards came to light before World War I, including the hoards from Čermožiše, Grabe near Središče ob Dravi, Hercegovščak, Hudinja, Podgradje, Bela near Poljčane and Slovenska Bistrica.1 This was a time of emerging museum associations and museums, i.e. the beginnings of organised interest in the local past.2 Also important was the role of the institutions in Graz and the imperial capital Vienna, which were instrumental in keeping the professional public abreast of contemporary guidelines in scientific endeavour with the help of local institutions and an elaborate network of associates. They consistently included the local secular and religious authorities, as well as schools into their activities, as it provided them with new information on potential archaeological sites, but also raised the awareness regarding cultural heritage among the general public.3 This soon led to the discovery of the first Bronze Age burials. Already in 1875, i.e. at roughly the same time as the discovery of the famous Dežman pile-dwelling sites in the Ljubljansko barje, an urn cemetery was unearthed in Ruše (well-known Ruše

1

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Teržan 1990, 13 ss; ista 1999, 130 ss; Čerče, Turk 1996, 7 ss; Teržan 1995b, T. 37: 1–6; 42: 5–49: 89; 70: 1–9; 73: 1–13; 88: A1–2; 124: B1–2; 127: A1–5; Dular, Šavel et al. 2002, 13 ss. V Celju je bil krajevni muzej odprt leta 1882, naslednje leto pa je bilo ustanovljeno še Muzejsko društvo. Na Ptuju je bilo društvo ustanovljeno leta 1893 in je nemudoma začelo ustvarjati lastno muzejsko zbirko. Razmeroma pozno, leta 1902, je z ustanovitvijo prvega društva sledil Maribor. A ker je bilo to v nemških rokah, je bilo že naslednje leto ustanovljeno slovensko Zgodovinsko društvo za slovensko Štajersko. Do leta 1909 sta tako v Mariboru delovali kar dve muzejski ustanovi (Zupan 1932, 131–138; več pri Teržan 1990, 14 ss). Baš 1953–54, 14 ss.

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Teržan 1990, 13 ff; 1999, 130 ff; Čerče, Turk 1996, 7 ff; Teržan 1995b, Pls. 37: 1–6; 42: 5–49: 89; 70: 1–9; 73: 1–13; 88: A1–2; 124: B1–2; 127: A1–5; Dular et al. 2002, 13 ff. The local museum in Celje opened in 1882, followed by the museum association in the next year. At Ptuj, the museum association was established in 1893 and immediately began creating its own museum collection. The first local museum association in Maribor was established later, in 1902. As it was in German hands, a Slovenian association (Historical Association for Slovenian Styria) was established the following year and by 1909 two museum institutions were active in Maribor (Zupan 1932, 131–138; more in Teržan 1990, 14 ff ). Baš 1953–54, 14 ff.

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KIM 44

KATALOGI IN MONOGRAFIJE / CATALOGI ET MONOGRAPHIAE 44

TRADITION AND INNOVATION IN THE LATE BRONZE AND EARLY IRON AGES

POHORSKO PODRAVJE THREE MILLENNIA AGO

POHORSKO PODRAVJE PRED TREMI TISOČLETJI

TRADICIJA IN INOVATIVNOST V POZNI BRONASTI IN STAREJŠI ŽELEZNI DOBI

Biba Teržan, Matija Črešnar

POHORSKO PODRAVJE PRED TREMI TISOČLETJI

TRADICIJA IN INOVATIVNOST V POZNI BRONASTI IN STAREJŠI ŽELEZNI DOBI

POHORSKO PODRAVJE THREE MILLENNIA AGO TRADITION AND INNOVATION IN THE LATE BRONZE AND EARLY IRON AGES

ISBN 978-961-06-0418-1 ISBN 978-961-06-0418-1

9 789610 604181

2021

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