The PoultrySite Digital - July 2011 - Issue 7 - Global Online Digital Poultry Magazine

Regional News, Company News, Events in Your Area

How to Produce More Quality Turkey Poults

Global Market Analysis

Breeder body weight management & optimising incubation

FAO’s forecast for poultry meat production in 2011

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Plus much, much more..!

POULTRY Digital Expert Knowledge at your Fingertips July 2011 - Issue 7

Challenges of Supplying Quality Turkey Meat to Meet Global Demand for Food A look at past, present and future supply and demand of turkey meat by Richard Hutchinson of Aviagen Turkeys. Jackie Linden, senior editor of ThePoultrySite, reports from the Temperton Fellowship presentation in London in June 2011.

The turkey business may have changed since Richard Hutchinson started his career in turkey production 35 years ago but, now having reached the position of Director for Sales and Marketing at Aviagen Turkeys, he continues to look forward with optimism. He opened his presentation to the Temperton Fellowship saying: "I see many opportunities for turkey meat going forward."

BACKGROUND Originally, the turkey market in the UK centred on whole birds for the Christmas and Easter markets, and for Thanksgiving in the US. In the mid1970s, it was Italy that dominated turkey production in Europe but the US led the way for the industry, Mr Hutchinson said.

Continued on page 4...

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July 2011 - Issue 7

Expert Knowledge at your Fingertips

01

Food Outlook Global Market Analysis June 2011 A resurgence of avian influenza and high feed prices may halve poultry meat output growth, according to the latest Food Outlook report from the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Page 8

Challenges of Supplying Quality Turkey Meat to Meet Global Demand for Food A look at past, present and future supply and demand of turkey meat by Richard Hutchinson of Aviagen Turkeys. Jackie Linden, senior editor of ThePoultrySite, reports from the Temperton Fellowship presentation in London in June 2011. Page 1

How to Produce More Quality Poults For more quality poults, it is necessary to optimise both egg production and hatchability, writes senior editor, Jackie Linden. Page 14

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Editorial

16

A Reappraisal of the Potential of Dietary Fatty Acids to Ameliorate Heat Stress

A word from the Editor

The strategic use of new oil seed varieties high in oleic acid may ameliorate the adverse effects of heat stress in poultry, according to P.J. CronjĂŠ of CronjĂŠ Consulting and Editing at the 2011 Australian Poultry Science Symposium.

News 26 Regional Get in Touch!

The latest news from the Americas, Europe, Asia, Africa and Oceania For Editorial Enquiries:

30 Events Keep up to date with what is happening in the global poultry industry.

Jackie Linden jackie.linden@5mpublishing.com Tel: +44 (0) 1234 818180 For Advertising Enquiries:

32 News from our advertisers Company News

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Alex Guy Alex.guy@5mpublishing.com Tel: +44 (0) 1234 818180

Editorial Welcome to ThePoultrySite Digital Issue 7

Turning to Turkeys In this issue of ThePoultrySite Digital, we turn our attention to turkey production.

Having spent his whole career in the turkey business, Richard Hutchinson of Aviagen Turkeys was in the very best possible position to discuss the past, present and future of turkey production in his Temperton Fellowship presentation in London recently.

He explained how the turkey market started with a focus on whole birds for the Christmas and Easter markets, and for Thanksgiving in the US. Since then, the industry has changed markedly.

While the US still leads the way in terms of output, Poland, Brazil and Canada, hardly present in the 1970s, are now making a significant contribution to global turkey meat supply.

In the report, world poultry meat output is forecast to grow by two per cent to 100 million tonnes in 2011, which is half the rate of the previous year but growth of this sector remains much faster than that predicted for other meats.

With the hot summer months ahead in the northern hemisphere, we also have a report on the strategic use of new oilseed varieties to ameliorate the adverse effects of heat stress in poultry, in a paper by P.J. Cronjé of Cronjé Consulting and Editing in Australia.

Jackie Linden ThePoultrysite.com Senior Editor

Read our report on Mr Hutchinson’s presentation to see why he is so optimistic about the future of the turkey industry.

Continuing on the turkey theme, Dr Helen Wojcinski of Hybrid Turkeys explained how to produce more quality turkey poults at the 2011 Turkey Science and Production conference earlier this year. The keys, she said, are to maximise the production of settable hatching eggs and then to incubate those eggs appropriately.

Turning to the future of poultry production generally, a resurgence of avian influenza and high feed prices may halve poultry meat output growth, according to the latest Food Outlook report from the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).

3

Feature Challenges of Supplying Quality Turkey Meat to Meet Global Demand for Food Continued from page 1...

By 2010, output had increased dramatically in Germany and overtook Italy, while production has increased also in France, which now produces most turkey meat in the EU. Growth in the UK has been more modest.

In terms of world markets, US is way ahead, while Poland, Brazil and Canada, hardly present in the 1970s, are now making a significant contribution to global turkey meat supply. The situation is somewhat volatile in the US and output has fallen from its peak in 2008, while output from Brazil rose steadily between 1999 and 2008, based mainly on export growth.

Not only has turkey met production shown a general and modest upward trend in these countries, but killing weights have also tended to rise.

Average turkey meat consumption varies widely between countries. Mr Hutchinson forecasts only slow growth in uptake on those developed countries where total meat production is already more than 80kg per capita. However, he sees good potential where meat consumption is 50 to 60kg, such as Russia and China.

NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF TURKEY MEAT In a world where consumers are always looking of a healthy option, turkey has many advantages, said Mr Hutchinson. He highlighted particularly that the meat is low in both fat and calories, high in protein and contributes important vitamins and minerals to the diet. At the same time, turkey is a very versatile meat with its mild flavour and suitability to a range of cooking styles. And last but not least, turkey meat represents good value for money.

4

OBJECTIVES OF THE PRIMARY BREEDER Mr Hutchinson said that the objective of the primary breeder is to operate breeding programmes that ensure selection is made in a balanced way for a range of health, fitness and production traits.

He added that extreme care is taken to make sustainable, predictable and consistent year-on-year progress in all traits to satisfy the customers' needs.

He stressed this requires a balanced breeding programme and significant investment in technology and research.

It is constant investment in breeding programmes the ensures genetic progress, he said, giving

meat.The breast contributes around 26 to 28 per cent of the carcass weight, yet it contributes around 60 to 70 per cent of the carcass value.

The breast muscle develops mainly during the period of 12 to 25 weeks of age, and especially between 15 and 20 weeks, so the killing age largely dictates the bird's carcass composition. A wide range of factors impact breast meat yield in turkeys, especially feeding/nutrition and the physical environment – from incubation and stocking density to temperature, season and ventilation.

It is vital to get all these areas right, said Mr Hutchinson, especially in developing markets.

WORLD TURKEY MEAT MARKETS AND POTENTIAL FUTURE GROWTH

examples of the evolution of FCR selection, the design of water stations and leg strength improvements.

Showing the range of both male and female weights required in various countries, Mr Hutchinson demonstrated that no one turkey will meet the requirements of all the markets. Most markets are served with heavy or heavy-medium strains.

OPTIMISING BREAST MEAT PRODUCTION The aim is to optimise the value of the whole carcass, Mr Hutchinson explained.This means achieving a balance between the breast or white meat that is favoured in many markets, with the dark

Reviewing the trends in turkey meat production and consumption around the world from the US and Brazil, through the EU nations and to North Africa and the Middle East, Mr Hutchinson showed that there is considerable potential for growth in the global market. It is likely that progress can most easily be made in those countries of the EU where turkey consumption is still low as well as in its neighbours in North Africa, the Middle East, Turkey, Russia and Ukraine.

Increasing consumption could be achieved by strong marketing, Mr Hutchinson said, focussing on the product's strengths – its healthy and nutritional profile and versatility. Also important, he stressed, is to make the product attractive to the chosen demographic by developing new products and increasing consumer awareness of the meat's possibilities.

In his summing up, Mr Hutchinson said that the turkey meat market has many advantages to develop for the future, as performance levels con5

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tinue to improve and investments are made in processing and product development.

He added that for consumers, turkey meat offers a healthy alternative to other meats and it suits cuisines all around the world.

"Turkey is truly the meat of the future," Mr Hutchinson concluded.

The Temperton Fellowship was established to commemorate the contribution of Dr Harold Temperton, Director of the National Institute of Poultry Husbandry at Harper Adams University College from 1951 to 1974. Chairman of the Fellowship is Peel Holroyd.

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Feature Article

Food Outlook Global Market Analysis June 2011 A resurgence of avian influenza and high feed prices may halve poultry meat output growth, according to the latest Food Outlook report from the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).

According to the latest Outlook report from FAO, high feed prices, disease outbreaks and depleted animal inventories are forecast to limit the expansion of global meat production to only one per cent in 2011, to 294 million tonnes. The increase is anticipated to be driven by gains in the poultry and pig meat sectors, while world bovine and ovine meat outputs are expected to be constrained by a retention of animals for herd rebuilding.

Strong demand for imports, especially in Asia where a number of countries are facing tight supplies and high domestic prices, is expected to foster a 2.4 per cent growth in world meat trade, bringing it to 26.8 million tonnes. Much of the ex8

pansion would stem from increased flows of pig meat, and to a lower extent, poultry and bovine meats. On the other hand, trade in ovine meat may stagnate, limited by short availabilities in traditional exporting countries.

Relatively high retail prices are foreseen to keep per capita meat consumption in 2011 stalling around 41.9kg. In the developing countries, steady economic growth may foster a minimal increase to 32.0kg, while per capita consumption in the developed countries is expected to remain at 78.4kg.

International meat prices have maintained steady increases since January 2011, progressing by five per cent over the first quarter, mainly sustained

World meat markets at a glance (FAO) 2009

2010 Estimate

2011 Forecast

Change 2011 over 2010 %

million tonnes WORLD BALANCE Production

283.2

290.6

294.0

1.1

Bovine meat

64.9

64.9

65.0

0.2

Poultry meat

93.6

98.0

100.2

2.3

Pig meat

106.3

109.2

110.0

0.7

Ovine meat

12.9

13.0

13.1

0.5

Trade

25.2

26.2

26.8

2.4

Bovine meat

7.2

7.5

7.7

1.9

Poultry

11.1

11.5

11.7

1.6

Pig meat

5.8

6.1

6.4

5.0

Ovine meat

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.8

SUPPLY AND DEMAND INDICATORS Per capita food consumption (kg/year): World

41.3

41.9

41.9

0.1

Developed

78.0

78.4

78.4

0.0

Developing

31.1

31.8

32.0

0.5

FAO MEAT PRICE 2009

2010

2011

Change:

152

175

19.9

133

by a 10 per cent increase in pig meat prices. In the near term, the combination of strong world import demand and limited export availabilities points toward a further firming of world meat prices in the next few months.

grow by two per cent to 100 million tonnes in 2011, half the rate of the previous year, as high feed costs and diseases constrain the profitability of the sector. However, its growth remains much faster than that predicted for the other meat sectors.

POULTRY MEAT World poultry meat output is forecast by FAO to

High feed prices are currently challenging supply growth in Brazil, China, the EU and the US 9

Feature Article Food Outlook – Global Market Analysis – June 2011 which, together, account for nearly two-thirds of pand by 1.6 per cent to 11.7 million tonnes, subglobal output. In China, although the sector is stantially slower than the four per cent growth benefiting from increased availability of breeding recorded last year. In Asia, shipments to the Restock, high prices of other meats and restrictions public of Korea will be supported by the recent on imports, rising costs are expected to slow opening of a 50,000 tonne tariff-free quota and down production expansion from the seven per vigorous consumer demand. Imports to Japan, the cent reported in 2010 to three per cent in 2011.

Hong Kong SAR of the People's Republic of China In the EU, only slight gains are anticipated, as the and Viet Nam as well as to Middle East countries sector adjusts to the higher costs of production are all forecast up. Purchases by Japan may for the deriving from new EU broiler welfare rules imfirst time surpass the one million tonne threshold, plemented in 2011. Output gains in Brazil and the as additional supplies are needed not only to United States will be supported by strong concompensate for the declining production but also sumer demand due to lower relative prices of to respond to a possible shift of consumers away poultry meat compared with other meats. In the from fish, which may especially favour poultry.

Russian Federation, poultry investments estimated at nearly US$2 billion In South Africa, the 2011 in 2010, and policies focused "A resurgence of avian expiration of 10-year-old on enhancing meat self-suffianti-dumping tariffs against influenza and high feed ciency, in particular through poultry from the United import barriers and the pro- prices may halve poultry States may support addivision of subsidised feed, will tional imports. Those inmeat output growth" keep production gains at creases are likely to more near double-digit figures. than offset reduced purchases in several important markets.

Meanwhile, reports FAO, near-record resurgence of Avian Influenza outbreaks since early January In the EU, lower imports are expected in rein Hong Kong, Japan, Myanmar, the Republic of sponse to the shifting definition of the use of Korea and Viet Nam, with the virus still circulating frozen poultry and confusions about the EU-27 in Bangladesh, Egypt and Indonesia and other licensing system applied in 2010, a policy move countries. This has reminded the global commuthat may prompt a WTO appeal by Brazil. nity of the potential threat of H5N1 and other diseases to national and global health. Diseases Deliveries to the Russian Federation, previously are largely behind the expectation of a halving of the world's largest poultry market, are expected production growth in Asia to two per cent, to contract for the fourth consecutive year, folnotwithstanding expectations of output gains in lowing the halving of the country's TRQ to India, Turkey and other smaller markets, such as 350,000 tonnes. Likewise, China may cut poultry the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Kazakhstan, imports, owed to the imposition of anti-dumping Nepal and Turkey, where the number of poultry and countervailing duties against product from farms doubled last year. the United States, China's principal supplier.

Poultry meat exports in 2011 are expected to ex10

Among exporters, the United States is expected

to witness a contraction of sales in 2011, which may even lead to its relinquishing its position as the world's top poultry exporter. The fall would mainly reflect tight domestic supplies but would also be due to market restrictions in China and the Russian Federation. Consequently, Brazil is likely to turn into the world's largest poultry exporter in 2011, with deliveries to foreign markets expected to exceed four million tonnes, equiva-

lent to over one-third of global trade prospects.

According to the FAO Outlook report, exports from Thailand are expected to expand, sustained by larger sales of cooked poultry products to both the EU and Japan. Continued investments in poultry operations in China may result in increased poultry deliveries, especially to other Asian countries.

Poultry meat statistics - Asia (thousand tonnes, carcass weight equivalent; FAO) Production

Imports

Exports

Utilisation

2010 est. 2011 f’cast

2010 est. 2011 f’cast

2010 est. 2011 f’cast

2010 est. 2011 f’cast

ASIA

34,640

35,421

6,057

6,382

2,032

2,198

38,665

39,611

China

17,601

18,102

1,815

1,890

1,056

1,143

18,360

18,849

- of which Hong Kong,

45

45

1,039

1,145

550

600

534

590

India

2,670

2,720

-

-

2

2

2.668

2,718

Indonesia

1,435

1,438

7

7

-

-

1,442

1,445

Iran, Isl. Rep.

1,765

1,820

45

55

28

30

1,782

1,845

Japan

1,392

1,322

973

1,030

10

10

2,355

2,342

Korea, Rep.

647

660

117

121

17

16

747

765

Kuwait

44

44

300

320

1

1

343

364

Malaysia

1,100

1,120

32

30

22

25

1,110

1,125

Saudi Arabia

590

600

684

726

3

3

1,271

1,323

Singapore

95

100

123

120

7

7

211

214

Thailand

1,208

1,305

1

1

659

725

550

587

Turkey

1,300

1,400

95

105

120

130

1,275

1,375

Yemen

145

147

110

115

-

-

255

262

11

Feature Article Food Outlook – Global Market Analysis – June 2011 Poultry meat statistics - Americas (thousand tonnes, carcass weight equivalent; FAO) Production

Imports

Exports

Utilisation

2010 est. 2011 f’cast

2010 est. 2011 f’cast

2010 est. 2011 f’cast

2010 est. 2011 f’cast

CENTRAL AMERICA

4,028

4,081

1,239

1,316

40

42

5,227

5,355

Cuba

34

34

240

270

-

-

274

304

Mexico

2,659

2,699

700

736

14

16

3,345

3,419

SOUTH AMERICA

17,047

17,655

407

466

4,250

4,451

13,204

13,670

Argentina

1,346

1,472

7

6

250

293

1,103

1,185

Brazil

11,787

12,200

1

1

3,873

4,028

7,915

8,173

Chile

620

625

70

85

107

108

583

602

Venezuela

740

730

237

275

-

-

977

1,005

NORTH AMERICA

20,820

21,099

298

306

4,019

3,852

17,117

17,557

Canada

1,223

1,247

192

200

186

191

1,229

1,257

USA

19,597

19,852

95

95

3,833

3,661

15,877

16,289

Poultry meat statistics - Europe (thousand tonnes, carcass weight equivalent; FAO)

12

Production

Imports

Exports

Utilisation

2010 est. 2011 f’cast

2010 est. 2011 f’cast

2010 est. 2011 f’cast

2010 est. 2011 f’cast

EUROPE

16,398

16,863

1,853

1,540

1,068

1,045

17,182

17,359

European Union

12,272

12,321

806

805

1,010

986

12,068

12,140

Russian Fed. 2,635

2,872

672

403

8

8

3,300

3,268

Ukraine

1,063

156

105

17

18

1,040

1,158

900

Poultry meat statistics - Oceania (thousand tonnes, carcass weight equivalent;FAO) Production

Imports

Exports

Utilisation

2010 est. 2011 f’cast

2010 est. 2011 f’cast

2010 est. 2011 f’cast

2010 est. 2011 f’cast

OCEANIA

1,049

1,067

61

64

33

33

1,076

1,096

Australia

886

900

7

9

26

26

867

881

New Zealand 140

144

1

-

7

7

134

138

Poultry meat statistics - Africa (thousand tonnes, carcass weight equivalent;FAO) Production

Imports

Exports

Utilisation

2010 est. 2011 f’cast

2010 est. 2011 f’cast

2010 est. 2011 f’cast

2010 est. 2011 f’cast

AFRICA

3,990

4,034

1,132

1,214

39

42

5,083

5,206

Angola

8

8

185

195

-

-

193

203

South Africa

1,020

1,028

253

266

31

35

1,242

1,259

Poultry meat statistics - Overview (thousand tonnes, carcass weight equivalent;FAO) Production

Imports

Exports

Utilisation

2010 est. 2011 f’cast

2010 est. 2011 f’cast

2010 est. 2011 f’cast

2010 est. 2011 f’cast

WORLD

97,972

100,220 11,047

11,288

11,482

11,664

97,554

99,853

Developing Countries

56,579

58,107

7,400

7,859

6,311

6,677

57,669

59,295

Developed Countries

41.393

42,113

3,646

3,429

5,171

4,986

39,886

40,558

LIFDCs

26,273

26,849

2,341

2,404

546

580

28,067

28,673

LDCs

1,821

1,807

707

749

-

-

2,528

2,556

LIFDCs = Low-Income, Food-Deficit Countries // LDCs = Less Developed Countries 13

Feature Article

How to Produce More Quality Poults

For more quality poults, it is necessary to optimise both egg production and hatchability, writes senior editor, Jackie Linden.

To produce more quality turkey poults, it is important firstly to maximise the production of settable hatching eggs and then to incubate those eggs appropriately, according to Dr Helen Wojcinski of Hybrid Turkeys in Canada. She was addressing the 2011 Turkey Science and Production conference in Macclesfield, UK, earlier this year.

IMPROVING EGG PRODUCTION THROUGH BREEDER HEN BODY WEIGHT MANAGEMENT Genetic improvements in growth and feed conversion are making it more difficult to achieve optimum egg production in heavy turkey lines, Dr Wojcinski explained.

Selection treads a fine balance between the focus on growth in the male lines and on egg production in female lines, she said.The hens are changing over time and modern lines would be too heavy if they were fed free-choice throughout rearing, as in traditional systems. Not only is over-feeding a waste of feed, overweight hens have too much 14

abdominal fat and are prone to prolapses, failed peak production and egg peritonitis and they may lay fewer settable eggs.

According to benchmarking data service, AgriStats, in the US, three turkey eggs were 'lost' per bird between 2006 and 2009. An investigation revealed that the hens were significantly heavier when they came into lay and that over-consumption of feed at around six to 13 weeks of age was the problem.

Research has shown that faster average daily gain in the conditioning period before lighting – between 24 and 30 weeks of age – improves the peak in egg production as well as overall egg numbers.

If the birds were to be held back during this period, they would be unlikely to achieve good peak egg production. The Hybrid Converter hen, for example, should gain around 400g per week over this time to optimise growth rate into reproduction.

Experience shows that optimum egg production can be achieved by full feeding of the females to six weeks of age, then switching to controlled nutrient intake either by timed feeding of a pre-determined amount of feed daily or by free access to a diet of lower nutrient density. Thereafter, hens should be allowed to gain 400g per week until lighting.

Summing up, Dr Wojcnski said that limiting excess body weight gain improves egg production by between three and five eggs per hen, saves feed costs and lowers hen mortality as the result of fewer prolapses and cases of peritonitis.

CORRECT INCUBATION CONDITIONS FOR MAXIMUM HATCHABILITY OF HEALTHY POULTS

therefore feed intake, which may lead to starveouts later. Other important organs will be smaller at hatch in poults that were incubated at too high a temperature for the breed.

Overheating is also thought to impact leg health, said Dr Wojcinski, which has implications for both marketing and welfare. Reseachers in North Carolina State University investigated the effects of normal versus lower oxygen levels and higher versus normal temperatures during the last four days of incubation on poult quality. Overheating, they found, affected the weight and thickness of the shank bones and led to weaker tendons due to thinner collagen fibres. These characteristics are associated with the subsequent development of leg deformities and tibial dyschondroplasia.

Hatching a quality poult requires the appropriate incubation conditions, stressed Dr Wojcinski. She explained that breed affects eggshell conductance through differences in the size and number of pores in the shell. These differences are not indicative of egg quality but they need to be taken into account in the incubation profile.

Signs of incorrect incubation conditions include an extended hatch period, the presence of urates, white poults and leg defects such as short shanks and curled toes.These are symptoms of poor development during the plateau stage of oxygen consumption, which is around days 24 to 25 of incubation.

Overheating during the last four days of incubation particularly means the poults are forced too early, Dr Wojcinski explained, so they do not resorb their yolk sacs properly so the sacs may rupture and the birds may therefore be white in colour, small and immuno-compromised. Overheating can also affect thyroid metabolism and

‘Orlopp Bronze’ breed Image courtesy of Hybrid Turkeys

Feeding programmes need to control breeder hen body weight in order to maximise egg production, Dr Wojcinski concluded. Incubation profiles are breed-specific, she said, so it is important to follow the recommendations of the primary breeder regarding the optimum temperature at each development stage.

15

Feature Article

A Reappraisal of the Potential of Dietary Fatty Acids to Ameliorate Heat Stress The strategic use of new oil seed varieties high in oleic acid may ameliorate the adverse effects of heat stress in poultry, according to P.J. CronjĂŠ of CronjĂŠ Consulting and Editing at the 2011 Australian Poultry Science Symposium.

Although the concept of manipulating dietary fat content to ameliorate the effects of heat stress in poultry, pigs and cattle seems reasonable on theoretical grounds, it has yielded mixed results in all species. However, little attention was given to the fatty acid composition of the fat sources used, presumably because the premise on which this strategy is based was that all lipid sources have lower heat increments than the dietary carbohydrates that they replace.

Nevertheless, there is evidence that dietary supplementation with long-chain fatty acids such as palmitic, linoleic and oleic acid can ameliorate the adverse effects of high temperatures in poultry (Njoku and Nwazota, 1989; Balnave, 1998; Mujahid et al., 2009).

Recent advances in the elucidation of the mechanism by which hyperthermia exerts its effects strongly suggest that up-regulation of avUCP expression using specific fatty acids may prevent the cascade of events that results in decreased production and tissue damage during heat stress.

Furthermore, recent studies on the pathophysi16

ology of heat stress strongly suggests that the strategic use of new oil seed varieties high in oleic acid may ameliorate the adverse effects of heat stress in poultry.

INTRODUCTION Dietary fat is metabolised with greater efficiency than dietary carbohydrate or protein. Thus, less heat is generated during the metabolism of dietary fat than during the metabolism of dietary carbohydrate or protein. A logical application of this concept to the nutrition of livestock is replacement of a portion of the diet with fat to decrease dietary heat increment under heat stress conditions. Despite many studies on the inclusion of various sources of fat in the diets of dairy cows exposed to hot environmental conditions, several reviews on this topic concluded that the literature on the benefits of fat supplementation during heat stress is inconclusive (Beede and Collier, 1986; Huber et al., 1994;West, 1999). Similarly, the NRC (1981) reviewed the literature on the addition of fat to poultry diets fed during heat stress and concluded that this practice has not been consistently successful.

More recently, Balnave (2004) noted that as the type of fat affects nutrient partitioning to adipose tissue in broilers, interactions between environmental temperature and fat source may be worth exploring. Explication of the disparities between studies on the use of high fat diets during heat stress is difficult because sources of fat differ and their fatty acid composition is often not defined.

Although no systematic study of the effects of different dietary fatty acids on animal responses to heat stress has been conducted to date, a remarkable series of studies conducted by Toyomizu’s group at Tohoku University in Japan on the pathophysiology of heat stress in poultry strongly suggests that the adverse effects of heat stress could be alleviated by strategic supplementation with specific fatty acids (Mujahid et al., 2005, 2006, 2007a, 2007b, 2007c, 2009).

The aim of this review is to discuss recent advances in our understanding of pathology of heat stress in poultry and to determine whether specific dietary fatty acids could play a role in ameliorating heat stress in poultry.

position of adipose tissue is altered by heat stress (Geraert, 1998). Cells of the heart, kidney and liver of heat-stressed broilers exhibit an abnormally high accumulation of lipid droplets in the cytoplasm and massive fatty degeneration (Aengwanich and Simaraks, 2004).

A similar pathology was described by Butler (1976) for fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome, a condition that occurs when layers are exposed to hot weather: the liver is putty coloured and grossly enlarged because of excessive fat infiltration, which accumulates as globules within the cell to the extent that the nucleus is displaced and some cells are ruptured.

Heat stress increases levels of plasma fatty acids (Mujahid et al., 2007b), triglycerides (Sahin et al., 2006), cholesterol (Sahin et al., 2006) and enzymes involved in the transport and oxidation of fatty acids (Mujahid et al., 2007b).

FATTY ACIDS ARE INVOLVED IN PATHOLOGY OF HEAT STRESS Although the reduction in feed intake that accompanies heat stress undoubtedly contributes to a decrease in production under hot conditions, it has been demonstrated that it is only responsible for half the reduction in growth rate in broilers (Geraert et al., 1996a).

In contrast to the expected effect of decreased feed intake on adipose tissue, heat stress increases the mass of certain fat deposits by 33 to 64 per cent (Geraert, 1998). Furthermore, the fatty acid com17

Feature Article A Reappraisal of the Potential of Dietary Fatty Acids to Ameliorate Heat Stress The respiratory quotient of heat-stressed birds the lungs, oedema and haemorrhage of the kidis decreased (Mckee et al., 1997) indicating that neys and necrosis of the liver (Aengwanich et al., hyperthermia promotes oxidation of fatty acids.

2003; Aengwanich and Simaraks, 2004). Heat It is thought that fatty acid oxidation is increased stress also causes haemorrhages in muscle tissue to meet the energy requirements of birds ex(Sandercock et al., 2001) and damage to the inposed to heat stress (Mckee et al., 1997). Howtestinal mucosa (Quinteiro-Filho et al., 2010) in ever, the pathology of heat stress is indicative of poultry. an imbalance between mobilisation “Several studies have shown that There is ample of fatty acids and the evidence showvitamins and minerals involved in ability to oxidise ing that heat antioxidant defence are depleted by them. Excessive fatty stress results in acid oxidation and heat stress” oxidative stress accumulation of in poultry (Altan fatty acids in mitochondria is conducive to oxidaet al., 2003; Sahin et al., 2006; Feng et al., 2008) tive stress, a condition that causes significant tisand that it causes extensive damage to lipids, prosue damage. teins (Mujahid et al., 2007a) and muscle membranes (Sandercock et al., 2001; Petracci et al.

HYPERTHERMIA CAUSES OXIDATIVE STRESS 2009). Oxidative stress arises when the body’s natural antioxidant defences are unable to cope Oxidative stress is characterised by excessive with ROS generated during oxidative phosphoryproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such lation in the mitochondria. Several studies have as superoxide. ROS remove electrons from fatty shown that vitamins and minerals involved in anacids, mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids, creating tioxidant defence are depleted by heat stress fatty acid radicals that in turn attack other fatty (Sahin et al., 2003; Mahmoud and Edens, 2005). acids. This process is called lipid peroxidation. If That supplementation of heat-stressed birds with left unchecked, such chain-reactions damage cell antioxidants such as vitamin C (Mckee et al., 1997; membranes, which consist mainly of lipids, resultSahin et al., 2003; Mahmoud et al., 2004), vitamin ing in impaired control of cellular ion homeostasis E (Bollenger-Lee et al., 1998) and lycopene (Sahin and eventually, cell death. ROS also damage proet al., 2006) has been shown to ameliorate heatteins and DNA. induced oxidative stress is a strong indication that heat stress induces over-production of ROS. Prolonged heat-induced oxidative stress initiates a cascade of events involving systemic elevation In 2005, Mujahid et al. demonstrated for the first of levels of inflammatory cytokines, widely distime that heat stress induces the production of seminated intravascular blood coagulation and ulsuperoxide in the skeletal muscle mitochondria timately, multiple organ failure and death (for of broilers and showed that oxidative stress inreview, see Cronje, 2005). In broilers, exposure to hibits growth independently of feed intake during five hours of heat stress per day (33°C and 60 to heat stress. Therefore, nutritional strategies 70 per cent relative humidity) for 21 days resulted against heat stress such as increased dietary enin symptoms consistent with excessive oxidative ergy density or protein content only address half stress: congestion, oedema and haemorrhage of the problem (decreased feed intake) and strate18

gies such as supplementation with antioxidants only address the symptoms of the other half of the problem (oxidative stress).A strategy that targets the cause of oxidative stress is lacking. However, the cause of oxidative stress in poultry remained a matter of conjecture until the discovery of avian uncoupling protein by Raimbault et al. in 2001.

MITOCHONDRIAL UNCOUPLING PROTEINS DECREASE OXIDATIVE STRESS Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP releases energy, which is used to drive metabolic reactions. An active cell can hydrolyse more than two million ATP molecules per second, but the energy stored in the form of ATP in the human body is equivalent to the energy stored in an AA battery, and therefore only sufficient to satisfy the body’s energy needs for a few seconds. This necessitates rapid regeneration of ATP from ADP using energy from ingested nutrients or endogenous reserves. Thus, although the human body contains only 250 g of ATP, it turns over its own weight in ATP each day.

The task of ATP turnover is accomplished by mitochondria, of which there are 100 to 1,000 per cell. Most ATP is produced in mitochondria by oxidative phosphorylation.

A schematic illustration of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is presented in Figure 1.The mitochondrion contains an inner and an outer membrane, which are separated by an inter-membrane space. In the matrix of the mitochondrion, oxidation of glucose and fat yields the ‘hydrogen carriers’ NADH+H+ and FADH2. During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are removed from NADH+H+ and FADH2 and are transported through the respiratory chain until they are donated to molecular oxygen, which is then reduced to water.The transport of electrons drives proton pumps that transfer hydrogen ions from the ma-

Figure 1. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation Glucose and free fatty acids (FFA) enter the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle as acetyl-CoA, producing NADH and FADH, which donate electrons to the electron transport chain.

Movement of electrons down this chain provides energy to transport protons (H+) from the matrix to the inter-membrane space, creating a proton electrochemical gradient. Reentry of protons to the matrix via ATP synthase drives the conversion of ADP to ATP. Electrons that reach the end of the electron transfer chain are accepted by molecular oxygen (O2) in the formation of H2O. However, some electrons leak from the chain and form superoxide (O2-).

trix to the inter-membrane space, creating an electrochemical potential difference across the inner membrane. Protons may re-enter the mitochondrial matrix through the ATP synthase proton channel, which uses this proton-motive force to generate ATP from ADP. Proton re-entry via ATP synthase is normally regulated by the availability of ADP but protons may also re-enter through uncoupling proteins (UCPs), which act as a type of 'pressure-relief valve' to prevent excessive accumulation of protons in the inter-membrane space. During the reduction of molecular oxygen to water, leakage of electrons from the respiratory chain results in the formation of superoxide radicals, which can be 19

Feature Article A Reappraisal of the Potential of Dietary Fatty Acids to Ameliorate Heat Stress creasing proton leak, it has been proposed that UCP3 exports fatty acids from the mitochondrial matrix when fatty acid supply exceeds fat oxidation capacity (Hoeks et al., 2003). As fatty acid anions in the mitochondrial matrix are prone to peroxidation, prevention of their accumulation could reduce ROS production. Although there is debate about the relative importance of the various mechanisms by which UCP3 exerts its effects (Azzu and Brand, 2009), there appears to be general consensus that UCP3 plays a key role in decreasing ROS production and protecting against cellular damage. Therefore, heat-induced down-regulation of UCP activity could provide an explanation for the oxidative stress observed in birds subjected to heat stress.

AVIAN COUPLING PROTEIN IS DOWNREGULATED BY HEAT STRESS

converted into other ROS.These ROS attack the phospholipids and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of the inner membrane. Thus, activation of UCPs, which enables protons to leak back into the matrix, reduces ROS production (Azzu and Brand, 2009). As mitochondria account for more than 80 per cent of cellular oxygen consumption, they are the main site of ROS production (Manoli et al., 2007). When the level of ROS exceeds the capacity of cellular antioxidants to remove them, the cell experiences oxidative stress. If left unchecked, DNA and enzymes are damaged and the respiratory chain malfunctions.

In addition to its role in decreasing ROS by in20

Only one type of UCP has been detected in birds, whereas five iso-forms are present in mammals.

Avian uncoupling protein (avUCP) was first cloned in 2001 by Raimbault et al. from the skeletal muscle of chickens. The amino acid sequence of avUCP is 70 per cent identical with those of mammalian UCP2 and UCP3, but its tissue distribution is restricted mainly to skeletal muscle, which is similar to the distribution of UCP3.

Mujahid et al. (2006, 2007b,c) showed that heat stress decreases the level of avUCP by up to 50 per cent and proposed that the associated inability to regulate proton motive force caused oxidative stress. They also observed that plasma fatty acid levels increased three-fold and that levels of enzymes involved in the transport and oxidation of fatty acids and those involved in the Kreb's cycle were elevated during the early stages of heat stress (Mujahid et al., 2007b). The same group recently showed that heat stress enhances substrate oxidation via the electron transport

substrate oxidation via the electron transport chain, resulting in an increase in mitochondrial membrane potential and ROS production (Kikusato et al., 2010). Mujahid et al. (2007b) concluded that a sudden surge in mitochondrial substrate oxidation combined with down-regulation of avUCP may be responsible for the increase in superoxide production during heat stress.This hypothesis is supported by further evidence of down-regulation of avUCP by heat stress in chickens (Taouis et al., 2002) and a very strong linear correlation (R2 = 0.92) between ROS production and avUCP-dependant mitochondrial proton leak (Rey et al., 2010). However, the mechanism by which heat stress down-regulates avUCP is as yet unclear.

The recent identification of a binding site for thyroid hormone in the promoter sequence of the avUCP gene by Joubert et al. (2010) indicates that thyroid hormone may play a role in downregulating avUCP expression during heat stress.

CHANGES IN THYROID HORMONE LEVEL MAY DOWNREGULATE AVIAN UNCOUPLING PROTEIN EXPRESSION DURING HEAT STRESS During heat stress, circulating levels of thyroid hormone are decreased (Geraert et al., 1996b; Tao et al., 2006; Lin et al., 2008), presumably because thyroid hormone increases metabolic rate, and thus metabolic heat production. Although it has been known for many years that thyroid hormone stimulates metabolic rate and decreases metabolic efficiency, the mechanism by which thyroid hormone affects energy homeostasis is poorly understood. In 2001, De Lange et al. provided the first in vivo evidence that thyroid hormone increases muscle UCP3 expression. More recently, Rey et al. (2010) showed that skeletal muscle avUCP abundance in ducklings was up-

regulated by administration of thyroid hormone and decreased by pharmacological blockade of thyroid hormone synthesis. Furthermore, the production of ROS per unit of oxygen consumed by muscle mitochondria was elevated in the hypothyroid state and was attenuated by thyroid hormone administration. In rats, thyroxine level is linearly correlated with muscle UCP3 expression (Sprague et al., 2007). Therefore, a heat-induced decrease in thyroid hormone level may down-regulate avUCP expression, resulting in oxidative stress and ROS-mediated tissue damage in birds exposed to heat stress. There is evidence that polyunsaturated fatty acids up-regulate UCP expression and that they compete with thyroid hormone for the retinoid receptor X, which is required for binding to some of their target genes (Clarke et al., 1999). Thus, it is possible that dietary mono- and poly-unsaturated fatty acids could be exploited to increase avUCP expression and ameliorate heat-induced tissue damage in poultry.

FATTY ACIDS UPREGULATE UNCOUPLING PROTEIN EXPRESSION Muscle UCP3 up-regulation appears to be specific for long-chain fatty acids, as Hoeks et al. (2003) observed no response in muscle UCP3 level when rats were fed a high-fat diet consisting of medium-chain fatty acids, but observed substantial increases when a diet containing long-chain fatty acids was fed.

Thompson et al. (2004) reviewed in vitro studies in which specific fatty acids had been added to cultured cell models or primary isolated cells.

None of the cell lines showed a response in UCP3 expression to saturated fatty acids. In muscle cells, the mono-unsaturated fatty acid, oleic acid (18:1 n–9) and the polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid (18:2 n–6) and linolenic acid (18:3 n–3) increased the expression of UCP3.

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Feature Article A Reappraisal of the Potential of Dietary Fatty Acids to Ameliorate Heat Stress Rodriguez et al. (2002) fed rats diets containing 40 per cent of dietary energy in the form of oils rich in saturated fatty acids (palm oil or beef tallow), polyunsaturated fatty acids (sunflower oil) or mono-unsaturated fatty acid (olive oil). The level of UCP3 in muscle was 33 per cent greater in rats fed the olive oil diet than in those fed the other sources of fatty acids.

Based on this evidence, Mujahid et al. (2009) fed olive oil to broilers to determine whether it Rodriguez et al. (2002) fed rats diets containing 40 per cent of dietary energy in the form of oils rich in saturated fatty acids (palm oil or beef tallow), polyunsaturated fatty acids (sunflower oil) or mono-unsaturated fatty acid (olive oil). The level of UCP3 in muscle was 33 per cent greater in rats fed the olive oil diet than in those fed the other sources of fatty acids.

Based on this evidence, Mujahid et al. (2009) fed olive oil to broilers to determine whether it could prevent mitochondrial ROS production and oxidative damage during heat stress. In their trial, birds were fed a basal diet (a commercial broiler diet) or the basal diet plus 6.7 per cent olive oil for eight days before exposure to thermoneutral conditions or 34째C for 12 hours. The addition of olive oil to the basal diet prevented the decrease in avUCP level and the increase in lipid peroxidation observed in birds fed the control diet during heat stress. Birds fed the basal diet lost weight during heat stress, whereas those supplemented with olive oil gained weight.The feed intake of the olive oil-supplemented birds also decreased to a lesser extent than that of birds fed the basal diet during the 12 hours of heat stress period. Although the practical implications of these results are difficult to interpret because the two diets were not isoenergetic, it establishes a mechanism by which specific fatty acids could alleviate heat stress. As oleic acid, a mono-unsaturated fatty 22

acid, constitutes 70 to 80 per cent of the fatty acids in olive oil (Tripoli et al., 2005), it is likely that the up-regulation of avUCP observed by Rodriguez et al. (2002) and Mujahid et al. (2009) was mediated by oleic acid.

The specificity of UCPs for certain types of fatty acid may explain why the practice of feeding highfat diets to poultry exposed to heat stress has been successful in some instances and has failed in others. Furthermore, Hoeks et al. (2003) noted that rats fed a high-fat diet containing mediumchain fatty acids (C8:0 and C10:0; caprylic and capric acid, respectively) gained less weight than rats consuming an equal amount of net energy from a high-fat diet containing long-chain fatty acids (C16:0, palmitic acid), indicating that medium-chain fatty acids have a thermogenic ef-

and bind to DNA response elements.The avUCP gene contains a binding site for PPARs in its promoter sequence (Joubert et al., 2010). There are three members of the PPAR subfamily, PPARα, PPARγ and PPARδ, all of which are activated by fatty acids or their derivatives (Clarke et al., 1999). Gene knockout experiments in rodents have verified that UCP3 and UCP2 are not thermogenic whereas UCP1 induces non-shivering thermogenesis (Azzu and Brand, 2009). avUCP does not appear to play a role in thermogenesis in the chicken (Walter and Seebacher, 2009). The distribution of these PPAR isoforms in mammals differs between tissues, and the affinities of activating ligands differs between them (Guri et al., 2006).This may explain why certain fatty acids induce thermogenesis but not UCP expression, why some fatty acids induce thermogenesis but also increase UCP expression and why some fatty acids do not induce thermogenesis but increase UCP expression.

pression may be mediated by their affinity for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs).

The PPARs were originally identified in frogs as receptors that induce the proliferation of peroxisomes, organelles that are involved in the breakdown of very-long-chain fatty acids (>18 carbon atoms in length) to medium-chain fatty acids, which are then shuttled to the mitochondrion for further oxidation. Peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation generates 30 per cent more heat than mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (Baillie et al., 1999).

The PPARs are members of the nuclear hormone receptor family, so called because unlike classical hormone receptors, which are located in the cytoplasm and translocate to the nucleus after binding to their ligands, PPARs reside in the nucleus

In addition to their effects on UCPs, PPARs also affect the expression of genes for key enzymes in fat and glucose metabolism, which represents another avenue by which cellular responses to heat stress could be manipulated. For instance, heat stress is associated with fatty degeneration of most tissues and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Nagasawa et al. (2006) induced hepatic fat accumulation and inflammation in mice by dietary means and showed that pharmacological over-expression of PPARd reduced lipid accumulation and the expression of inflammatory cytokines.

NEW OIL SEED VARIETIES CONTAIN BENEFICIAL FATTY ACIDS Changes within the oilseed industry brought about by concern about the harmful effects of saturated fatty acids and trans fatty acids have re23

Feature Article A Reappraisal of the Potential of Dietary Fatty Acids to Ameliorate Heat Stress sulted in the development of plant varieties that produce oils high in oleic acid. Saturated fatty acids are converted to the trans configuration by heat during frying and by hydrogenation, used by the industry to improve heat stability for deepfrying or to increase the solidity of oils used for the production of margarine. Trans fatty acids increase cholesterol levels in humans, adding to the incidence of heart disease.As a result of these factors, there is a growing trend away from the use of oils rich in palmitic acid (C16:0) and hydrogenated oils in favour of oils that can provide the required functionality without hydrogenation.

Oils low in palmitic acid and rich in oleic acid, a cis fatty acid, or stearic acid (C18:0) meet these requirements. Oilseed crops such as soybean, rapeseed (canola), peanut, sunflower and cottonseed have now been bred or engineered to produce oil high in oleic acid (Liu et al., 2002). The widespread availability of oils and oil meals derived from high-oleic-acid plants and their increasing incorporation into livestock feeds calls for re-evaluation of the results of trials conducted before the advent of these plants on the use of highfat diets for heat-stressed poultry.

CONCLUSION Recent advances in the pathophysiology of heat stress strongly suggest that the strategic use of new oil seed varieties may ameliorate the adverse effects of heat stress in poultry.A systematic study of the effects of different dietary fatty acids on avUCP expression, PPAR activity and the responses of poultry to heat stress is warranted.

For references used in this article, click here

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Regional News Americas

Cooling Eggs May Reduce Food-Borne Disease US - Dr Kevin Keener's research at Purdue University has shown that cooling eggs after they are laid may increase the natural defences those eggs have against bacteria such as Salmonella.

Once eggs are laid, their natural resistance to pathogens begins to wear down but a Purdue University scientist believes he knows how to rearm those defences.

Kevin Keener, an associate professor of food science at Purdue University, created a process for rapidly cooling eggs that is designed to inhibit the growth of bacteria such as salmonella. The same cooling process would saturate the inside of an egg with carbon dioxide and alter pH levels, which he has found are connected to the activity of an enzyme called lysozyme, which defends egg whites from bacteria.

"This enzyme activity is directly related to the carbon dioxide and pH levels," said Dr Keener, whose results were published in the journal Poultry Science. "An increase in lysozyme would lead to increased safety in eggs."

Dr Keener saturated purified egg white lysozymes with carbon dioxide and tested different pH levels. He found that at both high and low pH levels, the addition of carbon dioxide would increase lysozyme activity by as much as 50 per cent.

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US Reports Low-Path Bird Flu in Turkey Flock

Poultry Company Mega–Merger Stalls

MINNESOTA, US - Routine surveillance has revealed a subclinical infection of low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) in a turkey flock.

MEXICO - The Government of Mexico is accepting comments for a proposed rule regarding maximum residues of veterinary products and other chemicals in animal products.

The veterinary authority sent an Immediate Notification dated 29 June to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE).

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Freshly laid eggs are saturated with carbon dioxide and have pH levels of about 7. Over time, the pH level rises to 9 and carbon dioxide escapes, Dr Keener said. As that happens, lysozyme becomes less active.

On 12 May 2011, the Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fishery and Food published in the Diario Oficial (Federal Register) a proposed rule regarding...

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Europe

End to Slaughter Without Stunning Welcomed NETHERLANDS - Welfare campaigning organisation, Eurogroup for Animals, has welcomed the recent vote by the Dutch Parliament which makes stunning prior to slaughter, including for religious slaughter obligatory in the Netherlands.

This is a step forward for animal welfare as it ends the exemption for religious slaughter where animals are killed fully conscious without stunning on religious grounds and this will alleviate the suffering of up to one million animals in the Netherlands, says Eurogroup for Animals.

The Bill, which received overwhelming support in the Parliament (116 out of 150 votes), is based on the strong scientific consensus that animals rendered unconscious prior to slaughter suffer less than animals bled while fully conscious.

Dr Michel Courat, Policy Officer for Farm Animals at Eurogroup for Animals, commented: "This is a major step forward for animal welfare and we urge all of the 26 other European Union member states to follow the example of the Dutch

government. It will however be possible for religious groups to get an exemption, but only when they provide indisputably proof that their alternative method will not cause more harm to animal welfare than pre-slaughter stunning."

The ban is not directed against religious slaughter as such, it only states that religion is not a sufficient reason to let animals suffer unnecessarily, according to Eurogroup. As such it is an invitation to religious groups to explore the boundaries of what their faiths allows and to implement new, innovative animal welfare friendly methods.

Eurogroup has been monitoring the number of animals slaughtered without prior stunning in the EU and is very concerned that the amount of meat coming from animals slaughtered in this way is much higher than the amount required to meet the needs of the religious communities in the EU. Read More...

New Hope in Battle against Salmonella in Poultry

Bird Flu in Europe Threatens Exports to Russia

UK - Bdellovibrio, described as a ‘living antibiotic’, has been found to be effective against Salmonella and safe when ingested by chickens in trials at Nottingham University.

RUSSIA - Russia may ban live poultry imports from Europe following several report outbreaks of low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI).

Scientists have tested a predatory bacterium – Bdellovibrio – against Salmonella in the guts of live chickens. They found that it significantly reduced the numbers of Salmonella bacteria...

The Russian veterinary watchdog, Rosselkhoznadzor, may ban imports of live poultry from Germany, the Netherlands and possibly other European countries in light of reports on an outbreak of avian influenza...

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Regional News Asia

Poultry Industry Set to Continue Growth INDIA - The growth trend in domestic poultry industry is likely to continue this decade, according to a new market report.

According to Financial Chronicle, Indian poultry market size is estimated at more than 470 billion rupees (INR), with broiler meat and table eggs contributing more than 95 per cent of the market.

The publication cites a new report from ICRA, which says that, globally, India ranks fourth in broiler meat production with annual production of about 2.9 million metric tonnes, and ranks third in table egg production, after the US and China, with annual production of 57 billion eggs.

The poultry sector has transformed from a backyard activity into a major commercial activity in last two decades, with the presence of large integrated players who successfully implemented contract poultry farming on a large scale.

have seen increased adoption of poultry farming as alternative source of income for largely agrarian economy.

Production has remained largely limited to southern India and western Maharashtra, though states like Haryana, Punjab, and parts of West Bengal

ICRA reports that the Indian poultry sector has been growing annually at around eight to 10 per cent over the last decade and at over 15 per cent in the last three years. It projects the domestic broiler meat demand to grow around 15 to 18 per cent, and table egg demand to grow at five to seven per cent in the medium to long term.

Japan Declared Free of Avian Influenza

Malaysia Looking to Produce Poultry Vaccines

JAPAN - Japan declares itself free from notifiable avian influenza with effect from 25 June 2011.

MALAYSIA - Malaysia is exploring opportunities to produce vaccines against Newcastle disease and avian influenza which cause huge losses to the national livestock industry, said Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin.

This date results from the three-month period specified in Article 10.4.3 of the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code after the last outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza, which occurred on 16 March 2011.

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He said Malaysia wants to collaborate with any research institution which could come up with the vaccines as there was a dire need for them.

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Africa & Oceania

Ghana's Egg Industry ‘Vibrant’ GHANA - The remark was made by the poultry farmers' association chairman, with an announcement that the layer population has increased from 18 million to 21 million birds over the last year.

The broiler industry has been hard hit by rising feed prices.

Approximately 21 million layers are in the country presently, Chairman of the Ghana National Association of Poultry Farmers (GNAPF) has announced.

Peace FM reports Kwabena Asante saying the figure represent a sharp improvement over last year's figure, which stood at 18 million. He said the positive development is a clear indication that the poultry business is vibrant.

Mr Asante debunked assertions that the poultry business is at an all-time low, insisting that poultry farming is contributing to Ghana's growth. According to him, about 529,300 metric tonnes of maize, worth several millions of dollars, would be needed to feed the chicken per annum.

He noted the significant rise in the number of layers has the potential of creating jobs for about 1,500 people. Mr Asante was speaking to City & Business Guide during a day's forum for Maize Value Chain Actors/Stakeholders at the Miklin Hotel in Kumasi.

The event was organised by Ghana Agricultural Development and Value Chain Enhancement (ADVANCE), an agric development NGO in the US with funding from USAID. Implemented

by ACDI,VOCA and ADVANCE, the event was attended by poultry farmers, farmers, maize processors, maize buyers, financial institutions, among others.

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Call for End to Law on Live Transport & Trade

Agency Sets out Benefits & Costs of Egg Stamping

EGYPT - Poultry traders are protesting against a law banning the trade and transport of live poultry.

AUSTRALIA - The food standards agency has stressed the benefits to food safety of individual egg stamping and its low cost, even for smaller producers. It will come into effect in November 2012.

Hundreds of poultry shop owners protested outside the TV Building near the Nile Corniche in Cairo on Friday (24 June), demanding the Government of Essam Sharaf rescind a 2010 law barring trade and transport of live birds to help prevent the spread of the bird flu virus.

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There have been recent media reports about the cost of implementing a new egg standard, in particular a requirement to stamp individual eggs.

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Global Events Keep up to date with what’s happening in the global poultry industry

17th World Veterinary Poultry Association (WVPA) Congress Cancun, Mexico August 14th to 18th

Poultry Science Association Annual Meeting

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St Louis, Missouri, US July 16th to 19th

You are invited to the XVII Congress of the World Veterinary Poultry Association, that will be held in one of the most beautiful beaches on the Mexican Caribe.

PSA will hold its 100th Annual Meeting in 2011 jointly with the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) and the American Association of Avian Pathologists (AAAP).

We will be meeting poultry veterinarians from all the world, exchanging professional experiences in symposia and round tables in a scientific programme prepared especially for us.

Great Yorkshire Show 2011 Harrogate,Yorkshire,UK July 12th to 14th The Great Yorkshire Show (GYS) is an agricultural show which takes place on the Great Yorkshire Showground in Harrogate, North Yorkshire in the North of England annually from the second Tuesday of July until the following Thursday. It is organised and run by the Yorkshire Agricultural Society (YAS).

Incubation & Fertility Research Group Meeting 2011 Ede, Netherlands August 30th to 31st IFRG would like to invite you to the 2011 meeting of the Incubation and Fertility Research Group {WPSA Working Group 6 (Reproduction)} will be held in Ede, The Netherlands on 30th – 31st August, 2011. This meeting is for all those with an interest in incubation and fertility in all avian species.

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Company News News from our advertisers MERCK ANNOUNCES NEW NAME FOR ANIMAL HEALTH DIVISION

PETERSIME JOINS EUROPEAN WELFARE PROJECT

GLOBAL - Merck’s animal health division, formerly known as Intervet/Schering-Plough Animal Health, announced that, effective 29 June, it will begin using the new name, Merck Animal Health. It will be known as MSD Animal Health outside the United States and Canada.

BELGIUM - Petersime has joined the Bio-Business Project, a European research framework that examines the impact of industrial developments on animal welfare.

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CENTRAL EUROPEAN SEMINAR BREAKS NEW RECORDS

CID LINES LAUNCHES NEW CLEANER BELGIUM - Biorex is the new standard in cleaning, according to CID Lines.

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HUNGARY - Aviagen Kft, Aviagen’s Hungarian business unit, recently held its 5th seminar for Central European (CE) Parent Stock customers in the famous thermal resort of Heviz, near Lake Balaton.

GRIMAUD FRÈRES SÉLECTION IN CHARGE OF ESSOR SALES FRANCE - From 1 July, Grimaud Frères Sélection has taken over the selection programme and production flocks of Essor guinea fowl.

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COBB WELCOMES CZECH VISITORS TO WORLD HEADQUARTERS ARKANSAS, US - A visit to the Cobb-Vantress headquarters in Siloam Springs in Arkansas provided Pavel Visek and Milos Zima from the Xavergen group in the Czech Republic with an insight into how the company is expanding to meet growing demand for the Cobb 500.

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PARTNERSHIP TO EXPAND ENZYME SOLUTIONS US - The enzyme solutions available to nutritionists, producers and others looking to optimise nutrition in poultry and other farm animals will be expanding as the result of a strategic collaboration announced on 27 June between Novus International, Inc. and Verenium Corporation.

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INTEREST IN VENCOMATIC INNOVATIONS IN ISTANBUL TURKEY - Vencomatic exhibited at VIV Turkey, a well-attended trade show held in Istanbul in early June.

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GROUNDBREAKING PREMIX FACILITY OPENED IN TATARSTAN

PFIZER VOLUNTARILY SUSPENDS SALE OF 3-NITRO

TATARSTAN, RUSSIA - DSM Nutritional Products, a subsidiary of Royal DSM N.V. (The Netherlands), the global Life Sciences and Materials Sciences Company, and Tatenergo JSC (Republic of Tatarstan) have opened the first premix plant in Russia under a newly created affiliate, DSM Nutritional Products Rus.

US - The US Food and Drug (FDA) Administration announced on 8 June that Alpharma, a subsidiary of Pfizer Inc., will voluntarily suspend US sales of the animal drug 3-Nitro (Roxarsone), a product used by poultry producers since the 1940s.

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AVIAGEN GAINS COMPARTMENTALISATION CERTIFICATION

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CHU JOINS CEVA'S GLOBAL R&D TEAM US - Ceva Santé Animale is excited to introduce Dr Steve Chu as its new Vice President, Global Biology Research and Development.

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UK - Aviagen Ltd has become the first poultry breeder in the world to achieve compartment status for all of its facilities, paving the way for the compartmentalisation concept to become a global reality.

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WET BASKETS CAN IMPAIR CHICK QUALITY THE NETHERLANDS - Chick transfers should always be made into dry baskets, says 'Tiny' Barten of Pas Reform.

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BIOMIN HOLDS FIRST MYCOTOXIN AWARENESS FORUM MYANMAR – Biomin's distributor in Myanmar, Min Ye Tin of Yè Group, recently organised the 1st Myanmar Mycotoxin Awareness Forum.

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