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Meet Dhanesha (March) Maria Falivene (March) Yuyu Fu (MSc) Asad Nasir Qureshi (MSc)

ARCHITECTURAL ASSOCIATION SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE GRADUATE SCHOOL PROGRAMMES PROGRAMME Emergent Technologies and Design YEAR 2022-2023 FOUNDING DIRECTOR: Dr. Michael Weinstock COURSE DIRECTOR Dr. Elif Erdine

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

STUDIO MASTER

We would like to express sincere gratitude to every one of those individuals in the Emergent Technologies and Design graduate (EmTech) programme at the Architectural Association School of Architecture whose assistance and support made this research project possible. This exploration would not have been possible without their incredible aid, direction, and steadfast dedication to the quest for knowledge.

Dr. Milad Showkatbakhsh STUDIO TUTORS Dr. Naina Gupta, Paris Nikitids, Felipe Oeyen, Lorenzo Santelli, Dr. Alvaro Velasco Perez, Fun Yuen

First and foremost, we would like to sincerely thank our course founder, Dr Michael Weinstock, director, Dr. Elif Erdine and co-director, Dr Milad Showkatbakhsh, who served as our research adviser and whose advice and knowledge were invaluable to us during this undertaking. Along with them, our other studio tutors were also the guides throughout this process. Their continuous support, priceless advice, and mentorship significantly improved the standard and scope of our work. We are also incredibly grateful to our digital prototyping lab staff, whose commitment to promoting cutting-edge technology for the application in the field of architecture for this research project.

COURSE TITLE MSc. Dissertation

We thank our friends, colleagues, and families for their constant support, tolerance, and inspiration during this study adventure. Their comprehension of our efforts and confidence in them served as a continual source of inspiration. Finally, from librarians to technical support personnel and everyone in between, we want to thank the innumerable people who helped make this research a success, whether directly or indirectly.

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This research is a testament to the power of collaboration and collective effort, and we are truly humbled by the support we have received. Although it would be impossible to thank everyone individually, please accept our sincere gratitude for your vital contributions to this research project.

STUDENT NAMES Meet Dhanesha (MArch), Maria Falivene (MArch), Yuyu Fu (MSc), Asad Nasir Qureshi (MSc) DECLARATION “I certify that this piece of work is entirely my/our and that my quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of other is duly acknowledged.”

SIGNATURE OF THE STUDENT DATE 22 September 2023

Yuyu Fu

Asad Nasir Qureshi

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ABSTRACT

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In the era of climate change, there is a need to reduce energy consumption to minimise the effects of air pollution and carbon emissions on the environment. This research focuses on developing a smart system for a building in Milan, Italy, as the city is on the list of the most polluted cities with very high pollutants in the atmosphere. This system would sequester carbon and passively ventilate the spaces, reducing the energy consumption of buildings, which would help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions caused by energy production. The growing economy of startups in Milan has resulted in renting out around 4,00,000 sq.m. of office space in Milan in 2022 only. Considering the higher atmospheric pollutants and the demand for office spaces, this research tries to develop a smart passive ventilation system for an office building, as they consume two times the energy the residential building consumes.

This building system is designed considering the environmental factors. It has evolved from the biomimetic principles extracted from a termite mound for passive ventilation strategies and sequestering carbon using an agro-based material composition, with comparatively less carbon emission than conventional building materials.

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The population rise has made urban cities denser because of the readily available resources resulting from globalisation. This urbanisation process has concretised the natural topography by uprooting natural green spaces. It has imbalanced the natural ecosystem, the source of air purification, and caused a temperature rise through the heat-island effect. Even though urban cities worldwide cover only 3% of the earth’s surface, they host around 50% of the total population and cause more than 75% of global greenhouse gas emissions annually, to which energy production contributes a minimum of 55% by emitting greenhouse gasses.

The energy used by buildings is about 15% of 55%, of which 8% is used only for heating and cooling the space.

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INTRODUCTION

Our design concepts are inspired by nature’s inventiveness, particularly the building principles discovered in termite mounds. We embarked on an investigation to enhance building morphology by employing biomimetic principles and doing thorough environmental evaluations. Using an iterative process, we carefully modified the building’s morphology depending on knowledge gained from wind and

Finally, our research represents a comprehensive examination of novel methods for sustainable building practices, highlighted by cutting-edge materials, biological system integration, and design concepts drawn from nature.

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Our investigation began with thoroughly examining agrobased materials, bio-film integration, and energy efficiency improvements through passive ventilation to tackle the multiple issues in sustainable building practices. To address the far-reaching effects of growing urbanisation, expressed in increased energy use and rising greenhouse gas emissions.

This investigation demonstrates our commitment to promoting strategies that balance environmental stewardship and urban growth needs.

solar radiation assessments for both the summer and winter.

The ultimate outcome of this project is a morphology design that successfully harvests wind and solar energy all year round. The research methodology stipulated cutting-edge technologies to handle the complexities of environmental design, such as the Ladybird plugin for Grasshopper and Autodesk CFD analysis. In tandem with our efforts to enhance building morphology, we delved into structural analysis and volume porosity integration for inter-connected green voids with an unwavering commitment to lowering the carbon footprint. The building morphology was also intertwined with a tubular network system strategically positioned to harness maximum heat absorption and facilitate passive ventilation through convection looping. Façade porosity panel development, guided by multi-objective optimisation and CFD analysis, sought to create an optimal gradient of porosity panels to capture and create turbulence to channel filtered fresh air within the convection loop, which is responsible for convection looping. Finally, by optimising fall ceiling systems, our study expanded its scope to include the improvement of passive cooling and convection loops within buildings. This complex layout required the construction of lateral connecting tunnels embellished with various interior structures and cross-sections, all intended to increase air velocity and improve airflow efficiency.

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Introducing concrete, steel, and glass materials across the construction industry has recently expedited urban growth and development. This development process, known as urbanisation, has concretised the natural topography by uprooting natural green spaces. This has imbalanced the natural ecosystem, the source of air purification, and caused a temperature rise due to the heat-island effect. The construction industry globally contributes approximately 30% of total greenhouse gas emissions, cumulative emissions from raw materials like steel, cement, etc., deforestation, landfills, and energy production utilised in the building sector. In addition to the energy production and concrete’s contribution to carbon emissions, the building’s operating systems also discharge several pollutants while enhancing the thermal comfort of the space, which adversely affects the environment. Milan, a city representative of urban development battling with its own environmental problems, is the focus of our investigation. As one of the signatories to the EU Green Building Pact, Milan pledged to retrofit existing buildings for greater energy efficiency by 2050.

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CONTENTS A. B.

INTRODUCTION

C.

D.

I.

Site analysis – Milan, Italy

64

II.

Biomimetic principle abstractions

70

III.

Morphology CFD Analysis

72

IV.

Analysis of looping system in termite mounds.

72

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I.

Contemporary cities & Climate change

12

II.

Context of study

16

a.

Milan, Italy

16

b.

Principal issues & EU context

17

III.

Conventional building systems

22

IV.

Biomimetic system

24

a.

Morphology CFD analysis

72

b.

Convection loop

79

Material Experiment.

85

a.

Materials

84

b.

Experimental stages

89

c.

Ingredient and process

91

d.

Sample performance

95

e.

Physical test setting

97

V.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

107

25

I.

Morphology

112

28

II.

Volume Porosity

118

Bio-composite material system

32

III.

Structural analysis

122

a.

Food waste in Milan

32

b.

Wood Foam

33

IV.

Tubular network system

126

c.

Biofilm

34

V.

Façade system

131

a.

Bionic principles

133

b.

Wind analysis

134

c.

FEA – Finite element analysis

135

a.

Body parts & their functions

24

b.

Mechanism and performance of termite mounds

c.

Environmental impact on termite mound morphogenesis.

G.

CASE STUDIES

39

I.

Urban Sequoia, SOM Architects

40

d.

Computation of Type ‘A’

137

II.

Simmons Hall, MIT, Steven Holl

44

e.

Computation of Type ‘B’

143

f.

Application process

150

VI.

Fall-ceiling lateral connectivities

162

VII.

Joinery system

166

VIII.

Post-analysis CFD

174

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

50

METHODOLOGY

55

I.

Evolutionary Algorithm

56

II.

CFD – Computational Fluid Dynamics

57

III.

Shortest Path

58

IV.

FEA – Finite Element Analysis

59

V.

Robotic Arm

60

VI.

CNC – Computer numerical control

61

H.

CONCLUSION

195

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E.

63

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V.

RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT

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Urban population projected to 2050, World, 2010 to 2050 Total urban population, given as estimates to 2016, and UN projections to 2050. Projections are based on the UN World Urbanization Prospects and its median fertility scenario.

6 billion 4 billion

5,17

4,38

3,59

6,69

5,94

2 billion 0

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

2035

2040

2045

2050

World

Building construction and its operations are two stages of carbon emission into the environment. A building’s operational carbon footprint refers to the carbon emission into the environment for heating or cooling the space within the building, which is directly related to the energy production circuit. In 2021, fossil fuels contributed 80% of the total energy supply globally, with oil comprising nearly 30%, followed by coal (27%) and natural gas (24%). The building accounted for 30% of global final energy consumption, out of which 27% of total energy sector emissions (8% being direct emissions in buildings and 19% indirect emissions from the production of electricity and heat used in buildings) . Under the carbon lifecycle of a building, energy consumption for heating or cooling interior spaces rises and is reliant on non-

Source: OWID based on UN World Urbanization Prospects 2018 and historical sources (see Sources)

Fig. 01. Population in Urban Cities. Source: Our World in Data, June 13, 2018.

OurWorldInData.org/urbanization • CC BY https://ourworldindata.org/urbanization.

renewable sources, which would increase carbon emissions.

The extensive use of non-renewable energy in urban areas for construction and operation negatively impacts the environment. It contributes to urgent planetary problems like climate change, resulting in natural disasters such as ozone layer depletion, sea level rise, glacier melting, etc., affecting rural and urban topography.

The construction industry globally contributes approximately 30% of total greenhouse gas emissions, cumulative emissions from raw materials like steel, cement, etc., deforestation, landfills, and energy production utilised in the building sector. Also, energy production for energy use in buildings contributes to 17.5% of carbon emissions, the highest of any other resource used in buildings causing greenhouse gas emissions.

The environment’s carbon emissions vitiate the air quality index, which has a negative effect on human and other biological ecosystems’ quality of living. However, most of the world’s population resides in urban areas, where the air quality index is relatively low due to the large concentration of multi-graded contaminants affecting the living system.

The pollutants in the air contain solid particles (particle matters), liquid droplets, and gases emitted from different

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Urban cities worldwide cover only 3% of the earth’s surface but host around 50% of the total population and cause more than 75% of global greenhouse gas emissions annually. It has been predicted that the number of people residing in urban cities will be 7.5 billion by 2050, the same as the current world population (Figure 01). To accommodate such a vast number, 2x of the currently built surface would be required, which will enhance the issues of urban densification and lead to environmental problems of greenhouse gas emissions.

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CONTEMPORARY CITIES & CLIMATE CHANGE

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Main emission sectors

NH3

NOX

NMVOC

SO2

PM2.5

BC

Fig. 02. Global greenhouse gas emissions by various sectors. Source: Climate Watch, the World Resources Institute (2020).

C0

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Agriculture

Residential, commercial and institutional

Waste

Road transport

Manufacturing and extractive industry

Non-road transport

Energy supply

Other

Fig. 03. Contributions to EU Member States’ emissions of NH3, NO2, NMVOCs, SO2, primary[5] PM2.5, primary PM10, BC, and CO from the main source sectors in 2021.

Source: EEA Air Pollution Report 2023.

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sources, and it’s the principal cause of maximum vascular and respiratory illness in the cities. The World Health Organization set guidelines, which are updated continuously to quantify and track the rates of air pollution worldwide (µg/ m3). The principal pollutants considered for policymaking are PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and SO2 because they are released into the atmosphere as a by-product of energy consumption and mobility. PM2.5 is the principal pollutant that exceeds two to eight times the WHO guidelines in various cities. These particulate contaminants, known as particle matter, are released into the environment while production of energy from non-renewable sources.

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PM10

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Cold air

Warm air

Smog *phenonemon that usually happens in winter

Cold air

CONTEXT OF STUDY

The topographical characteristics of the valley produce a microclimate that can result in temperature extremes and support temperature inversions. The valley frequently experiences higher temperatures than the surrounding areas because hot air tends to settle there. This may influence how much energy is used for cooling during the summer and may also cause smog to build up. Milan’s difficulties are further exacerbated by the geographic issues mentioned above and the city’s high population density and human activity. Transportation, industrialisation, and urbanisation all contribute to the emission of greenhouse gases and pollutants, further degrading air quality and hastening climate change’s effects.

Milan’s environmental problems are worsened by the inability to disperse these emissions due to ineffective wind patterns.

Employing all these natural elements with man-made emissions

makes Milan more susceptible to the thermal inversion phenomenon, which traps pollutants above the city and creates the persistent smog seen on the skyline . The humidity level is relatively high, with 82% on average throughout the year, and wind flow from all directions, as seen in (figure 06) with all other suitable environment data required for the project analysed.

PRINCIPAL ISSUES & EU CONTEXT

Fig. 04. Satellite view of Milan’s geographical context. Milan is highlighted in yellow. Source: Google Earth.

Fig. 05. Diagram of thermal inversion that contributes to the formation of smog.

Source: Author.

According to the European Environment Agency (EEA) study from 2020, Milan is struggling with a severe air quality crisis that has caused it to fall to 349th place out of 375 cities for inadequate air quality . This rating highlights the city’s significant obstacles in its defence against air pollution, a severe environmental and public health issue. Standards have been established by the World Health Organisation (WHO) to ensure reasonable air quality levels. The average 24hour exposure to PM2.5 (particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 microns or less) should not be higher than 15 g/m3, according to the most recent WHO recommendations.

Additionally, it is optimal for the annual average concentration to stay below 5 g/m3. Milan’s condition, however, starkly contrasts these goals because the amount of PM2.5 in the city’s air is roughly six times higher than the WHO recommends. This persistent air quality disparity points

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MILAN, ITALY

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In northern Italy, Milan is tucked away in the Po River valley, which tremendously influences the problems the city faces in various areas and amplifies the effects of human activity. The city’s location within this valley, surrounded by the Apennines to the south and the towering Alps to the north, significantly impacts its environment and challenges. These mountain ranges have a thermal inversionrelated effect on airflow, resulting from encasing cold and hot air.

N

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W

10.65

E

C°

Dry Bulb Temperature (C°)

33.60

6 PM

22.85

12 PM

12.10

6 AM

1.35

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12 AM

Wind Speed (m/s) Calm for 61.24% of the time m/s 14.20 7.10 3.55 0.00

12 AM

S 12 AM

m/s

Wind Speed (m/s)

14.20

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

-9.40

Dec

C°

Dew Point Temperature (C°)

23.70

10.65

6 PM

12.08

12 PM

7.10

12 PM

0.45

6 AM

3.55

6 AM

-11.18

0.00

12 AM

12 AM

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

degrees

Wind Direction (degrees)

359.00

12 AM

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

-22.80

Dec

%

Relative Humidity (%)

100.00

6 PM

269.25

6 PM

79.25

12 PM

179.50

12 PM

58.50

6 AM

89.75

6 AM

37.75

0.00

12 AM

12 AM

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

to the urgent necessity for extensive actions. According to the EEA research from 2023, energy use in the residential, commercial, and institutional sectors contributes to the majority of the PM2.5 pollutants in Milan . Recently, Milan city in Italy also belongs in the top 10 polluted cities worldwide with very high PM2.5 particles. It was ranked third on the list released on 21/03 this year.

The EU Green Pact, a revolutionary proposal launched by the European Commission in 2020, aims to move Europe towards carbon neutrality by 2050. One of the comprehensive programs included in this accord, the EU Green Buildings Accord, stands out. With a strong desire to reduce reliance on energy and, as a result, emissions, this aspect of the more comprehensive agreement is committed to revolutionising the energy consumption dynamics of both public and residential structures.

Fig. 06.

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Wind analysis of Milan, Italy. Source: Ladybug, Grasshopper.

Fig. 07.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Climate analysis of Milan, Italy. Source: Ladybug, Grasshopper.

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

17.00

inefficiency’s adverse environmental effects. The EU Green Buildings Pact outlines a compelling directive to solve these urgent issues: to adapt and improve at least 15% of the worst polluting buildings under the F to G energy efficiency ratings . The energy efficiency rating of each building is based on various factors like building components material, insulation, heating and cooling system, and energy consumption efficiency. The target is challenging but crucial: by 2030, existing buildings must be renovated and replaced with new ones that emit no emissions. Its support for this effort has demonstrated the EU’s commitment to a sustainable future.

With 60% of its buildings falling into the lowest energy performance categories, F or G, Milan faces an alarming issue in its built environment . Most of these buildings were built before the first thermal regulations were introduced in the 1970s. Therefore, this problem has historical roots. Due to this historical mismatch, the nation’s architectural landscape is plagued by an energy inefficiency crisis.

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The astounding influence that buildings have on the surrounding environment is the driving force behind this strategic approach. Surprising figures show that 40% of the energy consumed by structures in the European Union is considerable, placing a significant demand on energy resources. Furthermore, these structures contribute 36% of the area’s carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, warning of their

Jul

19

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Feb

6 PM

12 AM

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Jan

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CONCLUSION

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Aerial perspective of Milan, Italy. Source: 123RF.

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Because of its geographical location, Milan City experiences thermal inversion with very high humidity. Also, it falls under the EU green building pact, where buildings with higher energy efficiency ratings must be upgraded to upper efficiency by 2050, and 60% of the buildings fall in that category. The imperative to minimise energy consumption and mitigate environmental effects drives the urgency of retrofitting these outdated properties in Milan. Considering this, adapting existing structures and actively planning for new ones is imperative. The future designs must be capable of absorbing both internal and exterior pollution while using the least amount of energy possible. So, this research focuses on developing a system that can help reduce energy consumption by integrating a passive ventilation system to help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and sequester carbon to minimise the particle matters from the surrounding context.

Fig. 08.

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Globalisation has caused an increase in the development of urban cities because of the availability of resources. This, in turn, is affecting the environment because of greenhouse gas emissions. The energy utilised by buildings in urban cities contributes a maximum of the maximum, which is contributed by energy production for greenhouse gas emission globally.

So, to reduce the overall greenhouse gas emission, the energy consumption by buildings in urban cities must be reduced.

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9% 4%

1%

39%

HVAC Lighting Equipment

22%

Lifts Domestic Hot Water Other

25%

Also, the energy consumption in residential buildings is comparatively less than in office buildings because of their occupancy and electronic loads. According to the statistical data, commercial building utilises two times more energy than residential building.

According to reports, the office space demand in Milan,

Fig. 09. Energy consumption breakdown in the office building. Source: PEOPLE PRACTICES SYSTEMS,” September 2013.

Fig. 10. Inter-relation of commercial buildings for the passive ventilation system.

Source: Author.

Italy, has recently increased because of the rise in start-ups and globalisation. In 2022, only approximately 4,00,000 sq. of commercial offices were rented out by various businesses across Milan. Considering all these factors, there is a need for the development of an efficient passive ventilation system which can help reduce overall energy consumption, which would reduce greenhouse gas emissions by reducing the requirement of energy production to absorb the carbon from the environment.

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Buildings’ operational systems now consume a significant amount of energy while simultaneously emitting various pollutants that adversely affect the environment and are directly and indirectly related to how well a building functions.

However, the HVAC traditional techniques use a lot of energy, which adds to the ecological stress. A building system that can help create a symbiotic interaction with the urban environment while improving thermal comfort and reducing energy use and air pollution is crucially needed in this era of climate change. The need for adequate airflow across the interior rooms to achieve thermal comfort can be addressed with our larger goals of lowering air pollution and raising energy efficiency. Below, (Figure 09) shows that the maximum energy in an office building utilised by HVAC systems is 39%.

As the previous chapter shows, the maximum greenhouse gas emissions are through energy production for building usage compared to any other resource used within the building.

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CONVENTIONAL BUILDING SYSTEMS

Egress tunnels and surface conduits

+

local pO2? local pCO2? local humidity? local air movement?

strong wind-driven forced convection high-frequency components of turbulent spectrum negligible natural convection

+

+ +

-

+

wind energy

forced convection zone mixing zone natural convection zone

+ colony pO2

colony metabolism

-

Central Chimney Shaft recruitment

Reticulum (Lateral Connective Tunnels) Lateral Connective Tunnels

mixed forced convection/natural convection medium frequency components of turbulent spectrum

metabolic energy

Collecting Chamber

Egress Complex

+

mound surface

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build

excavate

Surface Conduits

CO2 H2O heat O2

forced convection zone

mixing zone natural convection zone

Galleries Cellars Radial Tunnels

Nest, chimney and subterranean tunnels natural convection dominates low frequency components of turbulent spectrum negligible wind-driven forced convection

A

B

BIOMIMETIC SYSTEM

MARTIN LURCHER’S THEORY ON TERMITE MOUNDS OF MACROTERMES NATALENSIS (1961)

The cyclic thermal looping process is where the termite’s metabolism is used for thermally ventilating the mound. The heat is produced in the nest of the termite mound through metabolic heat generated by the termites; it then rises through the chimney. The absence of an opening at the top of the mound causes the buoyant force, which pushes the air to flow through the surface conduits, where it exhausts the carbon dioxide and sucks the oxygen, increasing the air’s density . The gravitational force then causes the denser air to return to the nest, and this loop continues. The surface conduits have micropores on their egress ‘façade’, allowing oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer but not allowing forceful air in the tubes to escape. This way, the cycle of replacing stale air with fresh air continues.

Fig. 11.

Body parts of termite mound.

Fig. 12. (A) Luscher’s model of convection loop of termite mounds. (B) Scott Turner’s model of convection loop in Termite mounds.

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The Termite mounds function as a thermosiphon model for ventilation and resultant thermoregulation, using a convection loop formed via temperature differences. The theories of various scientists on Termite Mounds were taken into focus to develop the methodology to derive Biomimetic principles, considering multiple parameters.

BODY PARTS & THEIR FUNCTIONS

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The termite mound’s primary purpose is to provide a thermoregulated interior environment for the termites. The termites reside in the nest region found at ground level, containing galleries where termites and fungi co-exist (Figure 11). The fungi also serve as nutrition for the termites. The nest is connected to a central chimney shaft above, connected to surface conduits at the collection chamber at the top. The surface conduits run below the envelope and are linked below ground level through radial tunnels, which complete the loop back to the nest. The centre of the mound contains lateral connective tunnels which connect the exterior environment to the chimney shaft. The external semi-porous surface has an egress complex geometry to enhance the airflow and ventilation by creating turbulence in the absence of wind flow.

MECHANISM AND PERFORMANCE OF TERMITE MOUNDS

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To adapt to passive ventilation from nature, termite mound is one of the best examples of animal architecture, which utilises passive means to ventilate the interior efficiently and to protect it from the external environment’s hot and humid conditions .

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night

morning

B

midday

afternoon

night

hot

Turner’s hypothesis was quite like Lurcher’s theory, but the additional consideration of the wind flow movement outside the mound was also considered. The wind turbulence causes the exchange of gases through the porous walling system of the mound as well as changes the wind velocity within the mound .

J. SCOTT TURNER’S THEORY ON TERMITE MOUNDS OF MACROTERMES NATALENSIS (2002)

The hypothesis regarding the ventilation of Termite mounds contradicted J. Scott Turner’s theory, which previously suggested that termite’s metabolic heat generated was considered a heat source. Mahadevan’s experiment was tested on live and dead cathedral mounds with different contextual scenarios. Both results appeared to be the same, showing that the convection loop found in termite mounds did not consider the metabolic heat released by termites.

During the day, the flow rate is relatively low, which causes positive flow, and the exact opposite happens at night with a somewhat more significant flow. Throughout the experiment, it was observed that the nest was always the coolest part of the mound’s central axis. The (Figure 13). explains the motion of the convection loop throughout the day and night in conical mounds. With the solar path going from East to North to West, the convection loops run parallel to the sun’s angle

(II-C) LAKSHMINARAYANAN MAHADEVAN’S THEORY ON TERMITE MOUNDS (2015)

during the daytime, and the loop reverses at night .

EGRESS COMPLEX INVESTIGATION BY DAVID ANDREEN AND RUPERT SOAR

The egress complex is a dense, lattice-like network of tunnels between 3mm and 5mm wide, connecting wider conduits inside and outside. The complex is significant because it can adapt to different temperatures by allowing the evaporation of excess moisture while maintaining adequate ventilation.

(Figure 14) “We show that the ‘egress complex’, an intricate network of interconnected tunnels found in termite mounds, can promote flows of air, heat, and moisture in novel ways in human architecture,” said Dr David Andréen, a senior lecturer at Lund University.

The team concluded that the tunnels in the complex interact with the wind blowing on the mound to enhance the mass transfer of air for ventilation . Wind oscillations at specific frequencies generate turbulence inside, carrying respiratory gases and excess moisture away from the mound’s heart.

Fig. 13. Lakshminarayana Mahadevan model of convection loop in various types of mounds. (A) Conical, (B) Cathedral.

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26

cold

day

A

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Fig. 14.

Egress complex.

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The mound is constructed catering to several environmental factors relating to the external temperature, wind speed direction and humidity. Amongst the various shape classes of termite mounds found in nature, the cathedral mound, the conical mound, and the compass mound were studied due to their existence in similar environmental conditions in Milan.

The conical and cathedral mounds are the more common mounds found in contrasting locations of the same region (Figure 15), showing the morphological difference between the two mounds. Both mounds consist of two main components: the chimney complex and surface conduits, which are responsible for forming a ventilatory convection loop within the mound. The cathedral mound is found to have undulations on its exterior; the primary purpose of these concave protrusions is to accommodate surface conduits, which can be provided with a large surface area for greater solar exposure, simultaneously creating convex

Fig. 16. Temperature distribution in the best configurations obtained in the multi-objective optimisation for average environmental conditions of Namibia, India, and Brazil.

intrusions which provide deflection for wind catchment. The conical mound also contains surface conduits embedded inside the spherical, smoother exterior. The reason for this is the location of the conical mounds. As they are in shaded, cooler regions, their cooling requirements are reduced; hence, the surface conduits do not require a larger surface area as their dependency on solar-powered cooling via the convection loop is reduced, alongside which the need for cooling and ventilation via wind catchment is also reduced, hence restricting the need for an undulating morphology.

(Figure 16) shows that Mounds exposed to stronger solar irradiances exhibited taller and slimmer structures with pronounced inclinations and tilt angles like the solar zenith angle, for (Figure 15) M. michaelseni termite mounds close to the equator were taller and slimmer than those located farther away, revealing the same pattern seen in the size of natural mounds at different geographical latitudes .

Fig. 15. Types of mounds (left-cathedral mound, right-conical mound) outside Otjiwarongo, Namibia. Source: Andrea Surovek.

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ON TERMITE MOUND MORPHOGENESIS

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The architecture of the termite mounds constructed by the termites plays a vital role in performing its passive cooling objective. Mounds can range up to 6-8m tall and are primarily found in a conical form, having a broader base and a narrower top. This form is structurally stable in self-load and slender in response to higher wind speeds on top .

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The termite mound, sometimes disregarded as an architectural structure, exhibits a clever natural passive ventilation system.

The harmonious fusion of several theories controls the mound’s internal temperature. The airflow is governed by these underlying principles, giving it a great example of sustainable architectural inspiration. The termite mound’s intricate network of tubular and channel structures is essential to ventilation. These systems utilize conventional principles to create a continuous loop. Heat exchange occurs as air moves through the mound, regulating the temperature.

Fig. 17.

Close-up of a termite mound. Source: Flickr, by brewbooks.

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CONCLUSION

This research project delves deeper into the intricate design of termite mounds to glean helpful information for architectural applications. The study investigates how these concepts might guide the creation of façades, material investigation, environmental design systems, and building morphology.

Architects can construct sustainable, energy-efficient structures that respond to their environment and leave a less ecological footprint by taking inspiration from nature.

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The mound’s structure is an example of how effectively nature works. It integrates body configurations and maintains porosity levels throughout construction. These characteristics work together to create an advanced ventilation system, as does its adaptability to the environment.

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Others

13% Grassland

11%

47% Corn

Wood-based material from food waste

corn cobs

29% Artifical areas Agricultural areas Forest and semi-natural areas

Production & processing waste

Rice

corn husks Agriculture area in Milan

processing 3.1%

corn husks

Bio-based forming material

catering 3.8%

production 36.6%

rice husks

agriculture waste Blender yeast/strach

rice husks

distribution 13.5%

corn cobs

rice straw

rice straw

Wooden foam panels

mix

Properties

yeast

1 Fire resistance 2 thermal insulation 3 absorb humidity

starch

consumption 43%

forming

Food waste in Milan

FOOD WASTER IN MILAN

WOOD FOAM

Various elements essential to crop growth and harvesting comprise this agricultural waste’s main components. They include straw, rice bran, husks, cobs, and leaves from maise.

These ruins serve as a painful reminder of the resources that are frequently overlooked and could be reused and reinvented. It becomes clear that an integrated strategy is essential as Milan struggles with the intricacies of food waste.

Reusing agricultural byproducts-focused initiatives could be the key to this attempt, not only in terms of reducing waste but also in terms of fostering sustainability and resilience.

Fig. 18.

Food Waste in Milan and use for bio-materials. Source: Author.

Fig. 19.

Wood foam. Source: Author.

Foam-like formations appear in various fascinating forms in the complex natural world. These structures have the innate capacity to balance high stability with low weight, making them useful when toughness and durability are crucial. Amid this delicate dance of nature’s brilliance, the development of wood foam stands out as an enthralling example of sustainable innovation. An exquisite option, wood foam combines the gifts of nature with human creativity.

This material uses agricultural waste and offers an alluring answer to various problems. Wood foam develops in the soft embrace of the area’s humid atmosphere, emerging as a symbol of adaptability and environmental friendliness. A variety of remarkable properties are present in wood foam.

It is a suitable option for applications where safety is of the utmost importance because of its inherent resistance to fire, which adds an extra degree of security. Its innate capacity to absorb moisture gives it a special ability for environmental adaptation and its mastery of heat insulation aids in energy efficiency. Wood foam substantially contributes to reducing carbon emissions and food waste by using agricultural waste as its primary raw material. This symbiotic relationship between environmental stewardship and material innovation resonates strongly, ushering in a new era of conscious construction. Wood foam is incredibly light, weighing 250

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If we investigate the figures, the shocking truth of food waste becomes clear from a societal perspective. Alarmingly, 5.1 million metric tonnes of food are wasted annually because they are neither eaten nor recovered. This sad occurrence accounts for 15.4% of annual consumption, increasing to 91.4% of surplus food. To put this in context, the sheer amount of food thrown out annually results in a staggering loss of 12.6 billion euros or an impressive 210 euros per person. This massive food waste has effects that go beyond merely financial losses. The environmental cost is obvious, given that the wasted food generates a carbon footprint of about 13 million metric tonnes of CO2 emissions.

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BIO-COMPOSITE MATERIAL SYSTEM

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sunlight

Electricity O2

Biomass organic waste as “fuel”

Biofilm (algae) ANODE

CATHODE pump

MFC

CO2

bio-composite material

Biofilm (algae)

CONCLUSION

BIOFILM

Biofilm is also a significant structure in biofuel cells. When an algae biofilm is wrapped around an electrode in MFC biocells, trace amounts of energy are created.

Fig. 20.

Biofilm. Source: Author.

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A biofilm is a three-dimensional structure that serves as a microbial battleground. Biofilms can form when a group of bacteria detects and adheres to a certain surface. Subsequent colonisation and production of an extracellular polysaccharide matrix (EPS) solidify the structure. In damp settings, algae and mosses can quickly form biofilms. Algae can absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen while absorbing moisture when it grows on wood or concrete surfaces. Designers use this feature to design and produce materials that can be painted onto building surfaces to develop biofilms. The biofilm can be reused as a new recycled material cycle after the material’s life cycle. As a result, biofilms have the potential to reduce carbon emissions drastically.

The materials used in numerous industries have changed considerably due to the worldwide movement toward sustainability and environmental responsibility. Agrobased materials, made from agricultural resources, replace traditional materials in multiple applications because they are more environmentally friendly. This transformation is being brought about by the need to lessen our impact on the environment, conserve natural resources, and reduce the harmful effects of climate change. In this research, we’ll look at how agro-based products outperform traditional materials in terms of their positive environmental impact. Agro-based materials are appealing options for a sustainable future due to their renewability, smaller carbon footprint, biodegradability, reduced chemical usage, and energy efficiency. Adopting agro-based products can help to mitigate environmental problems and lessen the overall impact of human activity on the environment. Adopting these materials is a step toward a greener and more ecologically conscious future as sustainability continues to be prioritized worldwide. In this research, we have tested various agro-based materials for our façade porosity panel, which has good thermal conductivity and strength for external applications.

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and 300 kg/m3 . This lightweight property places wood foam at the forefront of materials designed for effectiveness and sustainability in a world where every gram counts.

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FOOTNOTES 1.

Ritchie, Hannah, and Max Roser. “Emissions by Sector.” Our World in Data, 2020. https://ourworldindata.org/emissions-by-sector.

2.

Iea. “Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Energy Data Explorer – Data Tools.” IEA. https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-energy-data-explorer.

3.

“Buildings – Analysis.” IEA, accessed April 28, 2023, https://www.iea.org/reports/buildings.

4.

Ritchie, Hannah, and Max Roser. “Emissions by Sector.” Our World in Data, 2020. https://ourworldindata.org/emissions-by-sector.

Wu, Ling. (2021). “Modelling the Temporal and Spatial Relationship among Air Quality, Urban Morphology, and Urban 5.

Ventilation.”

6.

“Europe’s Urban Air Quality -Re-Assessing Implementation Challenges in Cities,” March 20, 2019.

7.

“Particulate Matter (PM 2.5 and PM 10,” September 22, 2021.

8.

17.

King, Hunter, Samuel Ocko, and L. Mahadevan. 2015. “Termite Mounds Harness Diurnal Temperature Oscillations for Ventilation.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112 (37): 11589–93. https://doi.org/10.1073/ pnas.1423242112.

Ocko, Samuel A., Hunter King, David Andreen, Paul Bardunias, J. Scott Turner, Rupert Soar, and L. Mahadevan. 2017.

18.

“Solar-Powered Ventilation of African Termite Mounds.” The Journal of Experimental Biology 220 (18): 3260–69. https://doi. org/10.1242/jeb.160895.

19.

Andréen, David, and Rupert Soar. 2023. “Termite-Inspired Metamaterials for Flow-Active Building Envelopes” 10 (May). https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2023.1126974.

20.

Claggett, Nicholas, Andrea Surovek, William Capehart, and Khosro Shahbazi. 2018. “Termite Mounds: Bioinspired Examination of the Role of Material and Environment in Multifunctional Structural Forms.” Journal of Structural Engineering 144 (7): 02518001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0002043.

21.

Korb, Judith. 2010. “Termite Mound Architecture, from Function to Construction.” Biology of Termites: A Modern Synthesis, 349–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3977-4_13.

“Food Waste.” n.d. Food Safety. https://food.ec.europa.eu/safety/food-waste_en.

23.

Climate Watch, the World Resources Institute (2020).

10.

KPMG. “European Green Deal Policy Guide - KPMG Global,” September 30, 2022. https://kpmg.com/xx/en/home/ insights/2021/11/european-green-deal-policy-guide.html.

24.

Sauer, Christiane. It is made of--: New materials sourcebook for architecture and design. Berlin: Gestalten, 2010.

11.

25.

Sauer, Christiane. It is made of--: New materials sourcebook for architecture and design. Berlin: Gestalten, 2010.

PEOPLE PRACTICES SYSTEMS,” September 2013.

12.

Ferrando, Davide Tommaso. “Back in Business: Superlab in Milan, Italy by Balance Architettura.” Architectural Review, February 16, 2023. https://www.architectural-review.com/buildings/back-in-business-superlab-in-milan-italy-by-balance-architettura.

13.

Claggett, Nicholas, Andrea Surovek, William Capehart, and Khosro Shahbazi. 2018. “Termite Mounds: Bioinspired Examination of the Role of Material and Environment in Multifunctional Structural Forms.” Journal of Structural Engineering 144 (7): 02518001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0002043.

Turner, J. Scott. “Beyond biomimicry: What termites can tell us about realising the living building.” (2008).

15.

Turner, J. Scott. “Beyond biomimicry: What termites can tell us about realizing the living building.” (2008).

26.

Dade-Robertson, Martyn, Alona Keren-Paz, Meng Zhang, and Ilana Kolodkin-Gal. 2017. “Architects of Nature: Growing Buildings with Bacterial Biofilms.” Microbial Biotechnology 10 (5): 1157–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.12833.

27.

Nagendranatha Reddy, C., Hai T. H. Nguyen, Md T. Noori, and Booki Min. 2019. “Potential Applications of Algae in the Cathode of Microbial Fuel Cells for Enhanced Electricity Generation with Simultaneous Nutrient Removal and Algae Biorefinery: Current Status and Future Perspectives.” Bioresource Technology 292 (122010): 122010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. biortech.2019.122010.

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Turner, J. Scott. “Beyond biomimicry: What termites can tell us about realizing the living building.” (2008).

22.

9.

KPMG. “European Green Deal Policy Guide - KPMG Global,” September 30, 2022. https://kpmg.com/xx/en/home/ insights/2021/11/european-green-deal-policy-guide.html.

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16.

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URBAN SEQUOIA, SOM

Urban Sequoia combines different strands of sustainable design thinking, the latest innovations, and emerging technologies and reimagines them at building scale. By holistically optimising building design, minimising materials, integrating biomaterials, advanced biomass, and carbon capture technologies, Urban Sequoia achieves substantially more significant carbon reductions than has been achieved

Render view of Urban Sequoia. Source: SOM Architects.

Fig. 22.

Energy network between building and city. Source: SOM Architects.

by applying these techniques separately. Thus, the primary focus is on carbon sequestering and air pollution. However, the thermal heating and cooling of the space have not been considered extensively in this proposal. These two factors are essential to consider because they can enhance energy consumption efficiency in a building due to their contribution to the maximum building’s operational cost and carbon emissions. If thermal comfort can be optimised in a building, its demographics would change drastically as the heating and cooling system consumes the maximum energy.

In contrast to net-zero buildings, this study proposal predicts a paradigm shift towards buildings that actively collect carbon from the atmosphere, increasing their capacity to reduce carbon emissions over time. Innovative carbonsequestering technologies, such as algae applications and carbon capture, utilisation, and storage (CCUS) technologies, are the foundation for this lofty ambition. The proposed design proposal incorporates biomass and algae systems into the building’s façade, essentially converting the structure into a source of biofuel for different sectors and a supplier of bioprotein for other sectors. The prospective uses of these carbon sequestration technologies show substantial promise, considering the increased attention being paid to the issue of combating air pollution in Milan’s metropolitan surroundings.

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The central proposition of the Urban Sequoia is that the built environment can absorb carbon in an urban context.

The idea was to transform the buildings into solutions – radically rethinking how buildings and cities are designed and constructed. Considering the current global climate change scenario, it is a viable solution that can have a far-reaching impact and potentially create a circular economy that absorbs carbon. SOM partner Kent Jackson states, “The proposal is the idea that can be applied and adapted to meet the needs of any city in the world, with the potential for positive impact at any building scale.”

Fig. 21.

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SOM (Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill) released this proposal named Urban Sequoia at COP26, the 2021 UN Climate change conference in Glasgow, UK. Urban Sequoia – a concept for buildings and their urban context to absorb carbon at an unprecedented rate.

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Informed decisions

Module of systems

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Fig. 23. Design, structural and technical details for Urban Sequoia. Source: SOM Architects.

Modularity and prefabrication

Holistic integration of components

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This project’s approach to improving thermal comfort has a noticeable gap. The quest for ideal thermal comfort dramatically increases the energy use of the heating and cooling system, as explained in the previous chapter. Although the project accepts cross-ventilation and stack effect principles, tower frameworks, where cumulative heat generation from human metabolism and environmental variables might result in excessive temperatures, may only partially benefit from these strategies. If a system can enhance the thermal comfort of the building, its demographics would change drastically as the heating and cooling system consumes the maximum energy. The research recognises the necessity for a dual-purpose system to address this issue: one that uses less energy than conventional systems while improving thermal comfort. Combining these goals with the incorporation of suggested carbon-sequestering technology results in a comprehensive strategy that is ideally in line with the larger urban setting. So, simultaneously attributing to air pollution within the same system will create a holistic approach for an urban context with the desired domain.

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CONCLUSION

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A

SIMMONS HALL MIT, STEVEN HOLL

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External Building Envelope. Source: Archdaily.

B

Fig. 25. (A) Sectional diagram explaining wind and light tunnels for the building.

(B) Architectural front elevation. Source: Archdaily.

It is important to note not only the interior manipulation of space but the connection of this internal porous object to the external building envelope and juxtaposition, as the intake of light and air is arriving from the external environment, a single connection from the exterior to the interior was insufficient, hence the outer building morphology applied variable voids and fenestrations to provide natural light and air source to the internal morphology.

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Holl’s design solution was that the building would metaphorically work as a sponge. It would be a porous structure that would soak up light through a series of large openings that would cut into the building so that light would filter through in section. These breaks in section would then become main interactive spaces for the students, providing views onto different levels. In his original drawings, Holl referred to these breaks as the building’s “lungs” as they would bring natural light down while circulating air up. The lungs scattered throughout the building have a dynamic organic geometry that juxtaposes the rigidity of the gridded rectilinear exterior.

Fig. 24.

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Simmons Hall was opened to the MIT community in 2002.

Designed by Steven Holl, it has won multiple awards for its unique architectural features. With MIT’s vision in mind along with Holl’s artistic architectural ideas, the ten-story undergraduate dormitory became a small city with balancing opposing architectural elements, such as solids and voids and opaqueness and transparency.

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Fig. 26.

Internal volume atriums for natural light penetration. Source: Archdaily.

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This design strategy would allow for multiple diagonal atriums to improve ventilation in public and private areas.

The hypothesis can be tested via various CFD simulations in an addition sequence manner, where the integral air circulation routes can be identified first, upon testing of their performance, secondary atrium paths can be defined and tested in addition to the primary paths and tested to evaluate their impact on the total ventilatory route. The morphologies, connections, and scales of this framework of atriums can be varied to optimise based on performance.

For further optimisation, once multiple options are derived, a selective Genetic algorithm can help measure and select the most effective atrium paths for passive environmental design alongside testing with a conflicting fitness objective for example maximum usable/habitable floor area, to allow for architectural balance.

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CONCLUSION

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FOOTNOTES

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28.

Perez, Adelyn. “Simmons Hall at MIT/ Steven Holl.” ArchDaily, June 21, 2010. https://www.archdaily.com/65172/simmons-hall-at-mit-steven-holl.

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I. How can termite mound morphology design principles be abstracted for tower morphology design?

The termite mound architecture adapts to the environment by creating ridges (concave) to absorb the solar radiation and creates valleys (convex) to capture the wind flow. This formation is one of the processes of forming the convention loop through which the termite mound is ventilated, so how do these principles help in building morphology design?

II. How would a building ventilation system perform if the principles of convection-based ventilation systems were adapted from termite mounds to improve thermal comfort within the space?

The termite mound’s conventional loop takes radiation from the environment to regulate the temperature within the mound, which contradicts the traditional building design approach towards solar radiation. So, how would the building’s performance be altered if the solar gain was caught rather than shadowed?

III. How can the complex geometry incorporate in a termite mound structure into the building organisation (façade/fall ceiling) to aid in improving ventilation within the space?

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The termite mound system’s complex egress design enhances wind flow by creating microturbulence for termite nest ventilation. Even with minimal air circulation in the surroundings, the geometrical orientation of the egress complex causes turbulence, enhancing the flow within the building. So, will this geometrical arrangement aid in ventilation for architectural construction applications?

To minimise the amount of carbon emissions and energy consumed while producing building construction materials, these conventional materials can be replaced with agro-based materials, which can help to utilise the food waste generated within the city as well as minimise the carbon footprint of the building. This material can also be the source of carbon sequestering and the humidity from the environment.

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IV. Can agro-waste building materials help to achieve the desired properties with competitive thermal insulation and sequester humidity and carbon from the environment than conventional materials?

The material properties of algae can help sequester carbon and generate electricity from the environment in sweltering and humid conditions. So, why can’t the application of algae be in the source of bio-film, a living system that can be used for building a façade system?

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Can integrating living systems like algae into the building organisation help absorb the air V. pollutants from the environment?

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In conclusion, globalisation has inevitably accelerated the growth of urban cities throughout the world due to an increase in the availability of resources and economic possibilities. However, this urbanisation has come at a substantial environmental price, mainly because of the rising levels of greenhouse gas emissions brought on by the energy use of buildings in urban cities. Concentrating on lowering energy use in urban cities to tackle this critical issue while advancing towards a more sustainable future is crucial.

Milan, a great example of urban expansion with environmental issues, including thermal inversion and excessive humidity, is the focus of much of our investigation. Milan has also signed up for the EU Green Building Pact, which calls for renovating existing structures by 2050 to increase energy efficiency. This urgency necessitates innovative approaches for renovating existing buildings and creating new ones that may minimise their environmental effect while consuming less energy.

We investigate distinctive design principles that support passive ventilation systems, employing ideas from nature, notably the complex architecture of termite mounds.

The termite mound’s natural ventilation system offers insight into tower morphology, building ventilation, and intricate geometric arrangements that enhance airflow. It is distinguished by its clever use of geometry and convectionbased airflow.

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Our study also explores the possibility of sustainable use of agro-based materials to replace conventional construction materials. These materials provide benefits, including renewability, a smaller carbon footprint, biodegradability, and energy efficiency, which support international efforts to combat climate change and preserve the environment.

In summary, our research intends to address critical urban sustainability problems, using inspiration from the natural world (convection loop from termite mounds) and cuttingedge bio-materials for façade systems that can sequester environmental carbon while supplying fresh filtered air into the convection loop. By putting these discoveries into practice, we can help urban growth and the environment inhabit more sustainably and tranquilly.

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Finally, we consider how incorporating biological systems— like algae through bio-film—into architectural plans might reduce air pollution and help the environment. Due to its unique characteristics, algae is a good choice for bio-film façade systems that may produce power and store carbon.

Fig. 27.

Diagram of the hypothesis. Source: Author.

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METHODOLOGY

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EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHM Evolutionary algorithm for facade pannels.

Fig. 29.

CFD for air-flow false ceiling.

The study of fluid flow and heat transfer processes using numerical methods and computer simulations is known as computational fluid dynamics (CFD), a complex and vital area of study in fluid mechanics. CFD uses numerical methods and specialised computer algorithms to solve the mathematical equations controlling fluid dynamics and heat transfer.

CFD has wholly changed how decisions are made for projects concerned with fluid and heat transfer phenomena.

Optimising the flow of fluids, such as air, and comprehending heat transfer mechanisms are crucial for a project to perform efficiently. The tool helps examine various design possibilities using CFD models, assess their effectiveness, and make defensible conclusions based on the data produced. This project incorporates biological principles into architectural applications by adapting egress-complicated geometry from termite mound systems. A thorough understanding of fluid dynamics is necessary for this adaptation, especially how air moves inside these geometric shapes.

METHODOLOGY SECTION TITLE

SECTION TITLE METHODOLOGY

The evolutionary process adopted in this paper focuses on the generative design process for architecture using the Wallacei X platform. The evolutionary design methods tend to balance the conflicting objectives by considering local environmental variables, which can enhance the performance of the buildings. This evolutionary algorithm has been used throughout the research to optimise the best suitable design in the pre-defined environmental and structural domain. It also helped to define the efficient volume porosity, tubular network, and structural and façade system for the development of holistic passive ventilation.

Fig. 28.

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The generative evolutionary process has been demonstrated to be a very effective system in nature. The environmental design is constantly changing; every generation of every species in the natural environment results from new mutation strategies employed by the immediate parent.

CFD

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This approach can be used to find the most efficient paths for air or fluid movement within a place, just like it does for routes between geographical points. It can improve the ventilation and thermal comfort of the environment by establishing the least complicated and most direct routes between various zones. The efficient flow of air or fluid between spaces becomes crucial when aiming for energy-efficient design.

This entails reducing energy loss during airflow and ensuring optimal paths for effective heat transfer. The shortest path algorithm has been used to design a tubular network system that strategically directs airflow while reducing turbulence and energy loss.

Fig. 30.

Shortest path for tubular network system.

Fig. 31.

FEA for facade panel.

Finite Element Analysis (FEA), frequently referred to as FEA, is a potent numerical method used in engineering and computational mechanics. By modelling and simulating the complicated behaviours of structures and systems, engineers and researchers can gain insights that are frequently too difficult or expensive to obtain using traditional experimental approaches alone. Discretisation is the fundamental technique FEA uses to divide a large structure into numerous smaller, more manageable components. These components’ shape, material characteristics, and boundary conditions each define one of these components.

In the context of this project, FEA becomes a vital tool as we look to adapt tubular network systems and egress complexes for various building systems. FEA in the current scenario helps develop the morphology’s primary exoskeleton while also considering the structural central core and structural façade for support. Including FEA in the design process helps extend the efficient structural system, which would help lower the carbon footprint.

METHODOLOGY SECTION TITLE

SECTION TITLE METHODOLOGY

The “shortest path” algorithm is a fundamental and commonly used idea that forms the basis for figuring out the best possible pathways between connected places. This method minimises all relevant metrics, including distance, time, cost, and other factors to find the most effective route between network nodes. Its uses cut across a broad spectrum of academic fields, including technology, logistics, and more.

The shortest path algorithm’s concepts are quite applicable in the context of this project, where the goal is to create an effective tubular network system for airflow.

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SHORTEST PATH

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ROBOTIC ARM Robotic arm application for facade panel fabrication.

Fig. 33.

CNC for facade panels fabrication.

Computer numerical control, or CNC, is a significant technological development in manufacturing and industrial processes. It depends on using computers to supervise and automate the complex operations of machines. Many industries use this technology widely, including industrial, aerospace, automotive, and more.

CNC technology emerges as an attractive alternative to robotics in the current situation, where porous façade panels made from agro-based materials require processes like baking. The CNC foam models can be used to painstakingly create silicon moulds, which are used as the building blocks for effectively producing façade modules. This CNC-driven method streamlines the production process, assuring the accurate and seamless fabrication of complex components while optimising resources and enhancing overall process effectiveness.

METHODOLOGY SECTION TITLE

SECTION TITLE METHODOLOGY

A robotic arm is crucial in this project’s production of doublecurved façade porosity panels utilising agriculturally derived materials. The idea behind these panels is to harness the wind by inducing controlled turbulence through their distinctive geometry, enabling a passive ventilation system inside the building. The usage of a robotic arm is highly effective due to the panel’s intricate geometrical design and the incorporation of modularisation. It makes it possible to produce these panels quickly and with little waste of materials.

Fig. 32.

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A mechanical device called a robotic arm is created to mimic the motions and uses of a human arm. It typically consists of several interconnected segments or links articulated by joints, enabling accurate movements in various directions. You can frequently find a gripper, specialised tool, or attachment designed for a particular purpose at the end of a robotic arm.

CNC

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Sensor 01: Pascal Cittá Studi

Sensor 03: Viale Marche

Sensor 02: Via Senato

Sensor 04: Via Verziere

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SITE ANALYSIS: MILAN, ITALY Citta Studi.

2.

Via Senato.

3.

Viale Marche.

4.

Via Verziere.

A land-use study is carried out to get a better understanding of the context of the emissions. The Grasshopper programme (ELK), which makes data from OpenStreetMap accessible, is used in this investigation. The analyses’ findings aid in putting the sources and trends of the emissions into context.

The World Health Organisation (WHO) standards adopted are of utmost significance. These requirements guarantee that the level of air quality stays reasonable and acceptable.

The average exposure to PM2.5—tiny particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 microns or less—over 24 hours should not exceed 15 g/m3, under the most recent WHO recommendations. So, identifying the crucial zone with the highest PM 2.5 to test the design module becomes vital.

Sensor 04: Via Verziere Analysing data gathered from sensors placed across Milan throughout a certain time frame (June 22–June 23 of the previous year) is necessary for the site selection. These sensors monitor the vital pollutant PM 2.5 emissions in the Lombardian city. It is discovered that just four sensors across Milan continue to record PM 2.5 emissions after an initial filtering procedure. The following four sensors are listed:

1.

In the end, it was decided that sensor 04, which is in Via Verziere, is located in Milan’s business centre. Universities, government buildings and cultural icons all contribute to this area’s distinctive urban landscape. As a result, visitors and students are this location’s main users, which influences the neighbourhood’s dynamics.

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Fig. 34. Identified four sites with sensors to identify the PM 2.5 value of each.

Source: Author.

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According to a 2020 European Environment Agency (EEA) research, Milan, a well-known city in northern Italy, is Sensor 03:dealing Viale Marche currently with a severe air quality crisis. Its air quality glaringly highlights the city’s struggle with poor air conditions.

This urgent problem not only upsets the balance of the environment but also seriously threatens human health.

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Fig. 35.

Comparison of PM 2.5 values of each site. Source: Author

In conclusion, the site selection procedure’s land-use assessment and sensor data analysis show that sensor 04 at Via Verziere has higher PM 2.5 emissions. This elevated emission level results from the city centre’s urban setting comprising administrative centres, educational institutions, commercial centres, and tourist attractions.

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Several explanations exist for this location’s higher PM 2.5 emission levels. Because there are few large green areas in the city centre, less natural air purification is occurring, which raises the amount of pollutants. This location’s emissions are significantly nine times higher than the World Health Organization’s (WHO) yearly average PM 2.5 guideline of 5 g/ m3.

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CONCLUSION After analysing all the particle matter (PM2.5) data from all four city centres across Milan, one was shortlisted with the highest values for further investigation. The city centre Via Verziere has the highest value of PM 2.5 due to the absence of greenspaces in specific areas with a maximum of public and tourist locations, which causes rise in vehicular movement. The city centre was predominately occupied by commercial offices, retail outlets, cultural/tourist landmarks, and public administration lacking green spaces. For this research experiment, one of the sites with a land use of garage building was selected because of its legal regulations of public area and its proximity to one of the tallest buildings in Milan city centre.

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Site selection. Site highlited with black frame.

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Fig. 36.

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Day Scenario

Night Scenario

Surface conduits Chimney

Convection loop Microturbulent oscillatory ventilation

Egress complex

BIO-MIMETIC PRINCIPLE ABSTRACTIONS

Thermosiphon Model

MORPHOLOGY ABSTRACTIONS

Surface conduits Chimney

Cathedral Mound High solar gains and adequate wind catchment

A

Egress complex Outer curvature

B Inner curvature

On the other hand, wind turbulence within the depression utilises the energy produced by temperature differences like a performer. It directs this power through the mound’s internal tubes, starting a cycle of air exchange that serves as the termite nest’s internal thermostat. These interactions successfully control the temperature, resulting in a peaceful atmosphere that benefits the termites’ survival and wellbeing.

D Egress Complex

Conical Mound Low solar gains and inadequate wind catchment

Fig. 37.

Diagram of internal ventilation of termite mound & principal abstractions.

E Lateral Connective

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The importance of solar radiation and wind turbulence in influencing the mound’s ventilation dynamics becomes apparent as a unifying topic. Temperature differences within the mound are influenced by solar radiation, which serves as the principal conductor. The mound’s exterior, especially the bulge, is illuminated by sunshine, which warms some areas and causes temperature changes that trigger ventilation.

C Convection Loop

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The investigation of termite mound ventilation, as presented in the earlier chapters, reveals an intriguing trip of numerous scientific assessments carried out by researchers over time.

The fundamental principles of mound formation intricately entangle with the influences of solar radiation and wind turbulence, notwithstanding the differences in methodologies and perspectives. These two dynamic forces play an essential role in maintaining the ideal temperature inside the termite nest by orchestrating a symphony of natural events that give rise to traditional loops.

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MORPHOLOGY CFD ANALYSIS

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Mosaic of different primitive morphologies to analyse with CFD.

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The CFD analyse on the basic morphology primitive which was abstracted from the principles of termite mound helped us to comprehend the impact of conical top on the leeward side.

The CFD also aids us to understand the significance of morphological adaptation of ridges and valleys and its impact on wind flow. The valley on the morphology will help to capture the wind flow which is important for convection loop, and it also helps in reducing the turbulence on the leeward side of the morphology.

Fig. 38.

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The complex interaction between solar radiation and wind turbulence in termite mounds helps to regulate the symphony of conventional loops by maintaining a delicate temperature equilibrium essential to the termites’ survival.

These abstracted principles and looping system are tested in CFD to understand the looping system and then decide the rules for networking for tubular systems for building morphology.

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2

1

3

4

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This section aims to derive a morphology which performed best for wind catchment. The first round of tests was taken with cylindrical morphology (Model 1) and conical morphology (Model 2) simulated through CFD. The average speed in Milan of 3.5 m/s was applied having the height of each model kept at 100m.

Fig. 39.

Average wind flow

Wind Tunnel CFD Results of Models 1 & 2

Fig. 40.

Wind Tunnel CFD Results of Models 3 & 4

The second round of tests consisted of Model 3 having the same morphology as model 1 but with outer and inner curvatures incorporated for testing an increased surface Area to volume ratio. The same is applied for model 2, as shown in model 4. The results from Model 1-4 showed model 3 & 4 performed best catchment of wind due to the introduction of undulations in the morphology.

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Average wind flow Maximum wind flow Maximum wind flow

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8

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The second round of tests stretched the outer curvatures of these undulations. Model 5 had the outer curvatures stretched laterally and Model 6 had the outer curvatures stretched longitudinally. Both Model 5 & 6 were both formed with a vertical section model.

Fig. 41.

Wind Tunnel CFD Results of Models 5 & 6

Fig. 42.

Wind Tunnel CFD Results of Models 7 & 8

Model 7 & 8 tapered Model 5 & 6 respectively. The second round of tests showed Model 3 and model 6 performed best in terms of wind catchment, into the inner curvature/ridges.

The air velocity in these ridges were displayed fastest in Model 6 due to the increased depth of the ridge and wider mouth of the ridge. The vertical morphology performed better than the conical/tapered morphology in the top portions of the model as the wind speed increases at more height. Since the vertical morphology has wider ridge openings it allows more wind catchment.

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Average wind captureAverage wind capture Maximum wind capture Maximum wind capture

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ANALYSIS OF LOOPING SYSTEM IN TERMITE MOUNDS Mosaic of different primitive looping system to analyse with CFD.

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Fig. 43.

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This section focuses on testing the hypothesis of the convection loop found in the termite mounds, for critical review on its application on a building scale.

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In the first round of simulations 3 models were tested, namely A - having tapered tubes, B - tapered tubes but angling down to the collection chamber, and C- having lowered rear end tubes. Upon simulation it was observed that model A & C performed better in terms of air velocity of the convection loop, as well as smooth and holistic flow of the air. Whilst in terms of temperature distribution model C had the coolest chimney internal temperature at the end of the simulation, as the convection loop was confined to the south sided tubes, so air was not lost to the rear (north) end tubes.

Fig. 44.

Convection testing CFD Results of Models A,B and C

In the second round of simulations, models D, E and F were tested. Model D had reduced tube sizes which was applied to test minimized structure of tubes on the facade, Model E had one sided (south end) tubes, which was proposed due to the negative effects of the rear end tubes on the effective distribution of the convection loop, as seen in Model C. Model F was proposed to test for a vertical building morphology, with 1.7m diameter tubes. The tests now were more focused on transforming the Termite Mound hypothesis to a building’s context. In terms of air velocity and smoothness of the convection loop, Model F performed best with the smoothest Fig. 45.

Convection testing CFD Results of Models D,E and F

and fastest convection loop. In terms of temperature distribution Model F performed weakest as the chimney experienced a rise in temperature by the end of the simulation, model D & E performed equally well in keeping the chimney cool by the end of the simulation.

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To test the hypothesis involved in Termite Mounds regarding the diurnal convection loop from the surface conduits to the chimney, a CFD simulation was attempted where the model was set having tubes on the exterior and chimney shaft in the center which were inter-connected. The height of the model was stretched to 100m, to test the hypothesis on a building scale. The surfaces of the tubes facing the South (afternoon solar scenario) were given temperatures of 65C-55C-45C and the central shaft considered as a shaded interior was provided a 25C temperature.

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Fig. 05 - Fitness Criterion of ceiling experiment

of air in the chimney. In terms of Temperature distribution Model H was seen to have the coolest chimney by the end of the simulation, followed by Model G. Model J was another alteration of the chimney type, having a wider top, it performed similar to Model I, having non-uniform erratic air currents inside the chimney and tubes, whilst in terms of the temperature distribution it was also similar to Model I, moderately cooling the chimney. Model K was an integrated model, choosing Model G as the convection setup, but this time containing

a larger chimney cross-section and the addition of lateral connective tunnels connecting the outside air to the chimney. The model was deemed inaccurate due to the uniform amount of air intake from the connective tunnels, the result also disrupted any possible convection current due to the influx of the lateral air input. This model will have to be revised with aims to maintain the convection loop, with the connective tunnels aiding the convection loop rather than hindering it.

Fig. 46.

Fig. 47.

Convection testing CFD Results of Models G,H and I.

Convection testing CFD Results of Models J & K.

It was concluded from these results that having multiple tubes with small diameters at the effective regions performed better due to the increased S.A. Volume ratio, although the distribution of the tubes is subject to testing in further stages.

The vertical tubes as well as chimney performed better than the rest as well in terms of air velocity and smoothness of air flow, as well as effectively completing the convection loop, as can be seen in Models F and G. Diameter’s of tubes ranging from 0.4m to 1.0m would be advised in terms of performance of the airflow as well as feasibility in the design.

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The third round of experimentation involved models with narrower tubes diameters (0.6m dia.) and a group of tubes instead of one tube at each side, to improve Surface area to Volume ratio in terms of solar gain. The chimney types was altered in the three models. Model G having a straight vertical section of the chimney, Model H chimney having a wider base while Model I having a wider center of the chimney. In terms of air velocity Model I performed best followed by Model G, but in terms of smoothness of the flow Model I performed worst displaying erratic vortexes, model G had a uniform flow

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MATERIAL EXPERIMENT The use of novel recycled materials has the potential to considerably advance the goals of reducing carbon emissions and mitigating pollutants related to construction materials, in contrast to traditional building facade materials like steel and concrete. However, evaluating these materials’ actual application seriously is crucial, especially concerning insulation, wind resistance, tensile strength, fire resistance, and related factors. In this setting, the significance of material experimentation is essential. This section explores the possibilities for using agricultural food waste to make building materials, offering a promising route for waste reduction and environmentally friendly building techniques.

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Final facade component - type A

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Fig. 48.

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RICE STRAW

AGRICULTURE WASTE IN MILAN

CORN HUSKS

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CORN COBS

RICE HUSKS WOOD FOAM

ALGAE

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Fig. 49.

Render por facade panel.

MOSS

Fig. 50.

Composition of facade panel.

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Wood foam and biofilm are the main components of the facade system used in this research study. The primary material is wood foam, created in Milan from agricultural waste materials, including rice husk, straw, corn cobs and similar byproducts. Wood foam shows special properties, which excels in fire protection, thermal insulation, and moisture absorption. It acquired its porosity and lightweight characteristics through fermentation, increasing its appropriateness for the intended purpose. Subsequently, biofilm is applied atop the wood foam substrate to sequester carbon through photosynthesis, aligning with the project’s sustainability goals. Given Milan’s humid climate, the surface might easily sustain moss, lichen, and algae growth. Both substances have excellent physical qualities and improve the quality of the air.

LICHEN

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MATERIALS

LIVING SYSTEM IN HUMID ENVIROMENT

BIOFILM

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THERMAL INSULATION TEST LOAD TEST

STAGE I - SAMPLES

STAGE II - APPLICATION

COMPUTATION AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES

FABRICATION

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Fig. 51.

Diagram of stages for material experiment.

The experiment was conducted in two stages: sample development with physical testing and then utilising the best one for modular application to produce the thermally insulated wood foam façade system material, which will be seen in the next chapter. Thermal insulation testing and load tests are scenarios of physical tests. Building scale manufacturing involves creating modular duplication.

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EXPERIMENTAL STAGES

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BLEND RICE HUSK

WOOD CHIPS

STRAW

RICE HUSK POWDER

SAWDUST

STRAW POWDER

SCREEN HIGH DENSITY POWDER

MIX & MELLOW MELLOW 1H IN 35 °C

BAKE BAKE 1H IN 200 °C

CORN FLOUR

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YEAST

Fig. 52.

OIL

Ingridients for material test.

DRY

This experiment referred to the research paper’s discussion of the creation and fermentation of bio-material. Four processes made up the basic production procedure: blend (filter high-density powder), mix & and mellow (1h in 35⁰C), bake (1h in 200⁰C), and dry in sunshine.

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SUGAR

Before experimenting, the process started by grinding the three raw materials—rice husk, straw, and wood chips—that served as the experiment’s control materials. From there, rice husk powder, straw powder, and sawdust were produced.

While wheat flour, maise flour, yeast, and sugar were used as the raw materials for foaming, the wood raw materials were utilised as the raw materials for reinforcing the materials.

Sugar, yeast, and wheat (including corn flour) were utilised as the essential ingredients for foaming. The researchers then divided the various ratios into smaller portions to create samples of the materials.

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WHEAT FLOUR

INGREDIENT AND PROCESS

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Selected

A rice husk powder B sawdust C straw powder D wheat flour E corn flour F sugar G yeast

Breakdown of percentages of ingridients of sample tests.

Fig. 53.

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H oil

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FOAM

CRISP

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Selected

HARD

SAMPLE PERFORMANCE

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Samples are chosen using more straightforward but more reliable criteria. After evaluating numerous combinations and ratios of raw components and binders, three samples with higher foam and hardness were chosen from 12 sets of varying ratios. The values were distributed of these 12 samples on an axis chart after classifying each sample into five grades based on Foam-No Foam and Hard-Crisp.

According to the analysis of the charts, A_02 (35.09% rich husk powder, 52.63% wheat flour, 5.26% sugar, 3.51% yeast, 5.26% oil), B_02 (35.09% sawdust, 52.63% wheat flour, 5.26% sugar, 5.26% oil) and C_01 (17.54% straw powder, 70.18% wheat flour, 5.26% sugar, 3.51% yeast, 5.26% oil) were the three ratios that ultimately performed the best.

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UNFOAM

Sumamry diagram of performance of all samples.

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Fig. 54.

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A_02

SAMPLE

RICE HUSK: 35.09% FLOUR: 52.63%

LOAD

B_02 SAWDUST: 35.09% FLOUR: 52.63%

LOAD TEST C_01 STRAW: 17.54% FLOUR: 70.18%

ICEBAG

SAMPLE

PHYSICAL TESTS SETTING HEATING

RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT

Fig. 55.

Diagram of physical tests.

These three shortlisted material samples were then taken forward for material testing, which was carried out by testing the material’s weight and resistance to transfer the heat. For these tests, new samples were developed of sizes (8cm*16cm) using three censored sample formulations (A_02, B_02, C_01).

A strip of samples is subjected to a hanging weight from the centre with point support on the ends as part of the load test experiment until the samples break. To determine the maximum force applied to each sample, the weight of the weight is measured. For the thermal test, an ice bag with a temperature of -5 is placed between the test object and the heating pad. For the thermal insulation test, then take a reading of the icebag’s surface temperature after regular intervals.

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THERMAL INSULATION TEST

Material samples.

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Fig. 56.

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A_02 MAX WEIGHT: 32.5 Ibs

B_02 MAX WEIGHT: 25.0 lbs

C_01 98

99

MAX WEIGHT: 16.2 Ibs

Fig. 58.

Fig. 57.

Picture of load test.

Pictures of load test.

Sand was employed as the experimental weight in the load test. As a result of the experiment, a higher force is acting on the crossbar on the sample’s surface. The most stressed material sample is A_02, with a maximum peak force of 32.5 lbs compared to others with B_02: 25.0 lbs and C_01: 16.2 lbs.

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LOAD TEST

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TEMP (°C)

10 5 0 B_02 MAX TEMP: 9.4 °C

-5

TIME (min)

0

5

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20

TEMP (°C)

10 5 0 A_02 MAX TEMP: 2.2 °C

-5

TIME (min)

0

5

10

15

20

TEMP (°C)

10 5

To ascertain the sample’s insulating temperature profile, multiple readings of the ice pack’s surface’s centre temperature were taken over the course of 20 minutes. Three temperature line graph tables were obtained, as you can see.

A_01’s final temperature was 2.2, B_02’s was 9.4, and C_01’s was 9.0. All three samples had adequate insulation; however, A_02 was the finest.

Fig. 59.

-5

TIME (min)

0

5

10

15

20

Pictures of thermal insulation tests.

Fig. 60.

Graphics of each thermal insulation test.

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THERMAL INSULATION TEST

MAX TEMP: 9.0 °C

0 101

100

C_01

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A_02

B_02

C_01

Fig. 61.

TEMP (°C)

Physical test selection.

A_02 was the formulation that performed the best for each of the two groups of investigations, according to combining the two experiments and looking at the combined experimental charts. As a result, A_02 was chosen as the formulation for the following application. A_02 The main component is rice husk, which is an arbitrary goal. This is because rice, the primary crop in Milan, creates a lot of rice husk trash each year, which would help utilise the agro-waste by minimising the carbon emission caused by burning the agro-waste.

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CONCLUSION OF PHYSICAL

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LOAD (lbs)

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FOOTNOTES

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“Europe’s Urban Air Quality -Re-Assessing Implementation Challenges in Cities,” March 20, 2019.

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29.

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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

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The primary considerations considered in this study encompass significant parameters abstracted from the termite mound, which served as the compass for the entire project. Additionally, the climate conditions (environmental), the ventilation system, the structure, and volume porosity.

These domains of these parameters were defined after the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) studies described in the previous chapter, and they are based on abstract biomimetic principles. These characteristics are meant to lay the groundwork for creating the fundamental building

Fig. 62. Inter-relation between various parameters for the development of tower morphology.

morphology. This framework also incorporates the volume porosity component, which opens up the fields of structural physics. Selection of the core’s placement, which must be made to permit later vertical and horizontal circulation within the structure, is a crucial aspect of this.

Setting the stage for identifying the domains that intersect with vertical circulation and volume porosity across many levels is the evolution of an environmentally sensitive morphological framework. These domains are improved using cellular automata laws (CA), subject to predetermined rules.

The essence of this algorithm entails placing private spaces on the periphery while channelling public places towards the centre of the vertical green voids which run along various floors. This choreography also allows for the creation of semi-private areas tightly integrated into the morphological design. The cascading effect also has an impact on horizontal circulation and organisational hierarchy.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

This chapter is devoted to a crucial insight addressing the necessity of forging profound relationships between numerous experiments spanning a range of environmental, physical organisation, and structural domains. This vital realisation was the cornerstone upon which the hierarchical framework was meticulously created, leading to the seamless creation of a smart passive ventilation system for a building by considering environmental factors and bio-mimetic principles. The intricate structure of relationships between numerous tests became apparent as a fundamental tenet in understanding the complexity of each experiment. Each experiment was painstakingly weaved into the others, harmonising the research’s many facets.

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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

& VALLEY (CONVEX AVE) ) C N (CO

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MILAN, ITALY (Site Analysis)

TUBULAR NETWORK SYSTEM

3

STRUCTURE

2

MORPHOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

GE RID

Highest average PM 2.5 value at city centres

BIOMIMETIC PRINCIPLES

LOO P

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CON VECT ION

VOLUME VOIDS 1

(P OR

OS

2

EX

Solar Radiation Wind Exposure

Shortlisted city centre

3 1

Research

)

FACADE SYSTEM

ITY

ENVIORNMENTAL ANALYSIS

3

Experiment set-up

S RE EG

PL M O SC

Biomimetic principles Enviornmental site specific factors.

As the above diagram shows, environmental variables like sun radiation and wind movement regulate the morphology organisation and play a vital role in its overall evolution. This allows the domains of different experiments to overlap and create an integrated system towards the end.

It starts with morphological development, primarily influenced by environmental circumstances and the outcome of principles gleaned from a termite mound nest. The morphology was further developed with a structural system by extracting the stress lines of the developed morphology using Karamba on grasshopper and then integrating volume porosity by considering the environmental factors and some rules defined by Cellular Automata to incorporate green voids that connect the building and help enhance the wind

Fig. 63. Inter-relation between various parameters for the development of tower morphology.

flow within the building. Overlapping this, a tubular network and façade system that would regulate the convection loop and passive ventilation system was developed; however, throughout the entire experimental setup, environmental factors and extracted primary bio-mimetic principles were taken into consideration.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

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Figure 63 explains the interrelation of environmental factors, structural integration, morphology development, and spatial organisation.

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Experiment links

29,75 kWh/m2 3,60 kWh/m2

JANUARY

113 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT SECTION TITLE

WINTER PERIOD

To enhance the wind-catching aptitude, parabolic • depressions were added.

112

21-31 21,21 kWh/m2

DECEMMBER

• To maximise solar radiation capture, a sinusoidalshaped bulge was added.

SECTIONDEVELOPMENT DESIGN TITLE

11 - 20

Primitive geometry.

Site location.

Solar radiation and wind analysis for summer and winter period.

FEBRUARY

Fig. 64.

Fig. 65.

Fig. 66.

0,65 kWh/m2

MORPHOLOGY

The wind analysis was conducted similarly, accounting for its yearly natural fluctuation. This investigation was limited to days that fell within these predetermined time frames and had wind speeds more than 8 metres per second, a benchmark for moderate winds.

1 - 10

AUGUST

D

JULY

SUMMER PERIOD

E

The summer and winter seasons were considered in the investigation of solar radiation, focusing on June, July, and August for the summer assessment and December, January, and February for the winter evaluation. Each of these months was then separated into three periods to ensure a thorough evaluation of the solar impact.

21-31

JUNE

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D = 54,06 m E = 61,41 m

For this objective, a cylindrical structure with a 22.5-meter radius and a 100-meter height has been adopted as the fundamental geometry. Contextual restrictions, namely the maximum height permitted within the site and site boundaries, which required a 5-meter setback from the site limits, were considered while determining the precise measurements for this simple geometry.

11 - 20

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A = 22,5 m r B=r5m C = A-B = 17,5 m H = 100 m

An extensive environmental analysis was considered when creating the building morphology, and biomimetic principles were used as a guiding principle. Two unique profiles that had an impact on the original geometry were defined because of the following factors taken together:

1 - 10

21-31

11 - 20

21-31

Resulting morphology for winter period. - Wind speed domain: 8,3 m/s to 10,8 m/s. Predominant wind angle. Strongest wind angle: 171ª, 211ª.

Fig. 67.

Fig. 69.

JANUARY

most intense period

FEBRUARY

WINTER PERIOD

Resulting morphology for summer period. Wind speed domain: 8,2 m/s to 13,2 m/s. Predominant wind angle: SW. Strongest wind angle: 191ª

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT SECTION TITLE

SECTIONDEVELOPMENT DESIGN TITLE

Fig. 68.

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DECEMMBER

1 - 10

Resulting morphologies from solar radiation and wind analysis for each period.

less intense period

JULY AUGUST

SUMMER PERIOD

JUNE

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11 - 20

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1 - 10

values n/1 values n/2

WINTER PERIOD

Comparing the summary morphologies for summer and winter, it was clear that the values were more apparent in the summer. As a result, the results of the winter analysis were scaled back by a factor of two, considering the domains extracted from the initial CFD analysis in the research development phase when creating the final morphology. The substantially more uniform distribution of solar radiation levels during winter suggested that this adjustment was required.

With this well-balanced approach, the emphasis moved on finalising the morphology towards giving the wind capture depression design features a priority. The final morphology gave these depressions, which are essential for capturing wind energy, more prominence, thus striking an equilibrium between the needs of both seasons.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT SECTION TITLE

SECTIONDEVELOPMENT DESIGN TITLE

Final morphology.

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SUMMER PERIOD

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Fig. 70.

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selection of slabs for fixed porosity

selection of slabs for porosity

N

W

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solar radiation analysis

E

S -

porosity only in mid to coldest areas

+

The initial design included three predefined green voids in the building’s east, north, and west halves. Each of these voids extended over three floors in succession, their locations chosen according to their proximity to the building’s core and their distance from one another. A set of rules influenced by cellular automata concepts was then used for the intermediate levels between these three preset floors. These guidelines determined the placement and dimensions of the green voids on each middle floor.

1061 kWh/m2

porosity process

domain of interest

porosity location

Fig. 71. Diagram of the porosity application according to solar radiation values and the selection process of slabs.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT SECTION TITLE

SECTIONDEVELOPMENT DESIGN TITLE

The design employed volumetric porosity to enable ideal wind movement and create internal connections between the building porosity was purposefully included in the building to direct and maximise wind movement, creating vertical green voids. These voids were strategically placed throughout the structure, mainly on the east, north, and west sides and were exposed to the building’s coldest climate conditions. A thorough analysis of solar radiation and an evaluating of the available floor space was used to determine where to place them. Because of this analysis, both the lower and upper levels were left out of the location of these cutouts. Due to limitations on available floor space, the upper levels were left out, while the lower floors were left out due to their limited flow for wind movement. As a result, by strategically placing the volumetric porosity on a few floors, the building’s spatial resources were effectively utilised while optimising wind circulation.

0 kWh/m2

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118

VOLUME POROSITY

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Each cell has EIGHT neighbours.

minimum distance to green space DOWN

If an occupied cell has 0 or 1 neighbours it dies.

If an occupied cell has 4 or 8 neighbours it dies.

dead cells rules

If an occupied cell has 2 or 3 neighbours it survives the next generation.

minimum distance to the core

minimum area difference between each floors

live cells rules Cellular automata rules and result.

Objectives for the evolutionary algorithm.

An evolutionary multi-objective optimisation strategy was used to enhance the design, with the following objectives as a guide: •

Minimise the distance to the below-ground green voids.

•

Minimise the distance to the above-ground green voids.

•

Minimise the space between each succeeding floor.

•

Minimise the distance to the centre of the structure.

•

Minimise the difference in size between each floor.

The green voids in the final prototype’s spatial arrangement were classified as public spaces and were enclosed by semi-private zones. Private spaces facing the south were allotted in the remaining location. The building’s public and private functions were balanced because of this novel use of space.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT SECTION TITLE

A set of linked void connectors was produced because of this optimisation process.

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minimum distance between each floor

If an died cell has 3 live neighbours it borns for the next generation.

Fig. 72.

Fig. 73.

SECTIONDEVELOPMENT DESIGN TITLE

minimum distance to green space UP

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facade thickness: 10 cm

core thickness: 30 cm

-55%

set-up

utilization

Loads: Gravity Material: Biocrete Supports: 66 points (Tx, Ty, Tz, Rx, Ry, Rz)

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Morphology of the 10 cm thick façade.

•

slabs with pores and a 30 cm thickness.

•

20-centimetre-thick central core.

The only load considered was gravity and biocrete as the material. Within the construction, there were 66 supports in all.

This analysis’s first findings showed a movement of 500 cm, which is noticeably 25 times more than the tower’s 20 cm maximum permitted displacement. A recognisable pattern was seen when examining the primary stress lines, and it was then taken from this information to create the structural exoskeleton.

Displacement: 500 cm Max displacement goal: <20 cm Mass: 205900 kN

+160%

slabs thickness: 20 cm

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results

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The building’s structural analysis aimed to produce an effective structural exoskeleton connecting to the core via beams. The following factors were taken into consideration before starting the structural analysis:

Fig. 74. Elements to consider for the structural analysis. From left to right: facade, core, slabs.

Fig. 75. Structural analysis 01 results.

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facade thickness: 10 cm

core thickness: 30 cm

set-up

utilization

-7997%

Displacement: 34 cm Max displacement goal: <20 cm Mass: 388700 kN

Fig. 76.

Fig. 77.

Structural analysis 02 results.

Final morphology with structure.

The exoskeleton comprises ten assemblies of columns that fit into the building’s bulges and work primarily under compression. Additionally, the depression sections contain a supplementary diagonal structure that predominantly operates under tension. Slab beams, totalling ten beams per level, were added to connect the primary columns with the slabs to strengthen the building further.

A reduced displacement of 34 cm—1.7 times more than the targeted displacement—was revealed after structural investigation. The structure needs more optimisation in the following stage of development to advance.

slabs thickness: 20 cm

compression tension

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results

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+6439%

Loads: Gravity Material: Biocrete Supports: 66 points (Tx, Ty, Tz, Rx, Ry, Rz)

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region A

solar radiation pts

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1° hottest

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2° hotter

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3° hot

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solar radiation analysis

2° hierarchy

3° hierarchy

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solar radiation values 0 kWh/m2

1061 kWh/m2 domain of interest

TUBULAR NETWORK SYSTEM

• Using the most heat readily accessible from the environment to activate convection cycles.

Fig. 78. Diagram of hierarchy of tubular network system responding to solar radiation values Fig. 79. Region A tubular network process.

region A tubular network

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The exoskeleton of the façade was incorporated with a highly effective tubular network system placed strategically to provide passive ventilation through convection loops. This system’s best location required a thorough examination of how solar radiation patterns would affect the morphology produced. In keeping with our biomimetic strategy, we gave priority to two critical ideas:

By incorporating these design strategies, we evolved into an ecologically responsible and energy-efficient design.

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• Putting into practice a design concept that encourages the absorption of solar energy, such as building bulging to increase exposure.

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solar radiation pts

B

A

1° hierarchy

2° hierarchy

Fig. 80.

3° hierarchy

Evolutionary algorithm for facade pannels.

Fig. 81.

Fig. 82.

Region B tubular network process.

Final morphology with tubular network system.

The solar radiation analysis led us to identify areas with varying degrees of solar exposure, ranging from hot to hottest, which were observed to span from the southwest to the southeast side of the site. We further categorised the sun radiation values within these domains into three categories: hot, hotter, and hottest. Our tubular network system is synthesised up of three different kinds of linked tubes that are arranged hierarchically: • Hottest tubes: They have a diameter of 0.90 metres and are in the centre of each zone. From the base of the structure to its summit, they are arranged vertically.

• Hot Tubes: The third hierarchy continues from the hotter tubes and has tubes with a diameter of 0.30 metres.

The hottest tubes, which maximise heat absorption, are constructed first, followed by the hotter and hotter tubes, according to this hierarchical structure. According to the solar radiation analysis, the tubes’ meticulous arrangement and size optimise passive ventilation and heat absorption.

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• Hotter Tubes: From the hottest tubes, the second hierarchy, which consists of tubes with a 0.60-meter diameter, branches off.

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region B tubular network

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region B

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FAÇADE SYSTEM The façade system operates to draw in wind currents and ease the application of biofilm, making it a crucial functional component of the entire building system. This system primarily aims to channel the wind for a convection loop and sequester carbon significantly while enhancing air quality.

The façade system first enhances wind velocity for enhanced wind collection and improves the passive circulation system, reducing dependence on the electrical power supply. In the second, biofilm is integrated into the façade, significantly sequestering the carbon from the surroundings through biofilm photosynthesis. These biofilm-filled macroplants are also essential for air filtration, concentrating on pollutants like PM2.5 and NO2. The third facet focuses on the façade’s composition as an agro-composite material made primarily of residual crops like maise and rice husks. The purposeful reuse of agricultural waste lessens air pollution brought on by incineration and helps reduce carbon emissions.

Pursuing these three objectives required a thorough research strategy that included digital simulations and hands-on testing. The four stages of the research technique are well-defined. They were using four primary developing objectives—wind speed, biofilm coverage, porosity, and deformation rate—the first phase required using computer simulations to determine an ideal façade shape. The study’s outcome from the research development phase of the material experiment endeavour was then methodically constructed into actual material components using the best material composition determined from those studies.

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Final facade component - type A.

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Fig. 83.

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TYPE A WIND COLLECTION

TYPE B TURBULENCE GENERATION

BIONIC PRINCIPLES Fig. 84.

3d scanning termite mound model.

Milan has seen consistently low wind speeds throughout the year, seldom exceeding 5 metres per second. The data was extrapolated and used two crucial component ideas from the aperture bionic structure seen in a termite mound to harness and facilitate a passive circulation system. These parts have different purposes: Type-A maximises wind capture and has a greater porosity and linear orientation. Type B has a lower porosity and shift orientation and is intended to increase wind turbulence and strength.

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Out

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In

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TYPE A

TYPE A

TYPE B

TYPE B

90 DEGREE

45 DEGREE

FEA WIND ANAYSIS Fig. 85.

CFD analysis graphics.

Fig. 86.

FEA Analysis. Displacement performance.

According to the analysis, the diamond distribution approach showed greater structural integrity. This distribution technique exhibits less deformation and a noticeable decline in the presence of stiff surfaces, which reduces the possibility of component failure caused by stress-induced causes.

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Type A and Type B computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tests using Autodesk CFD were methodically undertaken with a wind speed of 5 m/s. The results from the CFD test segments clearly show how these kinds differ from one another. With turbulence leading to a recorded increase in wind velocity, Type A exhibits a greater ease of wind penetration. In contrast, Type B exhibits higher turbulence formation, substantially increasing wind speed within its turbulent regions and reaching a stunning peak of 8.36 m/s. Significant Type B turbulence also tends to change the direction of the wind. However, it is crucial to highlight that, while it was the objective of the experiment overall, its primary objective was to direct Type B winds towards Type A

Extensive Finite Element Analysis (FEA) experiments were meticulously executed as part of this project to optimise the deployment of façade components throughout the building surface using Karamba on grasshopper. The study envisioned and assessed two distribution approaches: a grid pattern and a diamond pattern, distinguished by 90-degree and 45-degree angles, respectively. The ability of these approaches to assist in the practical installation and vertical alignment of components on the building surface was carefully studied.

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Best performance

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2. Connect volumes

GENERATE COMPONENT TYPE A FOR THE WIND TURBULENCE PART OF THE FACADE SYSTEM

OBJECTIVES

OPTIMISE THE COMPONENT FOR WIND TURBULENCE AND BIOFILM ATTACHMENT

FITNESS CRITERIA

FITNESS CRITERIA 1: MAX WIND SPEED FITNESS CRITERIA 2: MAX POROSITY FITNESS CRITERIA 3: MAX CARBON SEQUESTERING THRU BIOFILM FITNESS CRITERIA 4: MAC DEFORMATION

PHENOTYPE

GENERATED USING JELLYFISH AND WEAVERBIRD COMPONENTS

GENEPOOL

GRIDS OF U/V, RADIUS OF VOLUMES, RADIUS OF CONNECTION PART, THICKNESS

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1. Set input and out put volumes

GOAL

COMPUTATION OF TYPE A

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4. Thickness

Wallacei X optimisation tool of grasshopper served as the experiment’s primary experimental tool. Input and output volumes for type A are configured to reflect the entry and exit of wind, respectively. The two sets of volumes are spread linearly such that the component can gather wind by allowing wind to flow through it. The creation of primitives involves four main stages. Set the thickness, split with the bounding box, input and output, and link volumes. The connecting volumes mostly use the grasshopper components jellyfish and weaverbird. The optimisation process aims to produce component Type A for the facade system’s wind collection section. Optimising the component for wind collection and biofilm attachment is the primary goal. Various gene pools were used to obtain different phenotypes for further optimisation and screening, including grids of u/v, the radius of volumes, the radius of the connection part, and thickness.

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3. Split with bounding box

Primitive generation process.

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Fig. 87.

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Branch Width: Y

FC2 MAX POROSITY

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FC1 MAX WIND SPEED

FC3 MAX CARBON SEQUESTERING THRU BIOFILM

OPTIMIZATION STRATEGY

FC4 MIN DEFORMATION

Fig. 88.

Fitness objectives type A.

Measurements of panel type A.

We used four training objectives to optimise the morphology to produce the best façade component result: Fitness objective 1: maximum wind speed, Fitness objective 2: maximum porosity, Fitness objective 3: maximum carbon sequestration through the biofilm, and Fitness objective 4: minimum deformation. The most effective phenotype was selected using the very porous generative algorithm. After optimising these training objectives, the researchers first employed two conditions to filter the results in the phenotype acquired: a variable length of more than 100 cm and less than 160 cm and a width of the connecting component of more than 10.0 cm and less than 14.0 cm. As a result, component A became lighter and more robust.

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Fig. 89.

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100 cm < X < 160 cm 10.0 cm < Y < 14.0 cm

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GENERATION:43 Ind. 12

GENERATION: 35 Ind. 12

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Fig. 90.

Evolutionary multi-objective optimization analysis & results.

CFD analysis of final selection.

Two screened outcomes were obtained: G35 ind. 12 and G43 ind. 12. The diamond fitness chart showed good performance for both results, which converged to a lower fitness objective value. Following additional wind testing using Autodesk CFD on both screening results, it is evident from the CFD section wind line plot that G43 ind. 12 is more likely to withstand the wind. G43 ind. 12 is noted to pass the wind more readily. This experiment demonstrates that the best solution is G43 ind. 12.

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Fig. 91.

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GENERATION: 43 Ind. 12

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OBJECTIVES

OPTIMISE THE COMPONENT FOR WIND TURBULENCE AND BIOFILM ATTACHMENT

FITNESS CRITERIA

FITNESS CRITERIA 1: MAX WIND SPEED FITNESS CRITERIA 2: MAX POROSITY FITNESS CRITERIA 3: MAX CARBON SEQUESTERING THRU BIOFILM FITNESS CRITERIA 4: MAC DEFORMATION

PHENOTYPE

GENERATED USING JELLYFISH AND WEAVERBIRD COMPONENTS

GENEPOOL

GRIDS OF U/V, RADIUS OF VOLUMES, RADIUS OF CONNECTION PART, THICKNESS

COMPUTATION OF TYPE B 3. Split with bounding box

4. Thickness

Primitive Generation Process

Like the type ‘A’ experiment set-up using the same sequence, the experiment was also set up for Type ‘B’. The only difference was that the voids were not linear; they were shifted. The grasshopper components jellyfish and weaverbird are used mainly by the connecting volumes. The optimisation process aims to provide component type B for the facade system’s turbulence component. Optimising the part for turbulence formation and biofilm attachment is the primary goal. The gene pools of both experiments were also the same.

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Fig. 92.

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2. Connect volumes

GENERATE COMPONENT TYPE A FOR THE WIND TURBULENCE PART OF THE FACADE SYSTEM

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1. Set input and out put volumes

GOAL

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Branch Width: Y

FC2 MAX POROSITY

Bo

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FC1 MAX WIND SPEED

FC3 MAX CARBON SEQUESTERING THRU BIOFILM

OPTIMIZATION STRATEGY

FC4 MIN DEFORMATION

Fig. 93.

Fitness objectives type B.

Measurements of panel type B.

All the fitness objectives were the same except the second one, where maximum turbulence was expected instead of porosity, which was achieved by distance of shifted void.

The top-performing phenotype was chosen for further consideration using the generative algorithm with low porosity. After optimising these training objectives, the researchers first employed two conditions to filter the results in the phenotype acquired: a variable length of more than 100 cm and less than 160 cm and a width of the connecting component of more than 10.0 cm and less than 14.0 cm. As a result, component B became lighter and more robust.

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Fig. 94.

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100 cm < X < 160 cm 10.0 cm < Y < 14.0 cm

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GENERATION: 39 Ind. 10

GENERATION: 26 Ind. 10

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Fig. 95.

Evolutionary multi-objective optimization analysis & results.

CFD analysis of final selection.

Two screening outcomes were obtained: G26 ind. 10 and G39 ind. 12. The diamond fitness objective chart showed good performance for both results, which converged to a lower fitness value. Further wind testing using Autodesk CFD was performed on each screened result. The two findings were difficult to separate; both screened components generated much turbulence. After post-analysis, G39 ind.12 was the best option.

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Fig. 96.

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GENERATION: 39 Ind. 10

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TYPE A (high porosity)

CONCLUSION

Fig. 97.

Render view of facade system.

Render view of facade panels,.

Render view of facade system on the building

According to the experimental findings, G39 ind. 12 and G43 ind. 12 are the two best solutions. G43 ind. 12 should be distributed as type B (low porosity) around type A, and G39 ind. 12 should be distributed as type A (high porosity) in the façade system that experiences the most wind. This causes turbulence and directs the wind into the façade system’s wind-intensive area. Turbulence is created, which guides the current to the wind-dense regions. The development of the two components’ various roles is to intensify and gather the wind.

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Fig. 98.

Fig. 99.

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TYPE B (low porosity)

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WOOD FOAM MIXED LIQUID BA

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SILICONE MOLD

APPLICATION PROCESS After the results of the material tests in the research development phase, the properties were extracted for the development of the façade component. The essential step in creating an application is to pour the liquid wood foam material into silicone moulds and bake them for one hour. However, due to the oven’s constrained size, a quarter of the wood foam façade component was cast using various agriculturalbased materials, including rice husk. A wood and foam façade element. The 1/4 application measures 12cm*12cm*10cm.

The following steps show the entire development of the façade component using various techniques:

Fig. 100. Mold fabrication diagram.

OVEN

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1/4 of COMPONENT (1:4 scale)

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SILICONE

SILICONE MOLD

SILICONE MOLD

The counter moulds for silicone moulds using laser-cut 6 mm plywood and 1/4 component models from 3D printed models. The silicone is then poured into the prepared mould.

After three hours, remove the silicon mould.

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Fig. 101. Mold fabrication diagram.

Fig. 102. Picture of the mold process.

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MOLD FOR SILICONE

Fig. 103. Pictures of the physical test.

A 1/4 of the wood foam component was produced after it was dried for 48 hours and baked for 1 hour at 200 degrees Celsius. The team created a whole façade component with the same strength as the material. Therefore, the results were successful. This demonstrates that making a facade component out of wood foam is possible. More research is required to determine whether it can be utilised on actual building surfaces.

In some places, air bubbles collect, creating fissures compromise the material’s structural integrity. This project must find a solution to a challenge in the manufacturing process.

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Fig. 104. Pictures of the baking process.

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BAKING AND RESULT

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CNC DEVELOPMENT Computer Numerical Control (CNC) technology for the moulding process was also tested; this technique is renowned for being more effective than 3D-printed moulds and for creating larger moulds for facade components. However, two unique manufacturing methods, namely positive and negative, were required for CNC sheet machining due to the hyperbolic shape of the facade components and the constraints of the CNC lathe tool in cutting negative angles. A 1:2 scale mould was painstakingly made using grey foam at this experimental phase, demonstrating the accuracy and complexity attained during the fabrication process.

Fig. 105. Breakdown of the different parts of the facade panel for CNC process.

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1/4 of COMPONENT (1:2 scale)

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A

1/16 of COMPONENT (1:1 scale)

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Wood foam can be used in this experimental phase, but its properties of unusually high fluidity and inherent difficulties in attachment and shape need to be considered. Also, recycled plastic can be used as an extrusion material. The plastic mould can be made using a robotic arm 3D printer, which can then be used to create a silicon mould, which can be used to produce the wood foam component. This method is like the manufacture of silicon moulds.

Fig. 106. Set-up and representation of robotic development process.

Fig. 107. Pictures of robotic fabrication.

A

B

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Additionally, incorporating a robotic arm offers 3D printing considerable advantages over CNC, particularly in largerscale fabrication, enabling the creation of substantial facade components. The robotic arm’s six-axis rotational capacity makes printing angles more flexible, allowing for the seamless production of negative-angle models in a single printing operation. To determine whether using a robotic arm for 3D printing would be practical for the wood foam moulding process in a practical application, a partial 1:1 3D print test of the component was not carried out but can be further tested.

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AGRICULTURE WASTE RECYCLE

CRUSHER

ASSEMBLY

MIXER

TRANSPORT MOLD

SILICONE MOLD

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MODULAR

FACADE CIRCULATION

ROBOTIC 3D PRINT

Fig. 108. Life cycle of the facade panels.

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Wood foam can be used in this experimental phase because of its properties. A thorough 9-step sequence was envisioned for the practical implementation of the facade construction process. This included the initial robotic arm printing step for mould fabrication and the subsequent silicone mould production. A fermentation process followed the creation of the wood foam liquid in the succeeding steps. After carefully pouring the wood foam liquid into the mould, the component underwent baking, drying, and the application of a biofilm coating to its surface. The facade component in this project was designed as a replacement material with an eye on sustainability and lifecycle management. A brand-new agrocomposite module component gradually replaces the retired module after it has served its purpose. The swapped module goes through a recycling procedure in which it is shredded and disposed of in the recycling system. This enables the production of fresh recycled wood panels or recycled facade components. It should be noted that incorporating biofilm material during this phase promotes an expedited formation of biofilm under new humid environmental conditions, proving the circular and sustainable character of the suggested recycling system.

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SECTION TITLE Fig. 111. Fig. 01- Layout of Lateral Connective Ceilings

FALSE CEILING LATERAL CONNECTIVES The lateral connective tunnels are proposed as a means to transport the captured air from the external morphology to the central chimney shaft. For this process false ceiling tunnels were to be designed and optimized for a smooth transition of the air intake as well as increasing the velocity of the air to enhance the flow of the convection loop within the chimney shaft. The inner curvatures of the building morphology are the locations where maximum air is funnel into, hence the entrance mouths of the ceiling connectives are also placed in these regions (Fig. 111). The formula taken into account to increase air velocity before it reaches the chimney is seen as

Q=Av (Fig. 109), where air velocity inside a duct is directly proportional to Quantity of flow in the duct and inversely proportional to cross-sectional area of the duct. According to this theory, smaller cross sections allowed for increase of air velocity but reduced volume of Air crossing per unit time. In accordance with this, CFD was utilised to check air velocity in a duct with multiple small cross-sections, as well as air velocity in a single narrow section.

The small cross-section width was also varied and tested through CFD (Fig. 110), The CFD results showed that having one narrow cross-section as compared to multiple narrow sections proved to increase resultant air velocity at the end of the tunnel. It was also seen that as a single narrow crosssection is applied to the centre of the duct vs. rear end of the duct, the resultant exit air velocity is viewed to be faster. To further enhance air velocity via venturi effect, microstructures were added to the internal volume of the duct. The sphere shape was chosen to create these irregularities as it provides an aerodynamic curved surface.

Fig. 112 shows the test aimed to prove this hypothesis. two identical uniform ducts were simulated through the same air velocity through CFD, and it was seen that the addition of the internal spherical structures to the volume improved resultant air velocity exiting the duct tunnel.

Fig. 112. Fig. 04- CFD Results of Venturi Hypothesis on spherical interior structures

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Fig. 110. CFD Results on Venturi Hypotheses

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Fig. 109. Venturi Formula

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Gene 01. Changes in undulations

Gen 18 | Ind 2 FC 1 : -0.02954 FC 2 : 0.742976 FC 3 : 2.1475E+9 FC 4 : 0.013889

Gen 0 | Ind 9 FC 1 : 0.0249546 FC 2 : 0.56644 FC 3 : 0.125 FC 4 : 0.034483

Gene 02. Changes in conical difference

Gen 25 | Ind 3 FC 1 : -46.106553 FC 2 : 0.201127 FC 3 : 1 FC 4 : 0.0625

Gene 03. Changes in no. of spheres

SECTION TITLE

Gen 29 | Ind 2 FC 1 : 0.179651 FC 2 : 0.181011 FC 3 : 0.2 FC 4 : 0.090909

Selected Individual

Gene 04. Movement of Attractor lines for spheres no. of spheres 164

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A Multi-objective Evolutionary Algorithm (MoEA) was used as a tool for optimization of the duct design. The Fitness Criterion for testing the performance of the ceiling connective tunnels was first established (Fig. 114). Fitness Criterion 01 (FC 01) was kept to maximize volume of air crossing the duct.

FC 02 was kept as maximizing conical difference of the duct, so as to receive increased resultant air velocity at the exit of the tunnel. This Fitness Criteria, conflicts with FC-01 as maximising conical difference will reduce volume capacity for air. FC 03 & FC 04 were relevant to the numbers of increment and decrement of the duct cross section.

Fig. 113. Genes of ceiling experiment

Once the contrast of volume porosity caused via a combination of Large and small cross-sections appears, it increases air velocity within the duct, this was based on the CFD results in the previous section.

The genes associated with these Fitness criterions for experimentation were changes in undulations of duct, change in conical difference, increase/decrease in no. of internal spherical structures, and application of attractor lines which can control the size of the spheres (Fig. 113).

Fig. 115. Optimization results of ceiling experiment

Fig. 116. Application of ceiling optimization results on one floor

From the results of the MoEA, the best in each Fitness criterion were evaluated (Fig. 115). The Best in FC 01 also proved to be the best average in all Fitness Criterion as well, so it was selected as the individual from the population carried forward for application.

Moreover, the size of the mouth of the ceiling openings from the facade, will define the air intake and impact on the convection loop and should be manipulated in the integrated model experiments. The spans of the ceiling ducts can also be expanded/contracted/morphed and tested for further optimization.

Fig. 116 shows how the same experiment was applied to all lateral connective ducts on one floor to obtain enhanced performance of the chimney function of passive cooling. Further optimization of the duct tunnels will be dependent on testing of the integrated model as these lateral connective ducts will be influenced by the performance of the convection loop.

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Fig. 114. Fitness Criterion of ceiling experiment

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Fig. 10 - Facade and ceiling Joinery Detail Section

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TITLE

The false ceiling lateral connectives puncture through the glass curtain wall and merges with the wood foam layer with facade Type A, allowing for air passage to the chimney. The mouth of this connective is lined with a moisture net to trap humidity.

Fig. 118. Facade types on South elevation

Fig. 119. Microturbulent Air Passage from facade to chimney via ceiling lateral connective

Fig. 117. Sequence of Facade & Building Layers

The joint section shows the ceiling connective supported by the slab structure. The Ceiling connective is proposed in the wood foam material, same as the external facade. The mouth of the opening is lined with a mesh moisture trapping net to prevent humid air penetrating into the chimney. The assembly of the ceiling duct is proposed to be in part-section modules to allow for ease in fabrication and maintenance process.

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The façade consists mainly of two layers. The first incorporates wood foam material panels that enhance airflow and porosity, as well as nesting the carbon sequestering bio-film. The second layer consists of a glass curtain wall, supported within a façade structural system which is also responsible for supporting the external wood foam layer. The glass curtain wall acts as a seal from external air moisture and humidity.

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Fig. 121. Clip Joint type 1(clip Assembly)

Fig. 121 shows process of removal of clip cap to expose nutbolt connection inside.

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Fig. 120. Facade Module Type A Joinery

The wood foam layer has a clip-holding joinery mechanism.

The plastic composite or ‘prepreg’ clip joints fasten and hold the wood foam panels to the steel bracket joints, which are then connected to the steel pipe façade structure. This is designed to minimize material usage which aims to keep the façade lightweight and provides ease in the replacement and maintenance process of the wood foam panels (Fig 120).

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Fig. 122. Facade Type B Joinery

The tubular network consists of pipes of multiple radii mainly running along the length of the south and east façade. The steel pipes have various joints to connect pipes of various radii and angles with one another, allowing for smooth airflow, and minimum leakages. These joints are also provided in regions where they act as a structural connector for this tubular network from the primary slab structure behind.

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Fig. 123. Fig. 15 - Tubular Network Joinery

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Fig. 125. Close-ups of module. 3D printed.

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Fig. 124. Photograph of module. 3D printed.

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Fig. 126. Tubular Network Test Setup

Fig. 127. Section A

Fig. 128. Section B Fig. 131. Resultant Air velocity post simulation

Fig. 132. Resultant Air currents post simulation

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future tests. Upon simulation, the results showed the presence of convection currents in the chimney shaft. The velocity of air inside the chimney ranged from 0-10 m/s (See Figure 127 & 128). The temperature inside the chimney shaft was unchanged at 25°C (See Figure 129). Having generated convection currents with adequate velocity supports the hypothesis of the possibility of solar-powered air ventilation system through this setup. Although air currents have been generated inside the shaft, they are moving down in a spiral manner, which is not the most efficient circulation path for air distribution, as air loses energy and speed in its course.

Further exploration in subdivision of chimney volume and changes in chimney and collection chamber’s morphology may guide controlled air paths for efficient air distribution.

Strategies for cooling of the chimney can be further looked into, for provision of cool air into the habitable spaces.

Fig 06 - Convection testing CFD Results of Models D,E and F DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

This setup was made to investigate the creation and flow of convection currents inside the chimney and critically analyse whether it can provide cooling to the floor spaces.

Figure 126 shows the tubular network on the south facade.

The scenario of noon time is taken into consideration, with the tubular network made of steel pipes, which are known as fast conductors of heat, gain heat quickly, thus heating the air inside the pipes faster, materials like copper and aluminium may also be considered as they’re having good conductivity of heat as well. As per the specific heat capacity of steel i.e.

420 J/(kg°C), and average noon time temperature of summer months in milan i.e. 25°C, it was calculated that in an hours’ time the surface temperature will rise approximately twice.

In accordance with this the surface temperatures of the two sets of tubular pipes were set at 55°C and 65°C individually.

The internal chimney temperature considered at 25°C i.e. standard indoor room temperature. The pipe diameters were kept at a constant diameter of 0.8m, which can be increased for maximizing volume of air in

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POST-ANALYSIS CFD

Fig. 129. Resultant Temperature post-simulation

Fig. 130. Resultant Static pressure post-simulation

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Fig. 133. South facade CFD

The air influx into the ridges (inner curvatures) formed on the building morphology were tested for post-analysis. By looking at the planar ray traces view of these three facades we can see that the velocity upon catchment of wind at the ridge was faster at the North-west facade as the mouth of the ridge became narrower, venturi effect supplied more air velocity to the ridges, the south facade hence had slower wind speed upon catchment due to the wider mouth of ridge, although the volume of the air capture faired highest with the widest ridge, i.e. the south facade, the funnelling effect can be seen more visibly in the North-west and North, narrowmouthed ridges,

which would in turn prove beneficial for effective capture of air. The North facade hence proved most optimized as it balanced adequate width for maximized air velocity via venturi effect and adequate width for maximum air intake.

As the wind is prevalent from all the directions in Milan, the strategy of funnelling ridges has performed effectively for the capture of wind, for ventilation.

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Fig. 135. North facade CFD

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Fig. 134. North-West facade CFD

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Fig. 136. Facade CFD Experiment Setup

Fig. 143. Facade CFD left corner parallel view

Fig. 146. Curtain wall CFD front view .

Fig. 142. Facade CFD right corner parallel view

Fig. 145. Curtain wall CFD right corner parallel view

Fig. 141. Facade CFD parallel left corner close-up view

Fig. 144. Curtain wall CFD Side view

Fig. 140. Fig. 8 - Facade CFD top frontal view

Fig. 147. Curtain wall CFD planar cross-section close up view

Fig. 137. Facade CFD Front view

The facade CFD Setup consisted of two layers, i. wood foam egress facade, ii. glass layer with opening (See Fig. 127). The CFD experiments were simulated to view the circulation path of the air as it passes through the egress complex morphology (See Fig. 131-134, 137). The opening in the glass curtain wall acts as a region of negative air pressure, hence all the air is sucked towards it, but the tunnel-like morphology provides a platform for the air to micro-turbulate towards the opening.

This is due to the multiple minute low pressure zones created due to the minimal surface morphology. Thus, this creates a string of low -pressure openings for the wind to form a path, which accentuates the velocity of the wind in the route to its eventual destination.

The absence of this egress complex (See Fig. 136-138) shows that lesser volume of air will penetrate the opening, as there’s no path framework available to aid the air into the opening. The span of the air directed towards the opening is limited, but with the presence of the egress complex, it is visible that the wind that falls upon the egress complex, hence becomes a part of a pathway system towards the opening. This supports the hypothesis that the egress complex can be used as a framework for a wind catchment system.

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Fig. 139. Facade CFD Side view

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Fig. 138. Facade CFD planar cross-section close up view

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Fig. 148. Perspective section of building system.

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Fig. 150. Section B-B

Fig. 151. Section C-C

Fig. 152. Section D-D

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Fig. 149. Section A-A

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Fig. 154. Slabs

Fig. 155. Structure

Fig. 156. Tubular network

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Fig. 153. Morphology

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Facade system

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CORE

ROOMS

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HEATING

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CONCLUSION

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The research sought to develop a sustainable and energyefficient building design using biomimetic concepts and indepth environmental study. We started by modifying the building’s morphology to maximise solar energy collection with sinusoidal bulges and improve the ability to catch the wind with parabolic depressions. The building’s morphology was adjusted using the findings of solar radiation and wind evaluations for both the summer and winter seasons. The extensive use of the ladybug plugin on grasshopper and CFD analysis of Autodesk CFD was used throughout this development. The morphology design was also integrated with volumetric porosity, resulting in vertical green voids carefully positioned on the structure’s east, north, and west sides to encourage perfect wind movement and maximise circulation. Their precise arrangement was decided using an evolutionary multi-objective optimisation and rules of cellular automata approach to ensure effective use of the available space. Further, structural analysis aimed to build a functional exoskeleton using stress lines extracted from Karamba on a grasshopper connected to the core by beams through multi-

Fig. 157. Final rendering from NW view.

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Our research investigated agro-based materials, biofilm integration, and energy reduction through passive ventilation to address various sustainable building concerns.

We discussed the effects of urbanisation on energy use and greenhouse gas emissions, with a special emphasis on Milan’s environmental issues and the EU Green Building Pact.

Motivated by termite mounds, our architectural concepts optimised building morphology and a tubular network and facade system for an effective energy-efficient design.

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We also looked at the possibility of agro-based materials with straw, rice and maise raw materials. Italy has been producing maximum waste from this crop to serve as sustainable substitutes, highlighting their recyclability, low carbon footprint, and biodegradability. These bio-materials were experimented with to produce wood foam materials, a great alternative to conventional materials for facade systems. Another important component of our study was incorporating biological systems, such as algae, into building designs for carbon sequestering. The façade porosity panel development employed multi-objective optimisation and CFD analysis to shortlist the gradient of best-performing porosity panels to channel the filtered fresh air within the convection. Various production techniques, including CNC, robotic fabrication, and 3D printing, were used to experiment with the computationally generated porosity panels with wood foam agro-based material to evaluate their suitability for sustainable building. As all the methods were not tested, further articulation in needed to understand the best efficient method for production and circulation which will have less

Fig. 158. Final render from S view.

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objective optimisation for lowering the carbon footprint with an effective structural system. The exoskeleton structure was integrated with a tubular network system positioned strategically using the shortest path and absorbing maximum heat to enhance passive ventilation through convection. This system used solar heat absorption techniques adapted from termite mounds and environmentally responsive design strategies to enhance the thermal comfort of space and reduce energy consumption.

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In summary, our research has addressed important issues in sustainable architecture and building design by developing a smart passive ventilation system for building morphology which needs further investigation after post analysis.

Some parts of this system can be adapted for retrofitting existing buildings after further investigation depending on the current scenario, and some can be used in upcoming developments. This multidisciplinary investigation develops various abstracted principles of termite mounds individually but needs further analysis for holistic approach. Also, the convection loop during summers absorbs heat from the environment and works in clockwise direction whereas in winters it reverses where it absorbs heat from the ground (geo-thermal) and works in anti-clockwise direction. So, the efficiency of the transition of convection loop still needs to be tested using CFD tests. The project needs further investigation for a holistic approach and further rationalisation by analysing the post-analysis to test its performance effectiveness. Each experiment set-up can efficiently perform if only retrofitting is taken into consideration.

Fig. 159. Final render from SE view.

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carbon footprint. We also took on the task of enhancing passive cooling and convection loops within buildings by optimising fall ceiling systems. This design entailed building lateral connecting tunnels with various internal structures and cross-sections to boost air velocity and airflow efficiency.

Further investigation is needed by setting-up the sequential experiment of façade porosity panel and fall ceiling application.

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Fig. 160. Render view from interior.

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