JUST TRANSITION by AA Landscape Urbanism MArch/MSc

JUST TRANSITION

ELENA LUCIANO SUASTEGUI rafael MARTINEZ caldera yasmina yehia

AA LANDSCAPE URBANISM 2018-2019 THE ARCHITECTURAL ASSOCIATION SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS ADVISORS ALFREDO RAMIREZ, EDUARDO RICO, CLARA OLORIZ HISTORY AND THEORY CLARA OLORIZ, TERESA STOPPANI TECHNICAL TUTORS GUSTAVO ROMANILLOS, CLAUDIO CAMPANILE SUBMITTED BY ELENA LUCIANO SUASTEGUI, RAFAEL GUADALUPE MARTINEZ CALDERA AND YASMINA YEHIA

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would have not been able to compile the full thesis without the guidance and expertise of our thesis advisors Alfredo Ramirez, Eduardo Rico and Clara Oloriz. We would like to express our deep gratitude for their generous support. We would like to also thank our fellow classmates and external jurors for their help and direction. We are also grateful for the help of David Powell and Fernanda Balata of the New Economics Foundation, Rebecca Byrnes of LSE’s Grantham Institute’s for their expertise on the notion of Just Transition. And also to Mr. John Fletcher and Dr Andrew Barkwith from the British Geological Survey for the production of the soil thin sections. We would like to thank Welcome to Our Woods and Skyline team: Richard Edwards, Ceri Nicholas, Ian Thomas and Ryan for their valuable contribution to the project. And we also thank Chris Sadd from AA’s Hooke Park. The external graphics have been sourced and the graphics within the team have been credited.

THE (UN)INTENTIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF ‘GREENING’

The real choice is not jobs or environment, is both or neither (Kohler, 1998).

By focalising on the local community of Treherbert and their intentions to reconnect to their landscape, we speculate a future just transition, where a change on current policies and management is needed to foster different forms of transitions that we consider just.

In the South Wales Valleys, draining coal in the past gave rise to an extractive system that fuelled Britain for decades. Their closure in the 1980s transitioned the towns to the current highest deprivation levels in the country. Beyond the national boundaries, the project looks at how the energy transition apparatus of the UK impacts the way consequential landscapes are instrumentalised globally and how this “greening” veil of Just Transition hides the continuation of business as usual in resource extractions in the Global South.

abstract

Just Transition has been in the limelight as a result of Labour Organizations strikes in the USA, that started during the seventies (Stevis, et al., 2018) and is now part of the Paris Agreement (ILO, 2015), as a global effort for labour justice in a decarbonised economy. This project started by researching different forms of just transitions conceived by different governments, communities, and institutions. Each one of them generate(d) different outcomes and relationships between landscapes of extraction and communities relying on them; examples of these can be seen in the appendix part

of just transition case studies. This work intends to spatialize and unfold the aftermath of previous transitions - to project the future of our own design. While the UK signs to close by 2025 the North Sea oil decommissions and plan a Just Transitions for the workers who will lose their jobs there, the Rhondda Valleys in Southeast Wales, have been through a transition poorly managed by the authorities. It is said that history repeats itself and that is why instead of focusing on the future transitions, we review the outcomes of the transitions during last century and how they still operate. Moreover, we trace how the Treherbert in the Rhondda Valleys in Southeast Wales has served as a landscape for extraction, where currently, the benefits of green energy production or forest management, are not for residents.

Back in Wales, the Just Transition framework is interrogated and re-thought through a community forestry model in the Valleys, where the challenging of environmental forestry conservations empowers local voices, re-designing a new relationship with their landscape commons. This new design takes shape in collaboration with Welcome to Our Woods, in order to propose our own way of achieving a Just Transition, avoiding a top to bottom approach. This thesis is sectioned into five main chapters, starting with the multi-fold transitions, understanding the global implications of Britain’s transition to a green

economy. In the second chapter we explore the regional implications in the Rhondda Cynon Taf, in the context of South East Wales. Here we start the cartographic research on public policies designing the landscape that follows up to the third chapter at the town scale, in Treherbert. The third chapter includes our own just transition exploring the relationship between, communities, policies and its articulation through forestry. The fourth chapter comprehends the technical details about different ways of understanding and designing forestry, pathing, and soil. In our last chapter, we explore ways in which community based initiatives can fight for a just transition via horizontal networks.

just transition

what is just transition?

The AA Landscape Urbanism programme set a 2018-2019 agenda in partnership with the New Economics Foundation, conducting an inquiry about the potential role a landscape urbanist can play in the contemporary UK (AALU Landscape Urbanism, n.d.). Taking that into account, rather than choosing a fixed concept on Just Transition, we research and explore the spatial implications of the term. We depart from understanding how the UK— and particularly London—have played a decisive role in previous and future energetic transitions.

WHAT IS JUST TRANSITION? abstract another way of reading this book

Iv.i Forestry: a re-imagined framework

12-13

I.I UK TRANSITION FAREWELL TO KING COAL YOU GOT THE LINES, YOU GOT THE POWER 2050’S CARBON STORAGE & DECOMMISSIONING ENVISIONING 2050’S DE-CARBONIZATION

14-15 16-17 18-19 20-21

I.II GLOBAL RELATIONS ATLAS OF ‘GREEN’ NEOCOLONIALISM ALL ROADS LEAD TO LONDON GLOBAL CASE STUDIES + global atlas : constructing the map • ciudad y credo

II Rhondda Cynon Taf

22-23 26-27 30-33 34-35 36-41

table of contents

III treherbert

46-47 48-49

180-181

stage 1 (year 1-10) stage 2 (year 10-25) stage 3 (Year 25-40)

182-187 188-193 194-199

iV.iii a cartographic manifesto

200-203

v an afterthought

206-207

208-209 210-211 212-213

iv.ii site revisiting expanding the fight to transitions • cartographies of investigations

214-217 218-223

concluding note : epilogue & our role as designers appendix

224-225 226-227

just transition case studies research on treherbert credits list of acronyms table of policies, strategies & grants technical report sources table of diagrams table of figures table of maps Bibliography

236-237 238-239 238-239 238-239 238-239 238-239 240-241 240-242

50-53 54-57

60-61

61-65 66-71

iII.II FUTURE OF TREHERBERT field trip to the south welsh valleys Welcome to our woods changing hierarchies on policy making research on community forestry management demographics transversal transitions envisioning community woodland management in treherbert

iV.ii the idea of a shifting plan

a collaborative online map +guide on how to create online collaborative maps The just transition website

iII.i territorial palimpsest treherbert’s palimpsest • the underrepresented verticality : unmapped histories

112-113 114-121 122-123 124-156 161-178

102-105 107-109 110-111

Iv.I the fight to transition

ii.ii policies’ strategies RCT policies After effects of policies

+Insight to toil sampling trehebert’s landscape woodland evolution organization strategy +woodland design guide +business model articulation _community woodland handbook : everything is made in treherbert _policies handbook : everything changes through policy reforms

44-45

ii.i territorial formation COAL ERA call for help or halt the towns

100-101

72-73 74-77 78-81 82-85 86-87 88-91 92-97

228-235

242-246

CHAPTER

I multifold transitions

Iv community woodland

foldables

_: handbooks

+ : technical reports

• : carto-essays

just transition

main chapters

power relations

multinationals

p.22-35 p.228-235

p.22-35 p.214-217 p.228-235

woodlands

p.22-35 p.214-217

national

p.22-35 p.228-235

engaged communities

p.78-81

regional

p.14-21

p.44-57

p.56-57

local

p.44-57

p.74-97

p.236-237

soil

p.60-65 p.72-77

p.62-65 p.62-65

p.100-113

p.60-65 p.72-77

p.107-108

p.127-156 p.64-65

p.74-87

p.181-203

p.62-70 p.101-109 p.187, 193, 199 p.200-203

just transition

another way of reading this book

international

Just Transition

just transition

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Ironically, London, as part of the UK, is subscribed— with 186 other countries—through the International Labour Organization, to develop at a countrylevel application for a Just Transition, focused on achieving sustainable development, decent work, and green jobs (ILO, 2015). On a domestic scale, the UK is planning to clean their energy production by decommissioning the oil and gas infrastructure in North Sea. In this chapter, we explore the largest scale of just transition by investigating global scale policies, institutions, and multinationals involved in oil extraction; such as the Paris Agreement, BP, Shell, and the International Labour Organization. By mapping the examples of the Just Transition documented cases and the oil extraction and exploration concessions for 2050, we understand and propose a second reading to what these international policies intend or, (un)intendedly, have designed at a global scale.

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Why are national level boundaries valid for a Just Transition but not for their national headquarter, who operate extraction abroad?

Rafael Caldera Map 1

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WHAT TERRITORIES ARE ALTERED BY UKSCALE POLICIES? London is the departing point because it is the base of operations where a multiplicity of landscapes outside the UK, are generated for their carbonised economy.

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transition to coal UK Transitions

Why do we talk about future energetic transitions, when the devastation after the closure of the mines is still present in some towns? For decades in Britain, coal mining was the backbone of the economy; in fact, the first seeds of the—coal powered—industrial revolution, started seeing the light in England and Wales (Anthony Wrigley, 2018). An avalanche of historical unemployment is shown in map 2 : in less than ten years, around 80% of the mines were closed without a planned future for all the jobs involved. Map 2 shows the historical maximum of employees in each colliery. Although in towns where the economy was mainly based on extraction; the lost jobs due to mine closures hugely exceed the mapped numbers. This still carries unwelcomed echoes of the uncaring devastation wrought on coal mining communities (Powell, et al., 2018). This after-effect is precisely what a future just transition is trying to avoid in the UK context (Coote, 2010).

MULTIFOLD TRANSITION • i.i uk transitions

This cartography shows the maximum number of employees of the main collieries that started closing after WWI, as well as the infrastructure involved in the transition. These numbers were obtained mostly from the news and websites created by mining societies and only include direct jobs. Although these numbers frame a scale of impact of the closure of the mines, the real impact comprehends entire communities, ways of life, identities, and even cities that have been built around the economic boon that fossil fuels so long provided (Powell, et al., 2018).

THE AFTERMATH OF ENERGY TRANSITION

Just transition is addressed by the UK through the NEF (Coote, 2010; Powell, et al., 2018), where it is stated that industrial transitions can be managed well or badly. Done badly, they devastate people and places, like Mrs Thatcher’s dismantling models for wider systemic reform - power, democracy and ownership - that would perhaps be impossible without the sense of urgency. Therefore, it is necessary to understand an industrial transition, where an optimistic aftermath is a just transition. Figure 1 - Miner’s Strike 1984

Elena Luciano, Rafael Caldera Map 2

farewell to king coal COLLIERIES CLOSURE 1984-2016 COAL RESERVES

SIZE BY EMPLOYEES

OPERATING PLANT

INTL MARITIME ROUTES

EMPLOYEES 1=100P LOCAL MARITIME ROUTES

COAL EXTRACTION COAL DISCHARGING PORTS

transition to oil and gas UK Transitions

The UK frames its future energetic transition with the territories and infrastructure mapped here. Does the future transition involve just that?

MULTIFOLD TRANSITION â&#x20AC;˘ i.i uk transitions

Now the UK is physically plugged through pipelines to a set of infrastructures of extraction in the North Sea, the last remnants of carbonised energy in the UK. Map 3 on the right provides a tangible idea of all the infrastructure exposed to the future transition: the material pipelines and networks that transfer the oil and gas domestically and abroad. Although most parts of the involved territories are offshore, there are some important cities whose economic activities rely on fossil fuel extraction, where most of the lines of the map converge on the map. This new transition is conceptualized under a commitment by the UK in the Paris Agreement (United Nations, 2015) in decarbonising the economy by 2050 and is advised by the Committee on Climate Change which suggests a significant removal of fossil fuels from the grid and an increment of renewable and nuclear power (Committee on Climate Change, 2009). Figure 2 - North Sea Oil Rigs

Rafael Caldera Map 3

you got the lines you got the power FRACKING SITE

COMPRESSORS GAS PIPELINE

OIL PORT/CRUDE AMOUNT PIPELINE TERMINAL

POWER STATION/GENERATION LICENCED BLOCKS

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transition to renewables UK Transitions

What is the future for the UK’s carbonised infrastructure?

MULTIFOLD TRANSITION • i.i uk transitions

As a “response” to the Paris Agreement (United Nations, 2015), Britain has launched a new law in 2008, called the Climate Change Act, which main purpose is to reduce CO2 emissions in 80% by 2050 (Open Government License, 2018). The government also created the CCC Committee on Climate Change, to advise the ministers how to tackle such issues (Committee on Climate Change, n.d.). The Scottish government have created a Just Transition Commission, to identify the opportunities of oil and gas workers in the new economy by 2050 (Scottish Government, 2019). Map 4 comprehends the decommissioning of the North Sea infrastructure, which includes around 470 platforms and 500 wells (Hope, 2017) This map includes the future rewiring of the existing pipelines, that could be used to transport liquid CO2 from the large industries on land back to aquifers and empty reserves in the North Sea (Scottish Green MSPs, 2015; Scottish Enterprise & SCCS, n.d.). Figure 3 - Decomissioning an oil rig in the North Sea

Rafael Caldera Map 4

2050’s carbon storage & decomissioning PROPOSED CCS PIPELINE FRACKING/DOTS: DECM_BY 2020

OIL LINE & NON UK LINES CCS STORAGE_AQUIFER

GAS LINE: OPERATING/ DECM CCS STORAGE_DEPLETED RESV

CCS TERMINALS (PORTS) CCS CAPTURE STATIONS

OIL RESERVE/DECOMISSIONED GAS RESERVE/DECOMISSIONED

transition post 2050 UK Transitions

Through David MacKay’s (2015) method illustrated in the diagram 1 we imagine how the UK is able to generate the energy that it consumes through green energy. Basically, represented in the diagram the area and energy consumption of the UK is divided by its population : 4000 m2 per person and a consumption per-capita per day of about 70 KWh in 2050. Accordingly, London should represent 26 m2 - illustrated in diagram 1. The calculation of the power per meter of each energy type, is shown as well in diagram 1. For example: if wind energy needs to supply 26 KWh, then 526 metres is needed out of the 4000, so that is about 13 % of the whole UK land. Map 5 was created using this relation, showing mainly the tidal, wind, farming land for biomass, and nuclear to compensate the areas required.

UK 4000 m2 LONDON = 26M2

MULTIFOLD TRANSITION • i.i uk transitions

Can the UK territory supply enough green energy in order to stop the dependence on fossil fuel and energy imports?

Diagram 1 Redrawn by Rafael Caldera

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This map offers a simple visualization of how the UK could look like in a carbon-free future, and it is crucial to understand the extents of the intervention on the landscape, and have an observable extent of the opportunities for the labour component in a just transition towards a green economy. Rafael Caldera Map 5

envisioning 2050’s decarbonization EXISTING WIND FARMS (0.5-650MWH) TIDAL STREAM/TIDAL LAGOON

HYDRO-POWER WIND FARMS 2020

FARMLAND/BIO-PLANTING SOLAR FARMS (>5MWH)

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just transition globally Global relations

Why is the UK Just Transition framed within its national boundaries if the British carbonised businesses impact worldwide?

However, when Just Transition is described, its guidelines are designed for the works within the national boundaries. This may suggest that the Global North is hiding under a green decarbonisation rug, the footprints of its industrialized past, while its apparatus of extraction is gaining presence in the Global South. A new green version of colonialism, this time waving the flag of climate emergency to justify their operations (Gebrial, 2019). Rafael Caldera Map 1

This cartography (Map 1) was developed with the Polar Azimuthal Equidistant Projection designed as a Global War Strategy Map for WW2. It was designed to show the fight for the Arctic aerial routes, (Mender 2019). This projection also evidences the current discrepancies of the green intentions referred in the Paris Agreement and the Just Transition. This world map projection sets the Global North in the center of the image, where most of the documented Just Transition cases (Stevis, et al., 2018) are placed. Paradoxically, in the Global South—the “periphery” of the cartography— appears the present and future carbonised extraction and associated infrastructure, which is, financed by London headquartered companies such as Shell (2015; 2017), BP (2019; 2019), and AngloAmerican (2019). In a radial axis lays the time frame, where exploration and exploitation are expected towards 2025.

MULTIFOLD TRANSITION • i.ii global transitions

Ironically, London, as part of the UK, is subscribed—with 186 other countries—through the International Labour Organization, to develop a country-level application for a Just Transition, focused on achieving sustainable development, decent work, and green jobs (ILO, 2015). On a domestic scale, the UK is planning to clean their energy production by decommissioning the oil and gas infrastructure in North Sea (Map 10).

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london as a headquarter of exploitation Global relations

London headquartered companies have a bigger impact abroad than domestically. Those impacts are not yet reflected in Just Transition policies. This cartography (Map 6) exposes the same relations from the previous (map 1) with the iconic Mercator projection. This map presents in its centre again London, and it’s relationship with the extractive territories. This map is focused in exposing the networks, both material and virtual, that allows this dominance. In continuous lines, we observe the material connections and in dotted, the virtual connections between London and the other extractive landscapes. The virtual connections are represented by the investments of the aforementioned London head-quartered companies, which have repercussions on the linked landscapes where represented virtual relationships are milestones of the migration of the Global North apparatus of extraction. Therefore, the global case studies aim at exploring the details of the scale of impact of the London carbonised exploitation. GLOBAL CASE STUDIES

MULTIFOLD TRANSITION • i.ii global transitions

It is noteworthy to look beyond the aspirations of the UK’s aim of transitioning to carbon free economies when it is tied to so many monopolies outside its borders. From the global networks we look into some cases to address local implications which are tied to global resources.

Figure 38 - The UK in News Headlines

Rafael Caldera Map 6

The next series of maps use the outline of the city of London as a reference to scale - this allows for a better understanding of the scale of the impact.

The presence of companies who’s headquarters are in the UK such as Shell and BP have made it on news headlines continuously due to adverse impacts on societies and the environment. To understand their result on landscapes, we looked into many sites across the globe to compare different types of infrastructures for fossil extraction and which subsequently give us a spatial understanding on what is happening outside the UK.

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Controlled by: Shell, BP, Husky Energy, ConocoPhilips, Syncrude Canada, Suncor Energy, Canadian Natural Resources

Controlled by: Shell, Pan American Energy (50% owned by BP), Total, Exxon Mobil, Tecpetrol, Capex, Pampaenergia, Chevron,wintershall,GyP,pluspetrol,YPF.

The reservoir of the Athabasca deposit is the third largest oil reserve after Venezuela and Saudi Arabia. It is also the largest known reservoir of crude bitumen and the largest reserve in Alberta, after the Peace River and Cold Lake deposits. The area accommodates for 15 on going projects operated by different companies.

Vaca Muerta has one of the largest oil and shale gas deposits in the world. Its rock formation is merely made from marl and lime mudstones. In 2010, Argentinian company YPF saw the potential of making Vaca Muerta a prominent player in the global oil and gas production - ever since the production has highly increased and Vaca Muerta is now divided into many blocks run by different companies. Argentina now relies on gas and oil production as part of 51% of its economy (Morgan Stanley report). YPF is planning on still expanding the extents of exploiting this source resource.

Figure 5,6,7 - Protests and aerial images of the site

Figure 8,9,10 - Protests and images of the site

10KM

VACA MUERTA, ARGENTINA

Global case studies

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SANDS TAR SANDS ALBERTA’STAR ATHABASCA FIELD Map 7 Yasmina Yehia

Athabasca Sand Tar

Location: Alberta, Canada

Controlled by: Shell, BP, Husky Energy, ConocoPhilips, Syncrude Canada, Suncor Energy, Canadian Natural

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and gas fracking OIL ANDoil GAS FRACKING IN VACA MUERTA FIELD

Map 8 Yasmina Yehia Controlled by: Shell, Pan American Energy (��% owned by BP), Total, Exxon Mobil, Tecpetrol, Capex, Pampaenergia, Chevron,wintershall,GyP,pluspetrol,YPF Description:

Vaca Muerta has one of the largest oil and shale gas deposits in the world. Its rock formation is merely made from marl and lime mudstones. In ��, Argentinian company YPF saw the potential of making Vaca Muerta a prominent player in the global oil

FRACKER INFRASTRUCTURE FRACKING NETWORK ROADS

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MULTIFOLD TRANSITION • i.ii global transitions

10KM

Global case studies

Controlled by: Shell Nigeria, Chevron, Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation.

Controlled by: BHP Billiton, Anglo American, and Glencore Xstrata.

The Niger Delta, also called Oil Rivers, holds the 9th largest reserve of crude oil in the world.From 1885 to 1893, it was called the British Oil Rivers Protectorate. The Niger Delta has also had the reputation of major oil spills which have been caused due to oil theft and oil drilling through pipelines. The issue of the Niger Delta has reached the UN and is one of the cases for Amnesty International.

The Cerrejรณn formation is an open coal mine pit which consists of bituminous coal and is 10th largest in the world and largest operating in Latin AmericaThe mine operates as five open coal fields. Its main production boomed in 2009 when the coal reserves were fully discovered.

Figure 11,12,13 - Protests and images of the site

Figure 14,15,16 - Protests and images of the site

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oil pipelines OIL PIPELINES IN THE NIGER DELTA OIL SPILL - ENI Map 9 Yasmina Yehia Niger Delta

Location: Niger Delta Basin, Nigeria

OIL SPILL - SHELL WATER BODIES OIL SPILL - SHELL (NIGERIAN AGIP OIL COMPANY) LONDON OIL SPILL - ENI (NIGERIAN AGIP OIL COMPANY)

Controlled by: Shell Nigeria, Chevron, Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation Description:

CERREJON coal COALmining MINE IN LA GUAJIRA WATER BODIES

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Location: LaGuajira, Colombia

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MULTIFOLD TRANSITION โ ข i.ii global transitions

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CONSTRUCTING THE MAP TECHNICAL REPORT 1

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As a commitment to the Paris Agreement, Westminster launched the Climate Change Act (2008), which aims in de-carbonizing the country (UK) by 2050, framing the nation as a leader and model in the fight against climate change. But, the commitments are framed only within the UK national boundaries, obviating the impact of the UK fossils industry globally, refuting the fact that climate change does not recognizes boundaries.

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Figure 3 - Euro-Asian infrastructure for extraction 7 and transportation “nest”. YA_A 4 6

The Global Cartographies in the project aims in unveiling the real footprint of the UK Fossils apparatus. Those not included in the actions taken by the UK in tackling Climate change, and those whose right of operation in the UK territory (North Sea) are coming to an end, leaving “no much to do, but migrate”.

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Global active and planned concessions for oil and gas extraction are mapped together with historical coal mining (Figure 5,6. Black hatch). Many Sources have been used to develop this exercise to map existing sites, (See map data Sources at end of booklet), but a different work-flow is developed to map those new territories which rights of exploration are being given to transnational to explore for and discovering new crude oil and gas fields, (Figure 5,6. Labels) documents and interactive maps of specifically London based companies have been used. As depicted in figures (Fig 7,8). The documents also provide general details about concessions time approval and the time that further operations are planned. The location of concession is the starting point of a line that expands radially outwards and its end point is mapped along a timeline that shows the approval year. All points spatiallized are ONLY companies headquartered in London. (Figure 5,6. Labels) THA

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The cartography (Map 1) uses the Polar Azimuthal Equidistant Projection (United Nations Flag) designed as a Global War Strategy Map for WW2. It was designed to show the fight for the Arctic aerial routes, (Mender 2019). A useful application for this type of projection is that any point on the globe is chosen as “the center” in the sense that mapped distances and azimuth directions from that point to any other point will be correct. (ESRI, 2004) Azimuthal equidistant projection maps are extremely useful tools for military purposes to show point to point connections, and ranges of missiles radially.

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MULTIFOLD TRANSITION • i.ii global transitions

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Figure 2 - Polar Azimuthal Equidistant Projection

Figure 5 - Concessions for exploration & Extraction in Africa

The Cartography also take advantage of a limitation of the projection: it departs from one point and as JT APPALACHIA its expands outwards it becomes severely distorted augmenting the sizes of countries (Figure.1). As the departure point is the north pole, (global north) with a concentration of Just Transition projects; the distortion is on-purposely used to raise the argument of a small Europe and North America fueled by the resources of consequential landscapes in the Global south many time larger than the places where they’re consumed.

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It is not difficult to find complete geo-referenced data sets of infrastructure of extraction (oil rigs, pipelines, fracking points, oil stations and refineries) online, also depicted in Map.6 in Mercator projection, which also combines the reserves of Oil and Gas globally. The tracks, accumulation and complexity of all the infrastructure of transportation mainly in Euro-asia and north America gives hints of the high level of industrialization and mechanization of these territories (co)dependent of resources mainly located at the periphery of this infrastructure nest. (See figure 3) This type of cartography should be dynamic in constant shift and updatable, perhaps some of theses infrastructures don’t exist anymore due to end of concession or end of operations, or there are new ones that need to be updates.

Figure 8 - Shell Interactive Map 2018_ Nigeria Operations

CONCLUSION

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The Global Cartographies in the project aims in criticizing the discrepancies of the greening intentions of the Global North countries specifically the UK by revealing the real footprint of its extensive extractive apparatus, and compare it with the scale where the nation’s commitments are framed. The Atlas of ‘Green neo-colonialism’ unveils the hidden agendas in the greening discourse of the north, which ambitions are once again being achieved upon the instrumentalisation of consequential landscape in the global south territories. SEN

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“If I had to pay you, Sancho... given what this remedy of such greatness and quality deserves, neither the treasures of Venice nor the mines of Potosí would be enough…” (Cervantes Saavedra, 1547-1616, p. 480) ABSTRACT

MULTIFOLD TRANSITION • i.ii global transitions

Alongside the unparalleled and unstoppable technological innovation, there is not only an integration of dispersed activities and resources but also a violent consequential trace of human and land exploitation; one the sides of our globalization chain that mostly of us obviates. This essay delves into questioning the key role of Cartography in the establishment of this chain; without focusing on its chronological development, the document specifically discusses its origin, proposing as an example the conditions in which an extractive urban model in Potosi, Bolivia was gestated. I aim in exposing the complicity of cartography as a western weapon manipulated to legitimize a colonial urban model in Latin America, intentionally and strategically structured to facilitate resources extraction and labor exploitation, in this context opposing the generic idea of an urban-utopic project for the Americas, as it has generally been described. The histo-cartographic development in Potosi does not escape from the general relationship between cartography and narratives; Painters, writers and filmmakers have used the maps extensively (Orueta, 2010) to locate their narratives, to locate them in tangible and credible places (Conley, 2007) to stimulate the imagination of their audiences, as well as to spread ideologies (Hurni, 2009) (Caquard, 2011, p. 136); regardless of their physical form or authorship, the essay collects different forms of representation of Cerro Rico to show the cartographic agendas in control of it symbolic meaning. These representations are decomposed into two sides: City, as the analog ground condition, (Corner, 1999, p. 214) and CREDO as the abstract codification (Corner, 1999, p. 215), suggesting these last two as the integral elements in the discourse of colonial cartography: City, as a tangible territorial projection of order and, Credo as an ideological re-contextualization for the indigenous that would give coherence and justify the new social relations (Herrera, 1998, p. 113), ideologically acting as sponsor and sustainer of the colony.

Take no silver from this mountain (Lopez, 2010, p.6) shouted the earth defending herself from the Inca emperor who tried to extract the delights of her bowels, since, the Father, the son and the Holy Spirit were protecting them because they were destined for other owners. (Lewis, 1936, p. 402) When nature was considered a living entity, there used to be a mountain called Sumaj Orcko in the Andean high plateau, the magnificent mountain (Rodrigez, 2017). The Incas knew the existence of silver in the mountain, but when the Inca emperor tried to extract it, the mountain defended itself by means of a thunderous explosion, reason why he stopped doing it, because it was reserved for those who will came later (Lewis, 1936, p. 402). Thereafter, the place became a huaca - sacred place - that the Indians knew but could not touch, the discovery finally reached the ears of the Spaniards and in April 1545, -the ones who came later- took possession of Cerro Rico, immediately established a town (Lopez, 2010, p.6) (City) and used the legend to justify the exploitation (Creed).

Figure 1-Pedro Cieza de León (1553) Part one of the Chronicle of Peru, Seville edition *(Image edited to show details)

CIUDAD (CITY) Among the first time that Potosi was pictured, we find the edition of Cieza de León’s Crónica del Perú published by Juan Bellero in Seville 1553, and in Antwerp in 1554, which visually differs only slightly from the original Seville one (Happel, 2014, p. 154) this sudden change suggests the intention of allocating the Cerro Rico in a virtual rather than a real geographical space. (Happel, 2014, p. 151) . An

analysis of the images is done to expose the reasons behind this intentional lack of consistency, eventhough the newer version came only after one-year from its previous one, visually, it remains almost the same, but its contextual abstraction successfully conceals any possible hints of the great economical importance this site could represent to any one who “possessed“ it. The sudden change in the level of details, the elimination of the labels of the main buildings and the streaks, the way the streaks are represented differently (highlighted on image), in the newer version these later are easy to confuse with the paths on the mountain, another interesting symbol is the cross-like structure on the uppermost part of the mountain, that as a common practice represents the “baptism“ or sanctification of the new goods that enters into Spanish possessions as a symbol of conquer; the modification of the geometry of its base resembles the globe, something similar to the ‘Madonna del Cerro Rico’ (figure 4) projecting planetarily the implication of the tenure of the mountain. But, I find as main difference and above all the most important, the abstraction of the “human“ context both the incas on the mountain

Figure 2-Pedro Cieza de León (1554) Part one of the Chronicle of Peru, Antwerp edition *(Image edited to show details)

which I assume represent the local labour factor as extractors and the ones in the city (foreground) Spaniards as merely administrators,suggesting an effortless process of resource appropriation. These cuts and abstraction of the image does not represent a progressive disinterest on the mountain or a decrease of its importance, but a modification to the expectation of its European readers (within the empire, but above all outside it), rendering a more general and abstract idea of the discovery in order to avoid

Figure 3- Miguel Gaspar de Berrío (1758). Description of the Rich and Imperial Villa de Potosí Mount

raising evidence of its economic value, nor to associate it with the success of the direct dominance of the Spanish monarchy over the Americas. Much later, a more ‘accurate’ representation arises, (figure 3) this one is able to describe the Silver valley in a way that it corresponds to the spatialization of an urban model projected on the ground, a grid with multiple religious, social, and especially economic itineraries. As histo-graphically is stated, The measure of the success of the Spanish colonization was within its cities(Lucena, 2006, p.61) because this model was necessary not only to unite isolated groups of Spaniards (Hardoy, 1978, p. 29) but also to nuclearize all the possible human capital for its further exploitation. It was necessary a tangible place that allows the iteration of a single framework that organizes individuals and territories, defining spaces and functions under a single hegemonic procedure and social order. It is also worth mentioning some general theories describing the formation of Latin American cities, criticized in this essay; the Latin city is described as a renewal of a kind of classical European conception (Landaeta and Espinoza, 2014, p.23) or romanticized as the realization of the celestial city (Landaeta and Espinoza, 2014, p.22) as certain historians affirm where the city of the Renaissance becomes real, is in America (Gálvez, 2008) or as Fernando De Solano points out: The Spanish novelty is, therefore, in having regreened this model of fashion among the writers of the Renaissance , and apply it (and multiply it) in the wide empty spaces of America (Solano, 1988, p.12) because only in an empty new world will it be possible to admire the concretization of these ideas and conceptions. It is important to bear in mind that cities were

Written by Rafael Martinez Caldera

that aims to give legitimacy to an imposed social structures and justify the exploitation. Overall, the project was not only about re-concentrating the population, but to ensure that the order was given in a symbolic, cultural and ideological course, empowering itself (order) with the capacity to adjust and manipulate desires and actions of individuals, govern their rhythm and their efficiency, while legitimizing its power inertially.

These general theories of reproduction of an European model in America, are described as mimetic fallacy by several theorist of colonialism, Homi Bhabha and Edward Said have demonstrated that the rhetoric of mimesis has historically: “served the colonial discourse which justifies the dispossession and subjugation of so-called nonWestern peoples; ...for the representation of reality endorsed by mimesis is, after all, the representation of a particular kind or view of reality”, (Graham, 2017, p 116) A version which is specifically designed to empower its makers. In other words, the foundation of these cities (specifically the producer cities) in Latin America does not aspire to fulfill the canon (Landaeta and Espinoza, 2014, p.27) of Renaissance utopic city, but they corresponds to a specific economic function in the hierarchy of cities; cities became a physical manifestation of the civilizing project, acting as a sort of bounded field, since it is within this field where places and fixed tittle were distributed and where the use of time and space were imposed on individuals.

CREDO (CREED) The first to describe the new world was Columbus, he portrayed the nakedness and ingenuity of the inhabitants as signs of the discovery of an Edenic being (Serna, 2013, pp. 118-119) and saw not only potential slaves, but also future Christians (Duviols, 2007, p 489) This paradise must lose its naivety: it is necessary to evangelize and put the territories in police, (Landaeta and Espinoza, 2014, page 18) which means, to establish a social hierarchy that could only be gestated with the foundation of cities and kept by a permanent administration. “Only through the concentration of the population, evangelization will be possible, and we do not know other ways they can be well instructed and informed in the things of God” (Espinosa, 2005)Because although the different indigenous groups had established hierarchical laws, they were living in geographical dispersion, so it was necessary to regroup the Indigenous into a single field to accomplish the mission of the reproduction of a new model that goes accordingly to the interests of the crown and its members. It is important to emphasize that, evangelization as an immaterial part of the project occurred not only as the incorporation of people in the faith, but also as a vital plan to supplant one worldview with another(Herrera, 1998, p.114), in order to be able to govern the bodies, control the cognitive orientation and set up a model of social occupation of space. (Espinosa, 2005).

MULTIFOLD TRANSITION • i.ii global transitions 38

Figure 5- Guaman Poma de Ayala(1615)The rich imperial town of Potosí. “Because of the said mines, Castile is Castile, Rome is Rome, the pope is pope and the king is monarch of the world” (p.1066)

Figure 4- Unknown author (18th C) The Virgin Mary of the Mountain of PotosiNational Mint of Bolivia.

I propose as an example the cartographic representation of Madonna del Cerro Rico (Virgin

Figure 6- Francisco Tito Yupanqui (1584-1588) Cerro Rico de Potosí.

Mary of Rich Mountain), Bolivia; (Figure 4) by an anonymous author in the 18th century, where the Virgin Mary is represented as the mountain whose richness of silver originated the conjunction of the cultures at her feet; in the world. In the upper part not only the Holy Trinity and the Archangels participate in the coronation of the mountain (Coronation of Virgin Mary), but also the Inca gods, Inti (Sun) and Quilla (moon). (Bolivian, 1998). In the lower part of the painting (foreground), the possessors of the world appear: civil and religious authorities who I assume are thanking God for the richness of the mountain; at the left a representative of the Church and at the right, the Crown. It is also interesting to see on an ‘earthly’ scene an Inca Emperor passing what could be interpreted as right of concession to another person; besides, along the slopes of the mountain the indigenous (extractors) and other local animals and vegetation can be appreciated. This phenomenon is defined by Lewis Hanke as fiebre potosina (the potosina fever) (Gumucio, 2000) that is the tendency to glorify and to magnify everything relative to the mountain, Father Joseph de Acosta in his Natural and Moral History of the Indies says: ... “Potosi was discovered, ordering Divine Providence for the happiness of Spain, … the greater wealth that is known to have existed in the world, was hidden and manifested at a time when the Emperor Charles V, had the empire “.(1590, p.104) The presented figures shall not be interpreted as an image that only builds divine goodness given to the crown, but also the way I suggest it to be understood, is as a persuasive image (regardless its authorship)

This argument is also highlighted and synthesized in the illustrations of the chronicles by Guaman de Poma (Figure 5) where, despite being the first documented criticism, it relates the contribution of a series of cities with a direct support to the Spanish King (monarchy) and the defense of the Catholic faith in the world legitimizing the hierarchy and the faith. Guaman Poma holds the Spanish monarch in the highest regard (Wikipedia, 2019)the symbol of Imperial Spain (shield) is not only superimposed on the mountain but also is carried by the Inga and the four Inga kings of the divisions. (Poma, 1615, p.962) The image is also supported by its corresponding text, which reads: “This rich town of Imperial de Potosi, member of Castile and royal crown of the world, that God created for his holy service and the greatness of the kingdom of Spain and Rome, Pope and Monarch and king of the world ...”(Poma, 1615, p.1064) The forceful and complex imagination of Ayala’s descriptions are also found in the indigenous vision of Francisco Tito Yupanqui’s image of the Virgin with open arms (Figure 6); at the feet of the Virgin (of Copacabana), the mountain. Both representations correspond to a trans-cultured vision of an indigenous by tradition, although he tried to be Spanish in his culture (Gutiérrez, 1993, p.127) his interpretation of the city, like Guaman, is an urban framework that includes a set of spaces for social organization, the mountain in his vision symbolically depicts a series of space of worship, since in his context, the meaning of work on the mountain for crown corresponds to a model of worship, because “it pleases God”. It was necessary that the spatial practices of the population reflected a type of symbolic representations that would give coherence and cohesion to the new social relations (Herrera, 1998, p.123) that colony course established. These symbolic relations are expressed in the presented cartographies. The ‘fictionalized story’ of the ideal city does

classified in the market city, the port city and the mining city (Hardoy, 1978, p.217), in the case of Potosí, it complied specifically with the functional requirements of a mining city, to which it does not make much sense to associate its urban development with a city gestated by Renaissance ideas.

About 15, 000 miners still work in Cerro Rico extracting silver, tin, zinc and other metals that materially combines what we only comprehend as a ‘smart device’. Every year, more than fifteen miners die (Merchant, 2007) in Cerro Rico, the human costs plus its permanent exploitation in these deadly environments sums the feedstock for our ‘technology’ and sadly, this situation has little chance to change.

MULTIFOLD TRANSITION • i.ii global transitions

In the Americans what had begun as a ‘necessity to please God, (extraction as service of the crown) then ended up being vital at any cost to ensure their economical subsistence. The reconstruction of the real world, the universally applicable European model, (Graham, 2017, p. 118) never occurred on these producer cities, they never followed the urban nor aesthetic theory, which was defined in Europe, they were strategically structured for economical purposes based on specific natural resources contexts, part of a vicious circle of colonialism, around which, the colonial economy and administration used to orbit (Hardoy, 1978, p.217). Potosi stands as the most important monument to capitalism. In fact, Potosí was the first city of capitalism, for it supplied the primary ingredient of capitalism-money. (Weatherford, 2016) Sergio Gabu also intervenes and calls this phenomenon colonial capitalism (1949, p.48) affirming that urban organizations in America were unquestionably colonial in nature, depending on the trade (Bagu, 2005, p.241) of specific resources, historically limiting its development to primary structures, to a condition of peripheral landscape of the western

metropolises and to a eternal dependence on a singular market.

REFERENCES Aaron, Daniel. 2014. Engaged Archaeology. Methods. Acosta, J. d., 1590. Historia

CONCLUSION “Culture shapes values, and those values shape history. So even if Zheng had discovered America, the Chinese would never have conquered the New World because they were driven by a fundamentally different set of motivations from European explorers.” (Lent, 2017) Germinated in the colonial epoch, cartography as a western apparatus played a complicit role in the establishment of an ideological, economical and racial subordination (presented not only in Latin America); materialized in the ‘City’, as a framework to agglomerate the human labor force; and ‘sponsored’ (supported) by the indoctrination (Creed) as a method that justified, legitimize and reinforced it. The foundation of a producer-city as we explored following the presented cartographies, corresponds to the reproduction of a particular altered reality of a western model (Graham, 2017, p. 116), a model that facilitated the installation of an -natural resources- extraction apparatus within, sometimes grounded in extreme geographies, forcing entire economies on mainly depending on the relations of the extraction of a single finite resource and the consumption of a market which demand is infinite. Potosí is a clear example of these relations, its economic upswing never belonged to it, its production was never for itself, the splendors of his precious metals never shone on it, the chronical over-exploitation has almost evolved into socio-economic disaster; today 400 years later, there is scarce silver, but many warns of risk of collapse (Hamilton, 1977), (Forero, 2012); mineral exploitation is approaching its end, which might be translated into an eventual denouement of these ‘planned’ human settlements. In this essay I try to express my constant interest in the social aspects and historical formations in Latin America. The investigation has also stimulated intentions for further cartographic exploration, this time to expose, disclose or unveil the relations, interests and affiliation of many latin-american landscapes with similar context as the one discussed in the essay; relations that many times are concealed by economical and political interests and justified under a slogan of innovation, economical progress and ecological sustainability.

natural y moral de las Indias. Edicion critica de Fermin del Pino Diaz ed. Seville: Juan de Leon. Anonymous, 2010. Rodadas, Las minas de Potosí. [En línea] Available at: https://www.rodadas.net/blog/cuadernos/vuelta-al-mundo-cicloviajes/lasminas-de-potos/ [Accessed: 19 4 2019]. Bagu, C., 2005. El ser y la razón: Sergio Bagú, pasión y vida ejemplar en proyección histórica, In: Problemas del desarrollo. Revista Latinoamericana de Economia, 13.(143). Bagu, S., 1949. Ensayo de Historia. En: L. E. Atene, ed. Economía de la sociedad colonial (The Economy of Colonial Society). Buenos Aires: s.n., p. 48. Bolivian, 1998. La Virgen del Cerro. [Online] Available at: https://www. bolivian.com/cnm/lvcerro.html [Accessed :17 04 2019]. Caquard, S., 2011. Cartography I: Mapping. In: Progress in Human Geography. Concordia University, Canada: SAGE, p. 136. Cervantes Saavedra, M. d., 1547-1616. The Adventures of Don Quixote De La Mancha.. 1986. Print. ed. New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux. Conley, 2007. Cartographic Cinema.. In: Minneapolis, MN: s.n., p. 336. Corner, J., 1999. The Agency of Mapping: Speculation, Critique and Invention. In: Mappings. London: Reaktion Books, pp. 213-252. Duviols, J., 2007. Historia general de América Latina. El primer contacto y la formación de las nuevas sociedades. In: Percepciones e imágenes del mundo americano Vol. II ed. Madrid: Trotta, pp. 487-504. Espinosa, G., 2005. Las órdenes religiosas en la evangelización del nuevo mundo. In: España medieval y el legado de occidente. Ciudad de Mexico: Seacex,INAH, pp. 249-257. Forero, J., 2012. Bolivia’s silver mountain loses its lustre as report warns of risk of collapse. The Guardian, 2 10. Gálvez, C., 2008. La ciudad Letrada y santa. La ciudad de los reyes en la historiografía del siglo XVII. Urbanismo y vida urbana en Iberoamérica colonial., pp. 72-101. Graham, M. H., 2017. Decolonizing the Map: Post-colonialism, Post-structuralism and the cartographic connection. Liverpool University Press, pp. 115-131. Gumucio, B., 2000. Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes. [Online] Available at: http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/el-mundo-desde-potosivida-y-reflexiones-de-bartolome-arzans-de-orsua-y-vela--0/html/ff593b0682b1-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_3.html [Accessed 15 04 2019]. Gutiérrez, R., 1993. La presentación iconográfica de los poblados indígenas de la Región Andina de Sudamérica. In: Pueblos de indios. Otro urbanismo en la región andina. Abya-Yala ed. Quito: s.n., pp. 109-156. Happel, C. A. C., 2014. Decadent Wealth, Degenerate Morality, Dominance, and Devotion: The Discordant Iconicity of the Rich Mountain of Potosí, Ohio: The Ohio State University. Hamilton, J. M., 1977. The Glory That Was Once Potosi. The New York Times, 29 5, p. 243. Hardoy, J., 1978. European Urban Forms in Latin America.. In: Urbanization in the Americas from Its Beginning to the Present. Ed. Richard P. Schaedel, Jorge Enrique Hardoy and Nora Kinzer Stewart. Cambridge: Mouton Publishers, pp. 215-248. Herrera, M., 1998. Ordenamiento espacial de los pueblos: dominación y resistencia en la sociedad Colonial. Revista Frontera 2.2, pp. 93-128. Hurni, L. P. B. a., 2009. Mapping the ontologically unreal conterfactual spaces in literature and cartograpgy. The Cartographic Journal, Volume 46, pp. 333-342. Landaeta and Espinoza , 2014. Cartography of the Latin American City:Foundation of the Colonial Order. Ideas y Valores, Volume 64, 157, pp. 7-13. Lent, J., 2017. A Cognitive History of Humanity. In: The Pattern Instinct. New York: Prometheus Books, p. 15. Lewis, H., 1936. Statement concerning the contents of the « Historia de la Villa Imperial de Potosí». Journal de la Société des Américanistes, Volume Tome 28 n°2, pp. 401-404. Lopez, J. A. F., 2010. Aspectos Historicos. In: Kipus, ed. Creacion de la Villa Imperial de Potosi. Capitulacion de 1561. Potosi, Bolivia: Biblioteca del Bicentenario, p. 6. Lopez, J. H., 2016. El descubrimiento de la mina de plata de Potosí. [Online] Available at: http://citaconlahistoriajm.blogspot.com/2016/01/el-descubrimiento-de-la-mina-de-plata.html [Accessed: 14 04 2019]. Lucena, M., 2006. La Ciudad de los Conquistadores. In: A. Mundos, ed. A los

cuatro vientos: Las ciudades de la America Hispanica. Madrid: Fundacion Carolina, p. 61. Merchant, B., 2017. Everything That’s Inside Your iPhone In: Vice MotherBoard. Available at: https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/433wyq/everything-thats-inside-your-iphone [Accessed 26 07 2019]. Orueta, A., 2010. In: A. a. h. edu/geocrit/sn/sn-334.htm., ed. La cartografia en el cine: Mapas y planos en las producciones cinematograficas occidentales.. s.l.:Scripta Nova XIV, p. 334. Poma, G., 1615. Nueva corónica y buen gobierno. Online version ed. Cusco: Det Kongelige Bibliotek. Rodrigez, F., 2017. Potosí, la montaña de plata que convirtió en imperio a España y en esclavos a los indígenas. [Online] Available at: http://perufolklorico .blogspot.com/2017/06/historia-potosi-la-montana-de-plata-que. html[Accessed: 09 04 2019]. Serna, M., 2013. Crónicas de las Indias. Antología.. Madrid: Catedra. Solano, F. d., 1988. La ciudad iberoamericana fundación tipología y funciones durante el tiempo colonial. Historia y futuro de la ciudad latinoamericana, pp. 9-25. Weatherford, J., 2016. Story of cities #6: how silver turned Potosí into ‘the first city of capitalism’. The Guardian, 21 03, p. 1. Wikipedia, 2019. Wikipedia. [En línea] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Guaman_Poma_de_Ayala[Accessed: 15 04 2019].

Unknown author(18th C). [The Virgin Mary of the Mountain of Potasiama- National Mint of Bolivia]. La Virgen Maria del Cerro Potosi- Casa de la Moneda de Bolivia”. Papertowns. [Online] Available at: https://i. pinimg.com/originals/b6/b9/61/b6b96168cfd67cadb92397e8f50e57f0.jpg [Accessed: 09 04 2019] Figure 5Poma, Felipe Guaman(1615/1616): El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno. ArteHistoria [Online] Available at: https://www.artehistoria.com/es/ obra/la-villa-de-potos%C3%AD (Last access 09 17 2019)Original Image Source: Poma, Felipe Guaman(1615/1616): El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno (København, Det Kongelige Bibliotek, GKS 2232 4°)Digital Research Center of the Royal Library [Online] Available at: http://www. kb.dk/permalink/2006/poma/1065/en/image/ [Accessed: 09 04 2019] Figure 6Yupanqui, Francisco Tito (1584-1588) Imagen del Cerro Rico de Potosí. [Online] Available at: https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Rico#/media/File:Cerro_Rico_de_Potos%C3%AD_Francisco_Tito_Yupanqui.png [Accessed: 09 04 2019]

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Cornejo , Claudia A. Happel (2014). Decadent Wealth, Degenerate Morality, Dominance, and Devotion: The Discordant Iconicity of the Rich Mountain of Potosí. Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University. [Online] Available at: https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file?accession=osu1404653562&disposition=inline. 2. Corner, J., 1999. The Agency of Mapping: Speculation, Critique and Invention. En: Mappings. London: Reaktion Books, pp. 213-252. 3. Landaeta, Patricio and Espinoza, Ricardo , 2014. Cartography of the Latin American City:Foundation of the Colonial Order. Ideas y Valores, Volume 64, 157, pp. 7-13. 4.Galeano, Eduardo, Las venas abiertas de América Latina, Siglo XXI, México, 2001, pp. 12-41 5. Graham, M. H., 2017. Decolonizing the Map: Post-colonialism, Post-structuralism and the cartographic conection. Liverpool University Press, pp. 115-131. 7. Robinson, David J. (2013) Mapping Latin America: A Cartographic Reader ed. by Jordana Dym, Karl Offen (review). Journal of Latin American Geography. University of Texas PressVol 12.pp. 259-261

TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1Cieza de León, Pedro (1553) [Part one of the Chronicle of Peru, Seville edition]. Parte Primera de la crónica del Peru. JCB Archive of Early American Images. [Online] Available at: https://jcb.lunaimaging.com/luna/servlet/detail/JCB~1~1~500185~100000200:Cerro-de-Potosi?sort=image_date%2Csubject_groups&qvq=q:potosi;sort:image_date%2Csubject_groups;lc:JCB~1~1&mi=0&trs=43 (Last access 09 17 2019) Figure 2 Cieza de León, Pedro (1554) [Part one of the Chronicle of Peru, Antwerp edition]. Parte Primera de la crónica del Peru. JCB Archive of Early American Images. [Online] Available at: https://jcb.lunaimaging.com/luna/servlet/ detail/JCB~1~1~4382~6880004:Cerro-de-Potosi?sort=image_date%2Csubject_groups&qvq=q:potosi;sort:image_date%2Csubject_groups;lc:JCB~1~1&mi=27&trs=43 [Accessed: 09 04 2019] Figure 3Gaspar de Berrío, Miguel (1758). [Description of the Rich and Imperial Villa de Potosí Mount]. Descripción del Cerro Rico e Imperial Villa de Potosí”. Papertowns. [Online] Available at: https://www.reddit.com/r/papertowns/ comments/72zfjj/potos%C3%AD_in_1758_a_mining_town_that_lies_at_ the/[Accessed: 30 03 2019] Figure 4-

not fit with the characteristics presented on the cities’ landscapes, nor their histo-cartographic representations, but the inscribed symbolism give a clue to a pre-calculated human project that takes the inhabitants away from their ingenuity by supplanting a new cognitive and ideological model, in order to facilitate first, the gestation of a planned socio-geographical environment, followed by the plausible construction of an order, capable of establish a permanent condition of being an western operational landscape, productive enough to sustain the Crown excesses (Anonymous, 2010); something that ended into the gestation of the first global capital market (Bagu, 2005, p.241), and still today, even-though Cerro Rico has been carved out so thoroughly to a point of an eminent and eventual collapse, it still forms part of a global chain of resources supply, which traces could be possibly found in your mobile phone.

RHONDDA CYNON TAF

LAST CENTURY, THE RHONNDA VALLEYS FUELED BRITAIN AND OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES WHILE CURRENT DEMOGRAPHICS SHOW NO ECHO OF THE FRUITFULNESS THAT THE REGION ONCE REPRESENTED. The RCT once represented the main source of fuel for the UK and part of Europe. Today, after a century of the beginning of the gradual closure of the mines, the region is considered one of the most deprived areas. One questions how the UK is able to frame a Just Transition project on future oil decommission where parts of its territories have not experienced a Just Transition yet? After the closure of the mines, most towns in the region still show consequences of an unsolved transition. The history of the land, its infrastructure, landscape, and policies are explored in order to understand the current situation. In this chapter we dissected the relationship between regional and local development plans documents, focalised in the way policies impact the landscape. This process included pushing the boundaries of the traditional development plansâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; representation where, through a series of maps, we interrogate the distribution of the actions taken and their resonance with news and unachieved just transition. What happened to the South Welsh towns whose extractive industry disappear?

rhondda cynon taf

II.I territorial formations II.II policies strategies

THE OPEN VEINS OF THE WELSH VALLEYS

Elena Luciano Suastegui, Rafael Caldera, Yasmina Yehia Map 11

rhondda cynon taf’s coal

2000

Territorial formations of the RCT 1980

1960

1940

GRAIG LEVEL LLWYNYPIA LEVEL

NEWBRIDGE COLLIERY

TYNEWYDD COLLIERY

LLWYNCELYN COLLIERY GLYNFACH COLLIERY

NANTGWYN COLLIERY ELLIS LEVEL

PANDY COLLIERY GELLIFAELOG COLLIERY

CWMCLYDACH COLLIERY

TYNTYLA LEVEL

CLYDACH VALE COLLIERY CLYDACH VALE II COLLIERY

PENTRE COLLIERY TYLECOCH COLLIERY

GLYNMOCH COLLIERY

LADY MARGARET COLLIERY

TYLECOCH COLLIERY

TYDRAW COLLIERY BUTE TYNEWYDD COLLIERY

1860

FERNHILL OLLIERY

1880

MARDY COLLIERY

1900

BLAENLLECHAU COLLIERY

1920

1840

ABERDARE` MOUNTAIN ASH ABERNANAM ABERCYNON

FERNDALE TREORCHY YSTRAD

TONYPANDY CYMMER

PORTH

PONTYPRIDD

TONYREFAIL

This map shows for the first time the research site at a local scale, the Rhondda Cynon Taff boundary, where its remarkable coal productivity. Shown here is a timeline of some of the collieries in the region - where a solid line represents the opening of the colliery and its location - and a dotted line represents the lifespan and its closing. The abundance of collieries within the area is a clear indication of how the situation of the valleys expanded to serve the British Empire. Figure 17 - Rhondda Valleys, Lewis Methyr Collieries in Trehafod

Rafael Caldera, Yasmina Yehia Map 12

LLANTRISANT

BRYNCAE LLANHARRY

CARDIFF

coal : a historical territorial formation COLLIERIES

COLLIERY SEAMS

RAILWAY NETWORKS

PIT ENTRANCE

REGIONAL BORDER

COLLIERY OPENING

COLLIERY CLOSING

rhondda cynon taf • ii.i territorial formations

Map 12 constitutes a closer look into the tunnels and the underworld. The axonometric shows the massive scale of the tunnels, where some of them crossed mountains which connected each side of the basin. The coal extraction through its tunnels followed an almost continuous line with the railways, which all flowed southwards towards Cardiff.

Therefore, mapped here is connectivity—from each town to Cardiff—based on the time it takes to arrive by car on a Tuesday evening (at 8 pm). The western side of the region hints at longer arrival times - yet this was not only due to the distance and the topography but also due to the network quality. This map clearly shows the lack of proper road infrastructure in the northern part of the RCT. To understand RCT’s deprivation, mapped are the deprivation rates based on their respective areas as well as the road network leading to Cardiff by time. What we were able to deduce was that the heads of the valleys hold the highest rates of the deprivation and the roads are not managed enough to ease commuting time.

rhondda cynon taf • ii.i territorial formations 48

Figure 18 - Rhondda Valleys in news headlines

Rafael Caldera, Yasmina Yehia Map 13

TREFOREST INDUSTRIAL ESTATE SHOWCASE CINEMA TAFF’S WELL THERMAL SPRING CROCHENDY CHINAWORKS HAWTHORN LEISURE CENTER

WALES ACTIVITY BREAK ROCKWOOD RIDING CENTER TAFF VALLEY QUAD BIKE & ACTIVITY CENTRE

THE GROGGSHOP

PONTYPRIDD MUSEUM

GILES GALLERY

LLANTRISANT GALLERY THE ROYAL MINT LIDO PONTY PIT PONY SANCTUARY

RHONDDA BOWL

TRI-NANT FISHERY

RHONDDA HERITAGE PARK

FLY FISHERS ASSOCIATION THE WORKERS GALLERY LANYONS

ABERCYNON

FERNDALE TREORCHY YSTRAD

TONYPANDY CYMMER

PORTH

PONTYPRIDD

TONYREFAIL

An additional layer was needed to understand how the locals reacted to the situation - therefor community actions such as the opening of local stores, aid associations and council initiatives. The concentration of local initiative to open stores and of aid associations within the northern area of the RCT suggests a clear fragmentation related to the policies - it is like trying to put a band-aid on a gaping wound. Is it that these green policies concentrated in the heads of the valleys are enhancing this process of fragmentation? The current status of the green policies in the Heads of the RCT reinforce what the news suggests about the intention of depopulating the upper valleys. And the re-greening strategy is absolving any responsibility for the residents plight in the local areas.

WATER RESILIENT COMMUNITIES MOUNTAIN ASH

ABERNANAM

While the Valleys were the engine that boasted the regions economy and Cardiffs, are they today a dormitory region serving Cardiff’s interest? Diagram 2 Redrawn by Yasmina Yehia

TOOGOODTOWASTE

WATER RESILIENT COMMUNITIES HOPE CHURCH RHONDDA VALLEY KIDS

FOODBANK

TOOGOODTOWASTE WATER RESILIENT COMMUNITIES

ABERDARE`

LLANTRISANT

BRYNCAE LLANHARRY

CARDIFF

COUNCIL

RHONDDA VALLEYS BOUNDARY AIDING ASSOCIATIONS

STATIONS COMMUNITY

>40 35-40 30-35 25-30 <25 Networks 1000 units

DEPRIVATION WIMD RATE 1500ha COMMUNITY + COUNCIL

SPORT CENTERS

call for help or halt the towns? COUNCIL

RHONDDA VALLEYS BOUNDARY

AIDING ASSOCIATIONS

STATIONS

COMMUNITY

SPORT CENTERS

halt the towns or call for help?

DEPRIVATION WIMD RATE 1500HA

NETWORKS BY TIME 25 TO 40 MINS

commuter flow to cardiff

ARTS FACTORY HAPPY WOK GOLDEN BLADES MARGARITELLI IMPROVING TONYPANDY CRAFTY KING COD CWTCH COMFORT DUNRAVEN SHOE REPAIR

A couple of decades later, map 13 shows the current state of the networks in contrast with the current demographics. The topography of the region interferes with the connection between towns, where connectivity cannot be measured solely through Euclidean distance.

FRIENDS OF FERNDALE

CPRW FOODBANK DISCOVERING BRITAIN

SPECSAVER

HIGH STREET SOCIAL CARPANINI’S CAFE LANYONS CWM FARM SHOP

WATER RESILIENT COMMUNITIES FOODBANK

FOODBANK

PENDERYN DISTILLERY

PARK & DARE THEATRE COMBAT ZONE PAINTBALL RHONDDA TUNNEL SOCIETY CYNON VALLEY MUSEUM CERN - COLEG Y CYMOEDD CAMPUS COLISEUM THEATRE GREEN MEADOW RIDING

ASDA WALMART SUPERCENTRE

Territorial formations of the RCT

ALDI

deprivation in the rhondda cynon taf

NORTHERN STRATEGIES

Policies Strategies of RCT’s Local Development Plan

SOUTHERN STRATEGIES

rhondda cynon taf • ii.ii policies strategies 50

Figure 19,20,21,22 - Extracts from RCT’s Local Development Plan

Elena Luciano Suastegui, Rafael Caldera, Yasmina Yehia Map 14

EMPLOYMENT

ABERDARE` MOUNTAIN ASH ABERNANAM ABERCYNON

FERNDALE

These introductory maps and descriptions hinted which documents review, which were the research documents from the policies and transition [ii] and the local development plan, a more detailed plan with the materialised activities designed to create what was intended in the Welsh Spatial Plan. [iii] In the Action Plan (Owen & Jones, 2006) they have the first proposals for priority project areas where Environment / Landscaping appear as the first priority [iii]. Later, through details of the Local Development Plan it was noteworthy to look into the main topics of the development where the housing and retail investment had the map where they would be developed and the total amount of area and dwellings designated. To keep a unit that could serve for all the mappings, the use of the areas indicated in the tables [iv] for each activity are then mapped into the whole RCT. The trends of where the largest investments are allocated were compared in the tables from [iv. Page 104 and iv. Page 89] and seen in [iv. Page 32]. However, in this plan one could only read the list of the environmental actions, but not the total areas designated for each one of the policies. To map the latter, the polygons were retraced from the website of the policies: the Sites of Important Nature Conservation.

RETAIL

HOUSING

EMPLOYMENT

RETAIL

HOUSING

To map out the policies we first started by inquiring into the role of the region, both at a national and regional scale. To begin, we identified in the Welsh Spatial plan the role of the RCT, both to Wales and to a more local context. There are divisions of the region [i.] that serve to understand that for Wales, the success of the area relies on Cardiff (Welsh Assembly Government, 2008). In the same document, they describe that the pattern of urban settlement set in outstanding natural scenery is what makes South East Wales attractive hinting that the policies were related to those two main topics at a regional scale as well. They also mention that the capital city is the key of development to work and spread prosperity to the regions where the legacy of industrial change has left stark contrasts between prosperity and deprivation (Welsh Assembly Government, 2008).

TREORCHY YSTRAD

TONYPANDY CYMMER

PORTH

PONTYPRIDD

TONYREFAIL

LLANTRISANT

BRYNCAE LLANHARRY

policies strategies DWELLINGS 1000 units 20 units

AREA 1500 ha 1000 ha

GREEN WEDGES

SITE OF IMPORTANCE NATURE CONSERVATION

LAND RECLAMATION SCHEMES

STRATEGIC SITES

RHONDDA VALLEYS BOUNDARY

POLICIES I STRATEGIES SITES

LAND RECLAMATION SCHEMES

RHONDDA VALLEYS BOUNDARY

DWELLINGS 1000 UNITS / 20 UNITS

AREA 1500HA/1000HA

employment, retail and housing allocations

NORTHERN STRATEGIES

Policies Strategies of RCT’s Local Development Plan

SOUTHERN STRATEGIES

Elena Luciano Suastegui, Rafael Caldera, Yasmina Yehia Map 15

rhondda cynon taf • ii.ii policies strategies 52

ENVIRONMENTAL

Figure 23,24 - Extracts Cartogold’s RCT’s Local Development Plan

EMPLOYMENT

ABERDARE` MOUNTAIN ASH ABERNANAM

This plan designates modest areas for retail and employment allocations in the whole region as seen in map 15. Moreover, this programme counts with housing allocation programmes whose 10% are considered affordable housing whereas in the whole region, Residents face low incomes and high housing costs. And Average social rents for twobed properties are unaffordable for 46% of social tenants (as assessed by rent-to-household-income ratios). There is an under-supply of appropriate housing in many areas (Robson, 2018). In contrast, a total of 183 green actions will take place within green wedges and sites of Important Nature Conservation. Ironically, this plan is a subset of a Welsh Spatial plan (Welsh Assembly Government, 2008), in the southeast region which narrative sets Cardiff as the capital city and development core of the region; whereas, just a century before, Cardiff development fully relied on the Valleys. The RCT is divided into North and South where a set a boundaries control how policies are distributed. The few housing, retail, and employment allocations are placed in the South, the region closest to Cardiff, reinforcing the dormitory status of the Valleys. In contrast, the majority of the environmental measures lies in the Northern region, with very few housing and retail plans, as if what was said in the news about depopulating the Valleys was true (WalesOnline, 2015).

RETAIL

HOUSING

ENVIRONMENTAL

EMPLOYMENT

RETAIL

HOUSING

Today, public policies in the Rhondda Valleys are underpinned by its Local Development Plan. We put them in a map and assigned the designated area as documented (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017). We grouped them into four main categories: Housing, retail, employment, and environmental measures.

ABERCYNON

FERNDALE TREORCHY YSTRAD

TONYPANDY CYMMER

PORTH

PONTYPRIDD

TONYREFAIL

LLANTRISANT

BRYNCAE LLANHARRY

policies strategies DWELLINGS 1000 units 20 units

AREA 1500 ha 1000 ha

GREEN WEDGES

SITE OF IMPORTANCE NATURE CONSERVATION

LAND RECLAMATION SCHEMES

STRATEGIC SITES

RHONDDA VALLEYS BOUNDARY

POLICIES II GREEN WEDGES

STRATEGIES SITES

LAND RECLAMATION SCHEMES

SITE OF IMPORTANCE NATURE CONSERVATION

DWELLINGS 1000 UNITS / 20 UNITS

AREA 1500HA/1000HA

environmental,employment, retail and housing allocations

after effects of environmental policies Representing environmental policies on Rhondda Cynon Taf

After looking into the environmental measures in map 15 and how they are overwhelmingly dominant, the apparent policied landscape of the RCT Valleys is even visible to the naked eye. The patched landscape is not a coincidence - therefor in the following maps we have overlapped the extents of which areas are restricted through the set of policies from the Local Development Plan. We gradually distilled the green measures adopted by the Local Development Plan - mapped here, it is clear that the Sites of Important Nature Conservation and the Special Landscape Areas are most present - restricting access to the community and their ability to have an attachment to their landscape. While most of the areas that are white are privately owned lands - here urban areas - the argument is furthermore endorsed in the greening of the heads of the valleys.

rhondda cynon taf â&#x20AC;˘ ii.ii policies strategies

how policied is my valley?

Figure 25 - Rhondda Valleys, a patched landscape

Map 16 Elena Luciano Suastegui, Rafael Caldera

land reclamation schemes

the double side of the sites of importance nature conservation

Representing environmental policies on Rhondda Cynon Taf

Shown in this map are the land reclamation schemes spaces where land treatment is also remediated by a private enterprise with European Union’s fund for the public policies of the RCT, for example Coed Ely colliery in the RCT (LAWR, 2002).

Here is an example of what happens in the protected land. Map 18 shows in grey shades, the green conservation land as specified by the LDP (Cook & Gale, 2011). And in golden, appears the windfarms in the protected land. In Ferndale, one of the largest windfarms was installed with European Union’s fund for the development of the region and private German and French investment (James, n.d.).

However, after this remediation process, this land is now on sale, held by the local government (Cooke&Arkwright, n.d.). Here the government took the public resources to remediate the land to later sell. Here, again, the local community are not expecting any profit from this transaction.

Today, the foreign companies have a 10-year maintenance concession and the energy produced does not benefit the local community. Once again in history, the Rhondda lands are contributing to the generation of energy without getting any benefit.

how windmilled is my valley?

Map 17 Elena Luciano Suastegui, Rafael Caldera

Map 18 Elena Luciano Suastegui, Rafael Caldera

rhondda cynon taf • ii.ii policies strategies

how reclaimed are my former mines?

ARE

BEHIND

2016 PEN Y CYMOEDD 83

2013 MAERDY 6-8

2016 PEN Y CYMOEDD 75

2016 PEN Y CYMOEDD 35

2017 PEN Y CYMOEDD 50

2017 PEN Y CYMOEDD 51

2017 PEN Y CYMOEDD 55

WHAT AGENCIES POLICIES?

GREEN

In this context, we develop a case specific scenario on how the modification of policies and grants can impact the landscape and the way the community that lives around them can relate to it. A small patch of land that is an exception to a restrictive set of policies become the trigger to imagine a different future for the public (wood) lands.

BLAEN RHONDDA COLLIERY

FERNHILL COLLIERY

TYNEDWYOD COLLIERY

LADY MARGARET

BUTE COLLIERY

In this chapter we scratched below the surface of the same environmental policies from the previous chapter. We traced back in history how they were instantiated in order to understand the implications and agents behind these green landscapes. This chapter includes our experiences with the local communities and the beginning of the design of our own just transition with our designed policy framework. How does a community forestry visual policy looks like? And what takes to generate it?

TYDRAW COLLIERY

treherbert

Treherbert is one of the towns mapped in the Northern part of the RCT, where environmental policies are overlapped with high deprivation rates. However, looking beyond the surface, we could find among its woodlands, a community initiative whose framework, shed a light about how to develop a possible just transition from the coal era.

treherbert

IIi.I territorial palimpsest IIi.II future of treherbert

“GREEN” POLICIES’ PALIMPSEST

ROAD NETWORKS RAILWAY NETWORKS

ROAD NETWORKS

SINC AREAS Elena Luciano Suastegui, Rafael Caldera Map 19

COVER “green policies” palimpsestFOREST SINC AREAS

WIND TURBINES COLLIERIES SITE

RAIL NETWORKS

WIND TURBINES

HOUSING/INFRASTRUCTURE

COLLIERIES

LAND RECLAMATION

HOUSING/ INFRASTRUCTURE LAND RECLAMATION

FOREST COVER

from coal to a productivist forest Treherbert policy palimpsest

Understanding the area destined to land conservation is not enough to dissect what the intentions and agencies are. The Sites of Importance for Nature Conservation (SINC) are regions for important local wildlife (Caerffili, 2007) and are the dominant policies on conservation areas. However, it is noteworthy to look back in history and understand how they were implimented to unfold the mentality behind it. What becomes clear is that green areas are not only idyllic spaces of recreation and ecosystem service provision, but also, instrumentalised landscapes that could function in a similar way as the coal mines once did. Coal Era: The rise of the Wood Factory, The Fall of King Coal With the beginning of the closure of the mines, a new extractive industry was about to be installed: a wood factory following the German principles of the productivist forestry (Kitchen, et al., 2002). This consisted on growing a dense timber production monocultural forest to have a timber supply in case of a war (Miller, 1999). For this task, the Forestry Commission was established in 1919: state forest service with funds and powers to acquire land of the old collieries for afforestation.

TYNEDWYOD COLLIERY

FERNHILL COLLIERY

LADY MARGARET

BUTE COLLIERY

TYDRAW COLLIERY

BLAEN RHONDDA COLLIERY

PREPARING GROUNDS

1985: BROADLEAF POLICY

PREPARING GROUNDS

treherbert â&#x20AC;˘ iii.i territorial palimpsest

Establishment of Forest Commission. A state forest service with funds and power to acquire land.

Figure 26 - Treherbertâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s coal days

Map 19 Elena Luciano Suastegui, Rafael Caldera

1985 broadleaf policy

Aforestation tax relief Broadleaved woodland planting

from a broadleaf policy to multinationals Treherbert policy palimpsest

A Diversity discourse over a non-diverse landscape By the eighties, the war paranoia was over, and a diversity ethos supplanted the function of the forests. The Broadleaves policy arrived in 1985, whose grants were established under the vision that timber production did not have to be primary objective (Mather, 2001). However, in light green it is visible the diverse forests, holding a minimum area compared to the remaining dark green monocultural plantations. 1994: SINC_Sustainable forestry The diversity discourse kept proliferating, creating and expanding over the green territories as seen in the yellow areas in the Map 19. In 1994 appeared the SINC policies, expanding all over the diverse and non diverse forests, making them no-go land because of their conservation status. Conservation for whom? In 2015, NRW signed a lease agreement to a Swedish transnational for a £400 Million project for a windfarm that started operating in 2017 (Powersystems, 2015). In the second image of Map 19 it can be seen how with the creation of these windmills, patches of woodland have also been felled. The green energy from the wind turbines are being drained outside the Valleys, once again; same pattern with the old coal days.

2013 MAERDY 6-8

“Biodiversity conservation” Sites of importance natural conservation Policy to “protect” forest land.

2016 PEN Y CYMOEDD 83

2016 PEN Y CYMOEDD 75

2016 PEN Y CYMOEDD 35

2017 PEN Y CYMOEDD 50

1994 SINC_ SUISTAINABLE FORESTRY

treherbert • iii.i territorial palimpsest

2017 PEN Y CYMOEDD 55

2017: GREEN STRATEGY

2017 PEN Y CYMOEDD 51

1994: SINC_SUSTAINTABLE FORESTRY

Figure 27 - Treherbert’s policied landscape

Map 19 Elena Luciano Suastegui, Rafael Caldera

2017 GREENING STRATEGY 2.0

Leftover of both worlds Public land lease for wind turbines installation.

the underrepresented verticality: unmapped histories Carto-essays

In the first lines of the introduction of his book The progress of this storm, Andreas Malm (2018), discuss that we live on a stage where there is nothing but the present. Past and future alike have dissolved into a perpetual now, leaving us imprisoned in a moment without links backwards or forwards: only the dimension of space extends in all directions, across the seamless surface of a globalised world, in which everyone is connected to everyone else through uncountable threads. Here, Malm opens with a critique to this scene from Jameson’s (The Aesthetics of Singularity 2015) : a postmodern present dominated by connections—horizontal connections. Malm criticizes this scene as a common perception of the contemporary world: a flat land where only the dimension of space extends in all directions, across the seamless surface of a globalised world.

Written by Elena Luciano Suastegui

treherbert • iii.i territorial palimpsest

ABSTRACT This work aims to explore the vertical features of territories and the intertwining between history, agency, and power. I argue that, particularly, soil and the historical succession from the geological and pedological into surface life, encapsulate relevant manifestations and transformations of agencies which can only be visible through its verticality. This essay discusses the disciplinary context and material implications behind the lack of vertical cartographies exposing the materials below the surface. Vertical dimension can expose historical transformations of territories and therefore, evidence part of the agencies behind them if they are interpreted by broad theoretical lens.

In a global world lacking verticality, time vanishes. This 2D land, lacking depth and therefore volume, is what Elden refuses to depict in (Secure the volume: Vertical geopolitics and the depth of power 2013) where territory is understood as a volumetric political technology. Through examples he brings depth and height into territory to compose the volumetric dimension of territory: the dimension through which power must be read. Tunnels, walls, overlapping roads, and archaeological remains are the main material examples Elden brings to discussion to show how power operates in a volumetric sense. These are all human built devices that cut through landscape and cannot be easily grasped in flat cartographies. Two-dimensional maps are legacy of military and political representations of modern state (Elden 2013) that fail to portray the volumetric complexities of the contemporary world. One of the examples of Elden’s work, comprehends the exploration of the West Bank archaeological Palestinian remains hidden below the surface, now completely controlled by Israel. On the visible surface, lays the Israeli settlements and a highway, which are superimposed over Palestinian roads. The built environment on a flat top view map can be understood as an Israeli settlement. However, when digging down this road, traces of the past and

GEOLOGICAL TIME: THE REMOTE PAST AND ITS REPRESENTATION The historical quality of landscape is very well studied by geochronology and chronostratigraphy1, which assess rocks, fossils, and sediments an age between 4.5 billion years ago and the present. Geological assessment of time in the geosphere comprehends a complex background of rules about superimposition, continuity, erosion, and destruction of clusters of rocks and sediments intertwined with dating techniques for minerals and fossils. All these is very well understood and represented in geological sections, where this vertical maps share technical attributes that allows them to be understood by the specialists. Geology has taken charge of the chronological assessment of rocks (and other materials on the Earth’s surface) for the first billions of years, leaving the last couple thousands of years mainly to archaeologists and historians. The boundaries between the geological and human concerns became popular just after Eugene Stoermer first coined the term Anthropocene, as the era where human activities began to sculp and alter the environmental and geological forces during the Holocene (Povinelli 2016). 1

Geochronology as a science, determines the age

of rocks, fossils, and sediments while chronostratigraphy, is a branch of stratigraphy in charge of the understanding of the temporal sequence of geological events.

However, there is a constant debate about where to put the golden spike for the beginning of the Anthropocene (Voosen 2012) by means, pointing where the purely geological duties end. This controversy draws a nowhere time gap between the beginning of agriculture and the atomic bomb2, and meanwhile, geologists tend to reserve themselves from working on these recent materials. ARCHAEOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION: IN THE THRESHOLD OF THE ANTHROPOCENE Archaeologists and historians are the main figures studying the anthropogenic territories below the surface on its vertical scale. In field, when doing excavations for latter interpretations, they focus their research on artefacts embedded on soil. The layers3 of loose material studied and described, serve to archaeologist as a reference for the sequenced succession of events while the artefacts, are the main item for the research. In other words, artefacts play the main role of archaeology and the soil and sediments play secondary roles that may contribute with some information. As an example, here is the description of Archaeologic research found in a website by the Michigan State University, designed to give the people unfamiliar with the subject a basic understanding of the science or archaeology (Aaron 2014). In this website they describe the surveying archaeological methods as follows: they [the archaeologists] carefully remove dirt and note the precise location of any artefacts found. The context of the artefact is just as important as the artefact itself, so the artefacts are always carefully mapped and documented. The dirt removed from the site is screened to search for any small artefacts that may have been missed 2 Those two are some of the main episodes in History proposed for the golden spike as the beginning of the Anthropocene, however, events like the industrial revolution are also candidates. The controversy not only relies on these debates but also, on the accuracy on dating techniques for such short periods based on geological parameters. 3 I prefer calling sedimentary horizon and geological strata layers, since in archaeological burials it is not always evident the distinction between soil formation and sedimentation. From my experience, settlements established on volcanic ashes are undergoing soil formation processes while the volcanic eruption (geologic sedimentary event) is still very young and preserve main sedimentary features. Another example happens on alluvial plains, where soil formation is present (and traces of agricultural activities can be seen) at the same time as sedimentary deposition of material from the river channel. Despite Earth’s dynamics theory places soil formation as a stable stage of landscape opposed to sedimentary deposition—and even draws a clear line between these two different sciences—they tend to appear together in geoarchaeological settlements. This because the transformation of young sedimentary material such as volcanic ashes or organic matter and sediments from the river, tend to make very fertile inputs to agriculture.

VERTICAL IS THE DIMENSION OF TIME, VERTICAL IS THE DIMENSION OF POWER

the political transformation of the territory comes to light. Moreover, when the digging process expands to archaeological domains, a few metres below the surface, a palimpsest made of five thousand year-old debris, traces of cultures, narratives of wars and destruction, is arranged chronologically in layers compressed with stone and by soil (Weizman 2002). To understand the geopolitical narrative of this land, the vertical subterranean world exposes the complex evolution of land, where the infrastructure placed in the topmost part of the territory as the culmination of an occupation process. It is the vertical dimension—through the validation of the archaeological theory—that opens a counternarrative of what happens in the superficial visible world. The opening scene of The progress of this storm as well as the West Bank example portrays a significant relationship between time and the vertical scale. First, in Malms criticized, the flatness of the land. Power operates in all dimensions. However, the vertical is the dimension that better exposes the historical development of a territory.

Furthermore, despite being a scientist on these matters, the writer choses the word “dirt” to talk about the pedosedimentary materials. This not only deploys the granular material from a scientific context when choosing a colloquialism but also, he choses a term that alludes filthiness, as if these materials kept the archaeological artefacts from being clean. Of course, choosing this word may be a decision to make a scientific explanation more feasible, although, the sedimentary and pedogenic materials oblivion in archaeology can be seen as well in archaeological museums. There, the archaeological artefacts are never placed within their environmental context. These objects narrate ancient civilizations but the environments to which they belong, have no place in the museum room they are exposed; environmental remains, such as soils, sediments, and rocks, are often abrogated to natural history museums, as if they were incompatible items. Dirt in museums, in a physical sense, is kept away form the pieces through glass cabinets and in a broader sense, it is pushed away to a different room of a museum or domain of science. The estrangement between geological/ environmental sciences and archaeology— sciences in charge of the historical understanding of territories, therefore, their vertical dimension— sheds a light on how fragmented the agencies that could represent these matters are.

treherbert • iii.i territorial palimpsest

DISCIPLINARY AND TECHNICAL DETAILS BEHIND THE UNDERREPRESENTED VERTICALITY Until now, I have been using different terms to name the materials engaged with the vertical dimension of territories. One reason for this is that the environmental and geological domains start to entangle the closer we get to the present. In a geological scale—some million years ago— we could talk about palaeoenvironments as the manifestation and preservation of determined features in the stratigraphic register, which are rocks. However, most rock formation processes take place in timespans that are not intelligible in human time scale. Soil, also called the epidermis of

Earth, is the transitional layer—of no more that a couple metres depth—between the surface of the rocks and the aerial world: the land beneath our feet. Its process of formation, generally speaking, comprehends the fragmentation and decomposition of rocks where the characteristics of the formed soil holds information of the environment it was formed (Retallack 2001). Soil is the layer in which archaeologists dig and the soil memory (Targulian and Goryachkin 2004) when buried, can hold history of the environments and the events that occurred in the surface when this layers were exposed. The time scale of soil formation processes better matches human processes, where they can store environments information in timespans that goes from a few years to thousands of years. Undoubtedly, there are interdisciplinary efforts from soil micromorphologists and sedimentary archaeologists4 to put together the paleoenvironmental and archaeological interpretations (Courty 1992). These experts need a technical training on microscopic features on land since at this scale, soil and sediments can register. The expertise they require implies understanding how environmental and human made processes act on a small scale and all of them, according to the historical and environmental context. The pedologic and sedimentary record can store hundreds or thousands of years of history in a few centimetres of pedosediments. Researchers dedicated to these matters need a very broad theoretical background due to the need of knowing about environmental, geological, and historical processes and, technical knowledge to interpret the microscopical scale of the past. All in all, the experts on those matters are very few and the research fields are still very recent— compared with more traditional branches of history and archaeology—to make an echo on contemporary narratives and representations of their findings. In a technical sense, vertical research implies making incisions in the land to generate data. While the surface of the land is overwhelmingly surveyed by drones, satellites, and mobile devices; the vertical dimension of territories requires more rustic techniques like digging and shovelling for their own purposes. 4 Here I refer to sedimentary archaeologists because they use micromorphology to understand their materials. In most part of the document I prefer to talk about soil micromorphologists or soil scientist since I am closer to these topics and soils have better spatial resolution than sediments, ideal for environmental interpretations (Targulian and Goryachkin 2004).

Figure 1. Ibarra-Arzave, et al. 2019. Palaeosoil correlations from Mexico Basin.

There are indeed some remote techniques that allows to know rough surfaces and changes of density of the materials below the surface, but they do not provide the full details needed to explore, represent and understand these materials. THE HIDDEN AGENCY BEHIND THE ENVIRONMENTAL: “NATURAL” SPACES AS CONTROLLED TERRITORIES It becomes each time less clear who is in charge to decipher and narrate the vertical and historical dimension of territories the closer we get to the present. When understanding history in the Anthropocene or human era, soils are one of the geographically specific features of our differentiated world to which other forms of historical explanation often give prominence: relief, climate, vegetation and soils, demographic characteristics, and ethnicity. A It is these specifics of history and geography which variously inflect the dominant mode of production, producing what Marxists refer to as social and economic formations, social formations for short (Cosgrove 1984). Here, soils play a double role in the social formation while being, on the one hand, a material feature that shapes a determined landscape and on the other hand, storing the historical evolution of the social formations processes. Human agency and environmental features—both reflected on soil memory—mutually design each other as

part of a broad social formation. Opposing with the archaeological perspective, soil becomes extremely relevant as well as archaeological materials to understand the historical processes of these formations. Human agency, represented by artefacts and infrastructure, is shaped by the environmental conditions—represented in soil memory—while environment and soils are also under constant modification by the human agency as well. An example of soil representation and its implications on landscape and history can be seen in Cuicuilco: Mexico Basin first urban settlement found under the Xitle volcanic lava (Carballo 2016). Here, the destruction of the of the settlement by extensive lava flows from Xitle volcano has been used consistently to explain the dramatic demographic changes of the period between 100BC and AD 100 that were involved in the emergence of the Teotihuacan state (Plunket and Uruñuela 2016). In contrast, a research project (Ibarra-Arzave, et al. 2019) in the same area reveals the evolution of soil in context with the surrounding landforms (fig. 1) to represent, not only a plausible theory of migration and environmental degradation—prior to the catastrophist volcanic theory—but also; a chronology of the landscape evolution including the implications of agriculture and urbanization. Through palaeosoils it can be understood the modifications on the landscape such as the use of

during the initial excavation. The author of this website focalises the research work on the objects found on the dirt and when taking a second look on this material, it is solely to make sure they lost no artefacts in the search. Even when they mention a mapping process of the objects, they talk about a precise location of it, where they deploy the object from the surrounding material to simplify them into a point in space.

tools to break the natural structures, the change of the river course for urbanization and in that sense, entwine the environmental and urban process, history and its evolution.

REFERENCES Aaron, Daniel. 2014. Engaged Archaeology. Methods. April. Accessed April 2019. https://msu.edu/~aarondan/methodsofarchaeology.htm. Carballo, David. 2016. Urbanization and Religion in Ancient Central Mexico. Oxford: Oxford Scholarship Online. doi:10.1093/ acprof:oso/9780190251062.001.0001. Cosgrove, Denis. 1984. Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape. London: Croom Helm. Courty, M -A. 1992. “Soil Micromorphology in Archaeology.” Proceedings of the British Academy 77: 39-59. https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/pubs/ proc/files/77p039.pdf. Elden, Stuart. 2013. “Secure the volume: Vertical geopolitics and the depth of power.” Political Geography 1-17. Ibarra-Arzave, Georgina, Elizabeth Solleiro-Rebolledo, Sergey Sedov, and D. Leonard. 2019. “The role of pedogenesis in palaeosoils of Mexico basin and its implication in the paleoenvironmental reconstruction.” Quaternary International. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2019.01.012. Jameson, Fredric. 2015. “The Aesthetics of Singularity.” New Left Review 105. Lagerspetz, Olli. 2018. A Philosophy of Dirt. London: Reaktion Books. Malm, Andreas. 2018. The Progress of this storm : on society and nature in a warming world. London: Verso. Plunket, Patricia, and Gabriela Uruñuela. 2016. “Social and cultural consequences of a late Holocene eruption of Popocatépetl in central Mexico.” Quaternary International 19-28. Povinelli, Elizabeth. 2016. Geontologies: A Requiem to Late Liberalism. Durham: Duke University Press. Retallack, G. J. 2001. Soils of the Past. An Introduction to Paleopedology. Oregon: Blackwell Science. Spencer, Douglas. 2018. “Agency and Artifice in the Environment of Neoliberalism.” In Landscape and Agency: Critical Essays, by T. Waterman and E. Wall, 177-185. London and New York: Routledge. Targulian, Victor O., and Sergey V. Goryachkin. 2004. “Soil memory: Types of record, carriers, hierarchy and diversity.” Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas 21 (1): 1-18. Voosen, Paul. 2012. Geologists drive golden spike toward Anthropocene’s base. 17 September. Accessed April 2019. https://www.eenews.net/ stories/1059970036. Weizman, Eyal. 2002. Excavating sacredness. 28 April. https://www. opendemocracy.net/ecology-politicsverticality/article_807.jsp.

CONCLUSION Power and history can not only be read in archaeological buried artefacts but also, in the environment surrounding them; they all interact and overlap in a historic sequence on soil and the positions and features of all the elements constitute a broader narrative. As Elden weaves power territory and control with archaeology to distil the geopolitics behind territories; the inclusion of different materials and techniques from the verticality of the territories could make a richer and more complex portrait. Soils and other materials

treherbert • iii.i territorial palimpsest

From an ecological perspective, soil plays a main role in the natural environment as being the base in which vegetation grows. While vegetation and organisms die along time, they are accumulated and are transformed in soil; as this becomes part and witness of the environmental evolution. I talk about ecology and nature the way (Spencer 2018) traces it as a science originated in the nineteenth century made by the British imperialist project to orchestrate and control the productivity of species and subjects and these served with the tools for understanding human relations to nature and society in order to set administrative economic policies for landscapes, population settlement, and social control. These understanding on nature breaks the logic behind the distinction between what is human agency in landscape and what is not, according the archaeological enterprise. With these, the agency behind natural landscapes do not only belong to natural processes but to the institutions of power who decide and control the ecological characteristics of landscapes. Currently, soil keeps the record of the recent and ongoing changes on landscape, where digging can expose stories of places same way we can understand how Cuicuilcans changed their forest-like environment (luvisol) into a managed and then abandoned place by the time lava covered the settlement as seen in the figure 1 (Ibarra-Arzave, et al. 2019). When seeing these landscapes as a generic top-view picture, its historic evolution might not be as obvious as if a pit was dug to discover its buried past. Only landscape history, seen through the vertical dimension, can show the historic evolution of territories in situ and therefore, make visible the agencies behind a determined manufactured territory.

visible on the vertical dimension can help to understand more recent historical events that can also shed a light to the agencies behind the natural environments. Moreover, the inclusion of the verticality of landscape and its time is relevant not only for theoretical and research purposes but also, because of the need of its representation. Following the idea of Cosgrove that landscape representation is also a way of seeing and how others perceive and relates to a determined landscape; the representation of the vertical might raise the awareness of understanding landscapes and territories as elements in constant transformation but also, part of a historical process.

VISITING THE SOUTH WALES VALLEYS H. Mynydd

TheTreherbert site visit comprehended a couple of days starting from March 27th, in South East Wales from Cardiff to Treherbert Ferndale Ferndale the Valleys with the purpose of visiting the places where the public policies from the research on the Rhondda Cynon Taf operate aiming in documenting: Pontypridd 1_The opinionPontypridd of the local communities about the “regeneration” programs as main agenda of public policies. 2_ The physical image of a landscape shaped by the land reclamation programs from the coal legacy, and the set of ongoing environmental policies. 3_Local initiatives and organizations aiming in improve the economical and social conditions.

Pontypridd

Cardiﬀ

PONTYPRIDD The first stop was the RCT Council - which is located in Pontypridd, where we had the pleasure of speaking to Clare Hewitt, Senior Development Planning Office, and one of the collaborators in the fabrication of the Development plan we have used to create the cartographies. Sadly, we couldn’t speak with the environmental team in charge of the dominant environmental decisions because as they stated, all those decisions are taken in Natural Resources Wales, not locally at the council. Half an hour of meeting, asking diverse questions regarding the future plans of regeneration of the Valleys, most of them focused on areas along the M4 closer to Cardiff. — We’ve heard of some intentions in eventually depopulating the Valleys? “No, No, We don’t want them to leave, we want them to stay there and work there.” Clare Hewitt, 2019 March, 27_RCT Council -Local Development Plan -Depopulating the Valleys?

FERNDALE_ DEPRIVATION OR DEPRESION?

Midday at Pontypridd downtown, Taff road.

By this time, the Just Transition project was merely investigative, journalistic and documentative without a clear idea of what a potential proposal for landscape or communal regeneration or reorganization could be. In our visit in the middle of a confusion pond, we noticed another curious fact, the population age range was predominantly more senior than we had expected, but as active as one can not imagine if compared with the calm experience traveling upwards from Cardiff. The quality of the interviews have been consolidating the historical review in the project by adding the Insider perspective of the changes since the closure of the mines, missing from the beginning of the project. Pontypridd is just the intermediate station that will take us to the head of the Valleys, to finally try to ‘foresee’ how the project might turn into. FERNDALE

-Regeneration Plan

The second stop in the field trip was to Ferndale, which is located in the Rhondda Fach (Small Rhondda). As part of the research, it was part of the itinerary to visit community projects in the Valleys area - of which: Arts Factory. The Arts Factory appeared within the list of initiatives sponsored by the windmill projects in the area. We spoke to reception and got detailed information about the local demographics, indeed a neglected society with no much to do. Once we asked about the windmills - there was a quick conversation switch and it seemed this was something unspoken of. — As far as we know all the surrounding land is public, do you know who owns the forest and the windmill in the upper parts? “That, that was done (forest planting) years ago by the government, we do not know much about it”

Pontypridd, at background RCT Council building.

During our visit to the RCT Council, we were surprised to hear that most of the employees within the council did not reside in Pontypridd or even in the Valleys - but in Cardiff and Swansea. They need to commute daily for their jobs - just like the residents from the valleys commuting daily towards Cardiff. Time for lunch, exploring along Taff street in downtown Pontypridd (Ponty) which was, in the second half of the 19th century, nicknamed the ‘Wild West’ because they were several collieries which transformed the area into a hive of industry. Now much of its infrastructure is being developed under financial aid of the European Regional Development as depicted in the images below.

Although this is the answer of only one person it still suggests a disconnection of the surrounding landscape from its community - physically beside one another but “living” separately. Our general impression of Ferndale was that one could feel the coal out through the general atmosphere of the town and of the residents. Our experience in Ferndale was demotivating, and it was very clear that the town had served for an economy of extraction and the architecture was a large hint of that - all miner houses were aligned with the topography in rows as terraces. But whoever said deprivation, there were no hints of it. We could essentially change the word deprivation by depression, a very monotonous town with poor ground cover where the community has no much to do.

treherbert • iii.ii the future of treherbert

March, 27_Pontypridd downtown

Ferndale

Pontypridd

Cardiﬀ

March, 27_Arts Factory “Humbly situated at the heart of disadvantaged communities, is a independent development trust that creates life-changing opportunities for extraordinary individuals who feel written-off by society.”

March, 27_A walk in Ferndale

-Formerly, the Wild West. Now

-Depression, no Deprivation.

requires European funding for

-Miner houses, all the same

development.

stretching along the valleys contours.

Bridge Restoration_ European Fund

Construction Site_ European Fund

Ferndale, Rhondda Fach

Ferndale

TREHERBERT

March, 28_In the woods with Ceri

H. Mynydd

Three students randomly asking questions to the local people in the Valleys about landownership, policies, plansFerndale for the future, depopulation and wellbeing. Who asks these sort of questions? Us, to which we finally found people willing to respond; a conscious insider perspective could be only documented thanks to our encounterPontypridd with Welcome to our Woods. Now this thesis projects shifts the direction of its investigation, we found our site, we found our argument and we found people who want to collaborate with us.

Ferndale

Pontypridd

Cardiﬀ

-Thinning of dense plantations

Treherbert

Cardiﬀ

In the last stage of our fieldtrip we organised a visit to Richard Edwards, after coming across with his work in Welcome to Our Woods via Twitter [@stickfarmeruk]. Very early morning we departed from Cardiff to Treherbert quite scared by our previous experiences on the other side of the Valleys, especially that we are now heading to the most “deprived” areas (Welsh Government, 2019) in the Valleys.

-Access to our woods -Micro-Hydro Project

Cardiﬀ

He received us in the Bute library, where Welcome to Our Woods is based and which now is being transformed to become the town woodshop. People coming in and out, quite a lot of movement. We were three students who had never imagined would end up in this place, coming from who knows where, sitting, chatting and drinking milk and coffee with two members of the organization: Richard and Ceri Nicolas, as if we were old friends. “Whatever we are doing is not only creating benefits for the people now, but is going to be a benefit to future generation, that is a powerful tool for us.. Agencies and organizations are not that forward thinking, so they feel challenged..” Ceri Nicholas, 2019

FERNDALE_ DEPRIVATION OR DEPRESION?

Midday at Pontypridd downtown, Taff road.

Ceri and Richard took us to the area besides the train station, an area that they recently managed, and took them 7 years to get an agreement in place to allow them to cut wood. At the beginning for us, everything with tress were woodlands, but Ceri made an interesting description: “What we have there is wood dying standing up, mismanaged by large companies” Ceri Nicholas, 2019 Indeed, he was talking about what we all believed was a forest: Immense conifers plantations, so dense that no people, not even a ray of light no life could penetrate. The area they took us consisted in a broadleaved plantation on a reclaimed former Lady Margaret Colliery site, were they had thinning operations ongoing, so light could enter and encourage the growth of new species in the forest floor, and allow sunlight reach the neighbor’s houses besides in winter; a recent microhydro project was also introduced in this walk.

March, 28_Welcome to our Woods -Old Treherbert Library -Re-connecting the community with the landscape

“For people cutting those tress is bad, but if you have the community looking at those woodlands, they will come back. And that is (cuting trees) completely wrong for so many people, the environmentalist they get on tears, but when they come here and they see it ... you see the executives, they tweet at it they photograph it and take selfies, look at this, this is brilliant.” Richard Edwards, 2019 UPPER VALLYES AND SKYLINE PROJECT

Richard revising our Rhondda’s cartographies

Demostration of wood shaving by director Ceri.

They proudly demonstrated and presented their ongoing wood-work in the recently created town woodshop, gave a brief historical review of their history starting from the Coal days, and also shared with us their expertise on woodland management, the prospectus of the Welsh timber industry and how it differs from their communitarian ambition for the future. They aim in making local natural resources more useful and relevant to the community. People from all ages engaged in social and economical activities where everyone would get benefits while improving the poor conditions of a landscape destroyed by intense practices in the past. WELCOME TO OUR WOODS, A WALK TO THE WOODS.

On our way back to the library, we met Ian Thomas, also director of Welcome to Our Woods, who took us to the upper part of the Valleys, heading Rhigos. Two stops: the first one beside the Fernhill colliery site, whiteness of many failed regeneration infrastructure and investment, and the second at the uppermost part of the area besides the conifer plantation, where one can be delighted of the breathtaking views of the landscape of the valleys. Standing up at this view, Ian and Ceri looking down started imagining how the valley potentially would look like in the future, they introduced the Skyline project, Imagine my valley. An ambition that challenges Treherbert Ferndale The conclusions they gave were open questions: What would happen Ferndale if Valleys the impositions of policies. communities were given stewardship of the public land that surrounds the town? Handing people the means Pontypridd Pontypridd Pontypridd to shape their own environment, and gradually provide a link between community and landscape

March, 28_Welcome to our Woodshop

Ferndale

Pontypridd

Cardiﬀ

March, 28_Hendre’r Mynydd Park

-Woodland Management

-Skyline Project

-Woodlands on a reclaimed

-Imagine my valley in the future

formerly colliery site.

-Stewardship of public land to the communities

Demostration of wood shaving by director Ceri.

Interviewing Ian Thomas director of W2OW, upper part of the valleys.

treherbert • iii.ii the future of treherbert

Treherbert

“Seeing a community operating at a landscape scale for me is revolutionary. And it has changed my way of thinking what is possible for the future.” Ian Thomas, Skyline project, 2019. Cardiﬀ

H. Mynydd

WELCOME TO OUR WOODS An exception to the existing policty framework

GENERAL DESCRIPTION Welcome to our Woods seek to maximise social and environmental benefits from managing local resources. Those benefits can include social prescribing (health and well-being), enhancing local biodiversity, and generating and supporting the creation of jobs for people from the community. Uniquely for post-coal communities, as a general picture each valley town is trapped in-between by public land, owned by the Welsh Government Forest Estate, the Coal or local authorities. None of these landholdings provide any significant economic benefit to the their communities. In the upper parts of the valleys, land has economic value - where forestry and wind power are managed by national and international corporations with no direct economic benefit to the local community. Thomas remembers “The chief executive of Natural Resources Wales, when it got when it got created, stood with Ceri and said, ‘All of this land here is uneconomic. If you can think of a better idea of how to use it, tell us and we’ll work with you on it.’” (Sheffield, 2018) As Richard Edwards from W2OW stated: the “Welsh Government are keen to see these areas being managed by local communities; however, they don’t really have a clear idea of the economic benefits that communities can gain from taking on the management of this land.” “It took us 7 years for us to get anything like an agreement in place to enable us to cut woods That no one else-in the world will use , wood with no commercial value.” Richard Edwards The diagram below, represents the application flow of Welcome to Our Woods, where as an exception of Natural Resources Wales and the local RCT Council acquired an agreement on managing a patch of broadleaved woodlands besides the train station in Treherbert. Relations top to down represents the hierarchy of agencies and entities having decisions on land as depicted:

DEFRA

Forestry Com.

Env. Agency

Coal Authority

Welsh Government

Natural Resources Wales

RCT Local Council

AGREEMENT FOR management PUBLIC LAND

In the image to the left we present a collection of all different activities of Welcome to Our Woods in the former library space but also in the woods, activities for people from all ages, skills and backgrounds. Every Thursday afternoon, volunteers create space for people with mental health issues to come and spend time outdoors, weaving, enjoying the fire, drinking tea and chatting. Its at these quiet moments that Thomas knows they’re on the right track: “I look up at all these different things going on and I think, ‘This is right.’” (Sheffield, 2018)

treherbert • iii.ii the future of treherbert

Welcome to our Woods has been successful in defining benefits of woodlands associated with social-prescribing but it is yet to prove the economic benefits that can be gained from managing local woodlands to create local economic benefits. Through our discussions - they have created a catalog of the different economic activities the communities could get involved in: Tree hives using the concept of “Rewilding”, Shroom Zoom Tea to produce herbal tea in the cut logs, Bute & Alder Soap, organic compost, Woodland hops, offering opportunities to sell to local breweries, rustic furnitures and production of renewable energy out of woodfuel and microhydroelectric project. “There are obvious opportunities that are not being realised, we’ve got a hugely productive community, lots of tradesmen and skilled practical workers, but they leave the valley each morning in white vans driving over the mountain. This project is all about realising the very obvious opportunities that are there.” Ian Thomas

Welcome to Our Woods, daily activities in Treherbet.

IMAGINING a different future

ASSEMBLING THE PROPOSAL

Public (wood)lands for local communities

A radical change in three steps

How can an exception to the existing policy framework become the paradigm of the UK public woodlands? In a society struggling to respond to the loss of the Coal-mining identity , Welcome to Our Woods set a new precedent of how, by making an exception to the existing policy framework, different relationships between the landscape and the communities occur. Therefore, we started to imagine: What if the land surrounding local communities is handed to many initiatives like Welcome to Our Woods, to transform the -no go land environment into flourishing public woodlands? The Valleys’ landscapes offer a multitude of opportunities to enable communities, organisations and businesses to work sustainably and innovatively (Welsh Government, 2018) to help deliver environmental, financial and social prosperity towards a green economy. It should not stop here. What if this new relationship could be replicated not only in the whole Treherbert site or even the South Wales valleys but in the whole UK’s public woodlands? As depicted in the diagram below. The current momentum of political changes in the UK. Brexit, and its 25-year development plan, the climate emergency framed under the Climate Change Act, set an environment of change, where a wide range of policies needs to be reformulated. We reviewed the existing frameworks, grants, and schemes to understand what are the changes needed to empower local communities to shape the landscape surrounding them, while restructuring their economy and ecology locally and acting as ‘buffer landscape’ that helps mitigate climate change globally, contributing to achieve the ambitions framed within the Climate Change Act.

EXPANSION IN THREE SCALES : FROM WELCOME TO OUR WOODS TO TREHERBERT TO THE UK

1 2 3

In order to explain our proposal, we synthesize it into 3 main speculations as follows: Include forestry land into the commons scheme and allow local initiatives to manage the public land surrounding them. Reorganize funding where woodlands has the same minimum payment per hectare as farmlands. Create a Community Forestry Council monitored and regulated by the local council to ensure funding and profit benefits the local communities responsibly.

1 RETHINKING THE COMMONS Existing Glastir Commons for grazing Current Glastir—the sustainable land management scheme in Wales (Wikipedia contributors, 2018)—establishes that applicants need to belong to a Grazing Association within the Welsh Government and comprise a minimum of 80% active graziers (Welsh Government, 2013). Glastir Commons states non-agricultural activities as non payable activities (Welsh Government, 2013). The eligibility criteria portrays that forestry is not a priority for common land management, moreover; it is not even a commons activity that could be profitable (Welsh Assembly Government, 2010).

EXISTING GLASTIR COMMONS EXISTING GLASTIR COMMONS

Available to farmers who hold rights on Common Land and arehold partrights of a Available to farmers who Grazing Association on Common Land and are part of a Grazing Association

Landscape Commons We propose to include forestry in the commons as an activity that can be developed in the public lands owned by Natural Resources Wales. Here, forestry and other activities that can effectively manage public goods and join the commons management. We propose that other community partnerships, as Welcome To Our Woods, should manage the commons with the regulation and monitoring of the local council; since case studies and the history of the local policies have shown that decentralised authorities have a better knowledge and understanding of the local needs.

“rethinking the commons” “rethinking the commons”

Allow local forestry initiatives to manage the public landinitiatives surrounding Allow local forestry to them under a commons scheme manage the public land surrounding them under a commons scheme LOCAL COUNCIL LOCAL COUNCIL PUBLIC LAND PUBLIC LAND

community partnership community partnership

2 RE-ENVISIONING THE SUBSIDIARY SYSTEM Existing Funding for CAP & Agri-environemntal schemes. Currently, the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has two main funding schemes: Direct Payments (for farmers) and the Agri-environmental Schemes (for other activities in which forestry is included). The direct payments comprehend 76.6% of CAP subsidies while agri-environmental activities get the 23.3% left (Institute For Government, 2019). Moreover, farmers receive a minimum of £207 per hectare of land which looks (Monbiot, 2016) agricultural while the minimum payment for forestry land is £80 per hectare (Welsh Government, 2019).

direct payment_ 76.6% 207 MIN MIN /ha agriculture agriculture ££ 207 /ha direct payment_ 76.6%

COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY [cAp] COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY [cAp]

£ 207 MIN /ha agriculture

Common Landscape Policy Shimokawa forests in Japan (shown in the next pages), are examples demonstrating public funds being allocated for other types of productive activities that provide ecosystem services; in line with Confor (2017) advise on a Common Countryside Policy: “recognizing that the countryside is more than farming”. We propose a Common Landscape Policy, for a fair treatment for all activities and land uses. So forestry obtains at least the same payment per hectare as farmland’s—reflecting an interest in de-compartmentalizing the land-uses and land-based subsidies.

agri environmental_ 23.3% 80/ha FORESTRY ££ 80/ha FORESTRY agri environmental_ 23.3%

direct payment_ <76.6% 207 min min /ha agriculture agriculture ££ 207 /ha direct payment_ <76.6%

£ 80/ha FORESTRY

£ 207 min /ha agriculture

COMMON LANDSCAPE POLICY [clp] COMMON LANDSCAPE POLICY [clp]

WOODLANDS AND OTHER _ >23.3% 207 MIN MIN /ha /haAND WOODLANDS OTHER ££ 207 WOODLANDS OTHER WOODLANDS OTHER _ &&>23.3% £ 207 MIN /ha WOODLANDS & OTHER

glastir (welsh environmental) glastir (welsh environmental)

glastir (welsh ENVIRONMENTAL) glastir (welsh ENVIRONMENTAL)

FUNDING FUNDING

from welcome to our woods’s 4ha

to 1337 ha?

Large Landowners being subsidized by CAP The CAP Direct Payments are assigned according to how much land is owned, so the richest people in Europe clean up (Monbiot, 2016). Meanwhile, whilst large farms sell at rock-bottom prices, farmers with small capacity struggle with tight margins in a marketplace dominated by actors who wield disproportionate power (Mark, 2014). A reform to the CAP after Brexit needs to ensure the optimum utilisation of the factors of production, in particular, labour (Mark, 2014) in a country of aging workforce and the smallest percentage of agricultural workers worldwide.

The more more land land II own, own, the the The more money money II get! get! more The more land I own, the more money I get!

LANDOWNER LANDOWNER

SUBSIdized land SUBSIdized land

Regulate public Funds with Community Forestry Council. In order to avoid reproducing the illness of farming into the community forestry management, we propose the creation of a Community Forestry Council, with the authority to regulate access to forests, resolve intra-village conflicts, and ensure an equitable distribution of the forestry benefits (Matta & Kerr, 2005). The local council should also be in charge of regulating and monitoring the forestry operations, ensuring the land is managed under a low intense requirement to reduce environmental impact. We We are are a a Community Community Organization Organization We are a Community Organization

COMMUNITY FORESTRY COUNCIL COMMUNITY FORESTRY COUNCIL

LOCAL COUNCIL LOCAL COUNCIL SUBSIDIZED PUBLIC LAND SUBSIDIZED PUBLIC LAND

treherbert • iii.ii the future of treherbert

3 ORGANIZED COMMUNITIES

Map 20-22 Elena Luciano Suastegui, Rafael Caldera, Yasmina Yehia

Diagram 3 Elena Luciano Suastegui, Rafael Caldera & Yasmina Yehia

200,000 anually

2.4 M. (grants and donations)

127ha + recent purchase 432 ha

700ha currently (under Nationa

190 volunteers (live and work locally)

Timber harvest, replant, & deer mgmt.

Community aﬀordable housing

ASSEMBLING THE PROPOSAL

WHAT SUSTAIN US?

A radical change in three steps

Community Forestry Case Studies

BRINGING THE THREE PROPOSALS TOGETHER

FOREST FUTURE CITY IN SHIMOKAWA, JAPAN

The speculations on the reforms proposed are framed in this diagram below, which is the articulation of the policy reforms previously stated as separate diagrams. From top to bottom, the hierarchy of the institutions is presented where policies and stakeholders are involved. Here, we show the modifications required in the policies and how they should be organised through different levels of decision making.

Shimokawa project as a Forest Future City Concept was proposed by 2008, initially to maximise the utilisation of community forest resources by integrating economic, environmental, and social benefits (Kazuyuki, 2017). The plan was designed to work in a long term, involving federal and local governments; both to design the management of the land and create the ideal environment for SMEs to thrive (Furuzawa & Kiminami, 2011). This process started with public and private investment for a community fund (FutureCity Shimokawa, 2012) as described in the diagram below in the first stage. This plan was designed in three main steps, as shown in the diagram below. It starts with the management of the forest, where the products and sub products would become part of energetic and thermal self sufficiency, for the second stage, as well as a source of employment and enterprises. The third stage includes community development through a longer process of investment on forestry holistic education, the development of infrastructure, and continuous implementation of jobs and activities. Overall, this model intends to allow and motivate new generations to live and work in Shimokawa (Japan for Sustainability, 2017). This integral process encompasses the integrated forest industry—a town surrounded by forests, where people gain abundant income from forests, study, play, and maintain health in forests, and lead spiritually rich lives (Kazuyuki, 2017).

The proposal comprehends the inclusion in the commons scheme, public woodlands managed by communities. Parallelly, to incentive in other forms of management, we modified the existing agri-environmental schemes for Glastir, where woodland minimum payment per hectare are the same as agriculture. These are framed under a Common Landscape Policy: The Landscape is not only farming. By redirecting the subsidies, communities, and individuals can have the choice to manage woodlands with the allowance required. And finally, subventions and profits would be administered by the local forestry council, which at the same time, will be monitored by the local council.

25 years plan

brexit

2008 CLIMATE CHANGE ACT

COMMON LANDSCAPE POLICY (CLP) Include all type of landscape that provides Ecological services ex: Conservation areas.

Re-organize funding

“rethinking the commons”

CYCLICAL FOREST MANAGEMENT

direct payment_ 76.6% £ 207 MIN /ha agriculture

“Allow local initiatives to manage and take control of the landscape surrounding them”

This general structure guided us to foresee how the community of Treherbert could engage with the forest following similar patterns. Shimokawa and Treherbert not only share its forested landscape but also, a shared past associated with mining and depopulation after the closure of the industry. In that sense, this example shows the role that local and national authorities could play: offer the support to the local council to authorize the management of the land and provide economic incentives to foster the beginning of a local economy. In Shimokawa, the local government bought the land to the federal government to allow the administration and design by the local community. This allowed on the one hand, that the measures and interventions were tailored according to local conditions and on the other that the benefits from these activities could be as well distributed locally.

WOODLANDS AND OTHER _ 76.6% £ 207 MIN /ha WOODLANDS & OTHER

Good health & well-being

cyclical forest management

Responsible Production

glastir (welsh greenland) Existing Scheme

PUBLIC LAND

COMMUNITY FORESTRY COUNCIL

FUNDING

Zero Emission timber Processing

Biomass Processing

Log

Plant

LOCAL COUNCIL

Forest Scraps

Grow

production of fcs certified timber

Forest Biomass Energy and Thermal Supply

Diagram 4 Elena Luciano Suastegui

1_INTEGRATED FOREST INDUSTRY

2_ENERGY SELF SUFFICIENCY

3_RESPONDING TO AGING SOCIETY

MAKING THE MOST OF FOREST RESOURCES Community fund: Secure independent funding for project investment. Includes donations, public and private funds. ANNUAL PRODUCTION OF £22 000 000 (by 2015)

FOREST BIOMASS ENERGETIC SUPPLY System and equipment to establish network externally, carry out education, training, incubation, and industrialisation. 100% SELF SUFFICIENCY OF ENERGY: HEAT AND ELECTRICITY (by 2018)

COMMUNAL LIVING Shift to an autonomous community. The Community fund, finance periodical evaluation and implementations to increase the Human Development Index of the town. ANNUAL MEDICAL BENEFIT FOR THE ELDERLY £4500 OF PER HEAD (by 2030)

treherbert • iii.ii the future of treherbert

We are a community Organization

Diagram 3 Elena Luciano Suastegui, Rafael Caldera & Yasmina Yehia

Figure 28,29,30 - Extracts from the documentary on integrated forestry model in Shimokawa, Japan

WHAT SUSTAIN US?

Community Forestry Case Studies

3 Practices to ensure Ecosystem Services

JOINT FORESTRY MANAGEMENT TAMIL NADU, INDIA

2 Practices for Income generation

Tamil Nadu is an iconic model for forest management with a “democratization” policy (Corbridge & Jewitt, 1997) for India’s forest governance, popularly referred to as Joint Forest Management (JFM). Through a Village Forest Council, they have managed 14 million ha, approximately 18% of the total forest area in India (Kumar, 2002). It is built under the premise that local communities can regenerate and protect degraded forests if they are adequately compensated (Datta and Varalakshmi 1999). Their full organisation comprehends as shown in the diagram below, a local forest management body managed by the Forest Department, and they both provide protection, management, and funds to the VFC. At the same time, the direct benefits (Matta & Kerr, 2005).

1 Practices for self provisioning

REGISTERED SCOTTISH CHARITY

Protection and management Beneﬁts managed by the village forest council

Beneﬁts managed by the village forest council

Protection and management and funds

REGISTERED SCOTTISH CHARITY

DECENTRALIZED FOREST GOVERNANCE, NEPAL

tillhill forestry

woodfuel business

timber 90%

200,000 anually

2.4 M. (grants and donations)

127ha + recent purchase 432 ha

700ha currently (under Nationa

190 volunteers (live and work locally)

Timber harvest, replant, & deer mgmt.

Community aﬀordable housing

Community aﬀordable housing Figure 34 - Mull Woods Forestry Operations.

Diagram 5 Elena Luciano Suastegui, Rafael Caldera

Diagram 6 Elena Luciano Suastegui, Rafael Caldera

3 Practices to ensure Ecosystem Services

N. W. Mull Community woods

KILFINAN COMMUNITY FOREST

Island woodfuels

VILLAGE FOREST COMMITEE

VILLAGE FOREST COUNCIL Figure 31,32,33 - JFM committees and comunity.

N. W. Mull Community woods

KILFINAN COMMUNITY FOREST

FOREST DEPARTMENT

2 Practices for Income generation

Protection and management

The forest on North West Mull, has provided an income for the group since they built 17 kilometers of roads to get the timber out. It is also home to archaeological Beneﬁts sites, wood-fuel processing, nature trails and an eagle managed by the Beneﬁts VILLAGEgrants FOREST COMMITEE watch point (Sheffield, 2018). They register an income of £2.4M between and donations and 190 village forest managed by council volunteers living and working locally, managing 700ha of woodlands (North West Mull Community Woodland the village Protection and forest council Company, 2019). The group were the first to employ the Scottish Land Reform Act in the sale, which created management the legal grounds to force the sale of private land to community bodies who have an interest in its sustainable and funds development. VILLAGE FOREST COUNCIL The community raised £4.65 million to buy the island, the bulk of it from the Scottish Land Fund, with funding set aside for another two years to conduct land surveys and explore ideas for what to do next (Sheffield, 2018). This case is an example of woodland management through public funds and grants for community management, setting a precedent for the benefits of community woodland management in the UK.

This example shows a type of administration that can be replicated in Treherbert, with the creation of community forestry councils and its articulation with the local council. This system intends to improve the monitoring and distribution of the benefits from forestry to the community, keeping a bond with the authorities that understand the local conditions and interests.

3 Practices to ensure Ecosystem Services

FOREST DEPARTMENT N.W MULL COMMUNITY WOODLAND COMPANY, SCOTLAND

Island woodfuels

tillhill forestry

woodfuel business

timber 90%

KILFINAN COMMUNITY FOREST, SCOTLAND

2 Practices for Income generation

Beneﬁts 1 creating opportunities It is a charity work with and for the local community to manage and develop their forest, managed by Practices for self for a sustainable future for the local economy, recreation and tourism, theprovisioning environment and educationthe village forest council

Community by the 1993 Forest 2.4 M. followed (grants and donations) 200,000 anually forestry in Nepal started with the Decentralization Act of 1982, 700ha local currentlyparticipation, (under Nationa 127ha(Khanal + recent purchase 432 ha Act & Sharma, 2018). The idea behind this approach was to ensure establish volunteers (live and work locally) 190 volunteers (live and work locally) linkages between local and national planning, mobilize local resources, and190strengthen local institutions for Timber harvest, replant, & deer mgmt. Timber harvest, replant, & deer mgmt. development in the long run (Dahal & Chapagain, 2008). The Community Forest User Groups are self-sustained Community aﬀordable housing Community aﬀordable housing and self-governed, following community forestry guidelines and the supervision of the District Forest Office. This system comprehends a total of 2,237,195 households through more than 18,000 Community Forest User Groups in charge of 1.75 million ha (Khanal & Sharma, 2018).

(Kilfinan Community Forest, 2019). The main activity consists on the management of 434 hectares of woodland purchased from the Forestry Commission in Scotland, registering an income of £200,000 annually coming from public and private funds. They have general meetings where the members are entitled to vote for every decision taken in the forest, their finances, memorandums, and administrative changes (Kilfinan Community Forest Company, 2019).

This example demonstrates how a forestry reform to manage public forests can be achievable at a national scale. It has also shown how a policy reform like this can provide benefits for the community and the environment.

REGISTERED SCOTTISH CHARITY

Beneﬁts managed by the village forest council

VILLAGE FOREST COMMITEE

Protection manageme and funds

VILLAGE FOREST COUNCIL

N. W. Mull Community woods Island woodfuels

tillhill forest

woodfuel business

The community with improved forest conditions, local people’s rights of access and the supply of forest products to poorer households have increased. The contribution to soil erosion control, protection and restoration of water sources, environmental purification, and a healthier living environment has been enormous (Dahal & Chapagain, 2008).

As a result of the frequent discussions and meetings, both men and women have developed their leadership skills as they make and implement decisions (Dahal & Chapagain, 2008).

Figure 35 - Mull Woods Forestry Operations.

Good health & well-being Responsible Production

cyclical forest

timber 90%

200,000 anually

2.4 M. (grants and donations)

127ha + recent purchase 432 ha

700ha currently (under Nationa

190 volunteers (live and work locally)

190 volunteers (live and work locall

Timber harvest, replant, & deer mgmt.

Timber harvest, replant, & deer mgm

Community aﬀordable housing

Diagram 7 Elena Luciano Suastegui, Rafael Caldera

treherbert • iii.ii the future of treherbert

Protection manageme

Kilfinan woodland management shared skills and knowledge with Welcome to Our Woods, with a similar management area and a keen interest on involving the community in the activities developed.

KILFINAN COMMUNITY FOREST

FOREST DEPARTMENT

cyclical forest management

Log

Forest Scraps

Biomass Processing

what to learn from when we talk about community forestry management Research on Community Forestry Management

Since the residents of Treherbert have not had the experience of living with the habit of being in touch with woodlands, introducing community management practices can be unfamiliar. How to convince a community who has never wandered it’s restricted woodlands to now be in touch with it? As it is something new, the creation of this new type of relationship for the residents to their surrounding landscape remains challenging and is a practice that should be adopted hand in hand with the community. As part of looking into different existing community forestry management cases such as Nepal’s Community Forestry Policy, Sri Lanka Community Forestry Programme, Vietnam’s Community Forestry Management based on shared benefits, Scotland’s Kilfinan Community Forestry Management - what is common to all is a system governed by different hierarchies and entities to which the community goes in accordance with. Decisions made on land tenure are generally a process of negotiation between the local councils, local communities and national policy makers. Each community studied, as mentioned earlier, has its different ways of dealing with authorities related to management but what is common is the several themes which are reoccurring and mapped out in the diagram below. This diagram was an aid to the following phasing process and englobes the main themes to keep in mind for a better understanding of community woodland management and how it functions through its own network. What this diagram leads to is understanding that through the previous case studies and local demographics (found in the following page), that the landscape and people both have to undergo a process of transition - that is intertwined in a web of networks which impact one another. For example, to achieve woodland management, if the community partnernship does not overlook community participation to avoid or mediate through conflict resolution on one hand and also community with the local council which should also have its role to interefere - then the web links could lead to a less solid system.

treherbert • iii.ii the future of treherbert

HIERARCHIES IN COMMUNITY FORESTRY MANAGEMENT

Figure 36 - Kumrose Community Forest, Kumrose, Nepal

Diagram 8 Yasmina Yehia

local demographics

(2002) £ 794, 761

BAPTIST CHURCH, COMMUNITY CENTRE

PROJECT SKYLINE

477

203

472

181 57

VALLEYS KIDS

(2018) £ 50,000

WELCOME TO OUR WOODS

(2018) £ 10, 000 2 PAY AS YOU FEEL CAFE

(2018) £ 1,282,000

? COMMUNITY ALLOTMENT

(2019) £ 90,000

Who does what in Treherbert?

Members of ORGANIZATIONS

528

446

2020

UNSKILLED

183

159

805

RETIRED

332

UNEMPLOYED

The local demographics place most of the population as Hard-Pressed Ageing Industrious Workers and deprived blue collar terraces (CDRC 2011). These categories hint towards the sort of skills and profiles of the population that would engage with the forestry management. So based on their profiles, mapped out are the possible members of the community that could take an active role within the project to which unemployment was mapped. Community projects located within the town are linked in–direct or indirect ways–to the thesis framework. These were located spatially but also according to the grants and funds acquired during the past year - to develop community projects. The financial details set the bar from which the scale of the project could evolve and materialize; in other words, one of the variables to start imagining the design development was by considering the machinery and labour extension if they were only afforded by the already existing grants. Elena Luciano Suastegui Map 23

what we talk about when we talk about the community HARD PRESSED RENTED TERRACES

CHALLENGED TRANSITIONARIES

RENTING HARD-PRESSED WORKERS

DEPRIVED BLUE COLLAR TERRACES

WHAT WE TALK ABOUT WHEN WE TALK ABOUT THE COMMUNITY Some numbers and names HARD PRESSED RENTED TERRACES DEPRIVED BLUE-COLLAR TERRACES

CHALLENGED TRANSITIONARIES AGEING INDUSTRIOUS WORKERS

RENTING HARD-PRESSED WORKERS NETWORKS

AGEING INDUSTRIOUS WORKERS

treherbert • iii.ii the future of treherbert

We researched into the local demographics, community initiatives with their corresponding grants in order to understand part of the needs and skills present in the community.

TRANSVERSAL TRANSITIONS land status

2020

2025

2045

BR OA DL EA GR F WE EEN DG ES

COAL EXPLOITATION

SIN

policies

Treherbert: a timeline through a policy reform and community forestry management

2014

SL A

1919

POLICY REFORM

PRODUCTIVIST FOREST

PHASE 1: FOREST MANAGEMENT

PHASE 2: DIVERSIFICATION OF THE LOCAL ECONOMY

PHASE 3: CORE ECONOMY

activities

BROADLEAF OPEN ACCESS

WOODLAND MANAGEMENT

BIOMASS ENERGY

RIVER WATERSHED IMPROVEMENT

MICROHYDRO

COMMUNITY ALLOTMENTS

COMMUNITY LOCAL INITIATIVES

AFFORESTATION

HIKING TRAILS

TIMBER PRODUCTION

450

515 500

60 200

137 153 177 200 263 308

transversal transitions

The model of a mode of production will be altered in practice by those geographically specific features of our differentiated world to which other forms of historical explananation often give profuinence: relief, climate, vegetation and soils, demographic characteristics and ethnicity. It is these specifics of history and geography which variously inflect the dominant mode of production, producing social formations (Cosgrove, 1984). Thus, by digging down the surface of this manufactured woodland, we came across again to the coal that during the eighteenth century, drove entire communities to settle in the Rhondda Valleys and serve for the coal exploitation. The verticality of the cartography tells the story of the industrial coal era, followed by the mercantilist production of wood and the further greenwashed discourse of sustainability to perpetuate the disconnection of the landscape from the community and the agents in charge of designing the power relationships upon these territories . Overlapped, coal and woodlands, compose those geographically specific features that alter the centralised modes of production that have reigned for the past century. Considering this duality of the material conditions of the territory shaping the social formations developing on it, we aim at projecting our design focusing on the forms of the roads, the required machinery, the scale of production—among other details—in order to project the social effects of the latter. We learnt from the site visit how relevant it is to allow the community take control of the landscape and that this process, require material conditions to make this happen. Yasmina Yehia Map 30

treherbert • iii.ii the future of treherbert

This section aims at representing a landscape which transitions through time after a policy reform showing a set of activities which begin appearing from 2020 to 2085 and meant to show how the business model proposed consolidates with the transversal landscape and how policies can be seen effective on a day to day basis. This section of Treherbert must be read in 2 directions: where from left to right, we show the transformation in time departing from our Policy reform, where we speculate a change in three phases: starting with the selective thinning supported by public investment. Then, the byproducts of forestry trigger the local economy diversification that the community will further consolidate into a resilient core economy.

TOURIST LODGIN

COAL EXPLOITATION

2020

2025

2045

2085

BR OA DL EA GR F WE EEN DG ES

SLA

policies land status

2014

SIN C

1919

POLICY REFORM

PRODUCTIVIST FOREST

PHASE 1: FOREST MANAGEMENT

PHASE 2: DIVERSIFICATION OF THE LOCAL ECONOMY

PHASE 3: CORE ECONOMY

activities

BROADLEAF OPEN ACCESS

WOODLAND MANAGEMENT

BIOMASS ENERGY

RIVER WATERSHED IMPROVEMENT

MICROHYDRO

COMMUNITY ALLOTMENTS

COMMUNITY LOCAL INITIATIVES

AFFORESTATION

450

515 500

60 200

137 153 177 200 263 308

transversal transitions

HIKING TRAILS

TIMBER PRODUCTION

TOURIST LODGING

phase i : primary energy production & woodlands Phasing and envisioning Community Forestry Management

3 Marking

Conifer removal

Wood for biomass

4 Coppicing

Land 1 surverying

RHIGOS

polytunnel grafting

ROAD

polytunnel seeds

2 Marking

1 Freshly cut

Tending

3 biomass plant

6 machinery parking

Biomass plant New Community Hub

Watershed improvement

Biomass CHP

shed chip storage

Woodland management

shed tools 4

Transport to biomass

Fernhill Colliery Land Reclamation

BLAENRHONDDA

RISK AREA-NO INTERVENTION

WOODLAND MANAGEMENT

NO INTERVENTION RIPARIAN MANAGEMENT

We depart by binding our suggested model framework along with welcome to our woods’s – looking in from the community’s perspective. We begin at first with 8 people, the ones of welcome to our woods which then double up by end of phase 1. Three areas will be operated in parallel: 1- The thinning process of the pine forests which due to ecological competition, have lost their value for timber production - so to make better use of the available wood, we placed two biomass plants aimed at generating energy but also allowing the community to receive back from their landscape. So we question how the community can get in touch with a landscape that has been made accessible. 2- Kickstarting the watershed improvement (highlighted in darker green) to accommodate for future hydro electric schemes for the following phases. The coppicing of this area will also feed the biomass plants. 3- Creating a main base for the seeding and grafting in preparation for future phasing in the upper land reclamation area :dotted dark Grey area, where one of the biomass plants are located. Yasmina Yehia Map 24-25

TREHERBERT TYNEWYDD

BLAENCWM

primary energetic production WATERSHED IMPROVEMENT

WOODLAND MANAGEMENT

BIOMASS BOILERS (ANCHOR POINTS)

COMMUNITY INVOLVMENT

ENERGY PRODUCTION

treherbert • iii.ii the future of treherbert

Phase 1 stretches over 10 years and focuses on preparing the grounds for a landscape meant to supply energy and accommodate for woodland management.

phase ii: diversification of the local economy Phasing and envisioning Community Forestry Management

5 town houses

composting

polytunnel

hut 6

tool shed

penstock

pedestrian trail

3 allotments

power house

polytunnel mushrooms

1 to the land rec nurseries water intake

polytunnel composting 5 wood storage

watershed improvement

Biomass plant New Community Hub

Valleys Kids

Library Biomass CHP

Woodland management

Watershed improvement

Baptisit Church

Biomass plant

Micro hydro

Pay as you feel cafe

2 skill sharing lab area

Micro hydro

11 social space

coppicing monitoring

Microhydro

lodge for workers

Allotments

shed for tools

Fernhill Colliery Land Reclamation

BLAENRHONDDA

TREHERBERT TYNEWYDD

BLAENCWM

To be able to lay out the forest envisioned, phase 2 is a continuation of phase 1 where the watershed management and woodland management continue expanding.Furthermore, the inclusion of community allotments and community centers go hand in hand with the network created in phase 1 - where this newly built relationship is part of a process of getting the community familiar and in touch with woodland management. WOODLAND MANAGEMENT RISK AREA LAND RECLAMATION

GRAFTING/SEEDING BROADLEAF MANAGEMENT ACID GRASSLAND AFFORESTATION RIPARIAN MANAGEMENT

This diversification allows for market testing of products readily available at this stage of the process, mainly relying on produce that is non timber related yet. Yasmina Yehia Map 26-27

a diversified woodland WOODLAND MANAGEMENT WATERSHED IMPROVEMENT

AFFORESTATION GRASSLAND MICRO HYDRO

AFFORESTATION BARREN LAND

BIOMASS BOILERS (ANCHOR POINTS)

COMMUNITY CENTERS

COMMUNITY INVOLVMENT COMMUNITY ALLOTMENTS

COMMUNITYFLOW/NTFP FLOW ENERGY PRODUCTION

treherbert â&#x20AC;¢ iii.ii the future of treherbert

Phase 2 stretches to year 25 and relies on encouraging the local community to take part in a local scale economy through managed infrastructure.

phase iii: core economy Phasing and envisioning Community Forestry Management

water intake 1 water intake

1 watershed improvement

coppicing monitoring 2

polytunnel seeds

watershed improvement

touristic trails 1

coppicing monitoring 2

polytunnel seeds

Pay as you feel cafe

Watershed improvement

Micro hydro

Microhydro Biomass plant

Allotments

Valleys Kids Biomass plant New Community Hub Forestry School

Biomass CHP

Library

Freshly cut

Tourist Lodges

Micro hydro

Baptisit Church

touristic lodges 1

Tourist Lodges

Timber Production

Pay as you feel cafe

Micro hydro

Micro hydro Watershed improvement

Biomass plant Tourist Lodges

Micro hydro

touristic lodges 1

Allotments

Microhydro

touristic trails 1

Fernhill Colliery Land Reclamation

BLAENRHONDDA TYNEWYDD

TREHERBERT Fernhill Colliery Land Reclamation

BLAENRHONDDA

TYNEWYD

Phase 3, stretching from year 25 to 40 is envisioned as the expansion of the coverage of the forest management - whereby the wood management has reached timber value and where the community can sustain itself on timber production. As part of a community managed town, the expansion of the timber industry and community closeness - the touristic flow can begin growing through managed paths besides the riparian managed areas as hiking trails. Additionally attracting tourists would also include the construction of lodges and bed & breakfasts - also supporting the local economy. RISK AREA - GROWTH OF NEWBORNS

WOODLAND MANAGEMENT

RIPARIAN

MANAGEMENT

Activities which Welcome to Our Woods has already started are envisioned to grow and include tourists interesting in partaking in community activities. Yasmina Yehia Map 28-29

BLAENCWM

core economy in treherbert WOODLAND MANAGEMENT WATERSHED IMPROVEMENT

AFFORESTATION GRASSLAND MICRO HYDRO

AFFORESTATION BARREN LAND

BIOMASS BOILERS (ANCHOR POINTS)

COMMUNITY CENTERS

COMMUNITY INVOLVMENT COMMUNITY ALLOTMENTS

COMMUNITYFLOW/NTFP FLOW ENERGY PRODUCTION

TOURIST LODGES TOURIST TRAILS

treherbert â&#x20AC;¢ iii.ii the future of treherbert

BLAENCWM

treherbert â&#x20AC;˘ iii.ii the future of treherbert

community woodland

In this section two arguments & critiques are raised: - How are woodlands understood and designed ? ...land covered with trees are not forests. -“Plant a tree so we also tackle Climate change”, but does one know how, why, where and what tree is being planting? And, who will look at it after it is planted it? The integration of an Earth scientist as one of our members, has raised interesting discussions and productions throughout the development of the project, challenging the specificity and compartmentalization of our disciplines. It also helped all of us go beyond the understanding of woodlands as a ‘collection of trees’ above the soil line, but as arena of interactions and relations between the spatiality of their configuration above ground and their composition underground. On a landscape of protracted economical practices and intense disturbance, the aim is to develop type of communitarian woodland management under the speculations of an imminent reform of the existing political frameworks. It aims on achieving a desired apex of natural restoration, where the community will satisfy their social and economic needs only if they have an active role in managing and restoring woodlands and its most precious natural resource: Soil. Well managed woodlands -soils play a vital role mitigating climate change, enhancing biodiversity, storing carbon and purifying the water systems we all depend on.

100

just transition

Iv.I forestry: a re-imagined framework iv.ii the idea of a shifting plan Iv.iii a cartographic manifesto

Soil Sample Model

soil sampling

SOIL DISPLAY MODEL Our physical model, overall comprehends the profiles sampled from the three sites. They are displayed in a wooden frame capped with an acrylic perspex as shown in the diagram bellow; the three samples are assembled on a metal frame side by side so it facilitates the comparison of the overall layers structure, color composition and vegetation picked from their corresponding sites, also accommodated on top of it.

TECHNICAL REPORT 2 SUBMITTED BY ELENA LUCIANO Medium used: wooden panels, two shovels, knifes. This manual describes the process of soil sampling. Exposes the material implications of the unintentional soil design.

12 cm Opening: Allows the soil & organism exchange oxigen. Avoids fogging in the model.

Preliminary Exploration_ Site Visit The physical models shows how the manufacture of certain type of woodlands (and other landscapes) implicitly design different types of soil. To properly show the extension of the later, we decided to show the soil profiles through the dimension where changes can be better appreciated: the vertical dimension. We’ve decided to design this installation after an exploitative first visit to the Welcome to Our Woods site, where we first had a physical contact with soil and observed a pattern where less than 30 cm of soil sustained a whole healthy forest.

Wooden Frame 1”x1” Steel Frame 1 cm t. Acrilic Board: Full transparent for display purposes.

12 cm Opening: Allows the soil & organism exchange oxigen. Avoids fogging in the model.

From the “Forests” to the AA Morwell Studio For our installation we have chosen three different locations to sample: An undisturbed grassland soil from a Treherbert patio, a reclaimed site of an ex-colliery site, now young broadleaved woodlands managed by Welcome to Our Woods soil, and AA Dorset- Hooke Park. These three places respectively represent three different stages of soils for our project: One from the past, one from the present, and one for the future we envision years--or even centuries-- after an intimate engagement of the local community in forestry management. We 12 cm Opening: prepared a 1m depth waterproof wooden box to load the soil andthe keep it organism structurally undistributed. Shovels Allows soil & exchange and other equipments were carried and borrowed in situ. The soil oxigen. sampling and excavations in Treherbert were developed in collaboration with two W2OW members.Avoids fogging in the model.

AA Dorset_Hooke Park In AA Dorset Hooke Park, using the facilities of the campus, we processed Sitka- Spruce soft wood to create a 1 meter display frame for each one of the picked soil profiles, , and back in London recycled metallic material from school exhibition was re-purposed to create a metal frame installation for display. It is worth mentioning that all the materials used for the fabrication of the models, were recycled from the school exhibition.

Wooden Frame

Mounting Each profile was trespassed from the boxes that we brought to the sites to the boxes for further displaying. being careful of keeping the original structure, as it is very fragile. Part of the structure was disturbed mostly by the lack of water and exposition to air once brought to the school although, original features and overall gradients in texture, colour, composition, and structure are still visible and easy to compare.

1”x1” Steel Frame 1 cm t. Acrilic Board: Full transparent for display purposes.

12 cm Opening: Allows the soil & organism exchange oxigen. Avoids fogging in the model.

Treherbert

Hooke Park

Preliminar visit to W2OW site Treherbert

Second visit to W2OW Soil Sampling

Construction of Sampling Boxes

2 AA Bedford

Visit to Hooke Park Soil Sampling Construction Wood Frames

5 Geological Survey

SOIL SAMPLING WORKFLOW

1 Treherbert

Preliminar visit to W2OW site Treherbert

Hooke Park

Soil Excavation in a reclaimed colliery site

Step 3. Sample boxing and Transportation

Step 4. Soil trespassing to display box.

Second visit to W2OW Soil Sampling

Visit to Hooke Park Soil Sampling Construction Wood Frames

5 Geological Survey

Step 2. Soil Excavation

Construction of Sampling Boxes

2 AA Bedford

Step 1. Soil Identification

Thin Section Preparation

Assamblage ot the Display for exhibition

Thin Section Preparation

103

102

community woodland • iv.i forestry: a re-imagined framework

Figure 1 - Soil Excavation in a reclaimed colliery site

Assamblage ot the Display for exhibition

SOIL THIN SECTION Preparation by British Geological Survey

ABSTRACT

THIN SECTION COMPARISON

In collaboration with the British Geological Survey, two thin sections from different soils were made, in order to understand the impact of a woodland design in the microscopic scale of soil. The samples show the relict of an undisturbed soil compared to an incipient young soil and how the activities from the woodland management are designing the latter. They were elaborated by Mr. John Fletcher, Sectioning Lab Officer from the thin section laboratory in the Environmental Science Centre in the British Geological Survey.

SAMPLE ONE: Podzol_ Grassland relict in a undisturbed Patio Position 75x50mm Sample dimension

High porosity. A good structure for water flow, where pores are interconnected between the soil blocks. During rain, a high interconnected porosity reduces the water runoff in surface, preventing erosion.

SAMPLE ONE: Podzol_ Grassland relict in a undisturbed Patio. Treherbert, South Wales, UK 51°40’12.90” N 3°32’3.83” W

Sub-angular structure. A structure from a mature B horizon, its angles denote the mineralization process. This structure takes decades to form.

We named the samples T1 and T2, form Treherbert, South Wales, (figure 2). We sampled them with aluminum foil, our version of the kubiena boxes but here we can take bigger samples with the minimum disturbance (figure 3). Preferentially, they should be kept in the kitchen foil so they do not loose the structure. The tupperwares can be filled wit the epoxy to keep the structure. In the boxes we put a legend saying this side up, to point the top of the thin sections and some dotted lines to show where the ideal cut of the block could be. Based on that, we drew a dashed line indicating where the thin section should be cut, as in figure 3. In this particular sample, the cut could be displaced a bit in the sides since it is quite homogeneous and the sample is rather big (figure 4). The paper labels should be removed when pouring the epoxy to avoid painting the sample.

The forms of the sub-angular structure have multiple smaller pores, allowing water to penetrate in them, to continue the chemical transformation of the minerals that roots and organisms living in soil will take.

Oxides: minerals formed by the chemical transformation of soil, where this reaction liberates elements and compounds in soil water solution for the organisms.

SAMPLE ONE: Podzol_ Grassland relict in a undisturbed Patio Position 75x50mm Sample dimension

Young root. Consequence of the diverse forest, these new roots gives structure to the soil. Figure 2

Figure 3

Piece of bark. Residue from thinning activities, its further decomposition through microorganisms, will be incorporated to the sequestered soil carbon.

Figure 4

SAMPLE TWO:

Granular soil structure. Typical of an organic horizon, small rounded granules. This structure is mainly formed by microorganisms decomposing and transforming the materials. Black colour is a sign of a high presence of carbon.

Technosol _Incipient soil with coal as parent material Treherbert, South Wales, UK 51°40’12.90” N 3°32’3.83” W

Shale. Part of the sandstones and Shales Llantwit N1 (Geological Survey of England and Wales 1:63,360/1:50,000 1899). Fragmented by mining. Anthracite. A compact variety of coal, with a sub-metallic luster. It contains the highest energy density of all types of coals: the highest ranking of all coals (Stefanko 2006).

So in this sample the same lines indicate where the cuts are ideal to make the best out of it (figure 7) For drying purposes both should be just fine if they are kept in the aluminum foil and then put inside the oven or the hot plate, as long as they remain covered - we did not pour epoxy to avoid painting the sample. CONCLUSION By making visible the underworld of our designed space, we can see how soil is designed by the activities and decisions taken in the aerial world. First, if just transition is committed to the carbon sequestration, it should take soil and its design as one of its main actors, soil is the part of the environment with more sequestered carbon.

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

In the thin sections (figures above.) it is shown how soil is microscopically design, through the minerals’ transformation with water, running through the pores and nurturing organisms: this underworld plays the main part of transforming, storing and organising the organic and mineral particles so the surface world can run a decarbonised economy. Including different scales and narratives from an Earth-Scientist point of view sheds a light in scales and agencies often neglected, such as soil. However, landscape urbanists should always dialogue with other disciplines and expertise, since every territorial modification always (un)intendedly designs and impacts all scales of it.

105

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community woodland • iv.i forestry: a re-imagined framework

This second sample, T2, is packed in almost the same way (figure 5), but it is slightly smaller as seen in figure 3 and 4 The soil here was very incipient, so we have a very thin soil and for our thin section is super relevant to keep inside the pieces of coal as shown in the figure 6, which represent the parent material of the sample. They are just two fragments of rock at the bottom of the sample as shown in the same couple of images. Here the aluminum foil is more compact so it might be a bit easier to identify where to cut.

WOODLAND EVOLUTION Treherbert Landscape

The image to the left depicts the high moorland surrounding each valley and a town in-between, as a general image representing the composition of the landscape of the valleys; a landscape that has been largely repaired from the Coal legacy to host and support significant economic benefits for the Forest Estate and the government due to intensive forestry operations as shown in the background. The landscape is mainly composed by two dominant ground covers: An overstocked coniferous land and barren vegetation (which differs in many areas from heaths which is an important habitat for insects and other species). These two opposite conditions are presented in the diagram below at the extremes. The diagram also shows the time required through to achieve a managed forest status in the center.

SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION OF WOODLANDS

Over-stocked (Conifer)

Frame: Tending 1 Over-stocked season (Conifer)

OS_1

Frame: Tending 1 season

OS_2

OS_1

OS_3

OS_2

OS_4

OS_3

OS_4

Diversiﬁcation

Frame: Diversifying stock:

Diversiﬁcation Broadleaf 15~20 years OS_8

OS_7

OS_8

OS_6

OS_7

10~15 for tending Frame: Conifer Diversifying stock: Broadleaf 15~20 years Conifer 10~15 for tending

OS_5

OS_6

OS_5

Management

Frame: Thinning needed Management every 5 years approx. Frame: Thinning needed every 5 years approx.

Frame: Thinning needed every 5 years approx.

Management

Frame: Thinning needed every 5 years approx. MANAGED STATUS

OS_9

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MANAGED STATUS

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First management

First management Frame: Tending 1 season Remove Frame:deseased, Tending 1wolves season and PCT’s competitors. Remove deseased, wolves and PCT’s competitors. US_5

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Understocked

Understocked (Barren land) (Barren land)

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Years 1

106

Diagrams drawn by Rafael Caldera

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Frame: Planting (>20

Frame: Planting (>20 years to grow) years to grow)

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Figure 37 - Composition of the Rhonddas Landscape_Cwmparc From The Bwlch Mountain Road

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Potential Crop Tree

Managed Status

Wolf / Diseased

Managed Status

PCT Competence 3

PCT Competence

Dead and dying 4

Dead and dying

25 5

New planted trees 5

New planted trees

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community woodland • iv.i forestry: a re-imagined framework

US_4

SOIL EVOLUTION

STAGES ALLOCATION

Treherbert Landscape

The evolution of woodlands aboveground line has repercussions on the soil dimension under ground line. The same strategy of mapping stages is adopted for representing this -usually obviated- dimension, where the soils corresponding to the two dominant ground covers (overstocked conifer land, and understocked representing barren vegetation) are mapped at the extreme of the diagram. In the center a “healthy” soil is mapped, representing the outcome of decades of constant management, monitoring, and diversification of species aboveground. Three qualities are compared among the different stages of soils: Active CO2 sequestration, Stored organic carbon and Stored inorganic carbon to document the relevance of enhancing the resiliency of this dimension.

Both Woodland aboveground stages and Soil underground stages of the two previous diagrams are mapped onto the overall of Treherbert in the cartography below. This mapping exercise is a reminder that although the project aims in understanding ecology as a holistic system, specific conditions in situ require specific interventions. This cartography should be an overall plan in constant change and has an expriry date - it needs to be updated as the landscape is suffering through an intervention, so it becomes a management tool with the potential of being combined with other management methods (ex.drone surveying) to document the status of the landscape, and present a full panorama that could facilitate the community speculate actions, take or plan decisions on where to undertake management.

EVOLUTION OF SOILS IN WOODLANDS.

SPATIALIZATION OF LANDSCAPE STATUS

OS_01 OS_01

OS_1

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1 season

10 years

20 years

First thinnings allow the entrance of light. With this, new species born, whose carbon sequestration is higher than old species.

30 years

Frame: Forest thinning, diversiﬁcation of species, and low soil compaction and erosion practices.

30 years

Growth of new species

20 years

Over stocked (Conifer)

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Development of horizons

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Enhancing soil capture

After 40 years of rock fragmentation and the born and death of organisms, a thicker A horizon starts to develop and sustain taller vegetation.

With the rain season after the ﬁrst thinnings, shrubs and herbaceous vegetation grow, that will later in fall and winter, incorporate to the soil.

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MANAGED STATUS

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Ecologic succession

Frame: Mulching, agroforestry, composting, log nursing, and bird perching.

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community woodland • iv.i forestry: a re-imagined framework

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Understocked (Barren land)

After pioneer species form the ﬁrst milimetres of soil, new species arrive to increase the soil generation and decomposition of rocks and lithics.

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Active CO2 sequestration

Stored organic carbon

Stored inorganic carbon

Living plants capture through its leaves, CO2, that will further, accumulate in the soil. Younger plants capture CO2 more eﬃciently than old ones.

Through the mineralization of carbon captured by plants and microorganisms, soil accumulates carbon in its horizons. In these forests, around 70% of the totalcarbon is stored belowground (Vanguelova et al. in preparation).

After centuries or more time of mineralization of the forests organic matter, starts the formation of the inorganic coal: the same mineral structure that fueled the industrial revolution. In Wales its fraility enhances the soil formation.

108

Flow Direction Following the woodland evolution, the direction starts from the extremes (Overstocked/ Barren landscape) towards the center (Managed Status).

Diagram drawn by Elena Luciano

Map 30 Rafael Caldera

0S_08

PRIVATE LAND

CONIFER PLANTATION

CLEARFELLED

STATUS IN TIME

BARREN CONIFER

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CONIFER

DENSE PLANTATION

GRASSLAND | HRA

BROADLEAF FOREST

STOCKED CONIFER 0S_01

GRASSLAND

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BROADLEAF WOODS 0S_07

0Km

1Km

5Km

109

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ORGANIZATION | ZONING STRATEGY

ZONING ALLOCATION

Treherbert Landscape

Sections drawings are used to explore the possible organization strategies for the development of the forestry project. Two main type of woodlands are proposed: Woodlands for management (section 2) and a Riparian forest buffer in the areas that directly impacts the water systems as shown in the section below. (section 1). The topography and accessibility of the community from the town to the woods are crucial factors that subdivide two type of woodlands: A cost-buffer of 200~600m (depending on topography) from the town boundary. The conditions within this buffer could be easily improved by a more active “close-to-nature” local communities, due to high level of accessibility; sightseeing paths, recreation sites and nature education and information centers are encouraged to occur more abundantly within this buffer. Areas with less access (top of the valleys, steep areas) could become areas of conservation and production employing local community members.

Four main zones are defined (as described in section.2) Riparian Buffer, Woodlands 50 %, woodlands 30 % where the percentage refers to the intensity of thinning (more percentage is equivalent to less trees) and High Risk Barriers. And they are allocated in the map below in the whole Treherbert site. The Riparian Zone depicted in the cartography is the result of a cost analysis developed in GIS according to the criteria described in section.1 where steeper areas requires a wider buffer in plan.

SECTION 1. RIPARIAN AREA DELINIATION

LAND USE & ZONING

Woodlands

>25%

Woodlands

24% - 25% 21% - 23% >25%

18% - 20% Stream/ Wetland

Slope: 10% RZ Cost: 33m Extension: 0m Slope: 16% RZ Cost: 17m Extension: 25m

24% - 25%

15% - 17%

21% - 23% cost+ 20 m 18% - 20% cost+ 25 m cost+ 3315% m - 17% cost+ 40 m cost+ 50 m New buﬀer width / slope (%) cost+ 20 m cost+ 25 m cost+ 33 m cost+ 40 m cost+ 50 m New buﬀer width / slope (%)

Stream/ Wetland

Woodlands 30% SECTION 2. ZONING

High Risk Barrier

Woodlands 30%

High Risk Barrier

B’B

Woodlands 30%

Woodlands 50% & Recreation

Slope: 13% RZ Cost: 25m Extension: 0m Slope: 16% RZ Cost: 17m Extension: 25m Slope: 20% RZ Cost: 12m Extension: 25m Slope: 10% RZ Cost: 33m Extension: 0m Slope: 11% RZ Cost: 30m Extension: 0m Slope: 10% RZ Cost: 32m Extension: 0m Slope: 11% RZ Cost: 30m Extension: 0m

Urban

Riparian & Recreation B’B

Woodlands 30%

Ext= 0 m

Riparian Buﬀer

A’A

Ext < 25m

Woodlands

Riparian Buﬀer

A’A

Ext > 25m

Woodlands

The high risk areas depicted in the cartography are defined by the Coal Authority as “unstable grounds” (steep areas); The project includes into the overall forestry proposal the areas which slope is less than 30%, even though they are tagged as “high risk” landscape.

Woodlands 50% & Recreation

Urban

Slope: 20% RZ Cost: 12m Extension: 25m Slope: 56% RZ Cost: 9m Extension: 50m

Riparian & Recreation

Slope: 20% RZ Cost: 12m Extension: 25m

Slope: 15% RZ Cost: 52m Extension: 0m

Slope: 52% RZ Cost: 10m Extension: 50m

Slope: 12% RZ Cost: Exist Extension: Urb

Valley Floor Coal Reserves Slope > 25% + 20m buﬀer

200~600m

100~400m (1/3 total width) Coal Reserves

dist

Slope > 25% + 20m buﬀer

200~600m

Slope: 6% RZ Cost: Exist Extension: Urb

Old sandstone Valley urban widthFloor

Slope: 10% RZ Cost: 33m Extension: 0m

Old sandstone 100~400m (1/3 total width)

Slope: 13% RZ Cost: 25m Extension: 0m

urban width

Riparian Buffers

High risk Barriers

Woodlands (30%) & Recreation

Woodlands (50%) & Recreation

Correspond to the interface between land and streams. The riparian diverse plants habitats and communities are hybridized with recreation trails, a strategy for access, ecology conservation and potential tourism.

Management in this vulnerable area is an essential key to prevent soil loss from erosion and gravel slides. The plan includes the allocation of leaky dams and erosion barriers along the steep areas (High Risk areas).

Areas with less access for the general community are a mixture of productive woodlands with dwellings and forestry. Some neighbors living in the forest represent empirical managers rapidly reacting at any emergency.

Woodlands surrounding the towns are not dense so neighbors living beside could have sunlight at winter, these lands are hybridized with recreational open spaces, co creating a series of diverse spatial opportunities.

STREAM ORDER

Diagrams drawn by Rafael Caldera

Map 31 Rafael Caldera

RIPARIAN BUFFER 0Km

1Km

TOWN BUILDINGS

CLEARFELLED LAND

HIGH RISK AREAS

STEEP AREAS >40% 5Km

111

Slope: 6% RZ Cost: Exist Extension: Urb

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community woodland • iv.i forestry: a re-imagined framework

dist

Slope: 10% RZ Cost: Exist Extension: Urb

LAND USE STRATEGY

Production, Recreation & Soil Conservation

The strategy aims in challenging the existing model of splitting forestry activities from the “community”, It incites new ways of hybrid organizations of production, leisure, and even dwelling spaces all within the forest land. Four main mixed land-uses are thought to be re-purposed on the existing ones: one: riparian buffers , two: woodlands 30% thinning intensity mixed with dwellings, three: woodlands 50% thinning intensity mixed with recreational and communal spaces and Fourth: areas for conservation on the high risk areas. The strategy is mainly based on two criteria: soil conservation and proximity to urban.

A 200 hectares site parallel to the town is selected as study field where the project materializes the proposals. The existing conditions physical of the “land” in this site doesn’t differ much from the overall valley, they are results and legacy of coal mining (see Collieries map. pag.41) and ongoing intensive forestry practices. The cartography is the spatialization of the previous diagram, where the hatch filling represents the new type of landscape generated by community intervention.

LAND USE VARIATION

SITE SELECTION & LAND USE VARIATION

Intervention

New Land- Use

Programming

Woodland 30% Thinning

Timber Production

Production

Existing Land Use

Overstocked Pine Forest

Woodfuel production Woodland 50% Thinning

Managed Woodlands

Undersocked land

11 12

MicroHydro Energy

Riparian Buﬀer

Forest Cabins & Farming 8

10 11

HRA Conservation Buﬀer

High risk Areas 6

10 11

Tourism & Sightseeing

Agroforestry

Forestry Learning areas

Recreation

Open-ﬁeld leisure

Intervention Woodlands & Soils * (Codes from Handbook) 1 Boar Introduction

HB_19

7 Composting

HB_17

2 Selective thinning

HB_02

8 Mulching

HB_18

3 Intensive thinning

HB_02

9 Log Nursing

HB_14

4 Pruning & Mowing

HB_03

10 Contouring (Barrier)

HB_11

5 Coppicing

HB_04

11 Leaky dams

HB_10

6 Aﬀorestation

HB_15

12 Perching

HB_20

Diagram drawn by Rafael Caldera

Forest-ﬁeld leisure

Existing Land Use (area in hectares) Conifer Plantation 105.8 Proposed Land Use (area in hectares) 50% Thinning 136.8 Map 32 Rafael Caldera

Barren Land 71.3

High Risk Area ManW. Urban 41.0 10.4 35.8

Conservation 30% Thinning High Risk Area 16.0 32.5 41.0

Urban 35.8

Riparian 8.0 Riparian 19.3

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community woodland • iv.i forestry: a re-imagined framework

Conservation Zones

Management Comparison

DESIGN GUIDE

But both definitions differs from what Figure 1. depicts, which is a Tree Plantation, created under apolitical framework of natural conservation as “forest” (See Territorial Formation, Page.54.). Tree plantations are not forests. A plantation is a highly uniform agricultural system that replaces natural ecosystems and their rich biodiversity (Hance, 2008). Sadly this type of landscapes are tagged and understood as a wood factory, productive plantations with a monetary value, and the “Valley’s forest” (Fig.1) is this manifestation; a monetized landscape under intense management and productive regimes.

TECHNICAL REPORT 3 SUBMITTED BY RAFAEL CALDERA Medium used: Rhino + Grasshopper Grasshopper + Galapagos + Anemone

This Thesis project re-understands woodlands as a hybrid landscape that apart from its natural composition, it still not only conserves economical benefits, but also produces social assets for local communities. A type of landscape able to foster plenty social, educational and recreational activities , while still having active income. In order to transform the existing conditions into this proposal, management is required. The project explains how the community could become the main actor that collectively trigger the change.

Management Comparison

1 LOGGING

3 TRANSPORTING

SAWMILL

Crawler tractor

Log Trailer Truck

Auto- Harvester 1 LOGGING

Log Arch

3 TRANSPORTING

1 LOADING

Figure 2 - Clear-felling (Clear-cutting)

Clearcut Harvesting 1 LOGGING

3 TRANSPORTING

A woodland is an area covered in trees, larger than a grove or a copse. A forest is also an area covered in trees, but it is larger than a wood. (Clark, 2018) While the dictionary does not give further distinguishing information, historically woods and forests were not the same thing. In English history, woods were simply areas covered in trees. Forests, however, in the original medieval meaning was similar to a ‘preserve’, for example land that is legally kept for specific purposes such as royal hunting. (Clark, 2018) Therefore ‘forests’ were areas large enough to support species such as wolves and deer for game hunting and they encompassed other habitats such as heaths, open grassland and farmland with less emphasis on its vegetation composition. The modern meaning of forest however is almost the same as woodlands, and only difference is the size, usually forest tends to be larger in scale. In both cases (forest and woodlands), there is commonly held conception that they are wild places able to look after themselves, where they find a perfect equilibrium where vegetation renewal and death are in perfect balance. But, this type of woodlands does not exist in Britain or even arguably Europe. It would need to be on a vast scale to be truly independent of humans. (Cumbria Woodlands, 2013).

Figure 3 - Selective Thinning

Quad-bike + Trailer

Log Arch

Log Pile

1 LOADING_1

The Forwarder/ Trailer 2 LOG PILING

3 TRANSPORTING

Community Thinning

Among many different type of management, the two main ones are compared above. Clear-felling and Selective thinning. In Clear-cutting logging, most or all trees in an area are uniformly cut down using heavy machinery and intensive methods as shown above. (Fig.2) It is the most common and economically profitable method of logging. However, it also creates detrimental side effects, enormous impact on topsoil, depletion of biodiversity and the lost of other small vegetation in situ, but depending in its location if one understands ecology as a holistic system, it could also have other implications for example on water quality and quantity in reservoirs co-dependent of woodlands. Hence, the profitability of this method could be arguably debated not in terms of short term economic, but medium and long term environmentally and socially. For harvesting purposes access and circulation are irrelevant for Clear-felling, but they are a key stone in Selective thinning, also used for other purposes, monitoring, flagging, logging and even educational and recreational, but this operations and human access represent potential disturbance for biodiversity and soil. Hence, in this project, thinning in mixed woodlands is combined with traditional and less intense harvesting and management methods as depicted in the diagram above (Fig.3) (also see next section: Our Community Handbook). and a road system reorganization strategy to minimize this impacts is introduced as follows.

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community woodland • iv.i forestry: a re-imagined framework 114

DEFINING WOODLANDS (WOODS), FORESTS AND PLANTATIONS.

Clearcut Harvesting

3 TRANSPORTING

SAWMILL

Log Trailer Truck

Auto- Harvester

Figure 1 - The South Wales Valley “Forests”. The phisical landscape could be compared with Figure 4 (Page.25).

SAWMILL

Crawler tractor

1 LOGGING

Communi

Divide Divide

Countours Countours

Delaunay DelaunayMesh Mesh

Divide Countours Tween Tweencrv. crv.if if Divide Divideinto into dist dist> >40m 40m segments segments Tween crv. if Divide into 25m~30m 25m~30m dist > 40m segments 25m~30m

Delaunay Mesh

Classify Classify Divide Path crv> crv> Shortest

Countours Vertex Vertex

Vertex Tween crv. ifcrv> dist > 40m

Classify Delaunay Mesh 1 1pass pass 2 2pass pass 1 pass 3 3pass pass 2 pass 4 4pass pass 3 pass 4 4pass pass 4 pass 4 pass

Divide into segments 25m~30m

Origin Origin Origin

WOODLAND RACKS

Shortest Path crv>

Vertex

Classify 1 pass 2 pass 3 pass 4 pass 4 pass

Origin

Organization Strategy

REORGANIZING SKID-NETWORKS

Harvesting operations driven by logging roads & paths directly influence environmental and soil impact. In forests, typically, these networks are visually defined based on field observations and terrain conditions, hence a reorganization model to automatically design skid-trail networks to reduce soil disturbances is proposed. The model creates a network of shortest path to link tree-bunch locations (logging points), to a starting â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;loading pointâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; that has to be manually introduced to the model. Generally this loading point in this project are existing community gathering points and other important places of further processing. <<loop <<loop position position <<loop position

GRASSHOPPER WORK-FLOW

<<loop position 3_Birth 3_Birth

draw>> draw>>

r Grasshopper Shortest Walk (Path) Algorithm is utilized, it rexposes one component which, given a network Mature 3_Birth Reproduction Reproduction of curves and a list ofdraw>> lines, calculates the shortest routeMature a single point to end draw>> points in a system of multiple rr>5m r>5m 2_Mortality 2_Mortality Loop LoopStart Start Loop LoopEnd End according accordingtoto Mature networks. An example of research of Society of American Foresters Reproduction (Marco A. Contreras, 2016) is utilized. imput imputrate rate rr rr r>5m Loop Startaccording 2_Mortality 2_Mortality Loop End toatat starting starting Remove: Remove: imput rate r t radius t radius= =0.10.1r -Overlapping -Overlapping rr 1_Growth 1_Growth starting at rr Remove: -Old -OldTrees Trees Boundary Remove: t radiusr = 0.1 1_Growth -Overlapping -Overlapping Young Young r 1_Growth -Crop -CropTrees Trees stochastic stochastic r -Old(Thinning) Trees -Old Trees r<5m r<5m (Thinning) growth growtheach each Young -Crop Trees -Crop Trees stochastic stochastic interation interation r<5m (Thinning) (Thinning) growth each Segments path>growth each <<loop <<loopradius radius interation interation Shortest Path Divide Delaunay Mesh Classify Countours <<loop radius <<loop radius

Loop Start

Tween crv. if dist > 40m

Although the loading point in this project are represented by existing urban nodes or gathering places for the community, there are some areas further from the urban periphery which loading points needs to be suggested. An optimization process is also introduced into the design. One section of the real contour lines in situ is extracted for further analysis (diagram below), note that areas where contours are separated in more than 40 m, a new curve line is tweened in between.

crv>

Vertex

Divide into segments 25m~30m

r Young r<5m

3_Birth Reproduction according to imput rate starting at t radius = 0.1

Loop End

1 pass 2 pass 3 pass 4 pass 4 pass

Origin

The networks are representedk as k the edges of a delaunay mesh instantiated from the points (vertex) resulted from a length division of thek contour lines at 20~25 meters. The end and starting point k of every single edge i i i i are the vertex of the tree bunch forming a grid of approx 500m2 , that needs to be linked to the starting point. i The shortest path analysisi runs and gives as result a network whichi consists inj many overlapping segments j j j which are later classified according to the number of passes (quantity of lines overlapping) each edge contains. j

r Mature r>5m

The model is passed through Grasshopper- Galapagos (evolutionary computing or evolutionary solving) to evaluate at which point on a main curve the shortest path (mass addition of all segments length) is generated. Nine different points are illustrated bellow, the point which generates the shortest path is close to the middle pint of the grid system as shown bellow.

Branching Model 1 Total Length: 28.663

76 49 52 7 6

Branching Model 2 Total Length: 26.256

95 40 48 9 6

Branching Model 3 Total Length: 25.583

94 45 45 8 6

EVALUATION COMPARISON

<<loop position

draw>>

2_Mortality

Loop Start

Branching Model I

stochastic growth each interation 1.59 4.03 2.87 2.40

Remove: -Overlapping -Old Trees -Crop Trees (Thinning) >5 4 <<loop radius 3 <2

r Young r<5m

3_Birth Reproduction according to imput rate starting at t radius = 0.1

Branching Model I Total length: 10.91

Loop End r

1.37 3.78 3.52 3.63

>5 4 3 <2

Branching Model 4 Total Length: 21.309

104 48 37 9 8

Branching Model 5 Total Length: 20.152

94 39 36 10 10

Branching Model 6 Total Length: 20.232

87 47 36 15 5

A comparison is made between two systems of grids: The branching model I, consists in square grids, with rectangular edges, and the branching model II, contains diagonal lines in-between the rectangular grids. The test utilizes the same quantity of vertex (tree branches) to be linked, and the same location of loading points. The original full network (grid system) length of the model for test is 34.80. Branching model I: The Shortest path analysis results for the Grid system is 12.32, 64% of the original network is not necessary for operations. Branching Model II: The results for the second grid system is very similar to k the previous test 10.91, suggesting a reduction of 68.67 % of the original network length. i

In total length the difference is only less than 5%, but note on the graphs above the number of passing (represented by the different thickness of lines). The number of lines which j passes are: less than three j (times)increases substantially, from 5.27 to 7.15 if compared with the previous test, it overall suggest that the network is mainly composed in more than 50% of paths which passes are only meant to be less than three times, representing a significant reduction on soil impact and ecological disturbance if only taking into account harvesting operations. The model needs further investigation to include terrain data such as slope, soil type and vegetation cover to suggest a more complete result; it is necessary to study deeply the way the new woodland networks adapts to existing urban network in the periphery.

Branching Model 7 Total Length: 21.051

88 43 52 3 6

Branching Model 8 Total Length: 23.351

91 40 54 3 6

Branching Model 9 Total Length: 27.072

95 33 55 7 7

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community woodland â&#x20AC;˘ iv.i forestry: a re-imagined framework

Total length: 12.32

1_Growth

r Mature r>5m

Boundary

Segments

path>

WOODLAND SIMULATION Delaunay Mesh Divide CountoursDYNAMICS Organization Strategy Tween crv. if dist > 40m

Shortest Path Vertex

Divide into segments 25m~30m

Classify

crv>

1 pass 2 pass 3 pass 4 pass ecoA model to simulates the evolution of trees is introduced, although it does not pretend to mimic realistic 4 pass Origin

natural processes , it aims in physically illustrate simple and conceptual principles of woodland dynamics. The model consist in four main parameters: Growth rate, dispersion orientation, tree mortality and thinning ratio. The user has control on easily manipulating or calibrating the parameters of the model. Further investigation on how to calibrate the parameters is surely necessary, and at the moment the model does not take into account other environmental and terrain conditions such as slope, aspect and soil type or status etc. GRASSHOPPER WORKFLOW A Grasshopper + Anemone (plug-in ) definition is used for the development of the simulation. The following flowchart illustrates the procedure of the loop definition. In the definition one circle represent one individual tree: its centroid (Pt) provides its position and the its radius (r) the age of the tree.

2_Mortality

Loop Start

Remove: -Overlapping -Old Trees -Crop Trees (Thinning)

1_Growth stochastic growth each interation

The model is tested on a canvas of 60m x 60m on three different scenarios: First scenario: an understocked land use scenario, that requires afforestation at two different intensities. 30% afforestation and 100% full stock afforestation. Second scenario: Scattered tress of different sizes .The third scenario consists in an overstocked status, previously thinned. All the scenarios are simulated at two different growth rate and reproduction rate (as shown besides images) These two parameters could be utilized to calibrate the model according to different environmental and terrain conditions that may influence the overall woodland dynamic speed. All the models are tested for 300 alterations in total; the pictures below, record alteration number 100, and the last one (300). The simulation runs on an average time of 6 hours per model. TEST 1_ Growth rate 0.04

<<loop position

draw>>

SIMULATION TEST RESULTS

r Mature r>5m

r Young r<5m

3_Birth Reproduction according to imput rate starting at t radius = 0.1

Loop End r

r Alt: 050

St:043 Bt:006

Alt: 100

St:040 Bt:008

Alt: 150

St:043 Bt:016

Alt: 200

St:108 Bt:014

Alt: 250

St:097 Bt:020

Alt: 300

St:128 Bt:034

Alt: 350

St:156 Bt:036

Alt: 400

St:182 Bt:043

Alt: 050

St:052 Bt:006

Alt: 100

St:039 Bt:016

Alt: 150

St:115 Bt:019

Alt: 200

St:111 Bt:034

Alt: 250

St:158 Bt:039

Alt: 300

St:196 Bt:045

Alt: 350

St:241 Bt:054

Alt: 400

St:292 Bt:055

Alt: 010

St:332 Bt:038

Alt: 020

St:347 Bt:043

Alt: 030

St:318 Bt:050

Alt: 040

St:243 Bt:048

Alt: 060

St:069 Bt:234

Alt: 070

St:179 Bt:127

Alt: 080

St:182 Bt:122

Alt: 090

St:324 Bt:120

<<loop radius

The definition consists in three main steps: (1) growth, (2) mortality and (3)birth, each of the latter contains a set of different parameters, some of them could be manipulated or calibrated. All the existing + New points (Pt) and their respective radius are plugged back to the loop start, and the process is repeated over again.

Total trees : Small Trees: Big Trees:

9 6 3

Test Parameters: Growth rate New Born rate:

0.03 0.4

TEST 2_ Growth rate 0.05

PARAMETERS 1. Alteration (steps) & Growth Rate The alteration consists in the number of repeats the model will loop, at each count of one alteration a random k number is generated to influence some of other parameters in the model. The radius of the original circles i i (trees) pass though a Bezier Curve mapper, that re-adapts the growth for each tree: Large trees grow slower than new born; the growth is increased in time at each interval and is adjustable by a Growth Rate.

Cull out if: Overlapping Area(tree) > Area tree/2

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community woodland â&#x20AC;˘ iv.i forestry: a re-imagined framework

Overlapping Areak > Aareak/2 = True

Reproduce trees if A(tree) > 10m Quantity New borns (NPt) = Ai/random num : Controller

2.1 Mortality_ Overlapping Trees (Competition for Light) An region- intersection analysis is made among all trees (circles), if the overlapped area of a small tree OA(tree) is greater than half of its own A(tree)/2 area, the tree is culled out. (Fig.3) Note: A percentage of removal for this operation could be adjustable. ex: remove 80% of overlapping trees.

Total trees : Small Trees: Big Trees:

9 6 3

Test Parameters: Growth rate New Born rate:

0.04 0.5

TEST 3_ Test 2 Alt-300 Post-Intervention

2.2 Mortality_ Old trees & Thinning Old trees refers to those which radius (r) is above 20 m, oversize trees will be removed in the model. Trees which radius (r) is above 10 m, are removed according to percentage (ex: 30%), simulating thinning operations in woodlands, this thinning intensity should vary according to the land use. (ex: Riparian = 10%, Steep areas = 15% Flat areas= 30%). 3. Birth Trees are divided into two categories: Parents (r>10m) and small trees (r< 10m). Each parent node (tree) give birth to new nodes which quantity depends on the parent nodeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s radius (Pr) multiplies by a reproduction rate. A new point is copied from the centroid of the parent at a distance of 0.8(Pr) to 1.2(Pr) (Adjustable), and at a random direction that shifts at each alteration in a range 0 to 359 degrees. When a node is added to the population it starts at a radius of 0.1 m and it becomes a parent when it reaches the 10m in radius.

Total trees : Small Trees: Big Trees:

363 45 318

Test Parameters: Growth rate New Born rate:

0.04 0.5

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DESIGN ARTICULATION Strategy Workflow

CONCLUSION

In order to understand the interaction of these interventions (community) plus the natural processes (ecology), Both models are articulated, the rack systems plus the woodland dynamics model that already contains information of ecological evolution, with further human intervention developed trough manual interferences in the model

Throughout the development of this project, many different ways of representations have been explored aiming on materializing and documenting the impact that intangible politics, decisions, practices and agents have on the physicality of the landscape. The idea of a shifting plan as a methodology to approach processes that occurs and change in time was adopted, it resulted the best option explored to document different conditions where designers need to speculate actions and take decisions.

The plan is developed in two main environments: 1. Simulator (Grasshopper), which is stopped at x iterations to enter into the next environment: 2. (Human) Community intervention, this is manually simulated in Rhino + Grasshopper, for example more/ less intense thinning, afforestation for diversification of species etc. , Then, the path system is introduced and projected onto the overall site. The trees inside a defined buffer following the paths are removed. All the operations explained in this paragraph are looped back to simulation and the process is repeated as shown in the diagram below. In this thesis project this process is called: “Shifting plan” because It suffers changes in time taking into account natural dynamics and other human interventions.

The plan is designed to run parametrically following a series of per-designed conditions, yet is manipulable and re-adaptable, since manual interventions in the plan are constantly occurring, in order to have a closer approach towards the ambition of achieving a full woodland coverage in the site of study. The main critic of the exercise could be the “time- factor” since the woodland evolution model works with iterations and the shifting plan in years, another decision assumed in the development of the project. Deeper understanding on time in woodland evolution and the time required for the community to intervene (ex. Roads construction) is needed, as now the plan only includes a starting point, ex: Road system introduced and trees on it removed in one iteration while the model is stopped, something that in real life would take many seasons to be completed.

OVERALL DESIGN WORKFLOW

SIMULATOR ENVIRONMENT

HUMAN INTERVENTION

DESIGN ARTICULATION

All trees within boundary

Refer to Community Handbook

Networks + Trees Simulation

<<Update <<

The Shifting Plan is produced in three phases, and three stages within each phase. The woodland evolution model and the racks adaptation of each phase at the last stage is presented below.

SHIFTING PLAN & RACKS ADAPTATION

PaTh articulation

Removal of trees within path buffer 1_ Remove points (positions) within buffer of 3 meters in average rack system.( Pass.1-3) 2_Remove points (positions) within buffer of 6 meters in main rack system (pass. >4) Number of Passes:

<2 3 4 >5

simulation i

simulation loop

Points

>>tree location

Points

>>tree location

Radius

>>tree age

Radius

>>tree age

1_Imput the trees (circles) into the model within one boundary curve. (Land use patch) 2_Run simulation. The species (broadleaf, conifers) and land use (Ex: Gral. Woodlands, Riparian, etc.) decide the intensity of thinning (percentage): Conifers thinning could be more intense than broadleaved and thinning in plain woodlands are higher than in Riparian buﬀers.

Afforestation & Diversification 1_Patch of land to be afforested 2_Countour lines 3_ Divide contour lines in distance 2m<x<5m 4_Cull out 10% of points (assuming mortality). 5_ New circles (radius: 0.2<x<2m) on points.

Racks Adaptation_ Phase I_Stage III

Racks Adaptation_ Phase II_Stage III

Racks Adaptation_ Phase III_Stage III

10Y_Shifting Plan_ Phase I_Stage III

25Y_Shifting Plan_ Phase II_Stage III

40Y_Racks Adaptation_ Phase III_Stage III

Imput the trees by specie (existing conditions) into the model within one boundary curve. Run simulation. The species and land use decide the intensity of thinning (percentage): Conifers thinning could be more intense than broadleaved.

Intensive Thinning Operation 1_Total list of existing trees (circles) 2_Site (Land use polygon) of operation boundary 3_ Sel percentage of thinning 4_Cull selected index of Circles 5_ Circles ready to participe in simulation.

<<Update <<

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community woodland • iv.i forestry: a re-imagined framework

COMMUNITY INTERVENTION i

subsidy*

INCOME

1.3 Production Woodland area x production2.1estimate* Salaries

1.1 Funding Grants & Sponsorhip

INCOME

INCOME AREA 2 <<add

1.2 1.3Subsidies Production Area of landuse Woodland area xx subsidy* estimate* production 1.3 Production

Barren

£23,299 Full Job -Equipment £9,038 -TourismPart-time -NTFP -Community boiler 2.2 Investment -Equipment Surplus

A1_Woodlands -Tourism

Surplus <<add

<<add

EXPENDITURE

-NTFP Glastir_Advanced_ £ 271/ ha -Community boiler

9.66 ha

Woodland area x production estimate*

SUBMITTED BY ELENA LUCIANO & RAFAEL CALDERA Medium used: Rhino + Grasshopper

EXPENDITURE

2.1Investment Salaries 2.2

Area of landuse x Grants & Sponsorhip subsidy*

TECHNICAL REPORT 4

£23,299 Full Job £9,038 Part-time

1.2 Subsidies 1.1 Funding

ARTICULATION

-Equipment -Tourism -NTFP -Community boiler

£ 2,619

Surplus

A2_Barren

Glastir_ Advanced & New Planting_ £ 3,350/ ha.

9.79 ha

BUSINESS MODEL COMPOSITION 1.1 Funding

Glastir_ Advanced & Small Grants_ L.U.+ £ 146/ ha.

Glastir_Advanced_ £ 271/ ha

AGrants Business Model is introduced to describe the economical objectives, & Sponsorhip £23,299 Fulland Job how they are being planed to be achieved over a set period of time following the phases and stages of the Shifting Plan. It is designed into two £9,038 Part-time main1.2parts as shown in the diagram below: Incomes and Expenditures: Where “INCOMES” represent the mass Subsidies 2.2 Investment sum of all the wages and money received in forms of subsidies, grants (donations, sponsorship) and production of landuse x ofArea wood and timber sales (the model does not include incomes-Equipment from wages generated by NTFP (non-timber subsidy* 1 2 INCOME EXPENDITURE -Tourism as result of wood processing). forest products, ex: mushroom production) or other wooden products -NTFP -Community boiler

1.3 Production

A_3 Riparian Buﬀer

A1_Woodlands

2.1 Salaries

“EXPENDITURE” could be de-constructed on three main parts: Woodlands, Energy production and Woodland area x Woodlands represent the amount of jobs (part-time and full) created from subsidies and Diversification. Surplus production estimate* fundings, Although volunteers are a crucial <<add force for the overall plan, they are not included into this model. Energy Production refers to the purchase of equipment for heating and energy production. And diversification, comprehends the investment on NTFP Production.

£ 34,228

AREA 1 Woodlands £ 2,619

9.66 ha A1_Woodlands Glastir_Advanced_ £ 271/ ha A2_Barren

Glastir_ Advanced & New Planting_ £ 3,350/ ha.

9.66 ha 9.79 ha

AREA 3 Riparian

£ 2,619 £ 34,228

A2_Barren

11.46 ha**

£ 22,341

5.06 ha of Woodland :: 5.06ha x £271 = £1,371 6.40 ha of Barren :: 6.40ha x £3,350 = £20, 234 Plus £146 bonus in 11.46 ha total: Phase x.1 £ 22,341 Funding +Surplus

Glastir_ Advanced & New Planting_ £ 3,350/ ha.

Glastir_ Advanced & Small Grants_ L.U.+ £ 146/ ha.

1.1 Funding

11.46 ha**

2.1 Salaries

Grants & Sponsorhip 1.2 Subsidies

2.2 Investment

A1_Woodlands Area of landuse x subsidy*

Glastir_Advanced_ £ 271/ ha

2. EXPENDITURE

£23,299 Full Job £9,038 Part-time

INCOME

9.66 ha

£ 2,619

1.3 Production

-Equipment -Tourism -NTFP -Community boiler

EXPENDITURE

Surplus

Glastir_ Advanced & New Planting_ £ 3,350/ ha.

<<add

9.79 ha

Part-time Job

HOW TO READ THE BUSINESS MODEL? Glastir_ Advanced & Small Grants_ L.U.+ £ 146/ ha.

The business model is represented as a timeline, which time is defined by the phases and stages of the shifting plan. 11.46Printed ha** on the line, circles are use to £represent 22,341 a financial action (income, expenditure, investment etc), where the radius of the circle represent the amount of money involved, also shown besides the circle.

A2_Barren

Phase x.2

£250,000

Permanent Job

£20,038

£50,000 Phase x.2 Equipment & Machinery

£50,000

£20,038

Investment

£250,000

Phase x.1 £36,152

Phase x.2

£20,038 £9,038

£50,000

£20,038 Phase x.2 £9,038

£20,038

2.2 Investment & Diversification £36,152 Part-time Job £9,038 Expenditure includes the purchase of equipments and machinery that not necessarily will create employment INVESTMENT but are key part of the plan; in the model the line is removed to represent the later. Equipment & Machinery Investment

£50,000

£250,000

INVESTMENT Equipment & Machinery

£50,000

Investment

£250,000

Production Glastir_ Advanced & New Planting_£50,000 £ 3,350/ ha.

9.79 ha

Permanent Job

£50,000

£ 34,228

1.1 Funding & Sponsorship x.1 x.2 and communities focused on Funds from private cooperatives,Phase foundation and charities set to Phase groups A_3 Riparian Buﬀer Glastir_ Advancedactions, & Small Grants_ £ 146/ and ha. communal spaces safeguarding. The first phase of the business environmental natural L.U.+ resources SALARIES PER GRANTS model includes funds received by Welcome to Our Woods – £90,000 from Co-op Foundation. (Sheffield, 2019), £20,038 11.46 ha** Permanent Job £20,038 £ 22,341 and £1.2m awarded from Create Your Space, a Big Lottery fund (The National Lottery Community Fund, 2018). Part-time Job

£36,152

£9,038

1.2 Subsidies This Thesis projects runs on the speculation of a re-organization of public payment schemes (subsidies) Phase x.1 Phase x.2 So its modified version could under Glastir Scheme. (Revise: “Everything changes trough Policy Reform”). assign payments not only to agriculturally productive land, and the lower limit of 207£/ha that the Common AgriculturalINVESTMENT Policy had for agriculture payments now is adopted to woodland management. The subsidies are Funding +Surplus £250,000 £250,000 calculated per and land-use as follows: Equipment area & Machinery £50,000 £50,000 Production Investment

£50,000 £250,000

Phase x.1

SALARIES PER GRANTS

£50,000

Phase x.2

Equipment and machinery is generally described in the first stage where the community is equipped with a sawmill in a community hub. The total investment uses as an example the capital spent in the Kilfinan Community Forest (MacIntyre & Gauld, 2008). Other investment in diversification of NTFP defines some examples of others economic benefits that can be gained from community managed woodlands. CONCLUSION Further investigation specifically in topics such as diversification of NTFP and the immense range of products that the community could fabricate from wood is necessary for a more elaborated forestry business model. In this thesis the later is imagined to be developed by experts on the topic as part of a larger multidisciplinary team, the exercise of producing a Business Plan is to document a relation of governmental support and production with the physical creation of certain types of landscapes described in the next section of the booklet.

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community woodland • iv.i forestry: a re-imagined framework 122

Phase x.1

£ 2,619 Funding +Surplus

£50,000 Phase x.1

£50,000

1.INCOME A1_Woodlands 9.66 ha

SALARIES PER Phase GRANTS x.2

£250,000

SALARIES PER GRANTS

A_3 Riparian Buﬀer

Glastir_Advanced_ £ 271/ ha

Phase x.1

SALARIES PER GRANTS Permanent Job

£ 34,228

Phase x.1

£ 22,341

2.1 Salaries £36,152 Part-time Job Funding +Surplus £250,000 £250,000 Salaries are calculated from the available capital, as sum of subsidies (1.2) and timber production (1.3). This Phase x.1 Phase x.2 £50,000is the salary of employment per annum £50,000 (Welsh Government, 2016). If the Production sum is divided into £20,038 which sum is not enough for this payment part time jobs are used instead: £9,038 per annum. In the business plan as depictedFunding below:+Surplus Continuous line represent permanent employee,£250,000 dashed line represent part time job. The £250,000 extension of the employment is represented by the length of the line. INVESTMENT Production

Woodland area x

A2_Barren production estimate*

£250,000

A_3Production Riparian Buﬀer 1.3 Glastir_ Advanced & Small Grants_ L.U.+ £ 146/ ha. £50,000 Production The wages 9.79 ha utilized are 50% of the average £incomes 34,228 per annum of timber sales in thinning per hectare: VEON Forest Income Calculator (VEON, 2018) is used to present an estimate. A low estimate of £361/ha, at 50% = 11.46 ha** £ 22,341 £180.5 /ha per year assuming a low intensity harvesting in community forestry and no contractors. So the A_3 Riparian model per stage Buﬀer of 5 years uses: £180.5 /ha x 5 years = [ £902.5/ha ] multiplied by the total area of woodlands.

Phase x.2

handbooks Community Woodland Handbook - Modified Policy Handbook

COMMUNITY WOODLAND HANDBOOK

124

policy reforms

By Elena Luciano, Rafael Caldera & Yasmina Yehia Our proposal of a commons reform is based on taking advantage of the UK’s current situation. Taking advantage of the Climate Change Act and Brexit, re-imagining the Commons and how they could facilitate the ability to manage woodland management has come to our attention as a potential set of circumstances that can be advantageous to communities who are interested in woodland management. The idea of this handbook is to imagine how a community initiative can undergo a re-imagined application process for an area to manage. Here, Treherbert is set an example for the latter. The handbook is sectioned into two parts: (1) What we propose on a political level - endorsing the idea of the commons (2) How we envision a potential way of re-imagining the application process.

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community woodland • iv.i_community woodland handbook

The idea of this handbook is to imagine how a community initiative can undergo a re-imagined application process for an area to manage. Here, Treherbert is set an example for the latter. The handbook is sectioned into two parts: (1) What we propose on a political level - endorsing the idea of the commons (2) How we envision a potential way of re-imagining the application process.

Our proposal is built on a codependency of the community and woodlands, where the community would satisfy their economic and social needs only if they have an active role in managing, conserving and enhancing the resiliency of the woods. This Handbook compiles this role concretized in different techniques and activities that our community could collectively deploy to create, protect and manage woodlands and soils. The idea of a handbook for the project is to act as a catalogue of interventions that is meant to be referenced (indexed) throughout the design stage, it provides a guideline of the -to follow steps- in order to apply for grants presented in the previous handbook and to materially re-adapt the conditions of our landscape.

everything changes through

Our proposal of a commons reform is based on taking advantage of the UK’s current situation. Taking advantage of the Climate Change Act and Brexit, re-imagining the Commons and how they could facilitate the ability to manage woodland management has come to our attention as a potential set of circumstances that can be advantageous to communities who are interested in woodland management.

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community woodland • iv.i forestry: a re-imagined framework

MODIFIED POLICIES HANDBOOK

Submitted by: Elena Luciano & Rafael Caldera

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community woodland • iv.i_community woodland handbook

- Our Community Woodland Handbook -

126

Our proposal is built on a codependency of the community and woodlands, where the community would satisfy their economic and social needs only if they have an active role in managing, conserving and enhancing the resiliency of the woods. This Handbook compiles this role concretized in different techniques and activities that the community could collectively deploy to create, protect and manage woodlands and soils. The idea of a handbook for the project is to act as a catalogue of interventions that is meant to be referenced (indexed) throughout the design stage, it provides a guideline of the -to follow steps- in order to apply for grants presented in the previous handbook and to materially re-adapt the conditions of our landscape.

Submitted by: Elena Luciano & Rafael Caldera Our proposal is built on a codependency of the community and woodlands, where the community would satisfy their economic and social needs only if they have an active role in managing, conserving and enhancing the resiliency of the woods. This Handbook compiles this role concretized in different techniques and activities that our community could collectively deploy to create, protect and manage woodlands and soils. The idea of a handbook for the project is to act as a catalogue of interventions that is meant to be referenced (indexed) throughout the design stage, it provides a guideline of the -to follow steps- in order to apply for grants presented in the previous handbook and to materially re-adapt the conditions of our landscape.

127

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community woodland â&#x20AC;˘ iv.i_community woodland handbook

- Our Community Woodland Handbook -

observation and expert opinion. We are confident that these attributes can be developed within Rhondda Fawr, therefore we trust unto future generations.

Climate change will undoubtedly affect the land surrounding this community. We must expect water shortages due to prolonged periods of drought, which, when considered alongside higher temperatures, could cause high rates of tree mortality. Compromised water quality, increased fire risk and timber loss must be considered in every aspect of future management of these resources. Ecosystems and habitats will evolve but the losses will most likely be greater than the gains.

The current generation will ensure that future generations are equipped with the knowledge and skills to undertake the management of local woodlands and plantations. The machines and tools required to undertake management work in the future require varying levels of competence, starting with highly-skilled to novice. Teams of workers should be made up of people with all levels of competence.

This handbook describes to future generations how we have set about managing a large area of broadleaved woodland and monocultured conifer plantation in Rhondda Fawr. We have favored traditional methods of broadleaved woodland management, most prominently coppicing, and would encourage future generations to consider a method of conifer management described as Close to Nature Forestry. These management prescriptions should ensure that the woodlands and plantations are able to adapt to changes in localised weather patterns which climate change will bring. Our task has been to repair the damage of government policies that have failed to consider the economic and financial importance of this resource to local communities and ecology. Ensuring that the wooded resource can continue to contribute to the economic and well-being of the community in future will require constant qualified

The success of the ambition can only be guaranteed if knowledge and skills are being shared actions are equipped with the knowledge and skills to undertake the management of local woodlands and plantations. The machines and tools required to undertake management work in the future require varying levels of competence, starting with highly-skilled to novice. Teams of workers should be made up of people with all levels of competence. The success of the ambition can only be guaranteed if knowledge and skills are being shared. (Edwards, 2019) A Community Handbook, how to use it? Two main parts composes the handbook: The Catalogue and the ‘How to...’ activities. The catalogue is composed by two Inventories: One of tools and machinery arranged in a gradient skill scale from novice to professional: Level of expertise:

Experienced forester Amateur forester Novice Other harvesting practices

The tool inventory is mainly focused on traditional woodworking devices, but also contains heavy machinery mostly used for intensive harvesting, although is not what our community is keen to use, we consider important to make a comparison. The second Inventory gathers the tree species, broadleaved trees and conifers, selected specifically for Treherbert from Forest Research (Forestry Commission). The catalogue is arranged based on an ecological/ timber suitability gradient. Specie Suitability

Sessile Oak Ecological 0.74

Timber 0.74

The second part is the ‘How to…’ activities, that instead of being a fully illustrated, step-by-step instructions, it provides a general background of the techniques that have to be shared and followed. It aims in exposing the significance of traditional and less intensive actions, as the method for the production of common grounds that materialize the voice and participation of our community in the Rhonddas. In all there are thirty-two techniques that help create approaches towards soil conservation, regeneration, and sustainable woodland management. Each technique indicates the tools required as follows: Expertise

Thin branches Coppicing

Inventory tool

T5, T.9, T.25, T.28.

An extra section of ‘How to…’tending and thinning’ for timber production in average woodlands and Riparian Area is provided, exposing the different level of intensities of management required for each type of land use.

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community woodland • iv.i_community woodland handbook 128

Eighteen of the nineteen warmest years in recorded history have occurred since 2000. By: Richard Edwards, “Welcome to our Woods”

TOOL INVENTORY & STOCKING Woodland Management

Gardening II

Composting

Logging I

Logging II

T.1. Leaf Rake

T.7. Teeth rake

T.13. Digging Shovel

T.19. Pick Axe

T.25. Prunning Scissors

T.31. Logging Arch

T.2. Square mouth Shovel

T.8. Hoe

T.14. Root Cutter

T.20. Axe

T.26. Disk Trimmer

T.32. Log Arch/ forwarder

T.3. Gardening Scissors

T.9. Bone-saw

T.15. Soaker Hose

T.21. Handsaw

T.27. Hedge trimming

T.33. Log trailer

T.4. Watering Can

T.10. Hand Garden Shovel

T.16. Seeding box

T.22. Spray paint, flags

T.28. Chain Saw

T.34. Quad-bike

T.5. Pruning Shears

T.11. Mowing Machine

T.17. Wheelbarrow

T.23. Man Lift Crane

T.29. Forwarder

T.35. Log crane trailer

T.6. String Trimmer

T.12. Garden Auger

T.18. Polytunnels

T.24. Grapple Skidder

T.30. Crawler tractor

T.36. Log loader trailer

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Professional Forester

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community woodland â&#x20AC;˘ iv.i_community woodland handbook

Novice

Gardening I

TOOL INVENTORY & STOCKING Woodland Management

SURVEYING

ENERGY PRODUCTION

SAWMILL I

SAWMILL II

SAWMILL III

T.37. Knife, soil penetrable.

T.43. Clipboard

T.49.Biomass Boiler

T.55. Bow saw

T.61. Circular Saw

T.67. Nail gun

T.38. Wash bottle & Plate

T.44. Measuring taoe

T.50. Wood chipper

T.56. Drill

T.62. Circular Saw

T.68. Nail gun

T.39. Magnifying glass

T.45. Laser Rangefinder

T.51. Biomass Boiler

T.57. Hand Timber Jack

T.63. Timber Jack

T.69. Saw horse

T.40. Scale and tin box

T.46. Drone

T.52. Wood Chipper

T.58. Log splitter

T.64. Log Splitter

T.70. Table Saw

T.41. PH Measurement

T.47. GPS Surveying

T.53. Hydro turbine

T.59. Electric Band Saw

T.65. Large Log Splitter

T.71. Portable Mill

T.42. Munsell colour chart

T.48. Theodolite Surveying

T.54. Biomass Plant

T.60. Bandsaw Mill

T.66. Saw trailer

T.72. Wood dryer vaccuum

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Professional Forester

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SOIL SAMPLING

TREES SPECIES INVENTORY

Suitability

Woodland Management

Ecological 0.70

Scots Pine Timber 0.82

Corsican Pine

Timber 0.71

Ecological 0.82

Ecological 0.72

Wild Service Timber 0.72

Lodgepole Pine Timber 0.82

Ecological 0.82

Timber 0.79

Ecological 0.84

Western Hemlock

Japanese Larch

Ecological 0.88

Ecological 0.93

Timber 0.88

Ecological 0.72

Ecological 0.76

Ecological 0.83

Pacific Fir Timber 0.93

Ecological 0.93

Ecological 0.92

Timber 0.72

Ecological 0.80

Ecological 0.74

Timber 0.74

Red Alder Timber 0.80

Ecological 0.82

Timber 0.82

Silver Birch Timber 0.83

Downy Birch Timber 0.93

Ecological 0.72

Rowan Timber 0.71

Cider Gum Timber 0.84

Sessile Oak

Beech Timber 0.65

Italian Alder Timber 0.82

Hybrid Larch

Ecological 0.82

Suitable

community woodland â&#x20AC;˘ iv.i_community woodland handbook

Ecological 0.71

Macedonian Pine

Ecological 0.82

134

Noble Fir

Sitka Spruce Timber 0.70

Ecological 0.88

Timber 0.88

Shining Gum Timber 0.92

Ecological 0.96

Rauli Beech Timber 0.96

Ecological 0.99

Timber 0.99

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Douglas Fir

How to woodland? Woodland Management

HB01_Marking and Flagging Corresponds to the identification of two types of trees: 1. Potential Crop Trees to be prioritized. Sel. Criteria: 1.1 Disease free 1.2 Good stem form: >2m of straight defect-free log. 1.3 Distribution: Same throughout the plantation. 2. PCTâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Competing trees, diseased, malformed trees (wolves) and other plantation that blocks future access routes (racks), to be removed. Requirements & Inventory Selection T.22 & T.20.

Potential Crop Tree For marking/ flagging PCTs. ussually ORANGE is the preferred colour.

Wolf Tree / Diseased tree For marking/ flagging trees to remove ussually BLUE is the preferred colour.

Chainsaw Used by forester. Minimal impact to adjacents crops.

Harvesting machine Intense harvesting usually done by professional contractors. Not preferrable for broadleaf crops.

HB02_Tending & Thinning Thinning is the removal of a number of trees from a plantation to reduce competition and provide increased room into which the remaining trees can extend their canopies and grow faster. Thinning should be carried out when canopy competition occurs between trees. This can begin at different times (3-5 y.) depending on species, stocking and growth rates. Requirements & Inventory Tending T.20, T.21, T.28, T.29. Thinning T.20, T.21, T.28, T.29.

HB03_Prunning

1 1 3

Visible collar First cut: deep cut underneath to prevent tearing. 1 2 3 Second and Third Cut. (completely through cut)

No Visible collar First cut: deep cut underneath to prevent tearing. 1 2 3 Second and Third Cut. (completely through cut)

HB04_Coppicing Is the technique of repeatedly felling trees at the base (or stool), and allowing them to regrow, in order to provide a sustainable supply of timber. This practice has a number of benefits over replanting, as the felled trees already have developed root systems, making regrowth quicker and less susceptible to browsing and shading. Requirements & Inventory Thin branches coppicing T5, T.9, T.25, T.28. Large branches coppicing T.28.

Coppicing Cycle 5-20 years

Coppicing Cut Cut close to base in winter, and angled slightly to allow for water runoff .

Shoots regrowth Shoots rapidly regrow from stool the following spring and is ready for harvest between 5 to 20 years. for harvest between 5 to 20 years.

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community woodland â&#x20AC;˘ iv.i_community woodland handbook 136

Requirements & Inventory Thin branches prunning (low) T.9, T.25, T.20, T.21, T.25 Large branches prunning T.28.

Correspond to cutting away dead, overgrown or disproportionate branches or stems, especially to encourage growth, improve the stem quality and produce clean knot-free timber up to at least 6 meter. Cut to the edge of the collar when one is visible (left), If there is no visible collar (right), begin where the top of the branch makes a turn toward the trunk and cut outside a line drawn parallel to the trunk.

How to woodland? Woodland Management

HB05_Logging Logging is the process of cutting trees, processing them, and moving them to a location for transport. A high engagement of the community is required in thinning management, after chopping the trees the logs have to be moved towards the tracks where they can be piled and loaded onto a trailer for further processing. Requirements & Inventory Arch logging T.31 & T.32. Log Arch I The arch is intended to carry the log, and make it easy to pull towards the final destination.

Log Arch II A swiveling pulley could be utilized in case of overweighted logs.

Horse Logging A sensitive and traditional extraction system in community woodlands, it has minimum impact on soil, and disturbance on flora and fauna.

Skidder + Quadbike The skidder is intended to drag the log, comparing to arch (carry), it takes less time to hook up but might produce significant impact on soil.

Log Piling It is recommended that you stack your wood in a way that the biggest surfaces on the logs are exposed to as much sun and wind as possible. You can be playful and artistic when piling your logs!

Log trailer A forestry trailer with crane is very efficient when having a considerable quantity of harvested logs.

HB06_Logging Retrieving the logs from the woods is no an easy task without the right tools. By working with horses you can access to any place in the woods minimizing impact on ecology, horse loggers also perform other important services, they control bracken, brambles and other invasive weeds. Requirements & Inventory Skidder + quadbike T.31, T.32, T.34. Trailer T.33 & T34.

HB07_Loading Arch is intended to carry the log, where the skidder is intended to drag it, and they can access on any place in the forest; medium size trailer can be used to move greater quantitites of trees and large logs out more efficiently, but they have limited access.

Surveys provide comprehensive forest mensuration and inventory services to periodically monitor the changing situation of land and forest resources in order to evaluate the true economic,environmental and leisure potential of our woodlands. Utilizing measuring devices and computer software will allow our community to gather in depth field data. Once compiled our results, future decisions and discussions could be forecasted. Requirements & Inventory Surveying T.43, T.44, T.45, T.46, T.47, T.48.

1.3m

HB08_Surveying

Tree measuring (Basal area) Tree basal area is the cross-sectional area of a treeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s trunk at 1.3 meters off the ground. It is used to determine the volume of the tree.

Drone Surveying Drone as a management tool revolutionizing the way landscape data is collected, a rapid surveying system that underpin and facilitates decision-making and management work.

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Requirements & Inventory Skidder + quadbike T.31, T.32, T.34. Trailer T.33 & T34.

How to WOODLAND? Woodland Management

HB09_Soil Erosion Control Effective erosion controls handle surface runoff and are important techniques in preventing water pollution, soil loss, wildlife habitat loss and human property loss. A practice needed for our â&#x20AC;&#x153;High Risk Areasâ&#x20AC;&#x153; of high slope. Depending on characteristics of the slope, somewhere between 60 and 152 logs (USDA, n.d.) are needed per acre to intercept water running down a slope and trap sediment, and provide new grounds for further afforestation. Requirements & Inventory Log Erosion Control T.8, T.13, T.19, T.31, T.32.

Sediment tramps Logs placed in a shallow trench on the contour are the ultimate erosion barriers. Position them firmly along (parallelly) the terrain contour lines using stakes.

Afforestation in new ground. New plantation could be imagined onto these new trapped sediment, although it is usually composed by gravel, new mulch and organic soil could be brought to facilitate plants growth.

Leaky Dams Leaky dams are a flooding prevention measure, easy to collectively install, they help moderate the flow of water downstream.

Barriers Barriers are added to a stream/river to prevent soil and silt escaping and allowing water to escape at a slower rate.

HB10_Stream Runoff Control With the regular flooding of settlements in the UK, a variety of solutions was put forward including using naturally occurring composting materials in path of flow to hold fertile silt and dam up waters over many small dams. A leaky dam was added to the arsenal of flood prevention tools. Logs from fallen trees are placed at intervals down the stream acting as a barrier, holding the silt and small debris back and allowing just the water that overflows the structure to continue the course of the stream. (BBC, 2015) Requirements & Inventory Flooding Prevention T.13, T.19, T.20, T.21

HB11_Contouring

Contour bunding or contour farming or Contour ploughing is a practice of plowing and/or planting across a slope following its elevation contour lines. These contour lines create a water break which reduces the formation of rills and gullies during times of heavy water run-off; which is a major cause of soil erosion.

A Frame A-Frame is constructed by joining the legs, level stick and string as in drawings above.

Stacking Contours Mark out contours starting from the top of the slope. Mark out the path of the A-frame with stakes.

Pathing I Soil compacting is needed at first intance, remove rocks, and big roots that might obstruct the passage.

Pathing II If the terrain is steep, use small trunks or logs to create stairs, fill it with gravel or bark chippings.

HB12_Pathing Paths are best created on contour like above, keeping walking easy and leisurely it also helps reduce damage to the native plants and delicate forest soils by protecting the rest of the forest from traffic compaction. Path materials differ: compressed earth, wood chips or compacted gravel to further delineate the path visually. Gravel is Requirements & Inventory Soil compacting T.2, T.8, T.13, T.14, T.19. Stair pathing T.8, T.14, T.19, T.20, T.28.

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Requirements & Inventory A frame assemblage T.28, T.37, T.43, T.46. Contouring T.8, T.14, T.19, T.20.

HOW TO NURSE? Woodland Management

HB13_Seedling A seedling is a very young plant that grows from a seed. When the moisture, light, and temperature conditions are correct, the seedling’s development begins with seed germination and the formation of the root, the stem and leaves. (Yield, n.d.) Seedlings are generally transplanted when the first pair of true leaves appear. Requirements & Inventory Seedling T.4, T.10, T.16, T.29.

Seedling I Choose potting soil that’s made for growing seedlings. For insurance, plant two seeds per cell.

Seedling II Seedlings need a lot of light, transplant them when the first pair of true leaves appear.

Allocate Nurse Logs Look for fallen trees and trunk lying on the forest floor. Look for cracked places and start planting!

Nurse Logs Nurse logs not only provide favorable substrate for further growth but also they protect against fungal infection for the next generation of trees.

Transplant I Place the plant in a hole, its root collar* should be level with the surrounding ground level.

Transplant II Look for a mate! replace the soil in stages firming the soil, make sure the tree is secured to a stake.

Grafting I Cut a healthy bud and attached wood from the scion plant and insert the bud wood into the T cut.

Grafting II Tie the plants together using wide rubber bands or green tie tape. Do not cover the bud with the wrapping.

HB14_Log Nursing Woodlands are a highly dynamic system, with many resources that are essential for life being in short supply. These include, sunlight, moisture, nutrients, and places for the next generation of trees to sprout. We should take advantages of fallen and decaying trees that provide resources such as these in greater abundance than does the forest floor. The decay of this detritus contributes to the formation of a rich humus that provides a seedbed and adequate conditions for germination. So they are preferred areas for new trees and shrubs. (Palka, 2017) Requirements & Inventory Log Seedling T.4, T.10, T.16, T.29.

HB15_Transplanting This is the technique of moving a plant from one location to another. Most often this takes the form of starting a plant from seed in optimal conditions, then replanting it in another, usually outdoor, growing location. Most evergreens, especially broad-leaved plants, are best planted in spring (April). Needled evergreens, may also be planted in early fall (September). Planting at other times is not as likely to be successful. (Cornell, n.d.)

HB16_Grafting We need our trees to grow as strong as our community!, for this, grafting is recommended; a technique that allow us combine two plants, merging the qualities of a strong, disease-resistant plant with the qualities of one that produces good fruit or flowers. While there are many methods of grafting, the method described, should allow you to graft almost any medium size tree. (Carberry, 2019) Requirements & Inventory Grafting T.3 & T.9.

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Requirements & Inventory Transplanting T.2, T.8, T.10, T.12, T.13, T.14, T.15, T.17, T.19.

HOW TO KEEP A HEALTHY SOIL? Woodland Management

HB17_Composting Composting is the process of decompossing organic matter by recyclying various organic materials and waste products to produces a soil conditioner (the compost). It is beneficial for the land in many ways, including as a soil conditioner, a fertilizer, addition of vital humus or humic acids, and as a natural pesticide for soil. It requires making a heap of wet organic matter, such as leaves, grass, and food scraps, and waiting for the materials to break down into humus after a period of months. Requirements & Inventory Composting T.13, T.16, T.17.

Compost Bin Create your own composting bin using wooden lumber planks.

Accumulating compost Add Kitchen and yard waste, whenever you accumulate it, top it with a layer of browns.

Mulching I Mulches are best applied from mid- to late spring and autumn, when the soil is moist and warm.

Mulching II Lay mulches over moist soil, mulches need to be between at least 5cm and ideally 7.5cm thick.

Agroforestry II (Pigs) Pigs can easily be used to clear the ‘brash’ and undergrowth of woodland to help regeneration.

Agroforestry II (Free Range) Chicken’s manure is rich in nitrogen and it helps improve soil structure, its a natural ferilizer, key for leaf and stem growth.

Birds feeders Bury tall posts deeply on a contour line with the help of one mate.

Installation Tie string between them. Seeds will germinate under the string where birds sit. (you can also hang some birds feeder on it!)

HB18_Mulching Mulches are loose coverings or sheets of material placed on the surface of cultivated soil. Mulches can be applied to bare soil or to cover the surface of compost in containers. Depending in its type, its benefits includes: it help soils retain moisture in summer, improve soil texture ,deter some pests, protect plant roots from extreme temperatures, encourage beneficial soil organisms. (RHS, n.d.) Requirements & Inventory Mulching T.1, T.6, T.7, T.8, T.11, T.17, T.27.

HB19_Agroforestry Their rooting behaviour of some animals can be used as a conservation tool in our woodland, especially to reduce bracken cover and to provide niches for tree seedling germination. The impact of their rooting can be unpredictable, depending on the breed of pig, stocking density and the size of the woodland enclosure. If stocking levels are low, their rooting action can be beneficial, reducing rank vegetation and encouraging seedling germination.

Agroforestry T.1, T.6, T.7, T.8, T.11, T.17, T.27.

HB20_Birds Perching The seeds of many pioneer plants needs to come to our soils. Seeds are eaten by birds and spread on the land through their manure. The community can speed up this process by providing perches over a bare land area for birds to sit on. (Evans & Jespersen, 2001) Requirements & Inventory Perching T.8, T.13, T.14, T.19, T.21.

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Requirements & Inventory

HOW TO KEEP A HEALTHY SOIL? Woodland Management

HB21_Soil at first glance First, observe the main cover of the soil, with a long or a short walk around. Pay more attention to the spaces with no vegetation and try to look for cracks, crevices, trench, and ditches. These features need urgent assistance with posting, mulching, sediment traps, and composting, since they can derive into a great loss of soil. Look after this features also through a close look; they might look small under a heavy rain is more than enough to trigger erosion. Requirements & Inventory Soil at first glance T.37 & T.39.

Identify spaces where soil is exposed Paths, sever rain, wood management can expose it. Perching and sediment traps can keep in place.

Smallest cracks Soil can also present small cracks that can grow as big as the previous. Perching might be the best option here.

Dig Dig fearless, dig down the truth. More than 25 cm. deep. With the flat shovel, clean one of the walls with the exposed undisturbed soil.

Incisions in the land Introduce a knife down into the soil, in intervals of every 1.5 cmdepth feel how hard it is. If it feels like butter, it is just fine; if it is hard to introduce, it might be compacted.

Soil quest Identify the mulch and measure it, all death leaves, organisms, micro plants protect soil from rain, wind, etc. If you cannot see them, you might need to add some mulch or compost to dress it.

Gotta catch ‘em all! Look also for animals in there, each of them has its own role and are in charge of keeping the structure. You might find some of them more often during rain, or in darker places. The more, the healthier.

Find ten soil aggregates These structures can have round or sharp forms. In the top soil select 10 of them. They should be smaller than 3cm.

Shake them like a polaroid Put them in a small plate, with a bit of water and shake them! in a circular pattern, for 10 seconds. The more they remain untouched, the better. Mulching should be the best option to improve stability.

HB22_Digging down

Requirements & Inventory Soil penetrability T.13, T.2, T. 37, T. 39.

FP FP

Soil needs space between the pores so organisms and root can live in it and create a healthy environment. We need to dig a small pit, 15 cm deep should be just fine. Use a knife to pinch the wall and feel how easy it is to introduce it. If it flows like butter, soil must be fine for organisms to live in! If not, you can reduce compaction with some chicken and boars interacting with soil.

HB23_A bug’s life In the same wall dug in the previous step—with a little help of the magnifying glass—look for microorganisms and roots; the more, the merrier. Identify first the mulch, the quantity of roots, shapes and then the organisms. If you find none of them, soil might need mulch, posting, and animals around to spread life.

HB24_Aggregate stability Aggregates are those clusters of soil, put together by roots and other organisms. These structures help the soil be kept together when water infiltrates. To know how stable the topsoil is, grab 10 of them and see what occurs when you add water. If 5 or more dissolve into water, it means that the soil needs vegetation on top which roots may enhance a stronger structure. Requirements & Inventory Aggregate stability T.37 & T.38.

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Requirements & Inventory Bugs & mulch T.37, T.39, T.44.

HOW TO KEEP A HEALTHY SOIL? Woodland Management

HB25_Soil texture This test helps you to know the main sizes of the soil particles. Too much clay might enhance compaction and too much sand can reduce water retention and organisms development. Therefore, it is useful to keep track of that, since sometimes finding larger particles might be a proof of erosion. This quick test gives an overall of the texture, where too much clay can be solved with boars and chickens, and too much sand with mulching, posting, and compost. Requirements & Inventory Qualitative texture T.37 & T.38

Get dirty :) Grab some soil onto your hand and pour some water. Soil must be soaking wet, close and press your hand to squeeze out the water. Try making balls, dougnuts and worms as shown.

Do some soil modeling If you can sculpt a doughnut, the soil is mostly clay. If you can only sculpt a ball, it has enough clay and sand. If you cannot sculpt anything, it is mostly sand: boars, compost and posts should help.

Extract the soil Use a tin can to extract soil, fill the whole can, without leaving empty spaces but without compressing it. Previously you have to weight it and calculate its volume.

Measure In a scale, calculate the weight of the sample, subtracting the original weight of the can, divide it by the volume. The dry density should be below 1.35 mg/m3. If too compact, try mulching and some boars.

HB26_Bulk density Bugs, insects and roots need space to move, to breath, and make their living. Walking a lot over soil, grazing, and machinery can compact soil and reduce the space for organisms and water to run through the soil, complicating life in soil, its function and structure. This quick test tells you how compact soil is. As usual, the solution would be to add vegetation, mulch, and compost: a blanket for the soil. Requirements & Inventory Bulk density T.13 T.21, T.28, T.29.

HB27_Soil pH S+

pH indicates acidity, and these, controls the nutrients in soil water. A balanced pH keeps soil healthy. Some soils tend to be not very neutral and it should be fine, however, drastic changes upon time can alter the ecosystem. This test should also be useful for agroforestry practices since edible plants rely on the soil water chemistry.

1 S+ S+ S+ 3S+ 1 1 1 1. 3 3 31 3 $O )H 0Q 3 . . . . *RRG EDFWHULD . $O )H 0Q $O )H 0Q$O )H 0Q $O )H 0Q *RRG IXQJXV $O )H 0Q *RRG EDFWHULD *RRG EDFWHULD *RRG EDFWHULD *RRG EDFWHULD *RRG EDFWHULD *RRG IXQJXV *RRG IXQJXV *RRG IXQJXV *RRG IXQJXV *RRG IXQJXV

Prepare the soil sample Put the soil in a clean container with distilled (preferentially) water or clean. Shake them well for 20 seconds and introduce the litmus paper.

Nutrients availability 6-7 pH is the ideal value for a healthy soil. You can add limestone to reduce acidity, and sulphur, if soil is too basic. Compost with different pH can also stabilize the soil.

Colour Take the block of soil and register the colour with the munsell chart. Do it with both moist and dry soil.

Document colour change (and all! changes) Keep record of the colour change every couple months. Lost of blackness require compost, mulching, and posting. Soils are all different and small changes can have big consequences.

HB28_Soil colour Soil colour monitoring is a very simple way to identify changes and principal features of it. Greyness indicates stagnated water, reddish hues a good drainage, blackness a good amount of nutrients and so on. Preferably, this test should always be done by the same person and at similar times and seasons, in order to register changes with the minimum external fluctuations. Requirements & Inventory Colour T.37 & T. 42.

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S+

Requirements & Inventory pH measurement T.37, T.38, T.41.

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HOW TO WORK OUR WOODS? Woodland Management

HB29_Log splitting & Shaving The cleaving brake is effectively a frame that allows tension and compression to be put on either side of a length of wood, it is essential that you can control these factors if the split is to run straight through the middle of the rail. Once all of these components had been split, among many methods to peel , a draw knife could be used, firmly fixed / hold on a shave horse whilst the bark is being peeled. (Bassett, 2014) Requirements & Inventory Axe Logging T.20, T.28. Automated splitter T.69, T.70.

The Art of Cleaving Cleaving is the process of splitting wood along its grain. The process retains the strength and durability of the wood more effectively than sawing.

Shave Horse For hundreds of years, the shaving horse has been the basic workbench for working green wood. Mostly used to create a round profile, peel and shave small logs of diameter <15cm.

Axe Logging Grab your axe, and show how strong you are!

Automated log splitter Suitable for large log, guidance by forester is needed.

Branches Chipping Use a small garden chipper for thin branches, usually suitable afer coppicing.

Large trunks Chipping Large branches goes inside a big chipper mounted on structural frames or town behind a truck.

Sawmilling I Place the plant in a hole, its root collar* should be level with the surrounding ground level.

Sawmilling II Look for a mate! replace the soil in stages firming the soil, make sure the tree is secured to a stake.

HB30_Log splitting Splitting is the process of obtaining firewood from softwood or hardwood logs that have been pre-cut into sections (rounds), usually by chainsaw or on a saw bench. Many log splitters consist of a hydraulic or electrical rod and piston assembly and these are often rated by the tons of force they can generate. For small logs, hand axes could be utilized.

Requirements & Inventory Axe Logging T.20, T.28. Automated splitter T.69, T.70.

HB31_Chipping Chipping is the process of creating small to medium sized pieces of wood (woodchips) by cutting larger pieces of wood such as trees, branches, logging residues, stumps, roots, and wood waste. Woodchips may be used as a biomass solid fuel, organic mulch in gardening, landscaping, restoration ecology, bioreactors for denitrification and as a substrate for mushroom cultivation (Wikipedia, 2019)

HB32_Sawmilling Saw milling is using motorized saw to cut logs lengthwise to make long pieces, and crosswise to length depending on standard or custom sizes. The “portable” saw mill is iconic and of simple operation in this type of community forest—the logs lay flat on a steel bed and the motorized saw cuts the log horizontally along the length of the bed, by the operator manually pushing the saw. Requirements & Inventory Sawmilling T.28, T.58, T.59, T.60, T.64, T.65, T.66, T.71, T.72.

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Requirements & Inventory Chipping T.20, T.21, T.28, T.50, T.52.

TENDING & THINNING Woodland Management

Broadleaf Tending & Thinning

//Broadleaf & Conifers Tending & Thinning

The recommendations illustrated below are specifically Tending & Thinning for broadleaved forest. Species ex: (Beech/Alder). ThinThe recommendations illustrated below are specifically ning control plots should be established after the trees for broadleaved forest. Species ex: (Ash/ Sycamore/ Tending & Thinning Maple/ to Alder). Thinning control plots should be have been marked Norway and prior felling. The looping time established after the trees have been marked and prior to recommendations illustrateddiagrams below are specifically differs according toThe species. (All adjacent from: felling. The looping time differs according to species. for broadleaved forest. Species ex: (Ash/ Sycamore/ Tending & Thinning Norway Maple/ Alder). Thinning control plots should be Teagasc Forestry Development Office.)

The recommendations illustrated below are specifically for broadleaved and Conifer mixed forest. Thinning control plots should be established after the trees have been marked and prior to felling. The looping time differs according to species. (All adjacent diagrams from: Teagasc Forestry Development Office.)

Broadleaf Broadleaf Broadleaf

established after the trees have been marked and prior to The recommendations below are specifically felling. The looping timeillustrated differs according to species. for broadleaved forest. Species ex: (Ash/ Sycamore/ Norway Maple/ Alder). Thinning control plots should be established after the trees have been marked and prior to felling. The looping time differs according to species.

Tending & Marking Tending & Marking

Tending & Marking

approx 2500 stems per ha (2m x 2m) >8m tall Mark approx: 350 PCTs per ha.

BL_OS1 // Tending_1

approx 2500 stems per ha (2m x 2m) >8m tall FirstMark Thinning approx: 350 PCTs per ha.

BL_OS1 // Tending_1

approx 2500 stems per ha (2m x 2m) >8m tall FirstMark Thinning approx: 350 PCTs per ha.

BL_OS2 // Tending_2 Mark racks 1:10 ~ 1:7 lines Some PCTs presented in rack.

BL_OS2 // Tending_2

Mark racks 1:10 ~ 1:7 lines Some PCTs presented in rack.

BL_OS2 // Tending_2

Mark racks 1:10 ~ 1:7 lines Some PCTs presented in rack.

BC_OS1 // Tending_1

BL_OS3 // Tending_3 Mark at least 2 competitors/ wolves and diseased. Approx. 300 PCTs remaining.

BL_OS3 // Tending_3

Mark at least 2 competitors/ wolves and diseased. Approx. 300 PCTs remaining.

BL_OS3 // Tending_3

Mark at least 2 competitors/ wolves and diseased. Approx. 300 PCTs remaining.

Fell racks, competiros, wolves and diseased.

BL_1 // Tending_4 / Thinning_1 Fell racks, competiros, wolves and diseased.

Second thinning_ approx 5 years.

community woodland • iv.i_community woodland handbook

BL_1 // Tending_4 / Thinning_1

Fell racks, competiros, wolves and diseased.

Second thinning_ approx 5 years.

BL_2 // Thinning_2 Mark at lest 2 competitors/ wolves and diseased.

High prune PCTs at 6m height as required. Regrown trees

BL_4 // Thinning_4

High prune PCTs at 6m height as required. Regrown trees

BL_4 // Thinning_4

High prune PCTs at 6m height as required. // Broadleaf Forest Management Regrown trees

approx 1500 stems per ha (2m x 2m) >8m tall FirstConifer_ Thinning 1250 steas per ha

BC_OS1 // Tending_1

approx 1500 stems per ha (2m x 2m) >8m tall FirstConifer_ Thinning 1250 steas per ha

BL_2 // Thinning_2 Mark at lest 2 competitors/ wolves and diseased.

BC_1 // Tending_4 / Thinning_1

BL_3 // Thinning_3 Fell racks, competiros, wolves and diseased.

Fell racks, competiros, wolves and diseased.

BC_1 // Tending_4 / Thinning_1

BL_3 // Thinning_3 Fell racks, competiros, wolves and diseased.

Fell racks, competiros, wolves and diseased.

Second thinning_ approx 5 years.

BC_1 // Tending_4 / Thinning_1

BL_3 // Thinning_3 Fell racks, competiros, wolves and diseased.

Mark approx: 350 PCTs per ha. Mark 2:3 conifer lines

BC_OS2 // Tending_2

Mark approx: 350 PCTs per ha. Mark 2:3 conifer lines

BC_OS2 // Tending_2

Mark approx: 350 PCTs per ha. Mark 2:3 conifer lines

BC_OS3 // Tending_3 Mark wolves and diseased approx 150 per ha.

Fell racks, competiros, wolves and diseased.

Second thinning_ approx 5 years.

BC_2 // Thinning_2 Mark at lest 2 competitors/ wolves and diseased.

BC_3 // Thinning_3 Fell competiros, wolves and diseased.

Second thinning_ approx 5 years.

BL_4 // Thinning_4

BC_OS1 // Tending_1

BC_OS2 // Tending_2

First Thinning

BL_1 // Tending_4 / Thinning_1

approx 1500 stems per ha (2m x 2m) >8m tall Conifer_ 1250 steas per ha

BL_5 // Thinning_5

BL_6 // Thinning_6

>>>Loop to BL_2

Harvesting PCTs (Standing sales of HQ Timber) Fell racks, competiros, wolves and diseased.

Mark new PCTs for new crop in approx 5 years. Loop back to BL_2 (Basal area should be calculated BL_6and // Thinning_6 >>>Loop to BL_2 replanting might be needed)

Harvesting PCTs (Standing sales of HQ Timber) Fell racks, competiros, wolves and diseased.

Mark new PCTs for new crop in approx 5 years. Loop back to BL_2 (Basal area should be calculated replanting might be needed) BL_6and // Thinning_6 >>>Loop to BL_2

Harvesting PCTs (Standing sales of HQ Timber) Fell racks, competiros, wolves and diseased.

Mark new PCTs for new crop in approx 5 years. Loop back to BL_2 (Basal area should be calculated and replanting might be needed)

BL_5 // Thinning_5 BL_5 // Thinning_5

BC_4 // Thinning_4 High prune PCTs at 6m height as required. Regrown trees

BC_4 // Thinning_4

High prune PCTs at 6m height as required. Regrown trees

BC_4 // Thinning_4

High prune PCTs at 6m height as required. // Broadleaf Forest Management Regrown trees

// Broadleaf Forest Management

BC_5 // Thinning_5

BC_6 // Thinning_6

>>>Loop to BC_2

Harvesting PCTs (Standing sales of HQ Timber) Fell nurse (remaining conifers)

Mark new PCTs for new crop in approx 5 years. Loop back to BL_2 (Basal area should be calculated replanting might be needed) BC_6and // Thinning_6 >>>Loop to BC_2

Harvesting PCTs (Standing sales of HQ Timber) Fell nurse (remaining conifers)

Mark new PCTs for new crop in approx 5 years. Loop back to BL_2 (Basal area should be calculated replanting might be needed) BC_6and // Thinning_6 >>>Loop to BC_2

Harvesting PCTs (Standing sales of HQ Timber) Fell nurse (remaining conifers)

Mark new PCTs for new crop in approx 5 years. Loop back to BL_2 (Basal area should be calculated and replanting might be needed)

BC_5 // Thinning_5 BC_5 // Thinning_5

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BL_OS1 // Tending_1

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Tending & Marking

TENDING & THINNING Woodland Management

//Conifers Tending & Thinning

//Riparian Buffer Management

The recommendations illustrated below are specifically Tending & Thinning for the existing conifer (fir) forest in the uppermost part The recommendations illustrated below are specifically of Treherbert. Thinning control differs from broadleaf for the existing conifer (fir) forest in the uppermost part of Tending & Thinning Treherbert. Thinning control from broadleaf since conifers do not necessitate beingdiffers marked priorsince to conifers do not necesitate being marked prior to felling. recommendations illustrated below are specifically felling. The loopingThe time defined is 5 years. (All adjacent The looping time defined is 5 years. for the existing& conifer (fir) forest in the uppermost part of Tending Thinning diagrams from: Teagasc Forestry Office.)since Treherbert. Thinning Development control differs from broadleaf

The recommendations illustrated below are specificalManagement ly for Riparian Forest, adjacent to streams. No marking The recommendations below below are speciﬁcally is needed and felling should be illustrated controlled 5% for Riparian Forest, adjacent to streams. No marking is Management of stocking. Timber production and wood extraction needed and felling should be controlled below 5% of stocking. Timber production and wood extraction should illustrated below are speciﬁcally should by no meanThe berecommendations prioritized. (All adjacent diagrams by no mean be prioritized. for Riparian Forest, adjacent to streams. No marking is from: Teagasc Forestry Development Office.) needed and felling should be controlled below 5% of

conifer conifer conifer

conifers do not necesitate being marked prior to felling. The recommendations illustrated below are specifically The looping time defined is 5 years. for the existing conifer (fir) forest in the uppermost part of Treherbert. Thinning control differs from broadleaf since conifers do not necesitate being marked prior to felling. The looping time defined is 5 years.

Tending & Marking Tending & Marking

RIPARIAN forest RIPARIAN forest

stocking. Timber production and wood extraction should by no mean be prioritized.

Thinning & Coppicing Thinning & Coppicing

Tending & Marking

CO_OS1 // Tending_1

CO_OS2 // Tending_2

Conifer_ 2500 stems per ha

Mark 2:1 conifer lines

CO_OS1 // Tending_1

CO_OS2 // Tending_2

Conifer_ 2500 stems per ha

Diversiﬁcation_ Structure a

CO_OS1 // Tending_1

Conifer_ 2500 stems per ha

Diversiﬁcation_ Structure a

Mark 2:1 conifer lines

CO_OS2 // Tending_2 Mark 2:1 conifer lines

CO_OS3 // Tending_3 Fell racks, competiros, wolves and diseased.

RF// Planting

RF// Tending

Diversify with diﬀerent species of Broadleved

RF // Selective thinning

Identify undesirable conifers within riparian zone.

RF// Planting

RF// Tending

Diversify with diﬀerent species of Broadleved

Selective thinning of broadleaf in dense areas.

RF // Selective thinning

Identify undesirable conifers within riparian zone.

Aﬀorestation & Diversiﬁcation

Selective thinning of broadleaf in dense areas.

Aﬀorestation & Diversiﬁcation

Diversiﬁcation_ Structure a

Streamside zone 2

Streamside zone 1

Stream/ Wetland

Streamside zone 2

Streamside zone 1

Stream/ Wetland

Bank slope (%) >25% Bank slope (%)

24% - 25% 3

>25%

24% - 25% 21% - 23%

CO_1 // Diversitication

CO_2 // Diversiﬁcation_2

Conifer_ approx 750 steas per ha Regrown trees

Mark & fell full rack (Harvest Remain)

CO_1 // Diversitication

Conifer_ approx 750 steas per ha Diversiﬁcation_ Structure Regrown trees

b b

Mark & fell full rack (Harvest Remain)

CO_2 // Diversiﬁcation_2 Mark & fell full rack (Harvest Remain)

In 20 years broadleaved are ready for Tending Loop back to BC_2

21% - 23% 18% - 20%

CO_3 // Diversiﬁcation_3

In 20 years broadleaved are ready for Tending Loop back to BC_2

CO_3 // Diversiﬁcation_3

18% - 20% 15% - 17% 2

In 20 years broadleaved are ready for Tending Loop back to BC_2

15% - 17% 2

Diversiﬁcation_ Structure b

New buﬀer width cost+ 20 m cost+ 25 m New buﬀer width cost+ 33 m cost+ 20 m cost+ 40 m cost+ 25 m cost+ 50 m cost+ 33 m

Conifer_ approx 750 steas per ha Regrown trees

CO_1 // Diversiﬁcation_1

Conifer_ approx 750 steas per ha Regrown trees

CO_1 // Diversiﬁcation_1

Conifer_ approx 750 steas per ha // Broadleaf Forest Management Regrown trees

// Broadleaf Forest Management

CO_2 // Diversiﬁcation_2 Mark & fell full rack (Harvest Remain)

CO_3 // Diversiﬁcation_3 In 20 years broadleaved are ready for Tending Loop back to BC_2

CO_3 // Diversiﬁcation_3

In 20 years broadleaved are ready for Tending Loop back to BC_2

CO_3 // Diversiﬁcation_3

In 20 years broadleaved are ready for Tending Loop back to BC_2

Undisturbed trees

Debris dams

Conifer should be removed.

cost+ 40 m Dead and dying

Undisturbed trees

Debris dams

Conifer should be removed.

Dead and dying

cost+ 50 m

Streamside II

Streamside I

Removes, transforms or stores sediment nutrients and other pollutant. Preferable not managed forest but Streamside II peridoic harvesting Streamside II is necessary to remove nutrients Removes, transforms or stores sediment to nutrients and sequestered in tree stems and branches maintain other Preferable not managed forest but uptakepollutant. through rapid tree growth. Removes, transforms or stores sediment nuperidoic harvesting is necessary to remove nutrients trients and other pollutant. Preferable sequestered in tree stems and branches to maintain not managed forest periodic harvesting is uptake through rapid but tree growth.

Undisturbed forest. Create stable ecosystem, minimun management needed. Provides soil/water contact area to Streamside I facilitate nutrient buﬀering processes, stabilizes banks Streamside I Undisturbed stablewater ecosystem, minimun and provide forest. shadesCreate to stabilize temperature. management needed. Provides soil/water contact area to Undisturbed forest. Create stable ecofacilitate nutrient buﬀering processes, stabilizes banks minimum management needandsystem, provide shades to stabilize water temperature.

necessary to remove nutrients sequestered in tree stems and branches to maintain uptake through rapid tree growth. // Broadleaf Forest Management

// Broadleaf Forest Management

ed. Provides soil/water contact area to facilitate nutrient buffering processes, stabilizes banks and provide shades to stabilize water temperature.

New bushes New bushes

Stream Debris dams holds nutrients and pollutants for

processing by aquatic fauna and provide cover and Stream cooling shade for ﬁsh and other stream dwellers. Stream

Debris dams holds nutrients and pollutants for processing by aquatic fauna and provide cover and Debris dams holds nutrients and pollutants cooling shade for ﬁsh and other stream dwellers.

for processing by aquatic fauna and provide cover and cooling shade for fish and other stream dwellers.

155

CO_1 // Diversiﬁcation_1

154

community woodland • iv.i_community woodland handbook

CO_1 // Diversitication

CO_2 // Diversiﬁcation_2

CO_3 // Diversiﬁcation_3

CREDITS & REFERENCES Woodland Management

Credits: Designed in Collaboration with Welcome to Our Woods. Treherbert Design and Production: Inventory & catalogue: By Elena Suastegui & Rafael Caldera. ‘How to...’ Woodland section by Rafael Caldera, Soil section by Elena Suastegui.

References:

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Bassett, L., 2014. Ash Gate Hurdles, How to: Part 1. [Online] Available at: http://coppicecrafts.blogspot.com/2014/02/ash-gate-hurdles-how-to-part-1.html[Accessed 18 08 2019]. BBC, 2015. UK floods: ‘Complete rethink needed’ on flood defences. BBC, 28 12. Carberry, A., 2019. WikiHow, How to Graft Plants. [Online] Available at: https://www.wikihow.com/Graft-Plants[Accessed 21 07 2019]. Chris Evans & Jakob Jespersen, 2001. The Farmers’ Handbook. First Edition ed. Nepal: s.n. Cornell, n.d. How to Plant a Tree or Shrub. Extension, Cornell Cooperative. Edwards, R., 2019. Personal conversation in Welcome to Our Woods [Interview] (22 July 2019). Forest Research, 2019. Ecological Site Classification. [Online] Available at: http://www.forestdss.org.uk/geoforestdss/#[Accessed August 2019]. Ian Short and Toddy Radford, 2018. Silvicultural Guidelines, Ireland: Teagasc Forestry Development Ofiice. Palka, J., 2017. Nature’s Depth, Nurse Logs. [Online] Available at: https://naturesdepths.com/nurse-logs/ [Accessed 18 08 2019]. Raudes, M. & Sagatsume, N., 2009. Manual de Conservación de Suelos, El Zamorano, Honduras: Programa para la Agricultura Sostenible en Laderas de América Central. Carrera de Ciencia y Producción Agropecuaria. Escuela Agrícola Panamericana. RHS, n.d. Mulches and mulching. [Online] Available at: https:// www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?pid=323 [Accessed 21 07 2019]. Siebe, C., Jahn, R. & Stahr, K., 2006. Manual para la descripción y evaluación ecológica de suelos en el campo, Mexico City: Instituto de Geología, UNAM. USDA, n.d. Natural Resources Conservation Service. [Online] Available at: https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/ nrcseprd882812.pdf [Accessed 17 08 2019]. Wikipedia, 2019. [Online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Woodchips [Accessed 21 07 2019]. Yield, M., n.d. Seedling. [Online] Available at: https://www.maximumyield.com/definition/214/seedling [Accessed 21 07 2019].

everything changes through

By Elena Luciano, Rafael Caldera & Yasmina Yehia Our proposal of a commons reform is based on taking advantage of the UKâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s current situation. Taking advantage of the Climate Change Act and Brexit, re-imagining the Commons and how they could facilitate the ability to manage woodland management has come to our attention as a potential set of circumstances that can be advantageous to communities who are interested in woodland management. The idea of this handbook is to imagine how a community initiative can undergo a re-imagined application process for an area to manage. Here, Treherbert is set an example for the latter. The handbook is sectioned into two parts: (1) What we propose on a political level - endorsing the idea of the commons (2) How we envision a potential way of re-imagining the application process.

159

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community woodland â&#x20AC;˘ iv.i_community woodland handbook

policy reforms

why are we proposing a restructuring of schemes? Woodlands schemes

While Brexit approaches, how will new policies support woodlands frameworks? As an attempt to re-imagine the upcoming scenario, we have mapped out where woodland frameworks are situated now and which schemes are being funded by the EU.

How can we restructure and reorganize the schemes which need to be taken into account to execute what the notational legislations are targeting (25 years development plan, Climate Change Act, etc.) As part of the plans to exit the EU, the UK will no longer rely on the EU for the Common Agricultural Policy but will undergo a process of change with the new Agricultural Bill. We suggest that instead, the CAP encompasses a larger pool of land uses within the UK where it no only holds a large priority for agriculture but also for common lands. We propose a Common Landscape Policy which purposes its funds as public money for public goods.

COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICy (CAP

New Forest Strategy EU Commision

Common landscape policy (CLp) Woodland Management, AgricultureGrazing, Fisheries, Tourism

WOODLANDs FRAMEWORK

DEFRA

WOODLANDs FRAMEWORK

Forestry Comission

DEFRA

WOODLAND CARBON CODE

UK FORESTRY STANDARD uk

rural development plan 2014

Welsh Government

WBFG (WELL-BEING) ACT 2015

Environment (Wales) Act 2016

rural development plan 2014

WBFG (WELL-BEING) ACT 2015

Environment (Wales) Act 2016

Nat. Resources Wales

50 y. Woodlands for Wales

glastir (welsh green land)

wales

ACT/POLICY

SCHEME

GUIDELINE

FUNDING

HIERARCHY

ACT/POLICY

SCHEME

GUIDELINE

FUNDING

HIERARCHY

PROPOSED CHANGE

161

community woodland â&#x20AC;¢ iv.i_modified policies handbook

WOODLAND CARBON CODE

UK FORESTRY STANDARD

Welsh Government

160

Forestry Comission

What are we proposing? Glastir scheme

Today, under the Rural Development Plan is the Glastir Welsh land management scheme which is partly funded through the CAP. It holds five different schemes that can be applied for. Yet, it is important to question the way subsidies and grants are being distributed because they depend on the area in which the land owner owns - which is a debatable issue with CAP - the more area you have, the more money you get.

COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICy (CAP

With the goal to distribute public money for public goods - the aim is to look into how the land manager can improve ecosystem benefits through grants through a modified Glastir. The suggested funding instead of being area based now - is focused on land management of the land based on criterion that improve woodland management, soil management and carbon storage. In that sense, its not about how large your land is, but how land is handled.

common landscape policy (clp) PUBLIC MONEY FOR PUBLIC GOODS

glastir (welsh green land)

162

WOODLAND RESTORATION

Delivers environmental improvements for a range of objectives including habitats, species, soil and water.

Supports land managers who wish to create new woodland and/or manage existing woodlands.

glastir SMALL GRANTS

glastir advanced

WOODLAND CREATION

For capital works under three themes; Carbon, Water and Landscape & Pollinators

Delivers environmental improvements for a range of objectives including habitats, species, soil and water.

Supports land managers who wish to create new woodland and/or manage existing woodlands.

area based or activity based

SCHEME

GUIDELINE

FUNDING

WOODLAND RESTORATION

glastir SMALL GRANTS For capital works under three themes; Carbon, Water and Landscape & Pollinators

area based or activity based HANDBOOK MANAGEMENT CRITERIA

HIERARCHY

SUBSIDY

SCHEME

GUIDELINE PROPOSED CHANGE

FUNDING

HIERARCHY SELECTED SCHEMES

SUBSIDY

163

WOODLAND CREATION

community woodland â&#x20AC;˘ iv.i_modified policies handbook

glastir advanced

glastir (welsh green land)

how do we reformulate a full scheme? Glastir scheme grants

Today, the CAP’s budget for forestry is little comparing to agriculture.

Therefore, it may be noteworthy to re-organize funding priorities as a speculation as to how the Common Landscape Policy could be envisioned to fund the modified Glastir scheme. A way of doing so would be to have the same budget for agriculture and for the woodland framework. Additionally, to ensure that land management is monitored, following the forestry handbook and validating its activities becomes an essential element to receiving funds

COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICy (CAP

common landscape policy (clp)

direct pay: agricultural direct payments

agricultural direct payments

agri environmental schemes

forestry and other

glastir advanced

WOODLAND CREATION

Enhanced Mixed Woodland Grant

glastir (welsh green land)

WOODLAND RESTORATION

Native Woodland Carbon Grant

Year 1

Year 2 - 4

Year 5 - x

164

SCHEME

GUIDELINE

FUNDING

glastir advanced

HIERARCHY

WOODLAND CREATION

WOODLAND RESTORATION

glastir SMALL GRANTS

estaBLISHED WOODLANDS

riparian

barren land

Thin broadleaf and extract

Buﬀer to prevent erosion

Enhanced Mixed Woodland

Native Woodland Carbon

HB09_Soil Erosion Control HB10_Stream Runoﬀ Control HB11_Contouring HB12_Pathing

HB08_Surveying HB14_Log Nursing HB15_Transplanting HB17_Composting HB18_Mulching HB20_Birds Perching HB21_Soil at ﬁrst glance HB22_Digging Down HB23_Bug’s Life HB24_Aggregate stability HB25_Soil Texture HB26_Bulk Density HB27_Soil pH HB28_Soil Colour

Year 1

Year 2 - 4

Year 2

Year 2 - 3

Year 20

Year 5 - 20

Year 4 - 20

HB01_Marking and Flagging HB02_Tending & Thinning HB03_Prunning HB04_Coppicing HB05&6_Logging HB07_Loading

community woodland • iv.i_modified policies handbook

Year 1

glastir SMALL GRANTS

SCHEME

GUIDELINE PROPOSED CHANGE

FUNDING

high risk areas

HIERARCHY

SELECTED SCHEMES

165

glastir (welsh green land)

how to apply? Application process

The site below will be used to explain the application process for woodland management under the Common Landscape Policy. The image below is what the applicant receives from the RCT Council when requesting to do woodland management.

In order to envision how one can apply for a grant under the modified Glastir, one must undergo several procedures: Documentation, Requirements and Funding to be able to submit an application for land management. The Community Forestry Council is formed through the local community and aims at mediating between the applicant and the Rhondda Cynon Taf Council (RCT). Essentially, transparency is very important in this process and ensuring rules are being respected is meant to be an agreement between the local community, the Community Forestry Council and the RCT.

step 1 : administrative

rhondda cynon taf (rct) council

step 2 : documentation

community forestry council

step 3 : requirements

present your proposal

established woodlands HB01_Marking and Flagging HB02_Tending & Thinning HB03_Prunning HB04_Coppicing HB05&6_Logging HB07_Loading

RCT council Treherbert, Rhondda Fawr Area no15 Posting Sept 9

community woodland • iv.i_modified policies handbook

calculate grants

Glastir Advanced

Glastir Creation

Glastir Restoration

Glastir Small Extras

step 5 : submission

submit application

167

166

HB09_Soil Erosion Control HB10_Stream Runoﬀ Control HB11_Contouring HB12_Pathing

high risk areas

barren land

step 3 : funding

riparian

what to expect when you go to the rct council?

documentation

Application process

As part of the documentation procedure one must first go through an administrative process to the RCT council. Once one requests the wish to acquire a lease for woodland management, the RCT is reponsible of issuing a document for available land management areas. Through the help of the Community Forestry Council, one must fill out the percentages of areas belonging to the different land uses specified within the documentation sheet.

guidelines 1) go to the rhondda cynon taf (rct) council 2) ask for available land to manage 3) council will provide available land to apply for

Treherbert, Rhondda Fawr Area n15 Posting Sept 9

*this is an example of the format provided

1) go to the community forestry council 2) go to the advisory to meet with an advisor 3) present the land to manage provided by the rct council 4) the advisor will help you with the rest of the process

Treherbert, Rhondda Fawr Area n15 Posting Sept 9

information to fill Community Forestry Initiative name ............................................................................

experience

none familiar

experienced very experienced

4 Treherbert, Rhondda Fawr Area n15 Posting Sept 9

9.66 ...............ha

established woodlands

11.46 ...............ha

riparian

9.79 ...............ha

barren land

...............ha

high risk areas 169

168

community woodland â&#x20AC;˘ iv.i_modified policies handbook

what are the requirements you need to validate?

requirements

Application process

As part of validating the requirements for the application, the Community Forestry Council will be in charge of guiding the applicant through the Community Woodland Handbook. The Community Woodland Handbook holds a large amount of activities, their description and techniques that should be accounted for community forestry management. Once the applicant has evaluated his land use areas and the criterion under which the given area of land to manage - the applicant must validate a check list of activities to perform. This is a crucial step preceding funding.

guidelines after identifying the land use within the designated area you validate the checklist below. this step is inevitable without the handbook on forestry. 1

look through Everything is made in treherbert

treherbert //Our Community Woodland Handbook.

How to woodland? Woodland Management HB01_Marking and Flagging

Eighteen of the nineteen warmest years in recorded history have occurred since 2000. By: Richard Edwards, โ Welcome to our Woodsโ

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//How to use it:

Experienced forester Amateur forester 1RYLFH

Requirements & Inventory 6HOHFWLRQ T.22 & T.20.

&OLPDWH FKDQJH ZLOO XQGRXEWHGO\ Dเข HFW WKH ODQG VXUURXQGing this community. We must expect water shortages due WR SURORQJHG SHULRGV RI GURXJKW ZKLFK ZKHQ FRQVLGHUHG DORQJVLGH KLJKHU WHPSHUDWXUHV FRXOG FDXVH KLJK UDWHV RI WUHH PRUWDOLW\ &RPSURPLVHG ZDWHU TXDOLW\ LQFUHDVHG เข UH ULVN DQG WLPEHU ORVV PXVW EH FRQVLGHUHG LQ HYHU\ DVSHFW RI future management of these resources. Ecosystems and KDELWDWV ZLOO HYROYH EXW WKH ORVVHV ZLOO PRVW OLNHO\ EH JUHDWHU than the gains.

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2 identify corresponding activities

How to woodland? Woodland Management HB01_Marking and Flagging &RUUHVSRQGV WR WKH LGHQWLเกผFDWLRQ RI WZR W\SHV RI WUHHV 3RWHQWLDO &URS 7UHHV WR EH SULRULWL]HG 6HO &ULWHULD 'LVHDVH IUHH *RRG VWHP IRUP ! P RI VWUDLJKW GHIHFW IUHH ORJ 'LVWULEXWLRQ 6DPH WKURXJKRXW WKH SODQWDWLRQ 3&7ศ V &RPSHWLQJ WUHHV GLVHDVHG PDOIRUPHG WUHHV ZROYHV DQG RWKHU SODQWDWLRQ WKDW EORFNV IXWXUH DFFHVV URXWHV UDFNV WR EH UHPRYHG Requirements & Inventory 6HOHFWLRQ T.22 & T.20.

HB03_Prunning

Requirements & Inventory 7KLQ EUDQFKHV SUXQQLQJ ORZ

T.9, T.25, T.20, T.21, T.25 /DUJH EUDQFKHV SUXQQLQJ T.28.

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Woodland Management

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Harvesting machine ,QWHQVH KDUYHVWLQJ XVXDOO\ GRQH E\ SURIHVVLRQDO FRQWUDFWRUV 1RW SUHIHUUDEOH IRU EURDGOHDI FURSV

HB01_Marking and Flagging

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*this is the description of the activity

How to woodland? Potential Crop Tree )RU PDUNLQJ เกฝDJJLQJ 3&7V XVVXDOO\ 25$1*( LV WKH SUHIHUUHG FR ORXU

HB02_Tending & Thinning

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HB03_Prunning

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Requirements & Inventory 7KLQ EUDQFKHV SUXQQLQJ ORZ

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HB04_Coppicing

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Requirements & Inventory 6HOHFWLRQ T.22 & T.20.

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HB04_Coppicing

Woodland Management

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*this is the representation of the activity HB02_Tending & Thinning

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Shoots regrowth 6KRRWV UDSLGO\ UHJURZ IURP VWRRO WKH IROORZLQJ VSULQJ DQG LV UHDG\ IRU KDUYHVW EHWZHHQ WR \HDUV IRU KDUYHVW EHWZHHQ WR \HDUV

HB01_Marking and Flagging &RUUHVSRQGV WR WKH LGHQWLเกผFDWLRQ RI WZR W\SHV RI WUHHV 3RWHQWLDO &URS 7UHHV WR EH SULRULWL]HG 6HO &ULWHULD 'LVHDVH IUHH *RRG VWHP IRUP ! P RI VWUDLJKW GHIHFW IUHH ORJ 'LVWULEXWLRQ 6DPH WKURXJKRXW WKH SODQWDWLRQ 3&7ศ V &RPSHWLQJ WUHHV GLVHDVHG PDOIRUPHG WUHHV ZROYHV DQG RWKHU SODQWDWLRQ WKDW EORFNV IXWXUH DFFHVV URXWHV UDFNV WR EH UHPRYHG

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Requirements & Inventory 6HOHFWLRQ T.22 & T.20.

HB03_Prunning

Treherbert โ ข COMMUNITY HANDBOOK

Requirements & Inventory 7HQGLQJ T.20, T.21, T.28, T.29. 7KLQQLQJ T.20, T.21, T.28, T.29.

Treherbert, Rhondda Fawr Area n15 Posting Sept 9

Treherbert โ ข COMMUNITY HANDBOOK

How to woodland?

Requirements & Inventory 7KLQ EUDQFKHV FRSSLFLQJ T5, T.9, T.25, T.28. /DUJH EUDQFKHV FRSSLFLQJ T.28.

Coppicing Cycle 5-20 years

Treherbert โ ข COMMUNITY HANDBOOK

Chainsaw 8VHG E\ IRUHVWHU 0LQLPDO LPSDFW WR DGMDFHQWV FURSV

HB03_Prunning Potential Crop Tree

)RU PDUNLQJ เกฝDJJLQJ 3&7V XVVXDOO\ 25$1*( LV WKH SUHIHUUHG FR

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Requirements & Inventory 7KLQ EUDQFKHV SUXQQLQJ ORZ

T.9, T.25, T.20, T.21, T.25 /DUJH EUDQFKHV SUXQQLQJ T.28.

8VHG E\ IRUHVWHU 0LQLPDO LPSDFW WR DGMDFHQWV FURSV

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1 1 3

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1 1 3

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Shoots regrowth 6KRRWV UDSLGO\ UHJURZ IURP VWRRO WKH IROORZLQJ VSULQJ DQG LV UHDG\ IRU KDUYHVW EHWZHHQ WR \HDUV IRU KDUYHVW EHWZHHQ WR \HDUV

information to fill

Requirements & Inventory 7KLQ EUDQFKHV SUXQQLQJ ORZ

T.9, T.25, T.20, T.21, T.25 /DUJH EUDQFKHV SUXQQLQJ T.28.

Harvesting machine ,QWHQVH KDUYHVWLQJ XVXDOO\ GRQH E\ SURIHVVLRQDO FRQWUDFWRUV 1RW SUHIHUUDEOH IRU EURDGOHDI FURSV

Visible collar )LUVW FXW GHHS FXW XQGHUQHDWK WR SUHYHQW WHDULQJ 1 2 3 6HFRQG DQG 7KLUG &XW FRPSOHWHO\ WKURXJK FXW

HB04_Coppicing Chainsaw

Requirements & Inventory 7KLQ EUDQFKHV FRSSLFLQJ T5, T.9, T.25, T.28. /DUJH EUDQFKHV FRSSLFLQJ T.28.

Wolf Tree / Diseased tree )RU PDUNLQJ เกฝDJJLQJ WUHHV WR UHPRYH XVVXDOO\ %/8( LV WKH SUH IHUUHG FRORXU

Visible collar )LUVW FXW GHHS FXW XQGHUQHDWK WR SUHYHQW WHDULQJ 1 2 3 6HFRQG DQG 7KLUG &XW FRPSOHWHO\ WKURXJK FXW

No Visible collar )LUVW FXW GHHS FXW XQGHUQHDWK WR SUHYHQW WHDULQJ 1 2 3 6HFRQG DQG 7KLUG &XW FRPSOHWHO\ WKURXJK FXW

HB04_Coppicing

established woodlands

Coppicing Cut &XW FORVH WR EDVH LQ ZLQWHU DQG DQJOHG VOLJKWO\ WR DOORZ IRU ZDWHU UXQRเฒ

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11.46 ...............ha

riparian

HB09_Soil Erosion Control HB10_Stream Runo๏ฌ Control HB11_Contouring HB12_Pathing *tick no less than 3

*tick no less than 4

9.79 ...............ha

barren land

HB08_Surveying HB14_Log Nursing HB15_Transplanting HB17_Composting HB18_Mulching HB20_Birds Perching HB21_Soil at ๏ฌ rst glance HB22_Digging Down HB23_Bugโ s Life HB24_Aggregate stability HB25_Soil Texture HB26_Bulk Density HB27_Soil pH HB28_Soil Colour *tick up to 8

...............ha

high risk areas

171

community woodland โ ข iv.i_modified policies handbook

9.66 ...............ha

HB01_Marking and Flagging HB02_Tending & Thinning HB03_Prunning HB04_Coppicing HB05&6_Logging HB07_Loading

170

Requirements & Inventory 7KLQ EUDQFKHV FRSSLFLQJ T5, T.9, T.25, T.28. /DUJH EUDQFKHV FRSSLFLQJ T.28.

Coppicing Cycle 5-20 years

Treherbert โ ข COMMUNITY HANDBOOK

how to get funding for the project?

funding

Application process

As part of ensuring that the applicant gets funding for the respective area of land, the Community Forestry Council will explain thoroughly the process of how the modified Glastir operates and the importance of the requirements to meet in order to receive continuous funding. It is very important to pick the correct grant for the correct land use.

guidelines the funding process can be tricky, therefore you must pick the correct grant you need for the land use of the designated area. there are a few grants you should know about - which work hand in hand with specific LAND USES. Land use

estaBLISHED WOODLANDS

Item Thin broadleaf and extract

Grant

glastir advanced

riparian barren land high risk areas

Buﬀer to prevent erosion

Enhanced Mixed Woodland

woodland creation woodland restoration

Native Woodland Carbon

glastir small grants

* These grants support communities to create new woodlands and/or manage existing woodlands through a management designed to minimize the impact on soil and the ecosystem.

why are we proposing a restructuring of schemes?

the advisor helping you will ensure the grants selected are the correct one and the area calculation is correct. we want to ensure the application is as successfull as possible!

Treherbert, Rhondda Fawr Area n15 Posting Sept 9

information to fill 3

glastir advanced Thin broadleaf and extract

9.66 ........................ha

Year 1

........................ha

Year 2 - 4

........................ha

Year 5 - x

6.38 ........................ha

Year 1

........................ha

Year 2 - 3

........................ha

Year 5 - x

£ 2 610

glastir advanced Buﬀer to prevent erosion

£ 22 341

* + land use it belongs to

woodland creation Enhanced Mixed Woodland

woodland creation Native Woodland Carbon

9.79 ........................ha

Year 1

........................ha

Year 2 - 3

........................ha

Year 4 - x

........................ha

Year 1

........................ha

Year 2

........................ha

Year x

£ 34 228

173

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community woodland • iv.i_modified policies handbook

how to submit the application?

application checklist

Application process

Before submitting the application, to facilitate the application process - after filling out all the application sheets, the applicant must insert each sheet into its respective envelope. Before submitting the envelopes, it is crucial to attach the application checklist which will then be proof of application and applicant number.

guidelines please attach this application checklist when you come to the rhondda cynon taf council to submit your application. we can not accept your application without the application checklist because we must ensure that you have accepted the terms and conditions under the common landscape policy.

glastir

glastir advanced

woodland creation

woodland restoration

glastir small grants

welcome to our woods

09/09/2019

-handbook management criteria -mANAGED AREA -MONITORING

information to fill Community Forestry Council name ............................................................................

land use area handbook activities calculate funds I/we hereby certify that the information stated above is true, correct and complete to the best of my/our knowledge and I/we authorize the Community Forestry Council and the Rhondda Cynon Taf Council to investigate and verify this information 3

I/we accept to the terms and conditions of the Woodlands Scheme -New Glastir under the Common Landscape Policy 09/09/2019 date...................................................................... Community Forestry Council name(s)............................................................... CFC signature(s)..................................................... For official use only

application no.....................................................

175

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community woodland â&#x20AC;˘ iv.i_modified policies handbook

did you fill out your checklists for:

credits & references

Credits: Design and Production: Research: Elena Luciano Suastegui, Rafael Caldera & Yasmina Yehia Graphical work: By Yasmina Yehia

Glastir Advanced 2019 - Rules Booklet 1 (Welsh Government, 2019) Glastir Advanced 2019 - Rules Booklet 2: Whole Farm Code and Management Options (Welsh Government, 2019) Glastir Advanced Verifiable Standards - Verifiable standards and guidelines for classification of failures of Glastir (Welsh Government, 2018) Glastir Small Grants: general rules booklet (Welsh Government, 2019) Glastir Small Grants (landscape and pollinators): payment rates (Welsh Government, 2019) Glastir Small Grants (water): payment rates (Welsh Government, 2017) Glastir Small Grants (carbon): payment rates (Welsh Government, 2017) Glastir Woodland Creation (window 6, February 2018): rules booklet (Welsh Government, 2018) Glastir Woodland Restoration (window 7, April 2019): rules booklet (Welsh Government, 2019) Institute For Government, 2019. Common Agricultural Policy. [Online] Available at: https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/ explainers/common-agricultural-policy [Accessed 09 August 2019]. National Assembly for Wales, 2011. An introduction to Glastir and other UK agri-environment schemes, Cardiff Bay: National Assembly for Wales Commission. UK Government, 2018. Landmark Agriculture Bill to deliver a Green Brexit. [Online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/landmarkagriculture-bill-to-deliver-a-green-brexit [Accessed 2 August 2019]. Welsh Assembly Government, 2010. Glastir - New Sustainable Land Management Scheme for Wales. [Online] Available at: https://gweddill.gov.wales/docs/drah/ publications/100407glastirinserten.pdf [Accessed June 2019]. Welsh Government Rural Communities, 2016. Rural Development Programme 2014 - 2020, s.l.: Welsh Government. Welsh Government, 2013. Glastir Commons 2014. Explanatory Booklet and How to Complete Guide. [Online] Available at: https://gov.wales/glastir-commons-2014-explanatorybooklet [Accessed 2019]. Welsh Government, 2017. Glastir Small Grants (water): payment rates. [Online] Available at: https://gov.wales/glastir-small-grants-water-paymentrates [Accessed July 2019]. Welsh Government, 2017. Glastir Small Grants (water): payment rates. [Online] Available at: https://gov.wales/glastir-small-grants-carbonpayment-rates [Accessed July 2019]. Welsh Government, 2018. Glastir Advanced Verifiable Standards Verifiable standards and guidelines for classification of failures of Glastir. [Online] Available at: https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/ publications/2018-06/glastir-advanced-verifiable-standards.pdf [Accessed July 2019]. Welsh Government, 2018. Glastir Woodland Creation (window 6, February 2018): rules booklet. [Online] Available at: https://gov.wales/glastir-woodland-creation-window6-february-2018-rules-booklet [Accessed 2019]. Welsh Government, 2019. Glastir Advanced 2019 - Rules Booklet 1. [Online] Available at: https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/ publications/2018-01/glastir-advanced-2019-rules-booklet-1.pdf [Accessed August 2019]. Welsh Government, 2019. Glastir Advanced 2019 - Rules Booklet 2: Whole Farm Code and Management Options. [Online] Available at: https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/ publications/2018-01/glastir-advanced-2019-rules-booklet-2whole-farm-code-and-management-options.pdf [Accessed August 2019]. Welsh Government, 2019. Glastir Small Grants (landscape and pollinators): payment rates. [Online] Available at: https://gov.wales/glastir-small-grants-landscape-andpollinators-payment-rates [Accessed July 2019]. Welsh Government, 2019. Glastir Small Grants: general rules booklet.

[Online] Available at: https://gov.wales/glastir-small-grants-general-rules [Accessed July 2019]. Welsh Government, 2019. Glastir Woodland Restoration (window 7, April 2019): rules booklet. [Online] Available at: https://gov.wales/glastir-woodland-restorationwindow-7-april-2019-rules-booklet [Accessed 2019]. Woodland Trust, 2018. Rethinking the way we do agriculture policy â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Defra minister George Eustice. [Online] Available at: https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/ environment/environmental-protection/opinion/woodlandtrust/98816/rethinking-way-we-do [Accessed 2 August 2019].

177

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community woodland â&#x20AC;˘ iv.i_modified policies handbook

References:

178

community woodland â&#x20AC;˘ iv.ii the idea of a shifting plan

SHIFTING PLAN Design Phasing

SHIFTING PLAN STRUCTURE AND ARTICULATION

Woodlands dynamics P.118

P.116 Racks Organization

Simulation Shifting Plan Articulation

Funding Scheme

income

P.124

P.161

expenses

‘Our Community Handbook’

‘Policies handbook’

Community Intervention

Business Model

P.122 ‘Technical Report’

The Shifting plan is the final compilation of all the subtopics investigated in this chapter, it combines the woodlands dynamics simulations, the community intervention, subsidies application in situ and the business model. This production is developed in three phases, and three stages within each phase; it aims in documenting the expansion of the community project established using merely governmental support until a third phase where the incomes generated from production overpasses the incomes given as initial subsidies and fundings. The following series of cartographies are dominated by plan drawings, composed by thousands of circles representing trees, as results of previous simulations, this methodology was adopted to specifically document changes of the spatial configuration of trees in woodlands.

The total income of the business model (See Business model technical report) is broken down, and its assemblage is presented step by step following each stage of the shifting plan. Each phase presents a collection of interventions from the ‘Made in Treherbert’ handbook and their impact on the ecology; these interventions needs to be deployed by the community to be eligible for applying any subsidiary scheme.

179

As this translation and abstraction of `standard trees’, doesn’t provide any clue of the material composition of the space nor relation with communities, panoramic cartographies were developed, (opening of each phase) to depict the tree species, the topography and its materiality, the infrastructure potentially developed within the woods area and the relation with the town and community; these representations are combined with the business model, which compiles the total incomes per phase and the expenses representing the amount of jobs required for each phase and stage.

PHASE I Design Phasing

The panoramic view represents the third stage of the first phase of the plan, 10 years after the community kicked off the management of the woodlands in the proposed site. The Business plan shows the first investments of the community council: a Community Hub and Sawmill for further processing of logs into daily products. This investment is documented in the business plan and is the main reason of the decrease of the finances by the second stage. This communitarian hub also acts as the departure point for the network system that opens access to the forest area under management. Riparian Area is prioritized in this stage as it would become a special sightseeing corridor with potential tourism development in the future, and the investment in diverse NTFP activities is also started, represented in green line at the bottom of the business plan diagram.

YEAR 5-10_ STAGE III_ SHIFTING PLAN & BUSINESS PLAN

View point

Management

Biomass Plant

Camping Areas

Educational

MicroHydro

Sightseeing path

Conservation

WoodChip Boiler

Proposed Biomass Plant Site

Riparian Buﬀer

Zone 2 (Conifer)

New Community Hub Biomass Boiler Sawmill Forestry School

Town Library

Micro-hydro

OVERAL INCOME

Stage_1

Stage_2 £246,049

£161,192

£45,190

EXPENDITURES WOODLAND MANAGEMENT Woodland & Riparian

£9,038

Aforestation

£45,190 Sawmill & Shed

£138,500

ENERGY PRODUCTION MicroHydro

£50,000

New Community Hub

£750,000 Boiler

£20,000

BioMass Plant

Private

Boiler

£20,000

Delivery Bee Hives Composting Rhondda Rustic

£10,000 £5,000 £5,000 £5,000

DIVERSIFICATION & SIGHTSEEING

181

180

community woodland • iv.ii the idea of a shifting plan

Income £1,350,931

Stage_3

Drawn by Rafael Caldera Business model by Elena Luciano, Rafael Caldera

Phase i_ SHIFTING PLAN Design Phasing

The cartography depicts the area under community management after 10 years. The first phase is focused on the management of the areas besides the town, where the community could be witnesses of the benefits and impacts of the project on their daily life, as the best way of encouraging them getting involved as volunteers. It starts from the creation of a Riparian buffer, for potential touristic development in the future as well as contributing to the watershed improvement in view of the growing concern about declining supply of quality water. The expansion of the managed areas towards the adjacent conifer plantation provides materials for boiler heating and the fabrication of products in the community woodshop. The roads are adapted and their hierarchy is represented by line thickness. Two departure points has been selected: The community hub (on-going project) and a proposed site for a community biomass project in the northern area of the site.

YEAR 5-10_PHASE I_ STAGE III

YEAR 1_PHASE I_ STAGE I

YEAR 2-5_PHASE I_ STAGE II

YEAR 1_GRANTS PER AREA

YEAR 2-5_GRANTS PER AREA

Phasing expansion

BIOMASS PLANT

Phase 1.1 | Phase 1|Total site area

community woodland • iv.ii the idea of a shifting plan

30.90 ha

Phase 1.2 | Phase 1|Total site area 302.69 ha

Woodlands

Glastir_Advanced_ £ 1,084/ ha (4y.) £ 2,619

Riparian Buﬀer

£ 22,341

£ 34,228

200m

182

CONIFERS >10m 500m

CONIFERS <10m

BROADLEAF >10m

BROADLEAF <10m 1000m

(ha) 0 Drawn by Rafael Caldera

9.79 ha

£ 11,160

High Risk Area

Glastir_ Advanced & New Planting_ £ 4500/ ha ROADS/ RACKS

£ 19,492

Glastir_ Advanced & New Planting_ £ 1,114/ ha (4y.)

High Risk Area DEPARTURE POINT

11.46 ha

Aﬀorestation

Glastir_ Advanced & New Planting_ £ 3,350/ ha

Drawn by Rafael Caldera

£ 34,758

Glastir_ Advanced & Small Grants_ L.U.+ £ 584/ ha (4y.)

Aﬀorestation 9.79 ha

32.04 ha

Riparian Buﬀer

Glastir_ Advanced & Small Grants_ L.U.+ £ 146/ ha 11.46 ha

302.69 ha

Woodlands

Glastir_Advanced_ £ 3,250/ ha 9.66 ha

53.29 ha

Glastir_ Advanced & New Planting_ £ 4500/ ha £0

(ha) 0

£0

183

COMMUNITY HUB

PHASE I_ ACCOUNTS

PHASE I_ INTERVENTION

Design Phasing

TOTAL PHASE

The first tending and the removal of trees for pathing have an immediate effect on the ground; allowing light penetrate onto the forest floor, it encourages the growth of the shrub and herb composition, new and remaining trees will grow faster when they have clear space around the sides of the canopy in which they can grow. Light in combination with other interventions (ex: Thinning HB_2, Pigs Introduction HB_19) will also allow the seeds stored in the A horizon to grow. Diversification of species on the mono-cultured areas is envisioned to happen at this stage.

Phasing expansion Phase 1|Total site area 62.88 ha

302.69 ha

Total Income comparison

Estimate 80% £1805 x woodlands area x 5 y. \ Total sum of grants.

Production £ 70,170

Public Funding £ 210,830

STAGE I_ YEAR 1

WOODLAND BEFORE / AFTER INTERVENTION

Income comparison

Estimate 80% £1805 x woodlands area x 5 y. \ Total sum of grants.

£ 1,743

£ 62,643

Woodlands

Glastir_Advanced_ £ 3,250/ ha 9.66 ha

£ 2,619

Riparian Buﬀer

Glastir_ Advanced & Small Grants_ L.U.+ £ 146/ ha 11.46 ha

£ 22,341

Aﬀorestation

Glastir_ Advanced & New Planting_ £ 3,350/ ha 9.79 ha

£ 34,228

STAGE II_ YEAR 2-5 Income comparison

Estimate 80% £1805 x woodlands area x 5 y. \ Total sum of grants.

£ 28,916

£ 68,865

Woodlands

Glastir_Advanced_ £ 1,084/ ha (4y.) 32.04 ha

£ 34,758

Riparian Buﬀer

Glastir_ Advanced & Small Grants_ L.U.+ £ 584/ ha (4y.) 11.46 ha

£ 19,492

Aﬀorestation

Glastir_ Advanced & New Planting_ £ 1,114/ ha (4y.) 9.79 ha

£ 11,160

High Risk Area

Glastir_ Advanced & New Planting_ £ 4500/ ha 0 ha

Zoom In_Overstocked & Monoculutred status

Zoom In_After Tending and rack adaptations

£0

SOIL EVOLUTION AFTER INTERVENTION

STAGE III_ YEAR 5-10 Income comparison £ 39,511

Organic horizon

£ 79,322

Organic horizon

Woodlands

A horizon

Glastir_Advanced_ £ 3,250/ ha 9.66 ha

£ 2,619

Albic horizon (bleached horizon)

Riparian Buﬀer

Glastir_ Advanced & Small Grants_ L.U.+ £ 146/ ha 11.46 ha

A horizon

Clay Illuviation

£ 22,341

Aﬀorestation

OS_1

OS_3

C horizon

OS_5

MANAGED

Glastir_ Advanced & New Planting_ £ 3,350/ ha 9.79 ha

£ 34,228

High Risk Area

Glastir_ Advanced & New Planting_ £ 4500/ ha 0 ha Drawn by Rafael Caldera

Overstocked, Mono-cultured Soils First tending allow the entrance of light. With this, new species born, whose carbon sequestration is higher than old species.

£0 Woodland Before/After intervention_Drawn by Rafael Caldera Soil Evolution after intervention_Drawn by Elena Luciano

Managed Soils With the rain season after the first thinning, shrubs and herbaceous vegetation grow, that will later in fall and winter, incorporate to the soil.

185

184

community woodland • iv.ii the idea of a shifting plan

Estimate 80% £1805 x woodlands area x 5 y. \ Total sum of grants.

PHASE II Design Phasing

The panoramic view represents the third stage of the second phase of the plan at year 25. Community management has reached the upper part of the valleys, passing trough the so called High Risk areas (Valley steep slopes) also included at this stage. The existing woodlands are hybridized with plenty leisure activities of the community represented as infrastructure within the woods. Afforestation is highly rewarded by public grants specially on High Risk Areas which contributes to the steady increment of the finances (incomes) and the stability of the business plan. Diversification of the economy started since year 10 in phase one, continues the expansion represented as mushroom production, and woodland hops supporting the local breweries, as shown in the graph below (business plan).

YEAR 20-25_ STAGE III_ SHIFTING PLAN & BUSINESS PLAN

Zone 5 Conifers

Riparian Buﬀer

View point

Management

Biomass Plant

Camping Areas

Educational

MicroHydro

Sightseeing path

Conservation

WoodChip Boiler

Gathering Point

High Risk Area

New Community Hub Biomass Boiler Sawmill Forestry School

New plantation Town Library

OVERAL INCOME

Stage_1

Stage_3

£321,107

£329,891

£382,414

Woodland & Riparian

£135,570

£90,380

£190,380

Aforestation

£45,190

Income

EXPENDITURES WOODLAND MANAGEMENT

Sawmill & Shed

£45,190 High Risk Areas

£90,380

Boiler

£20,000

£45,190

ENERGY PRODUCTION Boiler

£40,000

Delivery Bee Hives Composting Rhondda Rustic Rhondda Woodlands Hops Mushroom Production

Drawn by Rafael Caldera Business model by Elena Luciano, Rafael Caldera

£5,000 £5,000 £5,000 £69,000 £5,000

£5,000 £5,000 £5,000 £5,000 £5,000

187

DIVERSIFICATION & SIGHTSEEING

186

community woodland • iv.ii the idea of a shifting plan

Stage_2

PHASE II_ SHIFTING PLAN Design Phasing

The second phase focuses on including the high risk areas. The plan is to reuse the logs thinned from adjacent plantations, anchored them onto the contour of the slopes so they act as sediment traps ,to proceed with afforestation in the proceeding stages. A considerable determination of the community is expected as these areas are difficult to access due to its gravel materiality, however these actions are highly rewarded according to the modification previously presented to the subsidiary system. By the year 20 as shown in the cartography below, the lease has been extended into the upper part of the valley, these areas due to its poor access from the town could become areas merely of forestry operations and conservation if having consequential impacts downstream. Its location on the top of the valley provides outstanding panoramic views which could represent enormous potential for tourism development to improve the economic and social fortunes of the locals.

YEAR 20-25_PHASE II_ STAGE III

YEAR 10-15_PHASE II_ STAGE I

YEAR 15-20_PHASE II_ STAGE II

BIOMASS PLANT

Zoom In

YEAR 10-15_GRANTS PER AREA

YEAR 15-20_GRANTS PER AREA

Phasing expansion

Phase 2.1 | Phase 2|Total site area

community woodland • iv.ii the idea of a shifting plan

119.25 ha

Phase 2.2 | Phase 2|Total site area 302.69 ha

Glastir_Advanced_ £ 1,356/ ha (5y.)

Glastir_Advanced_ £ 1,356/ ha (5y.) £ 89,090

£ 23,921

£ 57,133

200m

500m

188

CONIFERS <10m

BROADLEAF >10m

BROADLEAF <10m 1000m

(ha) 0 Drawn by Rafael Caldera

£ 11,950

Glastir_ Advanced & New Planting_ £ 4500/ ha (1y.) + 1,114/ ha (4y.)

Glastir_ Advanced & New Planting_ £ 4500/ ha CONIFERS >10m

11.55 ha

High Risk Area

High Risk Area ROADS/ RACKS

£ 23,921

Glastir_ Advanced & New Planting_ £ 1,766/ ha (5y.)

DEPARTURE POINT

11.46 ha

Aﬀorestation

Drawn by Rafael Caldera

£ 73,674

Glastir_ Advanced & Small Grants_ L.U.+ £ 731/ ha (5y.)

19.19 ha

88.60 ha

Riparian Buﬀer

Riparian Buﬀer 11.46 ha

302.69 ha

Woodlands

Woodlands 88.60 ha

127.45 ha

£0

15.86 ha

£ 89,038

189

COMMUNITY HUB

Zoom In

PHASE II_ ACCOUNTS

PHASE II_ INTERVENTION

Design Phasing

TOTAL PHASE

High Risk Area is defined by the Coal Authority as: “area which contains one or more recorded coal mining related features which have the potential for instability or a degree of risk to the surface from the legacy of coal mining operations”. Most of the steep valley slopes are also part of this category, a neglected area composed by years of eroded material that Now visually delineates the valley landscape with a monochrome gravel ribbon, differing from the dark green of conifer plantation and light green of grasslands.

Phasing expansion Phase 2|Total site area 171.28 ha

302.69 ha

Total Income comparison

Estimate 80% £1805 x woodlands area x 5 y. \ Total sum of grants.

Production £ 273,375

Public Funding £ 597,144

These areas are included in the forestry plan, understanding the level of difficulty and access to these zones, specific interventions have been thought: thinned logs from closer plantations are anchored on the contour of the slopes to provide immediate protection, intercept water running downwards and trap sediment, creating terraces for further afforestation..

WOODLAND BEFORE / AFTER INTERVENTION

STAGE I_ YEAR 10-15 Income comparison

Estimate 80% £1805 x woodlands area x 5 y. \ Total sum of grants.

£ 79,961

£ 170,144

Woodlands

Glastir_Advanced_ £ 1,356/ ha (5y.) 88.60 ha

£ 89,090

Riparian Buﬀer

Glastir_ Advanced & Small Grants_ L.U.+ £ 731/ ha (5y.) 11.46 ha

£ 23,921

Aﬀorestation

Glastir_ Advanced & New Planting_ £ 1,766/ ha (5y.) 19.19 ha

£ 57,133

STAGE II_ YEAR 15-20 Income comparison

Estimate 80% £1805 x woodlands area x 5 y. \ Total sum of grants.

£ 79,961

£ 198,583

Woodlands

Glastir_Advanced_ £ 1,356/ ha (5y.) 88.60 ha

£ 73,674

Riparian Buﬀer

Glastir_ Advanced & Small Grants_ L.U.+ £ 731/ ha (5y.) 11.46 ha

£ 23,921

Aﬀorestation

Glastir_ Advanced & New Planting_ £ 1,766/ ha (5y.) 11.55 ha

£ 11,950

High Risk Area

Glastir_ Advanced & New Planting_ £ 4500/ ha (1y.) + 1,114/ ha (4y.) 15.86 ha

Zoom In_ Erosion in High Risk Areas

Zoom In_ Sediment Barriers & Afforestation Intervention

£ 89,038

SOIL EVOLUTION AFTER INTERVENTION

STAGE III_ YEAR 20-25 Income comparison £ 113,453

Organic horizon

£ 228,830

A horizon

Organic horizon

Woodlands

Glastir_Advanced_ £ 1,356/ ha (5y.) 125.71 ha

£ 105,622

Bedrock

Riparian Buﬀer

A horizon

Glastir_ Advanced & Small Grants_ L.U.+ £ 731/ ha (5y.) 11.46 ha

£ 23,921

Aﬀorestation

Bedrock

US_1

US_3

US_5

MANAGED

Glastir_ Advanced & New Planting_ £ 1,766/ ha (5y.) 18.25 ha

£ 77,781

High Risk Area

Glastir_ Advanced & New Planting_ £ 4500/ ha (1y.) + 1,114/ ha (4y.) 15.86 ha Drawn by Rafael Caldera

Understocked Barren Soils After pioneer species form the first millimeters of soil, new species arrive to increase the soil generation and decomposition of rocks and lithics.

£ 21,506 Woodland Before/After intervention_Drawn by Rafael Caldera Soil Evolution after intervention_Drawn by Elena Luciano

Development of horizons After 40 years of rock fragmentation and the born and death of organisms, a thicker A horizon starts to develop and sustain taller vegetation.

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Estimate 80% £1805 x woodlands area x 5 y. \ Total sum of grants.

PHASE III Design Phasing

An ambition commenced by volunteers and part-time jobs sponsored by public and corporate funding, now has reached a status where the production income has overpassed the original support. The large area under management now requires permanent foresters to plan intervention as depicted in the business plan below. The woodlands created in previous stages are ready to receive their first tending, and these considerable production of wood is going to be transformed into daily use products, sold as timber, and transformed into clean-energy. New community initiatives similar to Welcome to Our Woods are raised to keep the momentum; they are now the main driver for both economic and ecological re-structuralization, redefining the identity of Treherbert locally and acting as a ‘buffer landscape’ that helps mitigate climate change globally.

YEAR 35-40_ STAGE III_ SHIFTING PLAN & BUSINESS PLAN

Zone 5 Conifers

Riparian Buﬀer

View point

Management

Biomass Plant

Camping Areas

Educational

MicroHydro

Sightseeing path

Conservation

WoodChip Boiler

Gathering Point

High Risk Area

New Community Hub Biomass Boiler Sawmill Forestry School

New plantation Town Library

OVERAL INCOME

Stage_1

Stage_3

£321,107

£329,891

£382,414

Woodland & Riparian

£135,570

£90,380

£190,380

Aforestation

£45,190

Income

EXPENDITURES WOODLAND MANAGEMENT

Sawmill & Shed

£45,190 High Risk Areas

£90,380

Boiler

£20,000

£45,190

ENERGY PRODUCTION Boiler

£40,000

Delivery Bee Hives Composting Rhondda Rustic Rhondda Woodlands Hops Mushroom Production

Drawn by Rafael Caldera Business model by Elena Luciano, Rafael Caldera

£5,000 £5,000 £5,000 £69,000 £5,000

£5,000 £5,000 £5,000 £5,000 £5,000

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DIVERSIFICATION & SIGHTSEEING

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community woodland • iv.ii the idea of a shifting plan

Stage_2

PHASE III_SHIFTING PLAN Design Phasing

The third phase and last phase presented in this project should not, by no mean be interpreted as the end of the ambition. The project aims in rethinking a way that subsidies could be reallocated, by enabling communities create conditions where they can establish a economic self-sufficient model; and this third phase is the manifestation of the later. As showing in the cartography below, the last phase comprehend the inclusion of the remaining patches trough afforestation and diversification of species in other existing woodlands. These areas between the managed woodlands besides the town and the upper part of the valleys are also adapted with the proposed network system and other infrastructure for the community congregation and other tourism development.

YEAR 35-40_PHASE III_ STAGE III

YEAR 25-30_PHASE III_ STAGE I

YEAR 30-35_PHASE III_ STAGE II

BIOMASS PLANT

Zoom In

YEAR 25-30_GRANTS PER AREA

YEAR 30-35_GRANTS PER AREA

Phasing expansion

Phase 3.1 | Phase 3|Total site area

community woodland • iv.ii the idea of a shifting plan

199.98 ha

Phase 3.2 | Phase 3|Total site area 302.69 ha

Woodlands

Glastir_Advanced_ £ 1,356/ ha (5y.) 131.50 ha

£ 50,729

Glastir_ Advanced & Small Grants_ L.U.+ £ 731/ ha (5y.) £ 23,921

Glastir_ Advanced & New Planting_ £ 1,766/ ha (5y.) £ 95,637

194

Glastir_ Advanced & New Planting_ £ 4500/ ha DEPARTURE POINT 0m

ROADS/ RACKS 200m

CONIFERS >10m 500m

CONIFERS <10m

BROADLEAF >10m

BROADLEAF <10m 1000m

15.86 ha Drawn by Rafael Caldera

£ 103,398

11.46 ha

£ 23,921

Glastir_ Advanced & New Planting_ £ 1,766/ ha (5y.)

High Risk Area

Drawn by Rafael Caldera

165.17 ha

Glastir_ Advanced & Small Grants_ L.U.+ £ 731/ ha (5y.)

Aﬀorestation 41.16 ha

302.69 ha

Glastir_Advanced_ £ 1,356/ ha (5y.)

Riparian Buﬀer 11.46 ha

244.15 ha

67.52 ha

£ 173,155

Glastir_ Advanced & New Planting_ £ 4500/ ha £ 21,506

(ha) 0

£0

195

COMMUNITY HUB

Zoom In

PHASE III_ ACCOUNTS

PHASE III_ INTERVENTION

Design Phasing

TOTAL PHASE

The strong emphasis of the community-management approach may easily become the beginning of a paradigm shift in restoring the ecology while enhancing the resiliency of the woods and encouraging the organic soil accumulation. Tons of sequestered CO2, floral bulbs, clean air and better quality water inherited to future generations.

Phasing expansion Phase 3|Total site area 244.15 ha

302.69 ha

Total Income comparison

Estimate 80% £1805 x woodlands area x 5 y. \ Total sum of grants.

Production £ 634,686

Public Funding £ 564,794

Community gathering points are envisioned to happen in key network nodes within the forest area, keeping a physical and permanent linkage of the community with the woodlands, this action is necessary to constantly evaluate, monitor and plan not only harvesting operations but also the restoration of the ecosystem. The reorganization of the rack system avoids a bigger impact on soils due to logging operations as depicted in the drawings below.

WOODLAND BEFORE / AFTER INTERVENTION

STAGE I_ YEAR 25-30 Income comparison

Estimate 80% £1805 x woodlands area x 5 y. \ Total sum of grants.

£ 118,678

£ 191,793

Woodlands

Glastir_Advanced_ £ 1,356/ ha (5y.) 131.50 ha

£ 50,729

Riparian Buﬀer

Glastir_ Advanced & Small Grants_ L.U.+ £ 731/ ha (5y.) 11.46 ha

£ 23,921

Aﬀorestation

Glastir_ Advanced & New Planting_ £ 1,766/ ha (5y.) 41.16 ha

£ 95,637

High Risk Area

Glastir_ Advanced & New Planting_ £ 4500/ ha 15.86 ha

£ 21,506

STAGE II_ YEAR 30-35 Income comparison

Estimate 80% £1805 x woodlands area x 5 y. \ Total sum of grants.

£ 223,598

£ 198,583

Glastir_Advanced_ £ 1,356/ ha (5y.) 165.17 ha

£ 103,398

Glastir_ Advanced & Small Grants_ L.U.+ £ 731/ ha (5y.) 11.46 ha

£ 23,921

Glastir_ Advanced & New Planting_ £ 1,766/ ha (5y.) 67.52 ha

Zoom In_ Managed Status

SOIL EVOLUTION AFTER INTERVENTION

Glastir_ Advanced & New Planting_ £ 4500/ ha £0

STAGE III_ YEAR 35-40

Organic horizon

A horizon

Bedrock

C horizon

Income comparison

Estimate 80% £1805 x woodlands area x 5 y. \ Total sum of grants.

£ 292,410

£ 174,418

Glastir_Advanced_ £ 1,356/ ha (5y.) 202.5ha

£ 119,251

Glastir_ Advanced & Small Grants_ L.U.+ £ 731/ ha (5y.) 11.46 ha

£ 23,921

Glastir_ Advanced & New Planting_ £ 1,766/ ha (5y.) 30.19 ha Drawn by Rafael Caldera

US_5

MANAGED

OS_5

MANAGED

Active carbon sequestration

Stored organic carbon

Living plants capture through its leaves, CO2, that will further, accumulate in the soil. Younger plants capture CO2 more efficiently than old ones.

Through the mineralization of carbon captured by plants and microorganisms, soil accumulates carbon in its horizons. Around 70% of the total carbon is stored belowground (Vanguelova et al. in preparation).

£ 31,246 Woodland Before/After intervention_Drawn by Rafael Caldera Soil Evolution after intervention_Drawn by Elena Luciano

197

196

community woodland • iv.ii the idea of a shifting plan

0 ha

Zoom In_ Community Gathering Point

£ 173,155

the future of our woods Reaching the managed status Treherbert Woodlands Evolution 1 We plan(t) our future!

Woodlands and its soil hold an intricate relationship not only for the mutual subsistence but also, for the carbon cycle relevant for the current climate emergency.

HB05

HB06

Logging & Loading Glastir Advanced/ Woodlands

HB21

HB22

HB0

Soil Sampling Glastir Advanced/ Woodlands

We are not policy makers, but we have documented the direct impact policies have on the production of landscapes. Throughout our design, we speculate and imagine alternatives political scenarios as a way of negotiating the way the space is being organized.

HB15

Pathing Glastir Advanced/ Woodlands

Nursing & Transplanting

HB08

Enhanced mixed woodlands grants

Surveying Glastir Advanced/ Woodlands

HB18

Mulching Enhanced mixed woodlands grants

Thin incipient technosol whose parent material are coarse shale, anthracite, and lithic technogenic materials, traces of mining operation. It presents an eroded O horizon as well as compaction due to the machinery operations of the clear cutting.

Community Managed Woodlands

Barren Grasslands Barren Grasslands

The following long section is our last cartographic manifesto where we document the codependency of communities and ecologies. As we started the chapter, (Pages 106-107) we end bringing back the two-dominant status of the Valleys ground: overstocked and semi-barren grasslands, at the extremes of the cartography, both being transformed by community interventions into a managed status depicted in the center. From the right side, a wood factory is collectively brought back to life.

HB12 HB14

2 We plan(t) our future!

In woodland soil, the proportion of stored C is almost twice as large as the one in the aerial part of the ecosystem. Carbon from the atmosphere is mostly stored in soils and represents 50% of the dry mass of trees where is stored for life!

Managed soil Peaty technosol, with a thick mulch composed by broadleaves, woodchips, and othervegetation. Topsoil is covered with shrubs, herbs, moss, and microorganisms. It has a thick dark brown horizon with a high presence of thin roots, millipedes, and worms.

An organized community undertaking management could be observed, where their own hands are the most necessary tools to assure the success of the transformation above and below the soil line. On the other side (left), barren land requires not only more intense and long-term interventions but also determination of the community, in having an active role on enhancing the resiliency of the landscape so they co-create shared resources to satisfy their social and economic needs. This section not only shows the effect of policies in landscape but also, it is the milestone of how the design of the landscape can alter the social formations and power relationships upon it. Previously, the design of the mercantilist wood factory did not allow light or people to go inside the woods and with this design, the hands of the community are the only ones in charge of designing and obtaining the benefits of these resources. Here is also visible that the value itself of the land resides not only on the profitability or the energetic efficiency that the local resources can produce, instead, the priorities are set upon the communities needs and its environmental value.

The community and the verticality of the soil were the two main elements defining the scale of this cartography: two of the main values of our design. The community plays different roles where they re-own the space and the soil and woodland management, symbolizes the way we are engaged with the climate emergency. This cartography is also a manifesto because it stands in the threshold of cartography and painting. On the one hand, it is a cartography since it portrays the intentions of the woodlands, pathing and activities design, showing the physical implications on the landscape of a radically different manage. On the other hand, the people and the details shown as in a painting, portrays the whole atmosphere of the place, engaging not only with a more intimate sphere of territorial design but also, with a broader audience that are not only designers. Rafael Caldera Map 37

199

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community woodland â&#x20AC;˘ iv.iii a cartographic manifesto

The landscape idea denotes a view of the land and its social meaning (Cosgrove, 1984).

Treherbert Woodlands Evolution 1 We plan(t) our future!

Woodlands and its soil hold an intricate relationship not only for the mutual subsistence but also, for the carbon cycle relevant for the current climate emergency.

HB05

HB06

Glastir Advanced/ Woodlands

HB21

HB22

HB01

Logging & Loading

Glastir Advanced/ Woodlands

HB06

HB01

Glastir Advanced/ Woodlands

HB12 HB14

HB15

Glastir Advanced/ Woodlands

HB08

Enhanced mixed woodlands grants

Surveying

Glastir Advanced/ Woodlands

The rooting behaviour of pigs can be used as a conservation tool in our woodland, especially to reduce bracken cover and to provide niches, encouraging tree seedling germination.

HB19

Glastir Advanced/ Woodlands

HB18

Tending/ Thinning

Pathing Glastir Advanced/ Woodlands

Nursing & Transplanting

3 We plan(t) our future!

Prunning Glastir Advanced/ Woodlands

Soil Sampling

HB01

Marking & Flaging

Pigs/ Agroforestry Glastir Advanced/ Woodlands

Mulching Enhanced mixed woodlands grants

community woodland â&#x20AC;˘ iv.iii a cartographic manifesto 200

Overstocked Woodlands Podzolic soil with an eluviation horizon (white). Presents mainly structural roots of sitka spruce. It presents a low water content and a thick pine needles mulch. It presents no shrubs, herbs, or moss. Scarce presence of microorganism and ďŹ ne roots.

Overstocked woodland

2 We plan(t) our future!

Community Managed Woodlands

Barren Grasslands

Community Managed Woodlands

Barren Grasslands

We plan(t) our future! Woodlands and its soil hold an intricate relationship not only for the mutual subsistence but also, for the carbon cycle relevant for the current climate emergency.

HB05

HB06

HB01

Logging & Loading

Glastir Advanced/ Woodlands

HB21

HB22

Marking & Flaging

HB06

Prunning Glastir Advanced/ Woodlands

Soil Sampling Glastir Advanced/ Woodlands

HB12

Pathing Glastir Advanced/ Woodlands

HB08

Surveying Glastir Advanced/ Woodlands

HB06

We plan(t) our future!

Managed soil

Peaty technosol, with a thick mulch composed by broadleaves, woodchips, and othervegetation. Topsoil is covered with shrubs, herbs, moss, and microorganisms. It has a thick dark brown horizon with a high presence of thin roots, millipedes, and worms.

HB01

Logging & Loading Glastir Advanced/ Woodlands

Prunning Glastir Advanced/ Woodlands

HB01

Tending/ Thinning Glastir Advanced/ Woodlands

HB08

Surveying

Podzolic soil with an eluviation horizon (white). Presents main structural roots of sitka spruce. It presents a low water conten and a thick pine needles mulch. It presents no shrubs, herbs, o moss. Scarce presence of microorganism and ﬁne roots.

Glastir Advanced/ Woodlands

We plan(t) our future! The rooting behaviour of pigs can be used as a conservation tool in our woodland, especially to reduce bracken cover and to provide niches, encouraging tree seedling germination.

HB19

Glastir Advanced/ Woodlands

Overstocked Woodlands

Tending/ Thinning

Pigs/ Agroforestry

203

Glastir Advanced/ Woodlands

202

community woodland • iv.iii a cartographic manifesto

HB01

Marking & Flaging Glastir Advanced/ Woodlands

HB06

Community Managed Woodlands

HB05

Overstocked woodland

Community Managed Woodlands

Managed soil

an afterthought

WHAT IS THE AFTERTHOUGHT? In this chapter - after having begun reaching a redefinition of Just Transition throughout our studies, we returned to the Global Relations Atlases in a different light. There is no definition for all but we know it should be community led and there should be more visibility for community initiatives like Welcome to Our Woods. We created a collaborative online map: The Fight To Transitions as a reaction to the Global Atlases. As a way of expanding the Global Atlases, two main community categories were mapped out: Protesting Communities and Environmental Communities that have been or are currently victims of unjust transitions related to energy - and governed by powerful multinationals and centralized decision makers. As part of furthermore exploring the Afterthought, we have revisited the four Global case studies we looked into previously in the project - but this time through this new Atlas. The content of the Afterthought is an ongoing project with the goal of keeping the research alive and accessible through a website. The website is meant to serve as a crossroad to communities and people working on just transition.

an afterthought â&#x20AC;˘ v.i the fight to transitions

iv.i the fight to transitions iv.ii site revisiting

206

the fight to transitions PROTESTING COMMUNITIES Yasmina Yehia Map 33

PROTESTING COMMUNITIES HOSTED BY INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

ENVIRONMENTAL COMMUNITIES

FIGHT TO TRANSITIONS NETWORK

use of the collaborative online map

fight to transitions

How to use the online map

Mapping agency

The Global Atlases have opened up many questions we have struggled with through the thesis and while this is not a solution it is more of a cartographic exercise through which one can use to requestion the different dimensions of just in transitions.

The data mapped into the Fight to Transitions is information researched and found through different mediums such as articles, activist platforms, existing online maps and word of mouth. For each community initiative is a link to their online website and facebook page because not only is visibility important but also reachability.

As part of the exercise, the targeted platform aims at catering for all community initiatives to communicate and share their experiences - where visibility is key opening doors to skill sharing. In the way these communities are associated, the platform can empower such ‘bottom up’ institutions to come together. The platform can also be useful for people like ourselves who are working on the concept of just transition and who are willing to help - whether we are architects, landscape architects or earth scientists. In here, we also re-question our roles as designers and in the way we can foster these associations through this digital tool as part of a larger collaborative network.

*The communities mapped - shown in the images below are not the only existing communities we’ve found - there are many more which require visibility therefor the online collaborative map is an ongoing project.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION COMMUNITIES

Mapped out in red are protesting local communities which are fighting through lawsuits, protests and campaigns against the constant transition of their lands into territories of exploitation. Adding to this category, we have also included communities which are hosted by international organizations - these are generally local communities which have gained visibility through the help of such organizations. In grey, the mapped out are environmental communities - like Welcome to Our Woods who have already undergone an unjust transition and are now using environmental measures to transition on their own. To use the map, one is able to either freely toggle over the different initiatives or look for specific ones by using a filter which will give access to the name of the community initiative, its website, cause and goal. For more specific findings, one can also use the hashtag field. To document the network, once the user has either contributed or assimilated information through the map - the user is able to join the fight to transition by drawing the network manually. The network documents the entry of the user through use of name or initiative name. The fight to transitions network is a way to rethink and blur the global north/global south duality - it reverses the narrative in the way the global relations are seen through a different point of view.

FIGHT TO TRANSITION NETWORK & HOSTED BY INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

THE ONLINE COLLABORATIVE MAP

PROTESTING COMMUNITIES

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an afterthought • v.i the fight to transitions

DIFFERENT WAYS OF USING THE ONLINE COLLABORATIVE MAP

Diagram drawn by Yasmina Yehia

Map 33 Yasmina Yehia

collaborative online maps TECHNICAL REPORT 5 SUBMITTED BY YASMINA YEHIA Mediums used: ArcMap, ArcGIS Online, Mapbox

A CUSTOMIZED BASEMAP One is able to create a basemap of their preference through different platforms such as Mapbox, CartoDB, OpenStreetMap. We’ve used Mapbox, to which we have customized the map to our color palette, font preference and zoom in styles across ranges (such as the different details one can see while zooming in and out).

Boundary

Segments

INTRODUCTION

Divide

Countours

path> Shortest Path

Delaunay Mesh

Classify

The use ofTween the online mapping platform is a new way of redefining cartography through an interactive tool. To crv> Vertex crv. if Divide into 1 pass > 40m segments be able todist build the online map, several steps are required. The first step is to know what layers one needs - one 2 pass 25m~30m can extract existing data layers from ArcGIS online directly or - like in our case, build the actual data. 3 pass 4 pass

This technical report will be focused on custom built data.Origin For the purpose of having a full idea4 pass of how this technical report is sectioned, the diagram below shows roughly the main steps we have followed to build the interactive collaborative online map.

IMPORTING INTO ARCGIS ONLINE To prepare the files from ArcMap: right click > DATA > Export DATA > ZIP files. It is crucial to ZIP the shapefiles for each layer to be able to import the content into ArcGIS online. To import the layers into ArcGIS online: 1) Add > Add from File > Add the ZIP files 2) Customize the representation style as desired (3) 3) More Options > Save as Layer (4)

Mapbox (optional use)

Basemap Arcmap Data

Online map

Custom input of data

Feature layer

Webmapping Application

Share as public

<<loopFeature positionlayer (hosted)

Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3

Once the layers have been saved they become feature layer hosted - which is need to have layers that can be editable and interactive within the map.

CUSTOM-BUILT DATA

To enable the public to edit the map: ArcGIS account > Content > click on the desired feature layer hosted > settings > feature layer (hosted) editing. We’ve ticked most of the boxes - allowing the public to edit the available information as means of opening up the collaborative aspect of the map and allowing for data/user transparency.

We have used ArcMap to build the map - although one can directly build the data on arcgis online, we wanted to keep our data archived as an ArcMap file and have a customized table of attributes. The first step is to build a geodatabase for the map and then create shapefiles respectful to the layers.

To add in the Basemap created on Mapbox: 1) In ArcGIS Online : Add > Add Layer From Web > URL > use as basemap > Tile layer 2) To get URL from Mapbox : Share > Third Party > ArcGIS online > copy Integration URL

Before editing, one must ensure the layers are all in the right projection: WGS_1984_World_Mercator - as this is the one to use to import into ArcGIS online. Once the shapefiles have been created, one can drag and drop the shapefiles (empty at this point) onto the map to begin editing through the Editor Toolbar (1) :

WEBMAPPING APPLICATION

draw>>

3_Birth

1) For the attributes table: > add fields (2) - here we added name, website, goal/cause, hashtag etc.. 2) Create Features (3) > Points - this is done manually 3) Fill in the information for each point in their respective table of attributes.

ArcGIS webmap builder will propose several templates to choose from. The use of widgets allow the map to become collaborative - we’ve used : Edit widget, Near Me widget (for finding nearby communities or cause/ goals at proximity for example), Filter widget (to filter certain hashtags for instance).

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an afterthought • v.i the fight to transitions

Thus far, the map created is merely composed of layers that an ArcGIS user can access through the online platform but the map itself is not a formal web app : on share (5) > create web app.

response measures have cross-border impacts that will aﬀect all countries. Can Just Transition be adapted to address developing countries’ needs and ensure climate justice?”

legend

Text

AN ONLINE ARCHIVE Details on the online website

IS THE GREEN NARRATIVE AN EXCUSE FOR THE GLOBAL NORTH TO EXTRACT IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH?

what we question

Supporting

IS GREEN JUST FOR THE UK?

Proposed

Where we propose change

Italic

IS GREEN A VEIL BEHIND OUTMIGRATION?

IS GREEN BEHIND A DISTURBED LANDSCAPE AND COMMUNITY?

regional scale

town scale

Policies

The collaborative online map is located within a website developed and purposed at keeping the research project open sourced and accessible to the public. Within the website, one can access through different menus: 1- Just Transition: one can read the abstract of the project 2- About: one can read about the different scales and themes tackled through the thesis - diagram to the right which was an exercise in which we conducted in trying to translate our project into local, national and international scales, related to policies and to broader questions we have used to address just/unjust transitions. The diagram shows how existing conditions area and where we think there should be changes on international, national and local scales - it is trying to also understand how one diagram can englobe many different arguments and scales. 3- Fight to Transitions Expanded (maps 34 to 37) : the user can access expanded versions of the Fight to Transiton map where the conflict between the community and multinationals/centralized powers is overlain into a set of cartographies. These cartographies aim at depicting land that is being occupied/taken from the community - and how the community has reacted through to fight against transitions. This is a more detailed version of the online collaborative map - where the input of our agency in selectively choosing data was in play to endorse the argument. These maps are also accompanied by our reflections on the matter. 4- Written Works: this tab was created to accommodate for future collaborations or publications the website could accommodate - potentially with other scholars or even the New Economics Foundation where articles and reflections on the topic of Just Transition could be brought forward. We have begun adding in topics we have stumbled across : one example is the important of peatlands and how they are neglected as important natural ‘carbon sinks’.

GLOBAL SCALE

national

planned transitions

Ruhr (Germany) Springhill (Canada) Latrobe Valleys

Grangemouth

Two-faced transition

Niger Delta (Nigeria) Alberta Tar Sands (Canada) Cerrejon Mine (Colombia) Vaca Muerta (Argentina)

Rhondda Valleys

Treherbert

Top to bottom

EU UK Labour party Conservative Party

Top to bottom

Westminster DEFRA Forestry Commission Environmental Agency Coal Authority

Natural Resources Wales Nuon Energy RCT Council Vattenfall

RCT Council Nuon Energy Vattenfall

- 2004 uk planning & compulsory purchase act -2008 climate act

-Local development plan Wind farms plan -Regional Transport

farms plan -Local Wind development

Just Transition

investments

Power Relations Multinationals

-Shell -BP Global North -Pan American -Anglo american

agencies Agencies

We have also added in our carto-essays (p. 36 - 66 - 218) which we have used as our personal reflections on different aspects we’ve encountered during the thesis and the landscape urbanism course and which we think were important steps in understanding our own works and the course.

Paris Climate Fossil fuel Agreement extraction

acts/decisions tools

-Special Landscape Area -SINC_Nature Conservation Community doesScheme not -Land Reclamation back -SSSIreceive Scientiﬁc Interest -Priority Habitats -High Risk Areas

impacts apparatus

-Displaced communities -Decarbonization Policies -Environmental violence -Greening Strategies -Human rights violence

-BREXIT -UK Carbon Count

Retail, Employment, Communities do not Housing and receive back Environmental Policies

Engaged Communities

Extraction in the Global South

Nonconforming

-Outmigration -Deprivation

-Climate justice supporters -NGO’s -Campaigners -Client Earth

-New Economics Foundation (NEF) -LSE Grantham Institute -Amnesty International -Climate justice supporters -NGO’s

The Skyline Project

Welcome to Our Woods

Green New Deal

Improvement of the south welsh valleys

Community Forest Management

-Climate litigation -Awareness

National impact

Fight outmigration

Community empowerment

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

-Forestry Commission (FC) -DEFRA

National Resources Wales (NRW)

Rhondda Cynon Taf Council

Local councils

Community Forestry Council

-Rural Development Plan 2014 - WBFG Act 2015 -Enviornment Act 2016 -50Y Woodland for Wales

Programme Revision/Approval

impacts

MENUS OF THE JUST TRANSITION WEBSITE agencies Multinationals

apparatus

impacts

-Damaged Soil -No right to the land

Forestry

Through the website, one can access the collaborative online map!

2. one diagram for the project Want to get the headlines for the project?

3. an available interactive web map The Fight to Transitions is a collaborative online map use,edit and partake the network.

agencies

Government support

ACTS/decisions

manuals

IGES

Common Countryside Policy

Community woodland scheme

-Kilﬁnan Community Forest

The Skyline Project

The Fight to Transitions map has been expanded through a series of case studies - examined through a cartographic exercise.

5. look into written works and collaborations

6. carto-essays

Look through research and written works and collaborations.

Read through theoretical essays reﬂecting on cartographies and representations.

accompanied in the accompanied transformation thethrough sustainable inthrough the transformation through theneeds to be well managed and accompanied in the transformation the economy, contribute (Paris to the goals of decent work for all, social creation of decent opportunities (Paris Agreecreation ofwork decent work opportunities creationwork of decent opportunities (Paris Agree- Agreeinclusion and the eradication of poverty (ILO, 2015) ment 2015).ment 2015). ment 2015).

Scheme reform on Soil Quality

Government commit to ensure that workers are accompanied in the transformation through the -Monoculture creation of decent work opportunities (Paris Agree-Former coal ment 2015).

extraction

-SINC_Nature Conservation

“Just Transition a concept ofa concepta of “Just overwhelmingly Transition overwhelmingly concept of “Just remains Transition remains remains overwhelmingly the global North thatthe finds little uptake in finds most developglobal North littleinuptake in most developthe global North that findsthat little uptake most developing countries. narrative transition less ing countries. The narrative of resotransition ingThe countries. Theofnarrative offinds transition finds lessfinds reso-less resoremainsfor overwhelmingly a concept of nance in most ofcountries the South for mostglobal countries of“Just theaTransition globalforSouth a nancecountries innance most in of the global South a the global North that finds little uptake in most developnumber of number reasons,number rightincluding to developof their reasons, their to developofincluding reasons, including their right to right developing countries. The narrative of transition finds less resoment, growing low demands share of in ment,demands growing energy and lowcountries ment,energy growing energy and demands and low share ofshare ofofthe global South for a nance most greenhousegreenhouse gas emissions. climate change andchange greenhouse gas emissions. Both climate change and their right to develop--Forestry Management Manual number of reasons, including gas Both emissions. Both climate and -Extractive industries energy response have cross-border impacts thatment, will growing response measures have cross-border impacts thatdemands will and low share of what is our position tomeasures just transition? response measures have cross-border impacts that will gas Both climate change and-Soil sampling and monitoring affect all-Monoculture countries. Can Just be adapted to adapted all Transition countries. Just greenhouse Transition be emissions. adapted to affect allaffect countries. Can Just Can Transition be response measurestohave cross-border impacts that will -Grazing address developing countries’ needs and ensureand developing countries’ needs and Canensure address address developing countries’ needs ensure affect all countries. Just Transition be adapted to -Forestry Commision climate justice?” climate justice?” address developing countries’ needs and ensure climate justice?”

what is what our position to transition? what ourjust position just transition? is ourisposition to justtotransition?

management

climate justice?”

legend legendlegend Diagram drawn by Yasmina Yehia

valleys

-Local economy

what is just transition?

4. More on the interactive map? Look into the expanded studies

Welcome to Our Woods

-Involved community -Improved ecosystem -Diversiﬁcation of local economies GovernmentGovernment commitGovernment to ensure workers areworkers commit tothat ensure thattransition workers A just all towards an environmentally committhat to ensure are forare -Timber production

outcomes what is what just transition? what just transition? is justistransition?

soil

-Shimokawa Forest (Japan)

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-Forestry management model -Tenure management

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an afterthought • v.i the fight to transitions

-UK Forestry Standard -Woodland Carbon Code

legendText

Text Supporting Proposed Where propose change Text Policies Supporting Proposed PROPOSED Where we Where proposewe change Italic Supporting Policies Italic Where we propose change Text Italicwe Supporting propose change Policies ProposedProposed SUPPORTING WHERE WEItalic PROPOSE CHANGE

Diagram drawn by Yasmina Yehia

IS THE GREEN

what we

IS THE GREEN NARRATIVE AN EXCUSE

FOR THE GLOBAL IS THE GREEN question what wewhat what we NARRATIVE AN EXCUSE NORTH TO EXTRACT IN NARRATIVE AN EXCUSE we NARRATIVE AN EXCUSE IS GREEN JUST FORTHE IS JUST GREEN JUST FOR GLOBAL SOUTH? IS GREEN FOR FOR THE GLOBAL FOR THE GLOBAL FOR THE GLOBAL questionquestion THE UK? THE UK?THE UK? question NORTH TONORTH EXTRACT IN NORTH TO EXTRACT IN TO EXTRACT IN

THE GLOBAL THE GLOBAL THESOUTH? GLOBAL SOUTH?SOUTH?

GLOBAL SCALE

IS GREEN JUST FOR

THE UK? IS GREEN AISVEIL IS AGREEN GREEN VEIL A VEIL BEHIND BEHINDBEHIND OUTMIGRATION? OUTMIGRATION? OUTMIGRATION?

national

IS GREEN A VEIL

IS GREEN BEHIND A DISTURBED

regional scale

town scale

BEHIND IS GREEN BEHIND A BEHIND IS GREEN BEHIND A LANDSCAPE AND IS GREEN A OUTMIGRATION? COMMUNITY? DISTURBEDDISTURBED DISTURBED LANDSCAPE AND LANDSCAPE LANDSCAPE AND AND COMMUNITY? COMMUNITY? COMMUNITY?

POLICIES

Policies

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1. AN OPEN ACCESS WEBSITE FOR JUST TRANSITION

expanded: oil and gas fracking in vaca muerta

Global Atlas Case Studies : Revisited

The Athabasca tar sands which are located within Alberta’s tar sand operations are one of largest suppliers of bitumen oil in the world. The fields of exploration are significantly large in scale where forests have been cut to uncover the open pits. Regardless of its commitment to the Paris Agreement, there are plans to expand the tar sands which also means uncovering more areas of tar sands that are large toxic waste ponds responsible for large amounts of carbon release. These open ponds are responsible for the seeping of the oil into the Athabasca River and for acid rain around the whole area. Fort McKay and Fort McMurray, which are areas where First Nations people reside, have been widely transformed into towns for economies of extraction. Today, where land was reserved for First Nations people, it has yet again been expropriated to feed an economy of extraction. The local resistance has been rising within the area, and indigenous communities are launching large campaigns against the expansion of the tar sands. In reality, they claim that the areas of the tar sands are continuously monitored - surely for industrial benefits. Today, the local communities are struggling to remain in their lands because the industries have caused large disruptions with the way they travel, source their food, and work around their health situations. Many kids are born with conditions tightly related to the pollution caused by the tar sand industries. Today, the pipeline XL has been approved for construction, even after Canada’s commitment to the Paris agreement. The First Nations people are fighting against it, how do they transition yet again into this void between carbon reductions and fueling fossil fuel expansions?

Argentina’s Vaca Muerta has become one of the worlds most trending shale deposit areas to invest in. Large multinationals including Shell, Pan American Energy (partially owned by BP), ExxonMobil and Total have teamed up with Argentinian state based Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales (YPF) to explore unconventional gas and oil as part of a fossil fuel based economy. While fracking has been highly criticised in the UK for instance, Shell headquartered in London continues expanding its concessions within Vaca Muerta post 2030. While these multinationals are constantly fracking in one of the oldest geologic formations in Argentina, they have also given birth to major conflicts with local Mapuche Communities (also called - the people of the earth). The Mapuche Community is indigenous to Chile and Argentina. They have undergone many centuries of conflict of the rights to their - an example is the battle of the Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia in the 18th century. While in constant struggle to remain within their lands, they have developed a strong resiliency which they have shown through their battles against multinationals but also through their cultural significance. Today, the Mapuche are renowned for their ways of cultivating their fields which is what their economy is based on. They are also recognized for the way they weave their textiles and their technique for carving clava stone. The constant fracking nearby cities where the Mapuche reside such as Añelo and Neuquén have caused toxic waste to seep into groundwater and principal rivers resulting in highly contaminated fields. As a result, the Mapuche Confederation of Neuquén has brought forward multiple lawsuits suing these multinationals for the environmental contamination and hazardous fracking. Today, YPF is expanding the town of Añelo to accommodate for an economy of extraction - it is almost comparable to what was done to the South Welsh Valleys. How does this end and how can we fight transitions into economies of extraction where locals and workers are forced to depend on these economies? What will happen to the residents once fracking is banned and they are no longer relying on such economies?

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CONFLICT FIRST NATIONS LAND/OIL COMPANIES RESERVATION AREAS Map 34 Yasmina Yehia

SHELL CONCESSIONS TAR SANDS

PIPELINES

AREAS OF CONFLICT RESERVED FOR FIRST NATIONS PEOPLE BUT BEING DEVELOPED italic HOSTED BY NATIONAL/INTERNATIONAL NGO’S

MAPUCHE COMMUNITY

NO CONTRACT FOR INTERVENTION

AREAS OF CONFLICT MAPUCHE/ SHELL ARGENTINA CONCESSIONS Map 35 Yasmina Yehia

CONCESSIONS FOR EXPLOITATION AREAS OF CONFLICT MAPUCHE/PAE CONCESSIONS

PERMIT FOR EXPLORATION SHELL ARGENTINA WELLS

LOTS UNDER EVALUATION

WELLS

PAE WELLS

italic HOSTED BY NATIONAL/INTERNATIONAL NGO’S

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an afterthought • v.ii site revisiting

expanded: alberta’s athabasca tar sands

expanded: oil pipelines in the niger delta

expanded cerrejon coal mine in la guajira

Global Atlas Case Studies : Revisited

The case of the Niger Delta conflict is an example worth looking into because of the local wars its created within Nigeria. The conflict is still an ongoing issue between international and local oil multinationals that have had a strong influence on the political, human, and ecological situations within the area. As the issues are highly intertwined, the construction of the pipelines has caused large issues within the local communities. Many pipelines were caught on fire and their explosions have caused substantially large oil spills. This resulted to a highly contaminated delta where there has been ecological habitat loss and groundwater contamination. The resistance by the local communities has pushed international interference but has also created militant groups within the area. This is generally due to the presence of multinationals not paying the price for their spillages and for the damage done to both the community and the environment. Shell Nigeria and Eni (Nigerian based oil company) have been highly involved in this situation and have caused brutal amounts of oil spills. While they claims trying to reduce its impacts, it has tried shutting down all the lawsuits against the damages it has caused by accusing local communities for sabotaging its pipelines. Today, many NGO’s are trying to help the local community by conducting investigations within the area. For example, Amnesty International has opened an entire case on the Negligence of the Niger Delta. While Shell International has launched its ‘sustainable’ campaigns, how can we fight destructive multinationals who use these campaigns as a veil to their thrust?

The Cerrejon Mine in Colombia is the largest open cast mine in the world. It was created purely to accommodate for meeting the same supply rates of coal that was once produced in the UK right before Thatcher closed down the mines in the 80’s. The mine is operated by Carbones de Cerrejón which is owned by London based multinationals Anglo American, BHP and Glencore. As an example of neocolonialism, multinationals put their hands on coal reserves while violently displacing local Wayuu communities where the land was appropriated. While the UK re-thought the implications of coal mining on its territory, its decision to relocate the repercussions it has on its own communities and the environment domestically remains unjustifiable outside its territory. The Wayuu Community took the hit since most of the lands they resided in were taken from them. Today, a few local and international community initiatives are still fighting the land expropriation which was a result of constant death threats and killings. The local communities have struggled with water shortages and contamination - which were intentional as forced land exploitation has been a main reason behind the death of many Wayuu children.

216

WAYUU COMMUNITY RESIDENTIAL TOWNS Map 36 Yasmina Yehia

CONFLICT ZONES NIGERIANS/SHELL OIL SPILLS (SPDC)

OIL FIELDS

PIPELINES

italic HOSTED BY NATIONAL/INTERNATIONAL NGO’S

DISPLACED WAYUU

CARBONES DEL CERREJON LIMITED Map 37 Yasmina Yehia

AREAS OF CONFLICT WAYUU/NHP BILLITON, ANGLO AMERICAN AND XTRATA CONCESSIONS LAND POSSESSION ASSIGNEMENT

italic HOSTED BY NATIONAL/INTERNATIONAL NGO’S

217

an afterthought • v.ii site revisiting

Today, a fair amount of the local community are mine workers in Carbones de Cerrejón (owned by Londonlisted multinationals Anglo American, BHP and Glencore), they are still fighting the expansion of the mines and the constant forced displacement. The Wayuu Community are widely known to have a woman leader, women have a very essential influence with regards to decisions made for the community. One of the strongest groups leading the resiliency against the expansion of the mines is Fuerza de Mujeres Wayuu : Wayuu Women’s Force. They are also known for their method to weave textiles, which they rely on for their economy. Their currency of exchange is the goat, which is a sign of power to them.

CARTOGRAPHIES OF INVESTIGATIONS Carto-essays

Written by Yasmina Yehia

This paper discusses how some map makers do not always portray the narrative they intend to through their maps, while others are more successful in doing so by creating cartographies of investigations through a compilation of research from different fields. The study will raise questions on an interactive map developed by Amnesty International on the Niger Delta Oil Spills as part of a case aimed at helping the local population take legal action against Shell, the oil and gas company responsible for the oil spills. A close look at the map will show that it lacks the ability to reveal a cohesive story. By integrating some additional information on settlements into the interactive map, the study attempts to create a horizontal interface which tells a layered political story. Crucial to the re-making of the map is an understanding of how a story can be portrayed through a cartographic project. The paper will, therefore, examine existing techniques in which cartographers have collected and displayed revelatory information within their cartographies of investigation. It will demonstrate this by presenting examples of cartographic projects that successfully stated the intentions of their cartographers.

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an afterthought

The study will use the idea of ‘strong objectivity’, a theory developed by feminist philosopher, Sandra Harding, to explain why and how the cartographer selects specific information to create knowledge/ factual truth. It will discuss the cartographer’s interest to generate factual truths based on their research, and their agency to create a visual representation of this “truth”. The application of Harding’s theory to this study will also be backed by other scholars who have made parallel arguments on this matter. Ultimately, the study will show that cartographers all have an intention to report and unveil what is undue and that this intent arises from an impulse. It goes on to suggest that successful cartographers create cartographies of investigation and use this medium for deep investigative purposes after developing a sense of global duty from an impulse.

INTRODUCTION “The representational challenges are acute, requiring creative ways of drawing public attention to catastrophic acts that are low in instant spectacle but high in long-term effects. To intervene representationally entails devising iconic symbols that embody amorphous calamities as well as narrative forms that infuse those symbols with dramatic urgency (Nixon 2013, p.10).” As long as humans have existed, graphic representation of ideas, beliefs, and the physical environment have taken form in symbology, cartography and infographics, among other visual methods of communication. Cartography holds a crucial place in graphical representation, historically used for navigation or even claiming territorial concessions during imperial conquests or for propaganda purposes during World War II. (Perán 2013, p.106). In the present day, the extent to which visual representation has touched our lives in every aspect is greater than ever before. Social media, television and other technological advancements towards globalization has allowed people, agencies and corporations to use graphical representation to extensively communicate whatever they wish to the world. More recently, designers and cartographers have adopted interactive maps which allow users to select, isolate and focus in on specific information. For example, as part of their project on the Saydnaya prison in Syria, Forensic Architecture and Amnesty International created an interactive map which allows one to toggle their mouse over the reconstructed layout of the prison to gain an understanding of the terror conducted in the prison. This example shows that cartographic representation has evolved significantly into a more comprehensive method of visual communication. Despite these advancements, designers and architects have continuously challenged the effectiveness of cartographic representation in demonstrating information that creates a story rather than insulated data (Ghosn et al 2018, p.20). In Design Earth’s “Geostories”, architects Ghosn and Jazairy have incorporated striking fictional

Figure 1. Screen shot of the Niger Delta Oil Spills Interactive Map by Amnesty International

stories in their graphical representations to express a narrative that focuses on issues related to climate change. This narrative, in turn, captures a more holistic view of the impact of climate change in the future, and is essentially a new form of cartographic representation (Ghosn et al 2018, p.25). This paper focuses on analyzing an interactive map on the Niger Delta Oil Spills that was built by Amnesty International. By analyzing this map one can raise questions such as: To what extent can the role of architects and cartographers be used to study the evolution of cartographic representation? How can we utilize our knowledge of spatial analysis to gain an understanding of geopolitics within cartography? The analysis will also investigate various techniques used to represent a narrative of information through cartography. Furthermore, the paper will discuss the motivation behind the production of cartographic images – as it relates to geo-political stances, personalized beliefs and agencies. This aspect of cartography is related to philosopher Sandra Harding’s theory on “strong objectivity” in her study on standpoint methodology. Harding explains that neutrality in research does not exist and should not be used as means to objective research because it only disconnects researcher’s interests from the research project. INTERROGATION AND DATA COLLECTION The Niger Delta Oil Spills interactive map (Figure 1) above shows the severity of oil spills in Nigeria from 2011 to 2017. The spills were caused by major

oil companies Shell and Eni based out of Nigeria and the UK. In terms of information communicated through this map, we are able to understand the extents of the spills, the company responsible for each spill and the time it took to respond to each spill. Identification of spills over time (shown in years) is also an option. The user is also capable of choosing to present the spills of both companies together or of each separately. The information presented in this interactive map allows the user to understand just the extent of the oil spill crisis but no underlying analysis. As Laura Vaughan puts it: Consumers of maps need to go “beyond simply reading data from a chart or map, to a deeper analysis of geographical patterns unveils the longterm impact of decisions taken (Vaughan in Bartlett 100, 2010).” For this map on oil spills, one might wonder: . Were any human settlements affected by the oil spills? If so, where and who occupied them? . How has the land around the spills been affected? . What are the different ecosystems that have been affected by the spills? . What are the environmental impacts of these oil spills on the delta landscape? . Have there been wars due to the oil spills? . How can liters of spills be visually represented to allow understanding of the scale of impact vs using just a dot? . Why is Shell, a non-Nigerian oil company, responsible for the larger spills? These questions are aimed at interrogating the investigation process responsible for the gathering of evidence and data. These questions also aim to challenge the map and the power it holds in

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ABSTRACT

size to show how some countries are more visible by the media than others (Aballí et al 2015). In fact, he uses a new technique of collecting data and portraying evidence as testimonies. His work lacks neutrality and is inline with what Sandra Harding refers to as “strong objectivity” because he is able to shed light on an existing situation through a different lens and a different perspective. Additionally, it must be noted that Aballí is able to communicate via “a machine that is almost blind and mute, even though it makes others see and speak (Deleuze 2016, p.34).” This is just like Gilles Deleuze’s view on cartography.

Sandra Harding on her theory of ‘strong objectivity’ on standpoint epistemology argues that knowledge and research arise from the points of views of marginalized groups due to the advantage they have in spotting bias. Her study first began on feminist researchers in biology – who published a study that was less distorted than the one male researchers had done. Essentially, she claims that marginalized groups strengthen objectivity in research because of their experience. These groups are able to expose situations as they are, in comparison to research done by dominant groups who are absorbed in their own premises and preconceptions. She then ties the tangibility of the research to what is the production of knowledge – which to Harding can only be maximized by incorporating the points of views of people that are involved in the situation and the different mediums they use. Additionally, to diversify the value of research, she distinguishes ‘strong objectivity’ with ‘weak objectivity’ – being value neutral research, where neutrality in research is partial exposure of a story. She supports that ‘strong objectivity’ takes into account researcher’s introspection because the researcher does not assert an impartiality to the content. Therefore strengthening the objectivity when the researcher is aware of her/his social situation and is able to expose social agendas to create unbiased findings. (Freundlich, 2016).

DATA ANALYSIS AND REPRESENTATION

Tying Harding’s theory on ‘strong objectivity’ to the cartographer’s role in displaying a piece of knowledge/truth only validates that. However, although Amnesty International’s aim was to possibly expose the full story behind this interactive map – it rather showcased an incomplete one. Whereas, Ignasi Aballí, in his mapamundi project (exhibit 1), uses newspapers as a means of data collection to check which countries appear more frequently than others. He then exhibits the list of countries in alphabetical order and typography

Exhibit 1. Mapamundi by Ignasi Aballi

The power of the cartographer is not only to collect research but also to represent data that is both the visible and the invisible. Below, an example that shows a unique ways of representing the latter: In his discourse on the Politics of Verticality, Eyal Weizman (exhibit 2) uses means of many maps to build his story on vertical power. He studies how topography aids Israeli settlements. Israeli settlements, located on hilltops, exercise their power over Palestinian settlements located at the bottom of hills, by mobilizing the subterranean. He uses different town planning maps, military maps and earth imagery to build his evidence and data collection. He also, with his background in architecture, de-constructs the layout of the Israeli house to furthermore analyze the case. His maps aim at re-shaping the cartography by “representation of space, a territorial hologram in which political acts of manipulation and multiplication of the territory transform two-dimensional surface into a three-dimensional volume (Weizman 2002).” The strength behind Eyal’s cartography is its ability to incorporate a spatial understanding of the issue surrounding Israeli settlements. Weizman is able to communicate his investigation in a new way where he manages to unveil issues related to control, whether political or related to assets. He challenges

Exhibit 2. Politics of Verticality by Eyal Weizman

the cartography by informing the public, allowing and provoking debates, initiating legal actions and raising awareness. This also suggests that Weizman has been able to be critical on the social agenda within his country and has had reflexivity on the situation itself - allowing for the viewer to identify with the case (Freundlich, 2016; Ghosn et al 2018, p.20). One might suggest that if Weizman was conditioned into Israeli politics, then he may have not been able to regard this issue the way he has now. But then why did Weizman create such a cartography? A way of reacting to this sort of question would be to suggest that Sandra Harding’s description of marginalized groups can also encompass this collective of people like Weizman and Aballí – who have the impulse to expose. Introducing impulse as a suggestion to questioning the cartographer’s will to prompt such production of knowledge is just how Vera Tamari talks about Palestinian Collector Tawfik Canaan’s obsession to collect and document Palestinian amulets. Tamari suggests that impulse drove his determination of ensuring that the world does not forget about the cultural presence of Palestinian crafts in regards to how Zionist Israel have tried erasing this cultural heritage (Tamari in Mejcher-Atassi et al, p.83). Therefore, this type of exercise suggests that Harding’s theory can be endorsed with Tamari’s conclusions on impulse and drive of the cartographer’s research. A CARTOGRAPHER’S ACTIONS One may attempt to apply a similar approach as Weizman and Aballí to the Niger Delta Oil Spills interactive map of study (Figure 1) as shown in Figure 2. To explain in detail the reasoning behind the reworking of the map - I will go through my train of thought: I was first interested in representing the volume of 180450.24 liters so that the viewer can also understand the scale of the spill - so I decided to use the barrel as a reference because people are generally familiar with the

size of one. After trying to imagine how much oil has been spilled, I was curious as to how much oil could have seeped into nearby water systems and how that could have a ripple effect on other water streams, including access to clean drinking water. Once I incorporated the layer of settlements on the map, it was clear that people resided within the oil spills – adding furthermore to the extent of the impact. Yet, to me this information was still lacking in understanding how entangled this issue was – so I mapped out the oil field exploration areas and the network of pipelines these have created. After doing so, it was clear to visualize the concession areas and the amount of oil was that being extracted. What fascinated me was how the spills, the oil fields and the pipelines have traced a visual mess of this situation of slow violence. Such a map has the capacity to show the environmental and human damage caused by Shell, and also has the power to embody the displacement that Nixon describes in his book on Slow Violence “I want to propose a more radical notion of displacement, one that, instead of referring solely to the movement of people from their places of belonging, refers rather to the loss of the land and resources beneath them, a loss that leaves communities stranded in a place stripped of the very characteristics that made it inhabitable (Nixon 2013, p.19).” The reason why I decided to represent the land impacted by oil spills depicted in figure 2 is because of my agency. I emphasize on it being my decision because this is what I intend for the viewer to read through this interactive map - which acts as horizontal tool yet portraying the vertical and three dimensional manner for my argument. The intention behind the creation of this cartography is the main push behind the agency. In simple words, if my agency could speak it would say the following: I want to unveil the atrocities that Shell has caused Nigerian locals and their lands because I feel it is my global duty to let people know that Shell is subsidized by the UK government and that while the UK plans on going green, it is still causing disasters outside its territory. A common interest between Aballi, Weizman, and I is the need to scratch the surface to unfold a reality. While Amnesty International most likely shares the same intention to show reality, they were not able to do so through their interactive map. This reality which, I, for instance am looking to express through my drawings - showcasing my interpreted factual truth is in fact how I, like Harding argues in her theory of ‘strong objectivity’, cannot

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revealing important, underlying issues. To answer these questions, one could use (1) Amnesty International’s research on the case, (2) newspaper articles (3) GIS data, and (4) documentaries in an attempt to build the narrative and cartographic investigation. As Perán discusses in his essay “Maneras de hacer mapas” there are different ways of gathering information and representing issues related to staging conflicts or major geopolitical issues (Perán 2013, p.117). Following that logic, one might wonder that if cartographies were not portraying the full underlying story – are they considered reliable cartographies of investigation?

REFERENCES

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an afterthought

abide by standards of research alone because they are not enough thus I must be mindful to think outside my boundaries (Harding 1995, p.333). The cartographer’s decision to create a tailored ‘truth’ is a way of looking beneath the seemingly ‘factual truth’ that data and stats omit. If the cartographer for instance distorts scale or projection, it does not mean that the reality of things is incorrect – because it abides by the cartographer’s factual truth (Harding 2015, p.169). Similarly, Douglas Spencer refers to “designers, recognizing the place of artifice within their own practice, might be more ready to acknowledge and reflect upon the significance of their agency (Spencer in Wall et al 2017, p.185).” A CARTOGRAPHER’S REPORT An examination of the Niger Delta Oil Spills map in Figure 1 reveals that Amnesty International did not fulfill its intention to unveil a story as it was not successful in building a cartography of investigation. Additionally, the map lacks the analysis that speaks to the questions raised in the study. Conversely, the artists and thinkers, Aballi and Weizman combined different fields and data to convey their message. What makes their cartographers strong is they were both able to state their intention through their works and that their works allow for a vertical and spatial understanding of the issues that matter to them. As Malm puts it, the role of the agent that selectively chooses facts, just as these two individuals have, is: “the person who instigates the sequence, authors the event, is the ‘source of some input into the world’, the one who brings something about or makes it happen

through guided bodily movements, such as those I perform when I pick up and throw a stone (Malm 2018, p.94).” Aballi and Weizman are part of a recent collective that is “founded on an unprecedented form of agency (Malm 2018, p.118).” and their urgent impulse to unveil injustices is similar to the bodily movements that Malm describes. They succeed in uncovering what “ought to have remained secret and hidden but has come to light (Sadek in MejcherAtassi et al, p.212).” For some members of this collective, the need to unveil begins with a sense of ‘national duty’ to report on areas of political turmoil, as was the case with Weizman’s research on Israeli settlements, and expands into a more global scale. To furthermore understand that impulse, it is important to relate the need to collect and transcribe information for Aballi, Weizman into cartographic projects is so these are not lost, forgotten and unspoken of. The examples presented in this paper constitute different representational patterns and demonstrate that there is not one single recipe for building cartographies of investigations. Although differing in form, what ties them together is the creative way that each represents an investigation, tells a story and avoids disjointed data points. These designers treat their cartographies as accounts for factual truths that highlight their ethical artifice.

TABLE OF FIGURES AND EXHIBITS Figure 1. Screen shot of the Niger Delta Oil Spills Interactive Map by Amnesty International Amnesty International. “Amnesty Oil Spills.” Amnesty Oil Spills. Accessed April 2019. https://labs.mapbox.com/amnesty/. Figure 2. Reproduction of the Screen shot of the Niger Delta Oil Spills Interactive Map by Yasmina Yehia Amnesty International. “Amnesty Oil Spills.” Amnesty Oil Spills. Accessed April 2019. https://labs.mapbox.com/amnesty/. “Nairaland Forum.” Nigerian Forum. Accessed April 2019. https://www. nairaland.com/3111436/discussion-between-urhobo-yoruba-man. Amangabara Gordon Tami, and Obenade Moses, “Flood Vulnerability Assessment of Niger Delta States Relative to 2012 Flood Disaster in Nigeria.” American Journal of Environmental Protection, vol. 3, no. 3 (2015): 76-83. doi: 10.12691/env-3-3-3. Exhibit 1. Mapamundi by Ignasi Aballi Aballí, Ignasi. “Mapamundis.” Works/Mapamundis 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 World Maps 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014. Accessed April 2019. http://www. ignasiaballi.net/index.php?/projects/mapamundis/. Exhibit 2. Politics of Verticality by Eyal Weizman 3 September, 2014 By Rakesh Ramchurn. “Rebel Architect #3: Eyal Weizman and the Architecture of Occupation.” Architects Journal. Accessed April 2019. https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/culture/rebel-architect-3-eyal-weizman-and-the-architecture-of-occupation/8669195.article.

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Figure 2. Reproduction of the Screen shot of the Niger Delta Oil Spills Interactive Map by Yasmina Yehia

Aballí, Ignasi, and João Fernandes. Sin Principio, Sin Final Whitout Beginn ing, Whitout End. Madrid: Museo Nacional Centro De Arte Reina Sofía, 2015. Deleuze, Gilles, and Seán Hand. Foucault. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2016. Eyal, Weizman. “2. Maps of Israeli Settlements.” OpenDemocracy. April 24, 2002. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/article_631jsp/. Freundlich, Andrew. Feminist Epistemologies. Place of Publication Not Identified: TAYLOR & FRANCIS, 2016. Ghosn, Rania, and El Hadi Jazairy. Geostories: Another Architecture for the Environment. New York, NY: Actar, 2018. Harding, Sandra. “?Strong Objectivity?: A Response to the New Objectivity Question.” Synthese104, no. 3 (1995): 331-49. doi:10.1007/bf01064504. Harding, Sandra G. Objectivity and Diversity: Another Logic of Scientific Research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015. Malm, Andreas. The Progress of This Storm: On Society and Nature in a Warming World. London ; Brooklyn, NY: Verso, 2018. Mejcher-Atassi, Sonja, and John Pedro. Schwartz. Archives, Museums and Collecting Practices in the Modern Arab World. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2016. Nixon, Rob. Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 2013 Perán, Marti. Maneras de hacer mapas. Revista de la Escuela de Arquitectura de la Universidad de Costa Rica, Volumen 2. 2013. Raad, Walid. “Walid Raad. Translator’s Introduction: Pension Art in Dubai. 2012.” MoMA. 2012. https://www.moma.org/audio/playlist/21/427. Respini, Eva. “WALID RAAD.” 2015. https://www.moma.org/d/pdfs/ “Under-Writing Beirut — Ouzai (2017-2018).” Lamia Joreige. https://lamiajoreige.com/work/under-writing-beirut-ouzai-2017/?subproject=Ouzai, Cartography of a Transformation. “What Can Maps Tell Us about Society?” Bartlett 100. 2019. https://bartlett100.com/article/what-can-maps-tell-us-about-society. Wall, Ed and Tim Waterman. LANDSCAPE AND AGENCY: Critical Essays. TAYLOR & FRANCIS, 2017.

These and so many other questions that rose in this work may have an answer on traditional written

OUR ROLE AS DESIGNERS

Just Transition derives from the word justice, which became a provocation throughout the development of this thesis at many scales; by questioning how ‘just’ is the decarbonization of the nation (UK) being achieved? how ‘just’ is the way policies are framed? How ‘just’ it is to intentionally separate communities from their landscape? How just is to have a forest designed for a deprecated mentality?

research or could be crux of debates. However, it was through the visualisation of these enquiries that a light was shed onto the details that on the one hand, are not self-evident in written documents exposing hidden intentions of socio-spatial-political agencies: an image is worth a thousand words. On the other hand, the spatialization of a just transition work as a discursive medium to communicate with an attainable visual language, outstanding over documents and data that would otherwise only be understood by policymakers, scientists, and other authorities. By producing a visual policy or creating cartographies that evince their impacts, this work does not intend to solely propose a final picture of a master plan achieved by “goodpolicies”. Instead, this project aims at documenting the role of local communities partaking in a collective framework in the management of shared resources, while provoking and confronting existing political schemes, authorities, stakeholders, and governments in the way they are asserting the transformation and production of landscapes.

Different mindsets and skills are required to tackle the ambitions and urgent enquires that Just transition states. During the development of this Thesis project, it became evident how the design, production, modification and alteration of the landscape is (un)intentionally executed by decisions taken merely by political and economic agencies. As Landscape Urbanists, working at this scale of design operations, we aim in collaborate and and construct with of experts from other disciplines, questions and discussions necessary for the current context of crisis. While the challenges of the future become each day more complex, specially in a climate emergency context, designers and other experts should also break traditional compartmentalized methods. The constant dialogue between disciplines should keep a critical position towards design in order to

articulate new relations, new strategies, new ways of organizing the components that respond to the needs of our future landscape. When Cosgrove (1984) explains that the model of a mode of production will be altered in practice by those geographically specific features of our differentiated world, he hints the impact of the landscape urbanist in the contemporary world. With the tools and skills to represent, imagine, and project scenarios with a defined agenda, landscape urbanists (in) directly design socio-political relationships and it is on the designer to question and be aware of these multifold implications. This question becomes relevant not only because of what is represented on the cartographies but also, how it is represented. Images have the power to legitimate practices and visions of the land, which means that it is on the hands of the designers to give a voice to different agencies not to produce a perfect image but to expose new possible scenarios and actors.

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CONCLUDING NOTE

More than a graduate thesis, this book comprehends a journey materialized in a (carto)graphical manifesto gestated from constant conversations and an eager desire of three minds, and their tutors and colleagues, to push the boundaries of possible new scenarios negotiated through design. It started by questioning what ‘just’ is in a transition? which derived into an exploration of greenwashed geopolitics and how these implications unfold globally.

APPENDIX credits list of acronyms table of policies table of diagrams table of maps table of figures+bibliography Technical report sources bibliography : works cited

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just transition case studies research on treherbert

mapping approaches to just transition

LIFE AFTER COAL FOR LATROBE VALLEY

Research on Just Transition

Global case studies on Just Transition (1) Prefabricated houses There are nearly 40,000 people on public housing waiting and transfer lists. Generally cheaper to build to higher efficiency standards and has less environmental impact during construction than conventional buildings (2) Upgrading building efficiency Upgrading a home to 5 stars can cut household energy bills by 40 percent, representing savings of approximately $1000 per year for an average Victorian household. Integrating efficiency retrofits with rooftop solar can further improve savings. In 10 years could support between 340 and 620 jobs across a range of small to medium sized businesses in trades, services and manufacturing. (3) Energy transition center The Hybergy project is consistent with a concept proposed in GetUp! and Solar Citizen’s Homegrown Power Plan $17 of community funding for every $1 of government funding. Much of the existing physical electricity distribution infrastructure could be re-purposed. The skills and expertise of the Valley’s workforce, comprises the power sector employees, the trades and services technicians and professionals. (4) Landscape rehabilitation centre By rehabilitating damaged environments, these projects also improve the health of local people and make the locality more attractive to other forms of investment, particularly for service industries like tourism, health precincts and retirement villages.

This diagram, made by Stevis, et al., (2018), proposes a way of schematising different cases of Just Transitions along the world. The x axis indicates how inclusive or exclusive the transition has been and on the y axis, the degree of general transformation beyond an energetic transition.

NEW DEVELOPMENTS

URBAN SETTLEMENTS

LAND USE: FORESTED AREAS

INDUSTRIAL ZONES

PRIMARY NETWORKS

NEW INDUSTRIAL NODES

MINE AREA

COAL RESERVES

SECONDARY NETWORKS

TIME OF OPERATION Diagram 10 Elena Luciano Suastegui, Rafael Caldera

1990

2000-2010

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This diagram serves us in multiple ways: First, it gives us a critical background to read between the lines how transitions have happened along the world. As an example and preamble, the Ruhr transition is often portrayed as the Herculean success (Ciobanu, n.d.). However, this diagram shows that despite the delightful appearance of the infrastructure and the landscape itself, this transition has not represented a structural transformation in social these transitions were carried out gradually, under heavy market and economic pressures, and the structures that emerged have arguably not been broad or deep enough to prevent impoverishment or the emergence of resentments that can be politically exploited (Stevis, et al., 2018). Also, this diagram functions as a departure point to explore the following case studies presented in this chapter which were chosen according to their place in the diagram. They contrast the discrepancies between them accordingly to the vision of the author. This diagram guided the development of the thesis by sheding a light towards the relevant qualitative variables to take into account when understanding transitions, such as the involved sectors, the incidence of the needs and control from the community and the extents of action. Lastly, this diagram opens a door for our own further development. When reading that a Just Transition that starts as an energetic transformation can trigger a structural transformation with an inclusive scope, we envision our thesis placed on the upper right corner of the map. Having this in mind, we tried to learn from the mapped examples the dos and don’t.

2015Map 38-39 Rafael Caldera

“DE-INDUSTRIALIZATION SHIFT” FOR SPRINGHILL

GRANGEMOUTH’S ROAD TO CCS

Global case studies on Just Transition

Springhill was a town formed around the discovery of coal within the area in 1834. It was the town’s main economic backbone. In 1879, the first coal mining trade union was formed due to the Springhill collieries. Yet, due to the depth of the mines, - deepest in Canada, three major disasters occured respective for the closures of the pits : 1891, 1956 and 1958. The last mine was closed in 1958, because of a massive ‘bump’ which killed a lot of miners. Today, because of such a brisk coal off scenario, workers had to leave the town to find other jobs, resulting in a great decrease in its population and a lack of attention from the local and regional authorities. Its coal collieries now generate geothermal power and the hope for the regional policies is to employ people now at the fundy bay tidal project.

Grangemouth is today it is one of the most important ports in Scotland due to its geographical location where its economy is focused primarily on the large petrochemical industry of the area which includes the oil refinery , owned by Ineos. As part of the 2025 vision for Scotland’s carbon reduction, Grangemouth is set to be one of the major players in the Carbon Capture and Storage projects such as the Acorn project. It is meant to expand its economy furthermore on holding one of the main anchor development centers in Scotland, again due to its present role in the energetic sector.

To sum it up: The post-industrial adjustment or de-industrialization shift, a non successful coal out scenario: 1. A transition from coal dependent city to a more than 50% population decrease. 2. A potential transition to a sustainable regional economy 63 years after the closing of the mines : Funday Bay tidal energy generation.

URBAN SETTLEMENTS

POPULATION_1881-1956

INDUSTRIAL PARK

COAL RESERVES GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

SECONDARY NETWORKS COAL SEAMS

PRIMARY NETWORKS

INDUSTRIAL EMITTERS POWER DEVELOPMENTS

POTENTIAL CO2 SHIPPING - POTENTIAL PIPELINE MARITIME ROUTES

URBAN SETTLEMENTS

LAND USE: INDUSTRIAL AREAS FEEDER 10

GAS COMPRESSOR STATION

FEEDER 7

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MINING DISASTERS

The way it will work is by re-purposing the existing plants to industrial emitters and power developments. Also, new routes for pipelines are planned, to ship CO2 instead. The goal is to also widen the limits of the liveable areas to accomodate for an influx of workers. While we have discussed mainly coal out scenarios, this example becomes interesting in what is also inclusive of an energetic transition.

Map 40-41 Rafael Caldera & Yasmina Yehia

Map 42-43 Rafael Caldera & Yasmina Yehia

RUHR, FROM ESSEN TO DUISBURG

rhondda valley

Global case studies on Just Transition

In n the confluence of the Rhine and the Ruhr river, lays the largest inland port, with 21 docks and 40 km of wharf. Before WW2, it was the major centre of iron, steel, and chemicals. Essen, nowadays, on the other hand, is considered now Germany’s largest energy providers with the two largest energy companies in charge of the exploration, generation and distribution of electricity from natural gas and renewable energy.

The coal extraction followed a pattern occurring on the upper parts of the Valleys and was later transported down to Cardiff and other ports to be exported. Topography determined—and still determines—the regions’ dynamic.

(1) Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex, Shaft XII; Tourism By 1937, Zollverein Shaft XXI had 6900 employees and a production of 3.6 million tons. The state of North RhineWestphalia (NRW) bought the coal mine territory from the RAG (the largest German coal mine corporation) immediately after it had been closed down in late 1986 and declared Shaft XII a heritage site. The development of the touristic centre started as a regional plan and was later recognized as UNESCO World Heritage Site by 2001. (2)Folkwang University of the Arts: Academic centre Essen is also distinguished in the field of the arts due to their design centres. This building, conceived by the architects Kazuyo Sejima and Ryue Nishizawa by 2006—for Ruhr, the Capital of Culture. In the Folkwang idea of academia the cross-disciplinary interaction of the arts and other art forms and disciplines take place.

REGIONS

URBAN SETTLEMENTS MINE AREA

INDUSTRIAL ZONES LAND USE: PARK

PRIMARY NETWORKS

COAL RESERVES

STRATEGIC SITES

URBAN SETTLEMENTS

SECONDARY NETWORKS

COLLIERIES

RHONDDA COLLIERIES

COAL RESERVES

PRIMARY NETWORKS SECONDARY NETWORKS

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NEW INDUSTRIAL NODES

Although Cardiff and the Valleys became mutually dependent during the coal era, when the former exported what the latter produced, the nature of this relationship changed radically after 1920, when coalfield employment peaked. Thereafter, the economic flows from the coalfield to the coast were decreasingly of products in search of an export market and increasingly of people in search of a labour market (Osmond, 2008). The railways once worked to transport coal and they were gradually dismantled. Currently, they are considered a severely deprived area (Trimble, 2014). The map 46 and 47 below show the coalfields and the open collieries during the beginning of the twentieth century.

Map 44-45 Elena Luciano, Rafael Caldera

Map 46-47 Elena Luciano Suastegui, Rafael Caldera, Yasmina Yehia

A CITY THAT CAN’T INVEST, GOES KAPUT!

WELSH INTRACTABLE DEVELOPMENT!

Global case studies on Just Transition

The Ruhr Just Transition began in the 1960’s with federal and Euro zone billionaire investments to re-purpose its local mono-economy based on extraction - into a service economy. More than 40 years later, the structural policies are still taking place, where last regional stages are oriented towards a region dedicated to resource efficiency, urban construction & housing, mobility, health, education & knowledge, digital communication, leisure - as well as an industrial core and business-related services. To understand the development of the thesis, we compared the so called, best example of a Just Transition to a still deprived town. We compared the evolution of the public policies designed to transition from a coal extraction economy. This diagram mainly compares demographic changes during XX century and the policies being applied through time of the German example and South East Wales Valleys.

The Valleys, once considered the Saudi Arabia of its day, produced millions of tons of coal every year. The region of The Valleys has experienced a transition out of the coal economy through public policies with persistent challenges of poverty and deprivation. The lack of a broad long-term (and coherent) economic and social renewal strategy for the Valleys, coupled with the complexity of the region due to topography, has made it uncertain how and where civil society face the future.

COMPARING

3. Scale of action Ruhr: Policies started as top to bottom and then bottom to top in order to maximise first injection of investment and with time, allow people within the region to take part of the last stages of the interventions - creating a regional identity. South Wales: Started with federal (UK) and regional (the Valleys) subsidies but there is not an evident sense of scale on policies. From the last stages to the present, the scale has been fixed to Wales. 4. Involvment of workers Ruhr: Articulation of the miners went through the Labour Organizations and in the first stages, they agreed to share part of their wages to the subsidy for +49. South Wales: Strikes with constant demands in healthcare, improvement in living conditions and wages.

FEDERAL POLICY

Diagram 11 Elena Luciano Suastegui, Rafael Caldera, Yasmina Yehia

REGIONAL POLICY

LOCAL POLICY

EURO ZONE POLICY

LABOUR PARTY

UK POLICY

Diagram 12 Elena Luciano Suastegui, Rafael Caldera, Yasmina Yehia

REGIONAL POLICY

WELSH POLICY

CONSERVATIVE PARTY

EURO ZONE POLICY

POPULATION CENSUS

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1. Structural policies (Ruhr)s vs small term schemes (the Valleys) Ruhr: They started with a plan for a structural policy (for a large period of decades) at the first stage by the 70’s. There was a clear intervention of the EU. South Wales: During the seventies they were focused on policies for relocation and the first strike happened before the closing of the mine. There were different diagnoses from conservatives and labour (conservatives fostered migration, leftist wanted to act locally), which led to non-articulated actions. Non visible intervention of the European Union. 2. Topography Ruhr: Flat topography and very well connected, especially after the first stages of investments from the Federal fund. South Wales: Topography and the dynamics of town shape the disarticulation of the region which makes it more complex for the region.

COMPARING

land ownership: a town surrounded by public land

Research on Treherbert

Map 48 was a cornerstone to develop the design process of the thesis, since it includes the land-uses of the region: the material base in which all develop. This includes NRW databases, the water flows, surrounding the urban area, and the high risk areas and reclaimed lands, remnant land uses from the coal era.

Map 49 presents the land ownership as registered by Natural Resources Wales geoportal (Lle, 2019). This is the public land that the Forestry Commission acquired when it was created and now, they remain public under concession. This map and its dominant proportion of public land set the grounds upon a design of public forestry for the community.

AN ARTIFICIAL LANDSCAPE

HOW AVAILABLE IS MY VALLEY?

appendix • research on treherbert

treherbert’s LAND USE

WHO OWNS THE LAND?

Keep out! We want to ‘green’ the valleys

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FIR PINE FOREST BARREN LAND Map 48 Yasmina Yehia

BROADLEAF

ACID GRASSLANDS HIGH RISK LANDSCAPE

WATERWAYS DIRECTION LAND RECLAMATION

NRW_ PUBLIC FOREST LAND (SOME LEASED)

OPEN ACCESS (RECREATION PURPOSES) NRW_PUBLIC FOREST LAND_PEN&CYMOEDD WIND FARMS Map 49 Elena Luciano Suastegui, Rafael Caldera, Yasmina Yehia

URBAN (PRIVATE LAND) OPEN ACCES (RECREATION PURPOSE)

URBAN (PRIVATE LAND) NRW_PUBLIC FOREST LAND (SOME LEASED)

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NRW_PUBLIC FOREST LAND_ PEN & CYMOEDD WIND FARMS

credits

list of acronyms

list of polices, strategies & grants

REFERENCES TECHNICAL REPORTS

table of diagrams

The development of the thesis was a constant conversation and the tutors. The graphical production has been sourced accordingly.

AA: Architectural Association BGS: British Geological Survey CAP: Common Agricultural Policy CCC: Committee for Climate Change CCS: Carbon Capture Storage CLP: Common Landscape Policy CDRC: Consumer Data Research Centre CFC: Community Forestry Council CONFOR: Confederation of Forest Industries (UK) DEFRA: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs FC: Forestry Commission ILO: International Labour Organization JT: Just Transition LSE: London School of Economics LDP: Local Development Plan NEF: New Economics Foundation NTFP: Non-timber forest product NRW: Natural Resources Wales RCT: Rhondda Cynon Taf county borough in South East Wales SME: Short and medium enterprise SINC: Sites of Importance for Nature Conservation SLA: Special Landscape Areas VFC: Village Forest Council WW1: World War I WW2: World War II W2OW: Welcome to Our Woods

Agriculture Bill. A Bill To authorise new expenditure for certain agricultural and other purposes; to make provision about direct payments during an agricultural transition period following the United Kingdom’s departure from the European Union; to make provision about the acquisition and use of information connected with food supply chains; to confer power to respond to exceptional market conditions affecting agricultural markets (Parliament UK, 2019)

GUIDE ON GLOBAL MAP Data Viz, 2018. Principles of mapping. [Online] Available at: https://paldhous.github.io/ucb/2016/dataviz/week9.html [Accessed 18 09 2019]. ESRI, 2004. Understanding Map Projections, New York: ESRI.

Diagram 1. Putting costs in perspective. A plan on a map (MacKay, 2015)

GUIDE ON SOIL SAMPLING Black, K. G., Tobin, B. & Osborne, B., 2006. Ecosystem Process. In: K. G. Black & E. P. Farrell, eds. Carbon Sequestration and Irish Forest Ecosystems. Dublin: COFORD, pp. 41-54. British Geological Survey, 1899. Geological Survey of England and Wales 1:63,360/1:50,000 geological map series, New Series. [Online] Available at: https://www.bgs.ac.uk/data/maps/maps. cfc?method=viewRecord&mapId=9872 [Accessed March 2019]. Siebe, C., Jahn, R. & Stahr, K., 2006. Manual para la descripción y evaluación ecológica de suelos en el campo, Mexico City: Instituto de Geología, UNAM. Stefanko, 2006. Coal Mining Theory and Practice, s.l.: Mining Engineering. Stoops, G., Marcelino, V. & Mees, F., 2010. Interpretation of Micromorphological Features of Soils and Regoliths. 1st ed. s.l.:Elsevier.

Diagram 3. Institute For Government, 2019. Common Agricultural Policy. [Online] Available at: https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainers/ common-agricultural-policy [Accessed 09 August 2019]. National Assembly for Wales, 2011. An introduction to Glastir and other UK agri-environment schemes, Cardiff Bay: National Assembly for Wales Commission. UK Government, 2018. Landmark Agriculture Bill to deliver a Green Brexit. [Online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/landmark-agriculturebill-to-deliver-a-green-brexit [Accessed 2 August 2019]. Welsh Assembly Government, 2010. Glastir - New Sustainable Land Management Scheme for Wales. [Online] Available at: https://gweddill.gov.wales/docs/drah/ publications/100407glastirinserten.pdf [Accessed June 2019]. Welsh Government Rural Communities, 2016. Rural Development Programme 2014 - 2020, s.l.: Welsh Government. Welsh Government, 2013. Glastir Commons 2014. Explanatory Booklet and How to Complete Guide. [Online] Available at: https://gov.wales/glastir-commons-2014-explanatory-booklet [Accessed 2019]. Welsh Government, 2017. Glastir Small Grants (water): payment rates. [Online] Available at: https://gov.wales/glastir-small-grants-water-payment-rates [Accessed July 2019]. Welsh Government, 2017. Glastir Small Grants (water): payment rates. [Online] Available at: https://gov.wales/glastir-small-grants-carbon-payment-rates [Accessed July 2019]. Welsh Government, 2018. Glastir Advanced Verifiable Standards - Verifiable standards and guidelines for classification of failures of Glastir. [Online] Available at: https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/publications/2018-06/ glastir-advanced-verifiable-standards.pdf [Accessed July 2019]. Welsh Government, 2018. Glastir Woodland Creation (window 6, February 2018): rules booklet. [Online] Available at: https://gov.wales/glastir-woodland-creation-window-6february-2018-rules-booklet [Accessed 2019]. Welsh Government, 2019. Glastir Advanced 2019 - Rules Booklet 1. [Online] Available at: https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/publications/2018-01/ glastir-advanced-2019-rules-booklet-1.pdf [Accessed August 2019]. Welsh Government, 2019. Glastir Advanced 2019 - Rules Booklet 2: Whole Farm Code and Management Options. [Online] Available at: https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/publications/2018-01/ glastir-advanced-2019-rules-booklet-2-whole-farm-code-and-managementoptions.pdf [Accessed August 2019]. Welsh Government, 2019. Glastir Small Grants (landscape and pollinators): payment rates. [Online] Available at: https://gov.wales/glastir-small-grants-landscape-andpollinators-payment-rates [Accessed July 2019]. Welsh Government, 2019. Glastir Small Grants: general rules booklet. [Online] Available at: https://gov.wales/glastir-small-grants-general-rules [Accessed July 2019]. Welsh Government, 2019. Glastir Woodland Restoration (window 7, April 2019): rules booklet. [Online] Available at: https://gov.wales/glastir-woodland-restoration-window-7april-2019-rules-booklet [Accessed 2019]. Woodland Trust, 2018. Rethinking the way we do agriculture policy – Defra minister George Eustice. [Online] Available at: https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/environment/ environmental-protection/opinion/woodland-trust/98816/rethinkingway-we-do [Accessed 2 August 2019].

BOOKLET COVER Rafael Caldera (image) Yasmina Yehia (layout) BOOK LAYOUT Yasmina Yehia

Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). was set up by the founders of the European Community in the aftermath of WW2 to stabilise food supplies and guarantee fair incomes for farmers (Mark, 2014). Common Countryside Policy. [proposed by CONFOR]A Common Countryside Policy would allow them to consider whether other land uses can be part of theanswer to that challenge – choosing from a new menu of sustainable options. (Confor, 2017). Employment Land Topic Paper, 2007 This Topic Paper sets out the statistical background analysis and justification for the scale of land allocations identified in the Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan 2006-2021: Preferred Strategy (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017). Environment Strategy for Wales (2006). The Environment Strategy for Wales outlines the Welsh Government’s long term strategy for the environment of Wales, setting out the strategic direction for the next 20 years (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017). Glastir. Is designed to deliver outcomes at a farm, forest and landscape level in a cost effective way (Welsh Government Rural Communities, 2016). Glastir Advanced. Delivers targeted financial support to farmers and land managers to deliver these objectives, delivering environmental improvements for a range of objectives including habitats, species, soil and water (Welsh Government Rural Communities, 2016). Glastir Commons. Available for farmers who hold rights on Common Land and are part of a Grazing Association (Welsh Government Rural Communities, 2016). Glastir Woodland Management. It supports land managers who wish to create new woodland and/or manage existing woodlands (Welsh Government Rural Communities, 2016). High Risk Area. It is part of the coal mining reporting area which contains one or more recorded coal mining relatedfeatures which have the potential for instability or a degree of risk to the surface from the legacy of coal mining operations. The combination of features included in this composite area includes mine entries; shallow coal workings (recorded and probable); recorded coal mining related hazards; recorded mine gas sites; fissures and breaklines and previous surface mining sites (The Coal Authority, 2018).

Cathedral Groove, 2003. SFI Clearcult Vancouver Island. [Online] Available at: http://www.cathedralgrove.eu/galleries/Gallery_of_Shame/ index.htm [Accessed 2019]. Clark, E., 2018. Woodland Trust, What’s the difference between a wood and a forest?. [Online] Available at: https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/blog/2018/03/differencebetween-wood-and-forest/ [Accessed 11 09 2019]. Cumbria Woodlands, 2013. Why Manage Woodlands?. [Online] Available at: http://www.cumbriawoodlands.co.uk/woodlandmanagement/why-manage-woodlands.aspx [Accessed 11 08 2019]. Google Earth, 2016. The South Walles Valleys “Forests” 51°40’12.90” N 3°32’56.52” W. s.l.:s.n. Hance, J., 2008. Mongabay. [Online] Available at: https://news.mongabay.com/2008/09/monoculture-treeplantations-are-green-deserts-not-forests-say-activists/ [Accessed 11 08 2019]. Marco A. Contreras, D. L. P. a. W. C., 2016. Designing Skid-Trail Networks to Reduce Skidding, Lexington: Washington State University - School of Environmental Sciences, 2004. Thinning and Forest Health. [Online] Available at: http://www.ruraltech.org/projects/fire/fire_thinning/pages/ Slide0_2_JPG.asp [Accessed 2019]. BUSINESS MODEL TECHNICAL REPORT Kilfinan Community Forest Company, 2017. Annual Report and Unaudited Financial Statements, Kilfinan: Kilfinan Community Forest Company. MacIntyre, D. & Gauld, M., 2008. Acharossan Forest Acquisition - Feasibility Study, Kilfinan: Kilfinan Community Forest Company. Sheffield, H., 2019. Meet the Welsh people with a plan to bring business back to the valleys. [Online] Available at: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/indyventure/ skyline-welsh-valleys-crofting-eigg-mull-land-ownership-a8898511.html [Accessed 1 June 2019]. The National Lottery Community Fund blog - Wales, 2018. Welcome to our Woods. [Online] Available at: https://bigblogwales.org.uk/2018/06/20/welcome-to-ourwoods/ [Accessed 2 June 2019].

Diagram 12. The End of Coal Mining in South Wales: Lessons learned from industrial transformation (Merrill & Kitson, 2017) (Osmond, 2008) focusing on the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and Cohesion Fund (CF) (Irs, Csil, Ciset, and BOPC onsulting, 2014) Just Transition for Regions and Generations. Experiences from structural change in the Ruhr area (Dahlbeck & Gärtner, 2019) Diagram 12. The End of Coal Mining in South Wales: Lessons learned from industrial transformation (Merrill & Kitson, 2017) (Osmond, 2008)

Diagram 4. Japan for Sustainability, 2017. Sustainable Community Building in Shimokawa: Recycling-Oriented Forest Management Enabling Permanent Use of Forest Resources. [Online] Available at: https://www.japanfs.org/en/news/archives/news_id035953. html [Accessed 2019]. Kazuyuki, T., 2017. Forested “FutureCity” Shimokawa. Shimokawa, FutureCity Shimokawa. Diagram 5. Matta, J. R. & Kerr, J., 2005. Reframing Joint Forest Management in Tamil Nadu through Compensation for Environmental Services. In: L. Merino & J. Robson, eds. Managing the Commons: Payment for Environmental Services. Mexico City: CSMSS, The Christensen Fund, Ford Foundation, Semarnat, INE, pp. 49-62. Diagram 6. North West Mull Community Woodland Company, 2019. Documents. [Online] Available at: http://nwmullwoodland.co.uk/ [Accessed 2019]. Diagram 7. Kilfinan Community Forest Company, 2019. Kilfinan Forest Public Document Area - AGM Proxy Vote Forms and Instructions. [Online] Available at: http://www.kilfinancommunityforest.co.uk/about-documents. php [Accessed 2019]. Kilfinan Community Forest, 2019. Background. [Online] Available at: http://www.kilfinancommunityforest.co.uk/ [Accessed 2019]. Diagram 8.

appendix

GUIDE ON COLLABORATIVE ONLINE MAPS ESRI, 2019. ArcGIS for Developers - A complete mapping and analytics platform for developers. [Online] Available at: https://developers.arcgis.com/ [Accessed 2019]. ESRI, 2019. Resources - Helping you create and share compelling maps in ArcGIS Online. [Online] Available at: https://www.esri.com/en-us/arcgis/products/arcgis-online/ resources [Accessed 2019]. Mapbox, 2019. Upload data to Mapbox. [Online] Available at: https://docs.mapbox.com/help/troubleshooting/uploads/ [Accessed 2019]. Personal Notes on GIS Tutorial form Gustavo Romanillos (2019) 2018-2019 AA Landscape Urbanism course.

Community-based forest management in Sri Lanka: Approaching a green economy and environment (De Zoysa, 2017) Innovative forestry: a synthesis of smallscale forest management practice from Nepal (Bhattarai, 2001)

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Housing Land Topic Paper, 2007. The Housing Land Topic Paper provides the statistical analysis and background to the dwelling requirement figures contained in the LDP: Preferred Strategy. In doing so the topic paper examines population and house building trends in Rhondda Cynon Taf and outlines population and dwelling requirements for the plan period (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017). Land Reclamation Schemes. The industrial history of Rhondda Cynon Taf means that there are sites requiring treatment and where land reclamation schemes are necessary to either ensure the long-term stability of the land or to prepare the land for future development (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017). Open Access – Dedicated Forests. For public access on foot to certain types of land, amends the law relating to public rights of way, increases measures for the management and protection for Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and strengthens wildlife enforcement legislation (Lle A Geoportal for Wales, 2018). Open Access – Open Country. It provides for public access on foot to certain types of land, amends the law relating to public rights of way, increases measures for the management and protection for Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and strengthens wildlife enforcement legislation (Lle a Geo-Portal for Wales, 2001). Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). SSSIs cover a wide range of habitats from small fens, bogs and riverside meadows to sand dunes, woodlands and vast tracks of uplands. Most are in private ownership, although some are owned and managed by local wildlife trusts, or other voluntary conservation bodies (Lle A Geo-Portal for Wales, 2019). Special Area of Conservation (SAC). The most important sites for wildlife in the country designated under the European Community’s Council Directive of May 1992 covering animals, plants and habitats and providing them with increased protection and management. All SACs are also SSSIs (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017). Special Landscape Areas. Areas designated to protect areas of fine landscape quality within Rhondda Cynon Taf. Takes into consideration some factors such as: Prominence; Spectacle – dramatic topography and views; Unspoilt areas - Pre-industrial patterns of land use; Remoteness and Tranquillity; Vulnerability and sensitivity to change (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017). Sites of Importance for Nature Conservation in RCT (SINC) It outlines the flora and fauna that exist on the land, the scale and location of the designation along with the specific features of the site that qualify it for designation, as identified by regionally agreed criteria (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017). Policy AW 13 - Large Wind Farm Development Proposals for wind farm developments of 25MW and over or capable of accommodating 25MW or over will be permitted where it can be demonstrated that the proposal: 1. Is within the boundary of the strategic search area; 2. Is sited on a predominantly flat, extensive area of upland; 3. Is located a minimum of 500 metres away from the nearest residential property unless it can be demonstrated that locating turbines closer to residential properties will have no unacceptable impact on human health; 4. Will not because of its siting, scale or design have an unacceptable effect on the visual quality of the wider landscape; 5. Will minimise any loss of, and where possible enhance public accessibility to the countryside. 6. Will not cause unacceptable impact on, and where appropriate will enhance, sites designated for their international, national or local nature conservation value. 7. Will protect the natural beauty and special qualities of the Brecon Beacons National Park (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017).

WOODLANDS DESIGN GUIDE LIST OF IMAGES Figure 1. The South Wales Valley “Forests” (Google Earth, 2016) Figure 2. Clear-felling (Cathedral Groove, 2003) Figure 3. Selective thinning (Washington State University - School of Environmental Sciences, 2004)

Diagram 2. Futures for the Heads of the Valleys (Osmond, 2008)

Diagram 10. Mapping approaches to Just Transition (Stevis, et al., 2018)

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Parts of the thesis were developed in depth in accordance to personal interests and expertise- respectively: Elena Luciano Suastegui focused on policies and soils research. Rafael Caldera studied the UK transitions and the technical details on woodland management and design. Yasmina Yehia investigated global case studies and developed the online platform and documentation of the project.

Diagram 11. Ex post evaluation of Cohesion Policy programmes 2007-2013, focusing on the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and Cohesion Fund (CF) (Irs, Csil, Ciset, and BOPC onsulting, 2014) Just Transition for Regions and Generations. Experiences from structural change in the Ruhr area (Dahlbeck & Gärtner, 2019)

Figure 1. Pixels, P., 1984/85. Bookmarks Bookshop. [Online] Available at: https://bookmarksbookshop.co.uk/view/37856/The+Miners+Strike+1984+-+Bilston+19845 [Accessed April 2019]. Figure 2. Ratcliffe/Bloomberg, C., 2014. New York Times. [Online] Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/01/business/energy-environment/oil-prices-bp-exxon.html [Accessed April 2019]. Figure 3. Anon., 2015. Think Defence. [Online] Available at: https://www.thinkdefence.co.uk/2015/05/north-sea-infrastructure-defence-applications/ [Accessed April 2019]. Figure 4. No Majesty, n.d. What is fracking? A brief history. [Online] Available at: https://nomajesty.com/what-is-fracking/ [Accessed 22 September 2019]. Figure 5 - 16. Amnesty, 2015. Amnesty. [Online] Available at: https://www.amnesty.ca/our-work/good-news/long-awaitedvictory-shell-to-pay-out-83-million-over-niger-delta-oil-spills-4 [Accessed January 2019]. Constantine, G., 2013. Eye on Latin America. [Online] Available at: https://eyeonlatinamerica.com/2013/11/13/colombia-darkside-coal-mining/ [Accessed January 2019]. Mabromata, J., 2014. PRI. [Online] Available at: https://www.pri.org/stories/2014-06-09/argentina-enormous-fracking-potential-and-opposition-match [Accessed January 2019]. O’Connor, C., 2015. National Observer. [Online] Available at: https://www.nationalobserver.com/2015/11/26/news/alberta-regulator-hear-arguments-suncors-hostile-takeover-bid-cos [Accessed January 2019] Anon., 2018. Clarin. [Online] Available at: https://www.clarin.com/opinion/ojos-ven_0_XVnrFTgDN.html [Accessed January 2019]. Anon., 2019. Daily Focus. [Online] Available at: http://dailyfocus.com.ng/delta-monarch-raises-alarm-overpollution-of-escravos-crude-line/ [Accessed April 2019]. Anon., n.d. Imagenesmy. [Online] Available at: https://www.imagenesmy.com/imagenes/tar-sands-oil-pipeline-70.html [Accessed January 2019]. DailyPost, 2019. Ships & Ports. [Online] Available at: http://shipsandports.com.ng/un-nigeria-lost-2-8bn-to-oil-related-crimes-in-2018/ [Accessed January 2019]. Espitia, S. C., 2017. Youtube. [Online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ryssy7pJhJI [Accessed January 2019]. Financial Times, 2014. Ft. [Online] Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/d6004afe-32b8-11e4-93c600144feabdc0 [Accessed January 2019]. GreenPeaceCa, 2016. Twitter. [Online] Available at: https://twitter.com/greenpeaceca/status/809223883886837760?lang=kn [Accessed January 2019]. Maclean, A., n.d. Alex Maclean. [Online] Available at: http://alex-maclean.tumblr.com/post/127645718539/syncrudemildred-lake-mine-on-the-banks-of-the [Accessed January 2019]. OPSUR, 2018. Observatoria Petrolero Sur. [Online] Available at: http://www.opsur.org.ar/blog/2018/11/05/the-un-report-confirms-our-position-fracking-needs-to-come-to-an-end/ [Accessed April 2019]. Solidarity, C., 2018. Colombia Solidarity. [Online] Available at: http://www.colombiasolidarity.org.uk/articles/52-comment/642-fear-and-loathing-in-la-guajira [Accessed January 2019]. The Wall Street Journal, 2013. The Wall Street Journal. [Online] Available at: https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324030704 578424703939071858 [Accessed April 2019]. WarOnWant, 2016. War On Want. [Online] Available at: https://twitter.com/WarOnWant [Accessed January 2019]. Figure 17. Fig. 17. Lewis Merthyr Band (Lewis Merthyr Band, 2018) Figure 18. Duffy, S., 2015. BBC. [Online] Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-35046311 [Accessed February 2019]. Houghton, T., 2017. Wales Online. [Online] Available at: https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/people-tonypandy-desperate-halt-town-13447872 [Accessed February 2019]. Rhondda Tunnel Society, n.d. Rhondda Tunnel Society. [Online] Available at: http://www.rhonddatunnelsociety.co.uk/about.html [Accessed February 2019]. Wales, G., n.d. Communities First. [Online] Available at: https://www.rctcbc.gov.uk/EN/Resident/JobsandTraining/Com munitiesforWorkCfW.aspx [Accessed February 2019].

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appendix

Figure 19 - 22. Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017). Figure 23-24. Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan up to 2021. Online version (Cook & Gale, 2011) Figure 25. Rhondda Cynon Taf [13] (Webbaviation, 2018) Figure 26.

table of MAPS Images from “Rhondda Collieries Through Time” Book. (Jenkins, 2013).

MULTIFOLD TRANSITIONS

Figure 27. Rhondda Cynon Taf [13] (Webbaviation, 2018)

Map 1. ATLAS OF ‘GREEN’ NEOCOLONIALISM Interactive Shell World Map 2015 (SHELL, 2015) Interactive Shell World Map 2017 (SHELL, 2017) BP Upstream Major Projects (BP plc, 2019) BP Maps (DANIELEINA, 2017)AngloAmerican. Where we Operate (AngloAmerican, 2019) Mapping Just Transition(s) to a Low-Carbon World (Stevis, et al., 2018) North American Pipeline and Oil & Gas Infrastructure Proposals ( The FracTracker Alliance, 2019) South America, Europe, Africa, and Russian Existing and Proposed Pipelines (The FracTracker Alliance, 2019) Oil_and_gas_reserves_merged_Petrodata_V12 (Asbury, 2018) Global Oil Refinery Complex, Daily Capacity, CO2 Emissions, and Various Ancillary Products Produced (The FrackTracker Alliance, 2019) Global Oil and Gas Contracts (Public Version) (Izquierdo Iquierdo, 2018)

Figure 28-30. FutureCity Shimokawa (samoweb_old, 2014) Shimokawa Town with resplendent forests and people (samoweb_old, 2014) Figure 31. Joint Forest Manage Programme (Tnau Agritechportal Forestry, 2016) Figure 32. IGES Forest Governance e-Learning Series 1: Nepal’s Community Forests: A Story of Good Governance (Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, 2015) Figure 33. IGES Forest Governance e-Learning Series 1: Nepal’s Community Forests: A Story of Good Governance (Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, 2015) Figure 34. Mull Woods Forestry Operations (N. W. Mull Community Woods, n.d.) Figure 35. News & Events (Kilfinan Commuity Forest, 2019) Figure 36. Kumrose Community Forest, Kumrose, Nepal (Houston, 2017) Figure 37. Composition of the Rhonddas Landscape - Cwmparc From the Bwlch Mountain Road (Cardinal, n.d.) Figure 38. Quinn, B., 2016. The Guardian. [Online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/10/shell-sellscanadian-oil-sands-as-boss-warns-of-losing-public-support [Accessed January 2019]. The Guardian, 2017. The Guardian. [Online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/ oct/26/discontent-cerrejon-coal-mine-colombians-cry-foul [Accessed January 2019]. Summers, H., 2017. The Guardian. [Online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/ nov/28/amnesty-seeks-criminal-inquiry-into-shell-over-alleged-complicity-in-murder-and-torture-in-nigeria [Accessed January 2019]. Vaughan, A., 2016. The Guardian. [Online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jul/18/uncriticises-uk-and-german-for-betraying-the-spirit-of-the-paris-climate-deal [Accessed January 2019]. Cohen, L., 2014. Reuters. [Online] Available at: https://it.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN16308H [Accessed January 2019].

Map 2. FAREWELL TO KING COAL Coal Mining in the British Isles (Northern Mine Research Society, n.d.) List of Mines (Durham Mining Museum, 2007) UK Coal Reserves and Extraction (The Coal Authority, 2018) Aberpergwm mine, Glynneath: Shutdown causes 290 job losses (BBC NEWS, 2013) Barony Colliery 1, 2, 3 And 4 (Oglethorpe, 2009) Betteshanger Colliery (Dover Museum, n.d.) Blidworth, before and after the mine (Durkin, 2011) Bliston Glen Colliery (Oglethorpe, 2006) Calverton Colliery (Williams, 2019) Century of mining ends at Welbeck Colliery (BBC NEWS, 2010) Closure of Kellingey pit brings deep coal mining to an end (BBC NEWS, 2015) Coal is history Miss Mullins (Richardson, 2017) Comrie Colliery (Oglethorpe, 2006) Cotgrave’s Hollygate Park: Housing to ‘transform’ former pit village (BBC NEWS, 2014) Daw Mill and Keresley coal pits: 25 years on (BBC Press Office, 2009) Denby Grange Colliery (Hinchliffe, 1990) Design of memorial to former mine workers obtains planning consent (birchcoppice, 2011) Empley Moor Colliery (Beilby, 2013) England: Memories of Hem Heath Colliery - a Pit That Could Hold its Head High After Decades of Coal Production (Edwards & Gratton, 2018) Industrial History of Cumbria. Coal (Calvin, 2011) Lea Hall Colliery (Edgar, 1989) Mapped: How the UK generates its Electricity. Coal (CarbonBrief. Clear on Climate, 2015) Miners’ pit celebrates 10 years (BBC NEWS, 2004) Pit closures, year by year (BBC NEWS, 2004) Remember When: Ashington Colliery - now and then (Morton, 2014) Sutton Manor Colliery: What happened to the miners? (BBC NEWS, 2016) South Yorkshire’s ex-industrial sites (Parnel, 2010) Walter Energy set to mothball Aberpergwm Colliery (BBC NEWS, 2015) Markham Colliery – 1973. Background Information (Taylor, n.d.) The Decline of the Industry Continued After Nationalisation 1947. Donisthorpe / Rawdon Closed 1990 After 133 Years (Taylor, n.d.) The Decline of the Industry Continued After Nationalisation 1947. Church Gresley Closed After 133 Years And Merged With Cadley Hill (Taylor, n.d.) Pye Hill Colliery Also Called Riddings Colliery 1874-1985 with pre 1874 workings (Taylor, n.d.) Baffled anger in village doomed to die (Foster, 1992) Crisis in the Pits: Mining village where work is fading memory: Cortonwood Colliery closed after the miners’ strike. Malcolm Pithers reports on its jobless community (Pithers, 1992) Plan to turn old St Helens coal pit into logistics hub could create 4,000 jobs (Belger, 2016) Linby Colliery (1873 – 1988) – 30th Anniversary of closure (Mining Heritage, n.d.) Nantgarw Colliery - once the deepest coal mine in south Wales (National Museum Wales, 2007) Cresswell Colliery (neil’s local history & mining site, n.d.) Nottinghamshire Coalmining. Annesley Colliery 1865 – 2000 (Amos, 2011) Coal and Dialect (Chubb, 2018) Daw Mill’s closure is a sad chapter in UK coalmining history (Lazenby, 2013) 2,000 jobs to go at doomed coalfield that lost millions (Stokes, 2002) Thurcroft Colliery and Village Web Site (Gething, 2010) Treharris District (Bale, 2014) Coal was king in Penrhiwceiber (WalesOnline, 2008) 10 years after Tower Colliery closed, Tyrone O’Sullivan says he is ‘optimistic’ the site could have a new future (Houghton, 2018) Betws Colliery (Welsh Coal Mines, n.d.) Merthyr Vale Colliery (Welsh Coal Mines, n.d.) Abernant Colliery (Welsh Coal Mines, n.d.) Blaenant (Welsh Coal Mines, n.d.) Bedwas Colliery (Welsh Coal Mines, n.d.) Oakdale (Welsh Coal Mines, n.d.) Bothwellhaugh (Wikipedia contributors, 2019) Caphouse Colliery (Wikipedia contributors, 2019) Cynheidre Colliery (Wikipedia Contributors, 2019) Deep Navigation Colliery (Wikipedia contributors, 2019) Dinnington Main Colliery (Wikipedia contributors, 2019) On Behalf of The People: Work, Community, and Class in the British Coal Industry 1947-1994. Annesley-Bentinck (1865–2000) (University of Wolverhampton, n.d.) Bersham Colliery Mining Museum (Wrexham County Borough Council, n.d.) 25 years ago today... moment they killed King Coal (Behrens, 2017) After 150 years, volunteers finally dig up the truth about Barnsley mining disaster that killed 384 (The Yorkshire Post, 2016) “Thatcher was evil. There’ll be a great celebration when she pops her clogs” (Yorkshire Evening Post, 2009) Map 3. YOU GOT THE LINES, YOU GOT THE POWER North Sea Pipelines (Esri UK Education Schools, 2017) North Sea Oil and Gas Data (Appleby, 2017) OGA Field Production Points (Knowles, 2019) Relinquishments reports (Oil & Gas Authority, n.d.) Interactive maps and tools (Oil & Gas Authority, 2019) MMO Marine Plan Areas (Knowledge & Information Management (KIM), 2018) Oil and gas fields quadrants UK (Needle, 2016) Linepack planning models for gas transmission network under uncertainty (Tran, et al., 2018) United Kingdom (Great Brittail) – 2019 (CIA WORLD FACTBOOK AND OTHER SOURCES, 2019) Mapped: How the UK generates its Electricity. Oil (CarbonBrief. Clear on

Climate, 2015) Amount of crude oil transported by ship via the leading ports in the United Kingdom (UK) in 2017 (in million tonnes) (statista. The Statistics Portal, 2017) Revealed: 50 oil tankers loitering off British coast as they lie in wait for fuel price hikes (Derbyshire & Levy, 2009) Map 4. 2050’S CARBON STORAGE & DECOMISSIONING North Sea Pipelines (Esri UK Education Schools, 2017) North Sea Oil and Gas Data (Appleby, 2017) OGA Field Production Points (Knowles, 2019) MMO Marine Plan Areas (Knowledge & Information Management (KIM), 2018) Oil and gas fields quadrants UK (Needle, 2016) Clean Growth The UK Carbon Capture Usage and Storage deployment pathway (Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy, 2018) UK Storage Appraisal Project (UKSAP) (Green, 2019) Carbon Capture and Storage Association image of planned CCS projects in UK (Rose, 2009) A Picture of CO2 Storage in the UK. Learnings from the ETI’s UKSAP and derived projects (Gammer, 2013) Map 5. ENVISIONING 2050’S DECARBONIZATION Future Energy Scenarios (National Grid plc, 2017) Putting costs in perspective. A plan on a map (MacKay, 2015) Mapped: How the UK generates its Electricity. Biomass, Hydro, Solar, Wind. (CarbonBrief. Clear on Climate, 2015) Wind, solar, and hydroelectric power creation in the UK (Macartney, 2019) UK Wind Farms, Crown Estate data including windfarm cables and windfarm sites (Darley, 2018) UK Offshore Wind Energy (Esri UK Education Schools, 2017) Onshore Windfarms (UK Wind Energy Database – UKWED, 2011) Plans for large south coast offshore wind farm on show (BBC NEWS, 2010) Map of annual UK solar radiation (Yeal Community Energy, 2015) CLIMATE-FRIENDLY BRITAIN (The Climate Friendly Gardener, n.d.) Tidal Stream Energy (Green Rhino Energy Ltd., 2016) Map 6. ALL ROADS LEAD TO LONDON AngloAmerican. Where we Operate (AngloAmerican, 2019) Aspects of globalisation – a case study of a TNC. Shell (coolgeography.co.uk, n.d.) BP What we do (BP plc, 2019) BP Maps (DANIELEINA, 2017) North American Pipeline and Oil & Gas Infrastructure Proposals ( The FracTracker Alliance, 2019) Oil_and_gas_reserves_merged_Petrodata_V12 (Asbury, 2018) South America, Europe, Africa, and Russian Existing and Proposed Pipelines (The FracTracker Alliance, 2019) Global Oil Refinery Complex, Daily Capacity, CO2 Emissions, and Various Ancillary Products Produced (The FrackTracker Alliance, 2019) Global Oil and Gas Contracts (Public Version) (Izquierdo Iquierdo, 2018) Map 7. ALBERTHA’S ATHABASCA TAR SANDS Imagery (Earth, 2019) Map 8. OIL AND GAS FRACKING IN VACA MUERTA Imagery (Earth, 2019) Map 9. OIL PIPELINES IN THE NIGER DELTA Imagery (Earth, 2019) Amnesty International - Niger Delta Oil Spills (Amnesty International, 2019) Map 10. CERREJÓN COAL MINE IN LA GUAJIRA Imagery (Earth, 2019) RHONDDA CYNON TAF *SOURCES FOR ALL MAPS OF THE CHAPTER OS Data Download. OS Open Map Local 1:10 000 (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) OS Data Download. OS Open Rivers 1:25 000 (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) OS Data Download. OS Terrain 50 DTM (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) OS Data Download. Greenspace 1:2 500 (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) OS Data Download. Highways 1:2 500 (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) OS Data Download. Water Network 1:2 500 (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) OS Data Download. VectorMap Local 1:10 000 (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) OS Data Download. VectorMap Local Raster 1:10 000 (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) Map 11. THE OPEN VEINS OF THE WELSH VALLEYS This is an incredible visualization of the world’s shipping routes (Plumer, 2017) Collieries and Plans (Reynolds, 2018) Collieries Page (Welsh Coal Mines, n.d.) List of Collieries in the Rhondda Valleys (Wikipedia contributors, 2018) The Coal Authority. Interactive Map (The Coal Authority, 2018) Map 12. COAL: A HISTORICAL TERRITORIAL FORMATION Collieries and Plans (Reynolds, 2018) Collieries Page (Welsh Coal Mines, n.d.) List of Collieries in the Rhondda Valleys (Wikipedia contributors, 2018) Map 13. CALL FOR HELP OR HALT THE TOWNS? Google Maps directions from RCT towns to Cardiff, Wales by car (Google, 2019) Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation (WIMD) 2014 (Trimble, 2014) Map 14-15 POLICIES I & II RCT Employment Allocation (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017) RCT Green Wedge (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017) RCT Housing Allocation (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017) RCT Land Reclamation Scheme (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017) RCT Local Nature Reserves (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017) RCT Plan Area (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017) RCT Retail Allocation (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017)

RCT Retail Area (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017) RCT Settlement Limit (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017) RCT SINC (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017) RCT Special Landscape Area (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017) RCT Strategic Sites (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017) RCT Strategy Area (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017) RCT Town Centre (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017) Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan. Annual Monitoring Report 2016-2017 (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017) Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan up to 2021. Adopted March 2011 (Cook & Gale, 2011) Map 16. CONSERVATION POLICIES RCT Green Wedge (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017) RCT Land Reclamation Scheme (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017) RCT Local Nature Reserves (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017) RCT Plan Area (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017) RCT SINC (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017) RCT Special Landscape Area (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017) RCT Strategy Area (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017) RCT Strategic Sites (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017) Map 17. HOW RECLAIMED ARE MY FORMER MINES Brecon Beacons (Pinney, 2017) RCT Land Reclamation Scheme (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017) Map 18. HOW WINDMILLED IS MY VALLEY? Brecon Beacons (Pinney, 2017) Imagery (Google Earth, 2018) RCT Green Wedge (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017) RCT Land Reclamation Scheme (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017) RCT Local Nature Reserves (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017) RCT Plan Area (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017) RCT SINC (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017) RCT Special Landscape Area (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017) TREHERBERT *SOURCES FOR ALL MAPS OF THE CHAPTER OS Data Download. OS Open Map Local 1:10 000 (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) OS Data Download. OS Open Rivers 1:25 000 (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) OS Data Download. OS Terrain 50 DTM (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) OS Data Download. Greenspace 1:2 500 (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) OS Data Download. Highways 1:2 500 (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) OS Data Download. Water Network 1:2 500 (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) OS Data Download. VectorMap Local 1:10 000 (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) OS Data Download. VectorMap Local Raster 1:10 000 (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) Map 19. ‘GREEN’ POLICIES PALIMSEST APPENDIX 4: SITES OF IMPORTANCE FOR NATURE CONSERVATION (Caerffili, 2007) Forests of consumption: postproductivism, postmaterialism, and the postindustrial forest (Mather, 2001) Forestry and Environmental Democracy: The Problematic Case of the South Wales Valleys (Kitchen, et al., 2002) Formulation and Implementation of National Forest Programmes: Grean Britain (Miller, 1999) MAGIC DEFRA (Natural England, Defra, Environment Agency, Historic England, Forestry Commission, and Marine Management Organisation, 2019) Open Access – Dedicated Forests (Lle A Geoportal for Wales, 2018) Open Access – Open Country (Lle a Geo-Portal for Wales, 2001) Open Access – Other Statutory Access Land (Lle A Geo-Portal for Wales, 2014) Pen y Cymoedd Wind Farm (Powersystems, 2015). RCT SINC (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017) Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) (Lle A Geo-Portal for Wales, 2019) The Coal Authority. Interactive Map (The Coal Authority, 2018) Maps 20-22. IMAGINING A DIFFERENT FUTURE Open Access – Dedicated Forests (Lle A Geoportal for Wales, 2018) Open Access – Open Country (Lle a Geo-Portal for Wales, 2001) Open Access – Other Statutory Access Land (Lle A Geo-Portal for Wales, 2014) RCT SINC (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017) Forestry Commission Map Browser (Forestry Commission UK, 2019) MAGIC DEFRA (Natural England, Defra, Environment Agency, Historic England, Forestry Commission, and Marine Management Organisation, 2019) Map 23. WHAT WE TALK ABOUT WHEN WE TALK ABOUT THE COMMUNITY Penyrenglyn Project £548,385 (ORCA Online Research - Cardiff University, n.d.) Lottery fund: £1,282,000 (The National Lottery Community Fund blog Wales, 2018) CO-OP: £90,000 (Sheffield, 2019) Micro-Hydro £50,000 (Messenger, 2018) Community Arts Centre £10,000 (The National Lottery - Community Fund, 2018) Geodemographics - 2011 Area Classification of Output Areas (Consumer Data Research Centre, 2011) Maps 24-29. PHASES I, II, III RCT Land Reclamation Scheme (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017) Open Access – Dedicated Forests (Lle A Geoportal for Wales, 2018) Open Access – Open Country (Lle a Geo-Portal for Wales, 2001) Open Access – Other Statutory Access Land (Lle A Geo-Portal for Wales, 2014) Map 30. TRANSVERSAL TRANSITION

Geological Survey of England and Wales 1:63,360/1:50,000 Geological map series, New Series (British Geological Survey, 1899) COMMUNITY WOODLAND *SOURCES FOR ALL MAPS OF THE CHAPTER OS Data Download. OS Open Map Local 1:10 000 (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) OS Data Download. OS Open Rivers 1:25 000 (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) OS Data Download. OS Terrain 50 DTM (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) OS Data Download. Greenspace 1:2 500 (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) OS Data Download. Highways 1:2 500 (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) OS Data Download. Water Network 1:2 500 (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) OS Data Download. VectorMap Local 1:10 000 (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) OS Data Download. VectorMap Local Raster 1:10 000 (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) Open Access – Dedicated Forests (Lle A Geoportal for Wales, 2018) Open Access – Open Country (Lle a Geo-Portal for Wales, 2001) Open Access – Other Statutory Access Land (Lle A Geo-Portal for Wales, 2014) RCT SINC (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017) Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) (Lle A Geo-Portal for Wales, 2019) Maps 30-32. Forest Research (Forestry Commission, 2019). The Coal Authority. Interactive Map (The Coal Authority, 2018) AN AFTERTHOUGHT Map 33. FIGHT TO TRANSITIONS The World Directory of Anti-Fracking & Fracking Safety - Organizations and Related Sites (United States Environmental Directories, Inc., 2013) Fracking Frenzy (Environmental Justice Atlas, 2019) From Fracking to Water Rights: How Foreign Interests Are Cleaning Out Africa (Cernansky, 2012) Coal Tracker (#AFRIKAVUKA, 2019) MARCO DE PLANIFICACIÓN PARA PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS (UFIS, 2017) Mapa OPSur (Observatorio Petrolero Sur, 2019) Mapuche (minority rights group international, 2008) Multisectorial contra el fracking: Declaración ante el acuerdo Chevron-YPF para explotar Vaca Muerta (Observatorio Petrolero Sur, 2013) El gobernador se reunió con la comunidad mapuche Kaxipayiñ (Neuquén Informa, 2016) Generación de Capacidades Organizativas para la construcción del Plan de Vida de las mujeres Wayúu del Cabildo Wayúu Nóüna de Campamento (Notiwayuu, 2007) Cerrejón Coal: another forced eviction coming up (london mining network, 2019) Fighting Colombia’s largest coal mine (Ecologist - The Journal for the PostIndustrial Age, 2018) Nosotros – Misión, visión y valores (Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores de la Industria del Carbón, 2015) Institutional Resources (Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, 2014) Territorio Wayuu - Sector Minero-Energético 2017 (Geographiando, 2017) The Dynamics of Oil and Social Movements in the Niger Delta of Nigeria (Ojakorotu, 2006) Quantifying the exposure of humans and the environment to oil pollution in the Niger Delta using advanced geostatistical techniques (Obida, et al., 2018) GOVERNMENT OF ALBERTA MOVES TO IMPROVE AIR QUALITY FOR RESIDENTS OF FORT MCKAY (Oil Sands Magazine, 2016) Native Resistance to Pipeline Development on Unsurrendered Territory (YES! Magazine, 2015) Map 34. EXPANDED: ALBERTHA’S ATHABASCA TAR SANDS Fort McMurray First Nation Land Claim Case Study (Umeris, 2016) Tar Sands extraction affecting the territory of the Athabasca Tribal Council (Cicada, 2016) Legislative boundaries of Aboriginal Lands of Canada, as defined by the Government of Canada (ESRI Canada, 2019) Map 35. EXPANDED: OIL AND GAS FRACKING IN VACA MUERTA Mapa Observatorio Petrolero Sur (Observatorio Petrolero Sur, 2019) World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples (minority rights group international, 2008) Multisectorial contra el fracking: Declaración ante el acuerdo Chevron-YPF para explotar Vaca Muerta (Observatorio Petrolero Sur, 2013) El gobernador se reunió con la comunidad mapuche Kaxipayiñ (Neuquén Informa, 2016) Environmental Justice Atlas (Friends of Earth, 2019) Map 36. EXPANDED: OIL PIPELINES IN THE NIGER DELTA Oil Spills in the Niger Delta Waters (Ambrose-Igho, 2018) NAOC Locations WebMap 2nd Edition (NAOC SXD, 2017) Niger Delta: a quiet resistance (red pepper, 2011) The Dynamics of Oil and Social Movements in the Niger Delta of Nigeria (Ojakorotu, 2006) Quantifying the exposure of humans and the environment to oil pollution in the Niger Delta using advanced geostatistical techniques (Obida, et al., 2018) Map 37. EXPANDED: CERREJÓN COAL MINE IN LA GUAJIRA Ubicación Wayuu (Montoya Obregón, 2017) Predios Cerrejón (Galindo, 2017) Generación de Capacidades Organizativas para la construcción del Plan de Vida de las mujeres Wayúu del Cabildo Wayúu Nóüna de Campamento (Notiwayuu, 2007) Cerrejón Coal: another forced eviction coming up (london mining network, 2019) Fighting Colombia’s largest coal mine (Ecologist - The Journal for the PostIndustrial Age, 2018) Nosotros – Misión, visión y valores (Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores de la Industria del Carbón, 2015) Institutional Resources (Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, 2014) Territorio Wayuu - Sector Minero-Energético 2017 (Geographiando, 2017) APPENDIX

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Maps 38-39. LATROBE VALLEY, AUSTRALIA Datasets (OpenTopography, 2019) Hazelwood Power Station (Wikipedia contributors, 2019) Imagery (Google, 2019) Life After Coal. Pathways to a Just and Sustainable Transition for the Latrobe Valley (Martinelli, et al., 2016) Loy Yang Power Station (Wikipedia contributors, 2019) Yallourn Power Station (Wikipedia contributors, 2019) Maps 40-41. “DE-INDUSTRIALIZATION SHIFT” FOR SPRINGHILL Novascotia- Geofabrik (OpenStreetMap, 2018) Springhill (Wikipedia contributors, 2019) Springhill mining disaster (Wikipedia contributors, 2019) Maps 42-43. GRANGEMOUNTH’S ROAD TO CCS UK’s Carbon Capture (BBC News, 2018) Scotland - Geofabrik (OpenStreetMap, 2018) OGA_WGS84 (Oil & Gas Authority, 2019) Just Transition Part Three ( Desmog, 2018) Scottish CO2 Hub (SCCS, 2016) D 17 Feeder (ACorn, 2017) Future Grangemouth Vision 2025 Evaluation of Economic Effects (Brett, 2017) Grangemouth (Wikipedia contributors, 2019) Maps 44-45. RUHR, FROM ESSEN TO DUISBURG Copernicus Land Monitoring Service – Urban Atlas (European Environmental Agency, 2018) Deustsche Steinkohle (DSK) Coal Mine (Mining Technology, 2019) European Coal Map (Coal Map EU, 2019) European Oil & Gas Landscape (The FracTracker Alliance, 2018) Geoinformationen zu den Betriebsstellen des Schienenverkehrsnetzes (Esri Deutschland, 2018) IGIS MAP (IGIS MAP, 2019) Geoinformationen zu Kilometern des Schienenverkehrsnetzes (Deutsche Bahn AG, 2017) Geoinformationen zu Tunnel des Schienenverkehrsnetzes (Deutsche Bahn AG, 2017) Germany Coal Power 2013 (Piers, 2016) Germany’s three lignite mining regions (Appunn, 2018) Regierungsbezirk Arnsberg (Geofabrik GmbH and OpenStreetMap Contributors, 2019) Schienenverkehrsnetz gemäß INSPIRE der DB Netz AG (Deutsche Bahn AG, 2015) Small Atlas Metropole Ruhr. The Ruhr region in transformation (Hospers & Wetterau, 2018) Standorte von Pflegeheime und Soziale Einrichtungen in Deutschland (Esri Open Data, 2017) The Rise of the Ruhr Area, Germany’s Industrial Heartland, in the 19th Century (Roh, 2007) The Ruhr circa 1840 (Diercke International Atlas, n.d.) URBAN ATLAS 2012 – Ruhrgebiet (European Comission. Copernicus Programme, 2015) Maps 46-47. RHONDDA VALLEY OS Data Download. OS Open Map Local 1:10 000 (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) OS Data Download. OS Open Rivers 1:25 000 (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) OS Data Download. OS Terrain 50 DTM (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) OS Data Download. Greenspace 1:2 500 (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) OS Data Download. Highways 1:2 500 (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) OS Data Download. Water Network 1:2 500 (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) OS Data Download. VectorMap Local 1:10 000 (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) OS Data Download. VectorMap Local Raster 1:10 000 (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) This is an incredible visualization of the world’s shipping routes (Plumer, 2017) Collieries and Plans (Reynolds, 2018) Collieries Page (Welsh Coal Mines, n.d.) List of Collieries in the Rhondda Valleys (Wikipedia contributors, 2018)

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Map 48. OS Data Download. OS Open Map Local 1:10 000 (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) OS Data Download. OS Open Rivers 1:25 000 (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) OS Data Download. OS Terrain 50 DTM (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) OS Data Download. Greenspace 1:2 500 (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) OS Data Download. Highways 1:2 500 (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) OS Data Download. Water Network 1:2 500 (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) OS Data Download. VectorMap Local 1:10 000 (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) OS Data Download. VectorMap Local Raster 1:10 000 (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) Open Access – Dedicated Forests (Lle A Geoportal for Wales, 2018) Open Access – Open Country (Lle a Geo-Portal for Wales, 2001) Open Access – Other Statutory Access Land (Lle A Geo-Portal for Wales, 2014) RCT SINC (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017) Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) (Lle A Geo-Portal for Wales, 2019) NRW Forest Ownership (Lle A Geo-Portal for Wales, 2019) Map 49. LAND OWNERSHIP OS Data Download. OS Open Map Local 1:10 000 (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) OS Data Download. OS Open Rivers 1:25 000 (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) OS Data Download. OS Terrain 50 DTM (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) OS Data Download. Greenspace 1:2 500 (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) OS Data Download. Highways 1:2 500 (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) OS Data Download. Water Network 1:2 500 (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) OS Data Download. VectorMap Local 1:10 000 (Digimap® Ordnance

Survey, 2018) OS Data Download. VectorMap Local Raster 1:10 000 (Digimap® Ordnance Survey, 2018) Open Access – Dedicated Forests (Lle A Geoportal for Wales, 2018) Open Access – Open Country (Lle a Geo-Portal for Wales, 2001) Open Access – Other Statutory Access Land (Lle A Geo-Portal for Wales, 2014) RCT SINC (Rhondda Cynon Taf Local Development Plan, 2017) Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) (Lle A Geo-Portal for Wales, 2019)

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