Towards an Agroecological Urbanism in Chichester by AA Landscape Urbanism MArch/MSc

TOWARDS AGROECOLOGICAL URBANISM 20 24

— In Chichester

YUN ZHENG, SHU HENG QIE,YI DUAN

TOWARDS AGROECOLOGICAL URBANISM IN CHISCHESTER

Authors: Yun Zheng, Shuheng Qie, Yi Duan

TOWARDS AGROECOLOGICAL URBANISM IN CHISCHESTER

THE ARCHITECTURAL ASSOCIATION SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

SUBMITTED BY : Yun Zheng(MArch), Shuheng Qie(MArch),Yi Duan (MSc)

DIRECTOR AND THEORY: Jose Alfredo Ramirez Galindo

TECHINCAL TUTORS: Daniel Kiss

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would like to acknowledge that we could not have completed this thesis without the guidance and expertise of our thesis supervisors, Alfredo Ramirez, Eduardo Rico, and Clara Oloriz. We are deeply grateful for their generous support. In addition, we would like to thank Catja De Haas for the informative guide on Chichester.

Drawing: Shuheng Qie

ABSTRACT

The Landscapes of Chichester, (urban, agricultural & water landscapes) are fragmented This is reflected in the policies and institutions in charge of each fragmented landscapes where decisions and actions can only affect each of these landscapes only. In contrast, our proposal of Agroecological Urbanism look at these landscapes as continuous, interdependent and interrelated not only from the environmental perspective but also the way in which existing economies and industries can benefit all landscapes and peoples within them.

We will use Agroecology as the set of principles and technologies to connect existing landscapes, people and industries to create socio economic and environmental benefits and address the status quo in Chichester region.

— WHY RESEARCH IN CHICHESTER?

1.1 Introduction of Chichester

1.2 Traditional industries in Chichester

1.3 Environmental problems in Chichester

— POLICIES TO SHAPE THE CHICHESTER LANDSCAPE

2.1 Existing policies in Chichester

2.2 Policy issues

— HOW TO TRANSFORM AGRICULTURE THROUGH THE USE OF POLICIES

3.1 Introduction of Environmental land management

3.2 How SFI, CS, LR Work

3.3 Policy Memo (for land based agriculture)

3.4 Sussex IFCA, FaSs,International and local researchers

— POTENTIAL FOR TRANSFORMATION OF EXISTING LANDSCAPES

4.1 Discover the routes and travelogue

4.2Main issues of the site

4.3 Section of the analysis of landscape potential

4.4 Potential advantages from Kernza, Reeds, Oyster, Kelp

— AGROECOLOGY-THE KEY TO AGRICULTURAL TRANSFORMATION

5.1 Overview of Agroecology

5.2 The 10 Elements of Agroecology and a Framework for Implementation

5.3 Agroecology Technology

5.4 Agroecology Case Study

- Public-Common Cartnership Isle of Skye & Raasay

- Enterprise Stacking ( Wakelyns Farm

— OUR NEW AGROECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION

5.1 Defining a New Agroecological Transformation

5.2 Applying Agroecological Model

5.3 Modelling Policies and Agroecology implementation at Site

5.4 Agroecology Technology for Sustainable Agriculture -Enhancing Crop Diversity, Soil Health, and Reducing Chemical Use Reducing Agricultural Runoff and Managing Farmland Boundaries

-Connecting Agricultural and Natural Lands for Sustainable Landscapes -Improving Soil Health and Boosting Agricultural Yields

5.5 Small farm consolidation

5.6 Revenue Comparison After Implementing Agroecology on Farmland

5.7 Agroecology Technology for Sustainable Aquaculture

— CHICHESTER HARBOUR COMMUNITY BENEFIT SOCIETY

6.1 Profile of Chichester Harbour Community Benefit Society

6.2 Stakeholders of the Chichester Harbour Community Benefit Society

6.3 ctions Taken by the CBS at Different Stages to Transform the Landscape

— AGROECOLOGICAL DESIGN DETAILS IN BOSHAM

7.1Why Choose Bosham?

7.2 Wildlife Corridor Establishment

7.3 Transformation Across Different Stages

7.4 Tool List

7.5 Proposal

— END-OF-BOOK

8.1 Summary of our New Agroecology

8.2 Reference

Introduction

Chichester

Introduction of Chichester

Chichester, England

About Notable Histories

Chichester is a city where history and natural beauty intertwine, creating a unique blend of ancient landmarks and scenic landscapes. The city's heritage is vividly reflected in the Chichester Roman walls, which date back to the 3rd century AD and are among the best-preserved Roman fortifications in Britain. These ancient walls still encircle much of the old town, offering visitors a tangible link to Chichester's Roman origins(Wikipedia).

At the heart of the city is the iconic Chichester Cathedral, built in 1075. Known for its blend of Norman and Gothic architecture and its distinctive detached bell tower, the cathedral houses stunning stained glass and historical artifacts. It remains a cultural landmark, with its towering spire visible for miles around(Great Sussex Way).

Beyond the city, Chichester is surrounded by extraordinary natural landscapes. Chichester Harbour, designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB), is a serene environment of salt marshes, tidal flats, and tranquil waters. This harbour serves as both a wildlife sanctuary and a popular destination for activities like sailing, birdwatching, and walking(Wikipedia)(Chichester Harbour Conservancy). Nearby, the Fishbourne Roman Palace adds to the historical richness with its intricate Roman mosaics and ruins, offering a glimpse into the grandeur of Roman Britain(Great Sussex Way).

Just beyond the harbour lies the South Downs National Park, a vast expanse of rolling chalk hills, woodlands, and farmlands. This park is a hotspot for outdoor enthusiasts, offering numerous hiking trails and panoramic views that complement the coastal beauty of Chichester Harbour(Great Sussex Way). Together, Chichester's historical and natural attractions create a destination where the past and the present converge, offering a rich and multifaceted experience for visitors.

Nowadays, Chichester's economy is driven by three key sectors: agriculture, fisheries, and tourism.

The agriculture sector, particularly horticulture, is a major contributor, generating around £1 billion in annual sales and employing 10,000 workers, with nearly half of West Sussex's horticultural businesses based in Chichester. Fisheries along the coast also play a vital role, supporting local livelihoods.

Meanwhile, tourism injects £317 million annually into the local economy, with Chichester Harbour and its historical landmarks attracting visitors year-round(Chichester District Council).

The following three aspects of Chichester's current status and industry history will be introduced.

The chichester’s main source of income AGRICULTURE

Total Income from Farming (TIFF) in England and the proportion from each Region 2020

Total Income from Farming in England 2020: £3.6 bn

Income from agriculture

Land: In 2021, 3% of England’s agricultural holdings (3,145) and 2% of England’s total farmed area (223,000 hectares) were in Sussex. The average farm size was 87 hectares in the South East (including London), which was larger than the England average of 85 hectares.

Crops: In Sussex in 2021 there was 220,071 hectares of farmed land. 27% of this farmed land was cereals (59,320 hectares), 14% general cropping (15,067hectares) and 3% horticulture (5,559 hectares).

Livestock: Of the England total in 2021, the South East (including London) had 1.6% of cattle (76,700), 2.3% of sheep (341,000), 1.1% of pigs (46,231) and 0.6% of poultry (889,000).

Labour: The total agricultural labour in Sussex in 2021 was 10,497, this is 4% of the England total. On average, there were 3.3 people per farm, this is above the England average of 2.8 people per farm. 41% of people were full time, 36% part time, 8% casual and 6% salaried managers.

Farm Business Income (FBI): In the South East (including London), the average FBI was £51,192 for all types of farms in 2020/21. This was similar to England’s average FBI of £51,923.

Total Income from Farming (TIFF): In 2020, TIFF for England was £3,552 million. The South East (including London) contributed to 14% (£504 million) of the England TIFF (3,552 million). The average TIFF per hectare of farmed land in England in 2020 was £389. The South East (including London) was above this average at £443 TIFF per hectare.

Farm Funding: In 2020, the South East and London received £265 million in direct payments which accounted for 53% of the TIFF. This is similar to direct payments in England accounting for 59% TIFF. In East Sussex, West Sussex (SW) and West Sussex (NE), direct payments accounted for 69%, 69% and 58% of TIFF respectively

TOURISM

The chichester’s main source of income

18th Century

Mid-19th Century

Later 19th Century

History of tourism in Chichester

Industries in Chichester

TOURISM

The Chichester’s main source of income

Income from tourism

The Sussex Visitor Economy is very large and significant with £3.9bn of spend (£5bn of impact), an amount that is comparable to Iceland and 2/3 that of Wales, and it deserves to be taken seriously as an economic driver for the region.

Staying visits (11% visits and 50% spend) and in particular overseas staying visits (2% visits and 19% spend) are very significant for Sussex with above England-average spend and visitor numbers. However average length of stay (2.68 days East Sussex and 2.46 days West Sussex) is lower than the England average domestic visitor (2.98). International length of stay in East Sussex (8.0 days) is greater than the England average (6.99 days).

The Sussex product and visitor experience is varied and contains many signifi

cant assets. There are a few clusters of experience that are unique e.g. vineyards and to some extent the range of cultural attractions. Likewise the landscape is distinctive and in many ways quintessentially ‘English’ though certainly not ‘dramatic’. Much of what Sussex has to offer however is thematically indistinct from other competing destinations (heritage towns and attractions, coast, countryside, gardens, events & festivals and activities).

AQUACULTURE

Chichester Original Industries

AQUACULTURE

The Chichester original industry

The oyster industry in Chichester during the 19th century

In the 19th century, Chichester Harbour’s oyster industry experienced cycles of boom and bust, evolving from a subsistence activity to a thriving, factory-style farming system driven by demand from London and other markets, facilitated by the arrival of railways, yet ultimately facing challenges from overfishing, habitat destruction, and rising competition.

The oyster farming legacy remains a part of Chichester’s historical identity, and modern conservation efforts aim to restore and protect the area’s marine ecosystem, including its oyster populations.

Traditional Industries in Chichester

AQUACULTURE

The Chichester original industry

Landings of demersal species by the UK fleet in 2022

Landings of shellfish species by the UK fleet in 2022

Income from fisheries

Official statistics on economic output of the fishing industry are volatile and can be significantly revised from year to year. According to the ONS, in 2021, the sector contributed around 0.03% of total UK economic output and around 5% of the broader agriculture, forestry and fishing sector.

In 2020, just under 70% of economic output from the fishing and aquaculture industry was generated in Scotland.

Seafish, a non-departmental public body representing the seafood industry, estimated that economic output in the sector was £483 million in 2021, up from £458 million in 2020, but lower than the £536 million reported in 2019. Seafish explained that fishing businesses’ operating profits rose in 2021 compared to 2020, but remained lower than profits recorded in 2019.

The productivity of the Solent stock, including Chichester Harbour oyster fishery has been declining for a number of years. Recruitment failures from 2008 to 2010, increased competition from the slipper limpet increases in the predatory winkle, habitat loss, skewed sex ratios as well as the significance of the oyster disease Bonamia ostreae3 are acting in combination with changes in water quality, climate change and fishing effort have all played their part in the declini It is thought that the recruitment failure for three consecutive years is due to low fertilisation success, as a result of low oyster density on the shellfish beds, which is a key requirement for successful reproduction.

Current Distribution of Industries

Quantity of oysters landed at Chichester

(tones)

Environmental Problems in Chichester

What have we seen of Chichester Bay so far?

Pollution from land

Chichester faces several interconnected landscape issues, particularly driven by water pollution, urban expansion, and monoculture farming. Water pollution from untreated sewage discharge has severely impacted Chichester Harbour, with over 150 pollution incidents since 2018, affecting wildlife and ecosystems in this Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). Urban expansion has intensified pressure on natural habitats, with housing developments often compromising green corridors and agricultural land. Meanwhile, monoculture farming depletes soil and increases reliance on chemicals, further exacerbating water quality issues from agricultural runoff. These challenges have prompted the local government to implement more robust environmental protection policies, such as Chichester’s Plan for Water, to improve sewage infrastructure and protect waterways(Gillian Keegan) (SussexWorld).

On the basis of this map, we see a dense concentration of outfalls around Chichester Bay, which are spread out over various parts of the urban and agricultural areas, particularly around Dell Quay and West/East Wittering.

Map of priority outfalls near the bay from chichester council

Different

Existing Problems in the Chichester Landscape

Section

Policy Status of Chichester

Post-Brexit status of the UK...

Since Brexit, Chichester’s agricultural, fisheries, and tourism sectors have seen significant policy changes, diverging from EU frameworks.

In agriculture, Chichester once relied heavily on EU subsidies, particularly in horticulture. After Brexit, the UK launched the Agricultural Transition Plan, focusing on sustainability and reducing chemical inputs, replacing the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). The government is promoting local markets and innovation funding, with horticulture, including greenhouse crops and flowers, remaining a vital economic pillar for the region.

Fisheries have gained more autonomy post-Brexit, no longer restricted by the EU’s Common Fisheries Policy (CFP). However, this newfound control comes with challenges, particularly in exports. Increased tariffs and regulatory burdens have made exporting to the EU more difficult, especially for small-scale fishermen. Nonetheless, Chichester's fisheries policies now emphasize sustainable practices and environmental protection, with government support for smaller, local operations to mitigate these challenges.

In tourism, Brexit has led to fewer visitors from EU countries due to visa regulations and other travel restrictions. As a result, Chichester’s tourism strategy has shifted towards attracting more domestic visitors. The region has begun promoting its natural attractions, such as Chichester Harbour and the South Downs National Park, focusing on rural and nature-based tourism. These areas offer ample opportunities for outdoor activities, helping to maintain tourism’s importance to the local economy despite changes in visitor demographics.

Finally, in terms of construction and infrastructure, Chichester has adapted post-Brexit by increasing support for local businesses. The city council has implemented policies aimed at encouraging innovation and growth, such as the creation of the Enterprise Centre, which provides resources and space for small businesses and startups. The council's efforts to boost the local economy include attracting investment and using newly acquired autonomy in local development planning to stimulate business growth and job creation.

These post-Brexit policy adjustments are helping Chichester navigate the challenges while exploring new economic opportunities and focusing on environmental sustainability(Chichester District Council).

Despite Chichester's efforts to implement policies aimed at mitigating the impacts of Brexit, several underlying issues remain, particularly in the environment, economy, and employment sectors. Youth labor migration has intensified as local opportunities dwindle, and the expansion of housing developments has increased pressure on natural landscapes. Agriculture and construction have further degraded the region’s natural beauty, with insufficient job creation in sustainable industries. These challenges highlight the need for more comprehensive strategies to balance economic growth with environmental protection and local employment retention. Next, we will examine the structural issues in policy implementation.

Compliance with Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) and Division for Sustainable Development Goals (DSDG) development principles, this section outlines the main government structure addressing current issues. The UK government hierarchy consists of Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONBs) and Environmental Land Management Schemes (ELMs). AONB policies are primarily implemented by government departments, while ELMs policies focus on individual farmers. The West Sussex County Council provides additional regional support, and the Chichester Local Plan is executed by government departments, regulators, and community participants.

The Chichester Harbour Conservancy developed an AONB Management Plan for local authorities including Havant Borough, Chichester District, West Sussex County, and Hampshire County Councils. This plan outlines the key landscape features and characteristics of the Chichester Harbour Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB), guiding its management and spatial planning. Additionally, the Conservancy created a Landscape Character Assessment and design guidelines for new constructions and extensions, both of which are endorsed by the District Council to support sustainable development within the AONB. Under the Agricultural Transition, Environmental Land Management Schemes (ELMs) are evolving to reward farmers and land managers for enhancing environmental benefits alongside food production. These schemes include grants for improving farm productivity, fostering innovation, and supporting research and development. ELMs aim to create a resilient agricultural sector that meets both production needs and environmental goals. The reforms push for sustainable practices, ensuring that environmental protection and climate targets are integrated into farming operations, helping address critical global challenges while maintaining long-term productivity.

Policy

Structure

on Coastal Area and Marine

Based on the chart, Chichester's fisheries policies are structured with various national and local entities working together. The Fisheries and Seafood Scheme (FaSS), led by the Marine Management Organisation on behalf of DEFRA, offers financial support for sustainable fishing practices. The Sussex Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority (IFCA) plays a key role in managing local fisheries resources, enforcing regulations under the Marine and Coastal Access Act. Collaborations with international and local researchers, such as Cefas, focus on projects like oyster restoration and kelp recovery to preserve marine ecosystems. Locally, initiatives like the Chichester Harbour Oyster Partnership Initiative (CHOPI) and the Chichester Harbour Conservancy aim to protect and enhance coastal biodiversity while balancing sustainable fishing practices.

Existing Policy Structure on Coastal Area and Marine

Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science Department for Environment Food & Rural Affairs

Enabling a Natural Capital Approach (ENCA)

The Chichester Harbour Oyster Partnership Initiative (CHOPI)

Fisheries and Seafood Scheme(FaSS)

Fisheries Management Plans

Chichester AONB

Policy Issues

Chichester faces a complex array of landscape agricultural policy issues that stem from the fragmentation and repetition of policies across different levels of governance. These policies, which aim to address various aspects of land use and environmental management, are often scattered and overlap in ways that complicate effective implementation.

For instance, policies within Chichester’s jurisdiction, such as those in the General Plan and residential area planning, often focus primarily on housing, leaving agricultural considerations as a secondary concern. This is evident in the way that different policies specifically address coastal development, such as those within Chichester’s Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) and coastal zones, but do not integrate agricultural needs comprehensively.

In terms of agriculture, Chichester itself has limited dedicated policies, with horticultural development being one of the few explicitly supported agricultural activities. However, broader agricultural policies that affect Chichester, such as the Environmental Land Management schemes (ELMs), are managed at the national level by the UK government. These national policies, while crucial for promoting sustainable farming practices, do not always align seamlessly with the local policies in Chichester, leading to potential conflicts and inefficiencies.

Saltmarsh

Chichester Harbour Conservancy

-The Solent Seascape Project

Kelp Oyster Fish for (aquatic animals and plants)

Chichester Harbour Conservancy

-Chichester AONB

-Chichester Harbour Protection and Recovery of Nature (CHaPRoN)

Chichester Harbour Oyster Partnership Initiative (CHOPI) -Native Oyster Restoration Project

Sussex IFCA(Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority)

-Sussex Kelp Recovery Project (SKRP)

-Marine protected area(MPA)

Chichester Harbour Conservancy

-Chichester Harbour Planning Principles 2019 - 2024

Sussex IFCA(Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority)

-The Sussex IFCA Oyster Permit Byelaw

Oyster bed Reed bed Farmland

Policy Guide Catalogue

Land-based Policies

Helpers in the transformation of agriculture Introduction of Environmental land management schemes(ELMs)

Sustainable Farming Incentive(SFI) Simulation implementation

Countryside Stewardship(CS) Simulation implementation

Landscape Recovery Introduction Policy Memo Introduction

The

FRA)

As part of the post-Brexit era, the Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (DEFRA) has introduced a series of new agricultural policies, including the Environmental Land Management (ELM) schemes. While these schemes represent a significant step forward in the fight against climate change, there are concerns that they might fall short in supporting local food systems and the concept of food sovereignty. This section will first evaluate the functioning of the ELM schemes and other recent proposals, then assess their effectiveness in fostering food security and local food systems, identifying potential impacts and gaps that need to be addressed to promote a more sustainable and equitable food future.

The concepts of food sovereignty and local food systems are complementary, both emphasizing the importance of sustainable agricultural practices and the equitable distribution of resources. They stand as innovative alternatives to the dominant industrialized food system, advocating for the right of communities to control their food and agricultural systems. This approach promotes localized food systems and equal access to resources like land, water, and seeds through democratic decision-making. Many local food systems are characterized by shorter supply chains, connecting producers and consumers more directly, with the goal of creating resilient networks that support diverse food production, community development, and sustainable practices.

for

(DE

Helpers in the transformation of fisheries Introduction of researchers and Fisheries and Seafood Scheme(FaSs)

Benefits of joint use of fisheries policies Simulation implementation

Following Brexit, the UK government, through DEFRA, introduced the “7-year Agricultural Transition Plan” to replace the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). This plan is integral to the UK’s broader environmental and sustainability goals, aligning with the “25-year Environmental Plan” and the 2050 net zero commitments. The transition involves gradually phasing out the Basic Payment Scheme (BPS), a legacy of the CAP, and replacing it with new Environmental Land Management (ELM) schemes.

Under the new ELM schemes, payments are no longer primarily based on the size of farmland but are instead linked to sustainable agricultural practices. This shift encourages viewing farmers as custodians of the landscape, promoting agroecological approaches over large-scale industrial farming.

Recognizing the significant changes this transition entails, DEFRA is implementing these changes gradually over seven years, allowing farmers time to adapt. The funds saved from reducing direct payments will be redirected into new schemes, grants, and other support measures to help farmers manage their land and businesses more sustainably during this period

Sustainable Farming Incentive (SFI)

Introduction of SFI

The UK’s Sustainable Farming Incentive (SFI) policy delivers significant benefits by promoting environmental sustainability, supporting farmers’ economies, increasing food security and tackling climate change.SFI focuses on soil health, water management, biodiversity and climate change mitigation, and promotes the adoption of more environmentally friendly agricultural practices by farmers. SFI has brought significant benefits. However, SFI also faces shortcomings such as complexity of implementation, insufficient allocation of funds, difficulties in monitoring its effects, and neglect of regional differences.

The Sustainable Farming Incentive (SFI) is a key part of the UK government’s Environmental Land Management (ELM) schemes, designed to support sustainable agriculture practices. The SFI scheme for 2024 has been expanded to offer more flexibility, increased payment rates, and a broader range of actions that farmers can take to enhance environmental outcomes.

The Challenge of SFI Policiesand the Synergy of other Policies(CS)

Over the course of the implementation of the UK’s Sustainable Farming Incentive (SFI) policy, government figures show that between 2022 and 2024, subsidies of up to £500 million per year are expected to be made available to participating farmers. However, despite the high level of financial support, the complexity of policy implementation and initial underfunding remain notable issues, making it difficult for some small-scale farmers to participate. An initial assessment by the UK’s Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board (AHDB) showed that the proportion of participating farmers only reached around 60 per cent of the intended target in the early stages of the policy’s implementation. In addition, as the policy was not designed with sufficient consideration of regional differences, farmers in some areas found it difficult to adapt the SFI requirements to local realities, thus affecting the overall effectiveness of the policy.

Therefore, we need to make joint use of the Countryside Stewardship (CS) policy, which is more nuanced and comprehensive.The CS policy not only provides financial support for sustainable agricultural practices, but also covers a wider range of environmental protection and restoration measures, such as biodiversity enhancement, water quality improvement, air quality management, natural flood management, and so on (Gov.uk, Defra Farming). CS management options are more diverse than SFI, supporting projects ranging from habitat restoration to conservation of historic and cultural sites, and covering a wide range of areas such as on-farm infrastructure improvements, boundary management, and forest restoration (Land App, Land App).

Policy CS refines the protection of special ecosystems, such as the management of lowland grasslands and peatlands, areas that are not only critical in terms of biodiversity but also play a key role in combating climate change. Data show that about 28 per cent of lowland grasslands and 25 per cent of peatlands are included in the CS scheme (Defra Farming). In addition, CS provides higher levels of financial support in terms of payment mechanisms, such as a multi-fold increase in payments for certain wetland management measures, making environmental protection more economically viable (Land App).

However, despite the greater flexibility and financial support of the CS policy, its drawback is the complexity of the application process, particularly the need to fulfil multiple tiers of conditions, which poses a challenge for small farmers (National Farmers’ Union). The combination of SFI’s simplified process and CS’s broader support could lead to better sustainable agriculture and environmental protection.

The expanded Sustainable Farming Incentive (SFI) scheme for 2024 introduces several key improvements:

Wider Range of Standards: The scheme now offers more standards, including those for soil health, nutrient management, and integrated pest management, enabling farmers to select actions that align with their specific farming operations.

Higher Payment Rates: Payment rates have been increased to more accurately reflect the benefits of sustainable farming practices, ensuring farmers are fairly compensated for their environmental contributions.

Flexibility and Accessibility: The scheme has been made more accessible with simplified application processes and options for shorter agreements, allowing farmers to tailor their participation to their farm’s specific needs and easily combine different standards.

Support for All Farmers: The expanded scheme is inclusive, designed to encourage participation from farmers of all sizes and types, including those already involved in environmental stewardship, by offering enhanced payments and new opportunities.

Specific measures of SFI

SUSTAINABLE FARMING INCENTIVE (SFI)

SUSTAINABLE FARMING INCENTIVE (SFI) POLICY THAT CAN SUPPOT TRANSFORMATION

Plannig Grass Buffer

CS

Countryside Stewardship

Countryside Stewardship(CS)

Introduction of CS

The Challenge of CS police

Chichester

CS action Implementation Demonstration — Land Cover Maps

Implement the CS Actions to Chichester

This is the Land cover map of Chichester, Based on this map, we car- tied out a more detailed classification and evaluation of the land.

Higher

Tier — Areas Where Higher Tier can be implemented

SP9:

COUNTRYSIDE STEWARSHIP(CS) POLICY THAT CAN SUPPOT TRANSFORMATION

Landscape Recovery

1.What‘s the propose?

Landscape Recovery is designed to fund a smaller number of longer-term, larger-scale, bespoke projects to enhance the natural environment and deliver significant benefits.

2. Aims and project examples

This year’s application round will fund projects that support net zero, protected sites, and wildlife-rich habitat.

Projects that contribute to net zero could involve: peatland

woodland and trees, including ancient woodland and temperate rainforest other sequestering habitats, such as salt marsh, intertidal seagrass, intertidal mudflats and hedgerows carbon sequestering practices, such as regenerative agriculture

Landscape Recovery Types

Salt marsh Hedgerows Regenerative agriculture Woodland and trees

Protected sites include: sites of special scientific interest (SSSIs) special area of conservation (SACs) special protection areas (SPAs) Ramsar wetlands national nature reserves (NNRs) inter-tidal marine conservation zones (MCZs)

Agroecological Urbanism: The Future of Cities

To The Chichester District Council

Executive Summary

The proposal addresses the multiple challenges currently facing Chichester and aims to develop a series of measures and recommendations to promote stable and sustainable development of the local economy.

The current economic difficulties will be addressed through the adoption of flexible economic policies, such as attracting investment and enhancing employment opportunities, as well as supporting agricultural diversification.

Propose programmes to promote resource-sharing and direct marketing in order to reduce production costs and increase efficiency thereby contributing to economic growth and development.

Promote the prosperity of the agricultural industry by providing more development opportunities for farmers, for example, through support for agricultural diversification.

Advocate for co-operation with local government, business and the community to work together to achieve Chichester's economic recovery and sustainable development goals.

The Issue

Chichester is currently facing a number of serious issues, with a declining economy being the most prominent. Since 2019, many businesses have struggled as industry and services have slowed, leading to job losses and a less vibrant economy, with Chichester's unemployment rate standing at 3.7 per cent as of today(Varbes, Chichester's economy). Amongst other things, the decline in the agricultural economy is a concern, and the restructuring of trade relations with the European Union (EU) has placed additional costs and burdens on local businesses, particularly those dependent on the EU market, who have had to deal with more complex import and export formalities and tariffs. There will be other financial impacts too, with crop yields falling by 15 to 17 per cent in major crops such as barley/ wheat(Gillian Keegan, MP for Chichester), and the number of man-hours required per hectare increasing by 49 per cent.

In addition to the economic issues Chichester faces problems of ageing infrastructure and environmental protection. The existence of these problems further exacerbates the city's economic woes. Therefore, Chichester needs to take proactive measures to address these problems, including more flexible economic policies to attract investment and enhance employment opportunities, as well as to improve the training and importation of labour and invest in infrastructure and the environment in order to achieve stable and sustainable economic development.

Challenge

The economic situation in Chichester has not been favourable in recent years. Particularly in the agricultural and retail sectors the agricultural production line has faced difficulties, which has resulted in the marketing of agricultural products being highly vulnerable to food supply failures and economic viability being reduced.

With up to 60 per cent of its land in agriculture and predominantly Class I and Class II soils, chichester has the best arable land but the most homogeneous low-income crops. The average farm size in the area is about 71 acres. The National Farmers Union estimates that it takes about 40 acres of arable land to make a profit, and monocropping indirectly leads to a loss of profitability. Moreover, farmers are faced with increasing drainage problems, which are likely to worsen with climate change. In addition, farmland near the coast may face increased salinisation as a result of flooding. The agricultural economy has been traumatised by the effects of uncontrollable weather impacts and soil salinisation.

In particular, the economy of marginal small farms i.e., 20 hectares (50 acres) and less in size, has been proposed by the LWA as small farms. These small farms have irregular operations and the traditional agricultural model with high maintenance costs is not applicable to the operation of small farms, so there is a need to choose an innovative ecological agricultural model for corporate cooperation and direct sales to make the profit cycle longer.

While chichester has excellent horticultural conditions, horticulture as a high-income industry, due to the lack of equipment, delayed the introduction of chichester.

Financial support and technical guidance

Environmental Land Management(ELMS) and COMMUNITY SUPPORTED AGRICULTURE(CSA) provide financial support that will be subsidised in terms of infrastructure(For example, Policy AC2, Countryside educational access visits accreditation, offers £277.26 for each successful offer and provides technical guidance ). From field-scale vegetable cultivation to small-scale raised beds, technical guidance is provided in collaboration with Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and Social Farms & Gardens (SF&G) to adopt minimum tillage and no-tillage techniques to reduce weed seed germination, protect the soil, and establish effective planting, pest and weed control systems. techniques suitable for smallscale operations are adopted under the guidance of FAO and SFG with a smart combination of mechanised and manual labour to increase efficiency At the same time, formal agricultural or horticultural training is provided to upgrade farmers' level of expertise and cultivation skills.

Guidance on maximising the benefits of small farms

The Landworkers' Alliance (LWA) Core Group provides technical guidance on maximising the benefits of small farms and promoting a shift in agricultural production patterns from monoculture to integrated mixed farms. Crops that benefit from more complex feeding and hand picking (e.g. salad leaves, French beans, collard greens and sugar beets) are recommended, and studies have shown that small farm yields are higher than non-organic field scale yields for these crops. This means that inputs and waste are reduced compared to monoculture farms. This diversity also improves resilience by spreading economic risk, increasing resilience to weather extremes and increasing resistance to disease, helping to maintain the ecological health and fertility of the soil and increasing the productive potential of the crop.

Enabling resource sharing among collaborators

Sharing of resources between partners through Sustainable Fringe Farming and policies to support vegetable box schemes farmers' markets and community-supported agriculture schemes that encourage farms to sell produce directly to local consumers and businesses will contribute to the growth of farmers' incomes. The policy will focus on providing support to ensure that these programmes provide fresh, sustainably produced food that builds customer trust. In addition, the policy will support farmers in exploring diversified sources of income, such as through off-farm employment, courses, campsites or holiday lets, in order to enhance economic stability and sustainability and achieve economic self-sufficiency.

Reference: 1.Chichester District Council" Homepage (2023),

[Accessed: February 17, 2024].

3.Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nation (2024), Tackling environmental issues, together. Available from: https://www.fao.org/home/en [Accessed: April 23, 2024].

4.Soil Association (2024), The impact of community supported agriculture. Available from: https://communitysupportedagriculture.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/The-impact-of-community-supported-agriculture.pdf [Accessed: April 23, 2024].

5.Gov.uk (2023), Environmental Land Management (ELM) update: how government will pay for land-based environment and climate goods and services. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/environmental-land-management-update-how-government-willpay-for-land-based-environment-and-climate-goods-and-services/environmental-land-management-elm-update-how-government-will-pay-for-land-based-environment-and-climate-goods-and-services [Accessed: April 23, 2024].

6.Social Farms & Gardens (2018), Our work|Social Farms & Gardens Available from: https://www.farmgarden.org.uk/our-work [Accessed: April 23, 2024]. 7.Sustain (2024), Fringe Farming the potential for peri-urban food growing. Available from: https://www.sustainweb.org/fringe-farming/ [Accessed: April 23, 2024].

8.Rebecca Laughton (2017), A Matter Of Scale. Available from: https://landworkersalliance.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/matterofscale.pdf [Accessed: April 23, 2024].

The Future of Cities

Duan

Shuheng Qie

Duan, Yun Zheng, Shuheng Qie

Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science

International and local researchers

Native Oyster net work

Native Oyster Restoration Alliance(NORA)

The Sussex Kelp Recovery Project (SKRP)

Sussex IFCA

Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority

The Sussex Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority is one of ten IFCAs around the coast of England which manage sea fisheries resources and the marine environment from mean high water out to six nautical miles. We have powers under the Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009 to write and enforce our own byelaws in our own districts to manage the exploitation of sea fisheries resources, including within Marine Conservation Zones. We came into force in April 2011, replacing our predecessors the Sea Fisheries Committees.

FaSS

Fisheries and sea food Scheme

The Fisheries and Seafood Scheme (FaSS), administered by MMO on behalf of Defra, delivers investments to safeguard the long-term sustainability, resilience and prosperity of the seafood sector across England.

The Fisheries and Seafood Scheme provides financial assistance for projects that support the development of the catching, processing and aquaculture sectors, and for projects that enhance the marine environment. The scheme is available to applicants whose organisation and/or vessels are registered in England.

Fisheries Research Organisation

Cefas , other researchers and Sussex IFCA

Introduction of the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science(Cefas)

The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas) is a leading UK agency specializing in marine and freshwater science. It plays a vital role in collecting, managing, and interpreting data related to the aquatic environment, biodiversity, and fisheries. Cefas is an executive agency under the Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (Defra).

Cefas offers the UK’s most comprehensive applied marine and freshwater science. Established in 1902 in Lowestoft as a small fisheries laboratory, it remains headquartered there, where it houses specialized laboratories. Today, Cefas employs approximately 530 staff across its facilities in Lowestoft and Weymouth, as well as in smaller port offices in Scarborough, Hayle, and Plymouth.

Main directions of responsibilities:

Marine Planning and Environmental Licensing: Advising on the sustainable management of marine resources.

Climate Change Adaptation: Assisting the UK in understanding and adapting to the impacts of climate change on marine environments.

Sustainable Fisheries Management: Providing insights and data to ensure the long-term sustainability of fisheries.

Marine Biodiversity and Habitat Protection: Working to conserve marine ecosystems and the species that depend on them.

Fish and Shellfish Health: Monitoring and promoting the health and hygiene of fish and shellfish, which is crucial for both environmental balance and public health.

Emergency Response: Offering expertise in responding to marine pollution and other environmental emergencies in UK waters.

Other researchers examples (Collaboration with Sussex)

- The Sussex Recovery Project group

The Sussex Kelp Recovery Project is a conservation initiative aimed at restoring and protecting the kelp forests along the Sussex coast in the UK. These underwater forests are vital for marine biodiversity, providing habitat for numerous species, supporting fisheries, and helping to combat climate change through carbon sequestration.

Purpose:

The primary purpose of the Sussex Kelp Recovery Project is to restore extensive kelp forests that have been lost due to factors such as overfishing, pollution, and climate change. By re-establishing these kelp beds, the project aims to enhance marine biodiversity, improve fish stocks, and contribute to coastal protection. Additionally, the project seeks to raise public awareness and engage local communities in marine conservation efforts.

Scope:

The project covers the coastal waters of Sussex, focusing on a significant stretch of marine habitat. The Sussex Kelp Recovery Project involves a range of activities including habitat restoration, monitoring, and research. It also engages in advocacy to promote policies that protect and sustain kelp forests. The project works in collaboration with local stakeholders, including fishermen, scientists, conservation organizations, and government agencies, to ensure the long-term success of the restoration efforts.

- Native Oyster net work

The Native Oyster Network is defined as a partnership-driven initiative aimed at restoring native oyster habitats across the UK and Ireland. It serves as a platform for sharing knowledge, coordinating efforts, and promoting best practices in oyster restoration.

Purpose:

The primary role of the Native Oyster Network is to facilitate the restoration of native oyster populations, which are vital for biodiversity, water filtration, and providing habitat for other marine species. The network seeks to re-establish self-sustaining oyster populations by supporting restoration projects, research, and community engagement.

Scope:

The network operates across the UK and Ireland, encompassing a wide range of activities including habitat restoration, scientific research, policy advocacy, and public education. The scope of the network includes working on specific restoration sites, collaborating with various stakeholders, and influencing policy to support oyster conservation efforts.

- Native Oyster Restoration Alliance

The Native Oyster Restoration Alliance (NORA) is a European network that unites a diverse group of stakeholders, including environmental organizations, research institutions, governmental bodies, and industry participants. The alliance is dedicated to the restoration of native oyster populations across European waters.

Purpose:

NORA’s primary purpose is to restore native oyster reefs, which are vital for maintaining healthy marine ecosystems. The alliance aims to support the recovery of these reefs by promoting restoration efforts, sharing knowledge, and developing best practices. This includes enhancing biodiversity, improving water quality, and providing natural coastal defenses.

Scope:

NORA operates across Europe, engaging in various activities such as habitat restoration, scientific research, and policy advocacy. The alliance facilitates collaboration among its members, promotes the exchange of expertise, and influences policies that support oyster restoration. NORA’s work extends to multiple European countries, ensuring a coordinated and effective approach to restoring native oyster populations across different marine environments.

Cefas Defra collaboration

Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority(IFCA)

The Sussex Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority (IFCA) is a statutory body responsible for the sustainable management of inshore fisheries and the conservation of marine ecosystems within its jurisdiction, which covers the coastal waters of Sussex up to six nautical miles from shore. Sussex IFCA operates under the Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009, ensuring that local marine resources are protected while supporting the sustainable use of these resources by the fishing community.

The main purpose of Sussex IFCA is to manage the balance between the use of marine resources for commercial and recreational fishing and the protection of the marine environment.

Sussex IFCA’s scope of work includes

Regulation and Enforcement:

Enforcing fisheries regulations to prevent overfishing and protect sensitive marine habitats. This involves issuing permits, conducting patrols, and taking enforcement actions when necessary.

Marine Conservation:

Overseeing the management of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) within Sussex waters, ensuring that these areas are safeguarded to enhance marine biodiversity.

Research and Monitoring:

Conducting scientific research to monitor fish populations, assess the health of marine ecosystems, and evaluate the impact of fishing activities. The data collected informs policy decisions and helps in the development of sustainable management practices.

Stakeholder Engagement:

Collaborating with local communities, fishermen, conservation groups, and other stakeholders to promote sustainable fishing practices and raise awareness about marine conservation. Sussex IFCA actively involves stakeholders in decision-making processes to ensure that management measures are both effective and widely supported.

Relationship with Other Initiatives:

Sussex IFCA works in synergy with other marine conservation initiatives, such as the Native Oyster Network, NORA, and the Sussex Kelp Recovery Project. While these initiatives focus on specific restoration activities, Sussex IFCA provides the regulatory framework that supports and enforces sustainable practices within its jurisdiction. The authority’s role ensures that restoration efforts are complemented by proper management and compliance with environmental regulations.

Sussex IFCA

Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009 guiding

Introduction of Fisheries and Seafood Scheme

The Fisheries and Seafood Scheme aims to provide financial support for projects that advance the development of the catching, processing, and aquaculture sectors while enhancing the marine environment. This scheme is available to organizations and vessels registered in England. Its key objectives include creating a more sustainable and resilient seafood sector, increasing demand for English seafood and accessing new markets, improving industry participation through co-design and co-management, achieving environmental conservation and restoration, and supporting the industry's move towards net zero by reducing emissions.

Activities the Fisheries and Seafood Scheme can support

-Fishing related activities including energy improvements on a vessel

-Diversification and new forms of income

-Support to improve the resilience and sustainability of a shore-based facility

-Support for cooperative activities, building capability and advisory services

-Achieving good environmental status through the conservation and restoration of the marine environment

-Health and safety

Fisheries and Seafood Scheme

To apply for the Fisheries and Seafood Scheme (FaSS), follow these steps:

Review Eligibility and Guidance: Before applying, check the scheme’s eligibility criteria and guidance documents. This helps ensure your project aligns with the scheme’s goals and requirements. The guidance covers what activities can be funded and the necessary match funding levels.

Expression of Interest (EOI): While not mandatory, submitting an EOI can help you determine if your project is likely to be eligible before committing to a full application. This can save time and resources.

Application Submission: Applications are submitted online through the Marine Management Organisation (MMO) portal. You will need to provide detailed information about your project, including objectives, budget, and expected outcomes. Ensure all required documentation is included to avoid delays.

Assessment and Decision: The MMO will acknowledge receipt of your application within five working days. They will assess your application within eight weeks, and if further information is needed, they will contact you. Projects with a total cost of £150,000 or more will be reviewed by a FaSS panel.

Funding Rounds: Applications for smaller projects are accepted throughout the year, while larger projects may need to be submitted during specific funding rounds for panel review.

Notification and Implementation: If successful, you will receive confirmation and can proceed with your project as outlined in your application. Be aware that any project costs incurred before approval will not be covered by the scheme.

Aquaculture Sites in England and Wales

Recommendations for use in fisheries policy

Status of fisheries policy

UK fisheries policy is currently undergoing a complex phase of transition, particularly as it gradually moves away from the framework of the EU Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) after Brexit. According to government figures, the UK’s fishing industry contributes over £1bn to the national economy each year and provides around 24,000 jobs directly or indirectly. However, as the UK takes back control of the fisheries resources within its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), policy making is faced with the difficult choice of ensuring that the Total Annual Catch (TAC) is scientifically justified whilst maintaining the ecological balance and livelihoods of fishing communities. In addition, the sustainable management of the UK’s offshore fisheries resources is facing increasing challenges, especially under the influence of multiple factors such as climate change, overfishing and international trade pressures, forcing the government and relevant organisations to reassess and adjust fisheries policies to ensure the long-term sustainable use of fisheries resources.

Challenges to fisheries policy

The development and implementation of fisheries policy in the UK faces unique challenges, largely due to a lack of specialised policy researchers, resulting in policies that often do not fully reflect the reality on the ground. Policy development relies heavily on scientific research organisations such as Cefas working in partnership with government, with Cefas playing a key role in providing the scientific basis. However, local governing bodies such as Sussex IFCA still rely heavily on Cefas support for policy implementation and lack localised policy analysis, while industry organisations such as FaSS are involved in policy discussions but have limited research capacity, which undermines the comprehensiveness and operationalisation of policy. Although multi-party co-operation has facilitated policy development, it has also revealed a lack of professional policy research.

Recommendations for use of the policy

Whilst there have been some challenges in the development of UK fisheries policy, there have also been significant benefits from the co-operation of the organisations Cefas, Sussex IFCA and FaSS. By bringing these organisations together, there is a better integration of scientific research, local management and industry feedback, leading to a more rational and actionable fisheries policy.

Firstly, Cefas, as a central force in scientific research, provides authoritative data and analyses for fisheries policy. These scientific underpinnings are critical to policy development as they can help identify key issues such as the state of fisheries resources, the health of ecosystems and sustainable catch limits. By working with government, Cefas ensures that policymakers are able to make decisions based on the latest scientific research, thereby promoting the long-term sustainable management of fisheries resources.

Secondly, Sussex IFCA’s involvement enables policy to be better tailored to local realities. As the organisation responsible for local fisheries management, Sussex IFCA has a deep understanding of the dynamics of local fisheries activity and community needs. By working with Cefas, Sussex IFCA is not only able to obtain scientific support, but also to translate this scientific data into concrete management measures to ensure effective implementation of the policy at the local level. This co-operation has resulted in policies that are not only scientifically sound, but also locally adaptable, thus improving the effectiveness of policy implementation.

At the same time, FaSS represents the voice of the fishing industry, working with Cefas and Sussex IFCA to ensure that fishermen’s interests and practical challenges are taken into account in the policy development process, and that FaSS’s involvement provides realistic feedback on the policy, helping to prevent it from becoming overly theoretical and divorced from practice. In addition, FaSS can help to drive policy advocacy and implementation within the industry, ensuring that fishermen are able to understand and comply with the policy, thereby achieving the SDGs.

Bringing together Cefas, Sussex IFCA and FaSS creates a model of co-operation that is a trinity of science, local management and industry feedback. This co-operation is effective in bridging the gaps between each, making fisheries policy more comprehensive, scientific and practical. By integrating the strengths of all parties, UK fisheries policy is better able to respond to complex environmental and economic challenges and ensure the sustainable use of fisheries resources, while meeting the economic needs and social aspirations of fishing communities.

This collaborative model not only enhances the scientific and operational nature of policy formulation, but also strengthens the effectiveness of policy implementation, laying a solid foundation for the sustainable development of the UK’s fisheries industry.

End of Policy User Guide

Integrating the Fisheries and Seafood Scheme (FaSS) with Environmental Land Management Schemes (ELMs) can greatly benefit Chichester’s landscape continuity. FaSS promotes sustainable fishing practices that protect coastal and marine ecosystems, such as salt marshes, which are critical for landscape stability. Meanwhile, ELMs foster sustainable land-based agriculture, improving biodiversity and soil health. Together, these schemes create a continuous and balanced ecological approach from land to sea. Additional benefits include improved environmental protection, stronger resilience against climate change, and enhanced economic opportunities for local communities through sustainable practices.

This chapter begins with an analysis of the current status of the Bracklesham Bay site, assessing soil quality, water availability, and its proximity to coastal ecosystems. We explore linkages between landscapes, focusing on the integration of agricultural and marine environments to promote sustainability.

We then apply the new agroecological model, simulating the implementation of crops such as Kernza, reeds, oysters, and kelp, each suited to improve soil, water, and biodiversity. The chapter outlines implementation techniques including crop rotation, agroforestry, and marine farming, with specific planting recommendations.

Emphasizing cooperation between farms, the chapter highlights shared resource management and knowledge exchange. Finally, we detail the benefits and returns, such as enhanced environmental resilience, economic diversification, improved water quality, and stronger local ecosystems, making East Wittering a model for agroecological development. Chapter Overview

Potential advantages from Kernza, Reeds, Oyster, Kelp

Discover the routes and travelogue

From Coastguard Ln, West Wittering, Chichester PO20 8AJ we set off to explore along the track by the farmhouse. The early morning air was fresh with the scent of earth and sea air.

Along the way, we spotted several wild oysters rolled ashore on the beach, as well as plenty of Egg wrack kelp, and some of this kelp as well as nori in the sea water.

Continuing on, we walked on a wooden walkway along the beach, which led us deeper into the natural landscape through the dense coastal vegetation. Below the trestle is a vast salt marsh, which not only serves as a habitat for a wide variety of wildlife, but is also an important ecological buffer zone. However, we noticed that an outfall channel was running through the salt marsh, discharging sewage into a nearby body of water, reminding us of the potential threat of human activity to sensitive ecological areas.

On one side of the trestle is the vast salt marsh, and on the other side is the coast strewn with abandoned boats and dead wood, like traces of a forgotten time. Continuing on, we see newly planted hedgerows lining the edge of the land and the beach, and on the other side large fields of wheat, their golden sheaves swaying in the wind, in harmony with the surrounding natural landscape. This coexistence of an agricultural landscape and a nature reserve reminds us once again of the importance of preserving a harmonious natural environment.

Eventually, we arrived at Harbour Office, The St, Itchenor, Chichester PO20 7AW, concluding our journey of discovery. The landscapes along the way were not only beautiful, but also full of ecological significance and challenges, demonstrating the complex relationship between nature and human activities. Through this trip, we have gained a deeper understanding of the need to protect these precious ecosystems.

Costal area

Beach

Barley

Wild Oyster (Ostrea edulis)

Greenhouse

Saltmarsh

Maize

Kelp (Bladder wrack)

Fava Beans

Farmland

Photography:

Overview of site characteristics

Main issues of the site

Interaction between landscapes

There are strong ecological linkages between Chichester’s land and sea landscapes, and these linkages profoundly influence the state of the local environment.Chichester Harbour is a critically important ecoregion, rich in biodiversity and carrying out key ecological functions, in particular the interactions between salt marshes, wetlands and coastal waters are critical to maintaining the area’s ecological balance is crucial. However, the balance between these landscapes has been seriously threatened in recent years by the intensification of human activities, particularly the expansion of agricultural activities.

Mono-cropping has become increasingly common in the Chichester area, and this has been accompanied by the increased use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides. These chemicals enter water bodies through surface runoff, leading to significant deterioration in water quality and eutrophication of water bodies (www.the-ies.org, Water Magazine). Eutrophication not only promotes overgrowth of algae that cover salt marsh areas, leading to salt marsh degradation, but also further weakens the function of this critical ecosystem. This salt marsh degradation not only reduces the size of the habitat, but also puts the biodiversity of the area at risk, and greatly reduces the natural defences of the salt marsh against sea level rise and climate change (Chichester Conservancy).

In addition, the deterioration of water quality has a direct impact on the shellfish farming industry in Chichester Harbour, particularly the safety of oysters for consumption. As pollutants from agricultural runoff, particularly high levels of nutrients and bacteria such as E. coli, enter the waters and accumulate in the shellfish, the quality of the oysters deteriorates and often requires additional treatment to make them safe for consumption (Chichester Conservancy, Water Magazine). This environmental degradation not only affects the health of local ecosystems, but also poses a threat to the economies of the communities that depend on these natural resources.

The interactions between these land and sea landscapes create a complex and destructive negative feedback loop. Water quality deterioration and salt marsh degradation due to agricultural pollution, in turn, further exacerbate stresses on regional ecosystems. The continuation of this situation will inevitably affect the overall ecological balance of the Chichester area, and integrated management measures are urgently needed to mitigate these negative impacts and to protect this important ecosystem and the human economic activities it supports.

Potential for transformation of existing landscapes

So how do you go about using the existing conditions to improve the situation?

In order to address Chichester’s landscape, we propose that the focus should be on promoting sustainable agriculture, moving away from monoculture to agro-ecological practices such as crop diversification and soil health management to reduce harmful runoff. Policy integration is vital to ensure that local plans are aligned with environmental regulations, including Chichester’s Water Plan. Following the enhancement of these areas, the implementation of natural water management strategies, such as enhanced drainage and green infrastructure, could further reduce pollution. In addition, upgrading sewage treatment works and pumping stations will help minimise overflow incidents and protect local ecosystems.

In this section, we start by examining the Agricultural Land Classification (ALC) to assess the land’s suitability. From there, we consider the site’s conditions and existing industries from multiple perspectives, exploring various possibilities. We then outline several products that can support the plan’s implementation. Finally, we integrate the agroecological techniques and policy recommendations we’ve studied, presenting a comprehensive approach with a coordinated implementation strategy and detailed technical aspects.

Research, Mapping & Typesetting

Drawing: Shuheng Qie

The potential of the chichester landscape

Benefits of Oysters

1.Water quality improvement

2.Cultural values

3.Reduced nitrogen content

Benefits of Kelp 1.Provide food

2.Provide a natural coastal defence by creating a physical buffer

3.Absorbing energy from wave action and storm surges

Habitat

Benefits of Reeds

1.Synthesises oxygen to promote the growth of probiotics and micro-organisms to break down pollutants

2.Absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus and reduction of harmful algal concentrations

Potential of agricultural landscapes

Potential products recommendations

What can help purify water and improve soil fertility? In Chichester, introducing crops like Kernza, reeds, oysters, and kelp offers multiple benefits. Kernza, a perennial grain, improves soil health and reduces erosion, aligning with sustainable agriculture goals. Reeds help manage wetlands, contributing to water filtration and habitat restoration. Oysters enhance water quality through natural filtration, while supporting the local fishing economy. Kelp promotes marine biodiversity and carbon sequestration. Together, these choices not only address environmental challenges but also create new economic opportunities for the region.

The Impact of a Perennial Future

Perennializing grain crop agriculture is a pathway for climate change mitigation and adaptation.

Perennial production reduces CO2 from farm equipment and inputs, especially nitrogen fertilizers.

Preliminary work suggests that intercropping perennial cereals with legumes for nitrogen fertility can substantially reduce emissions of nitrous oxide from agricultural soils.

Perennial grains reduce soil degradation, negative water quality impacts, and agricultural pesticide use.

Perennials enhance land stewardship and support farmers’ land values.

How Farmers Are Benefitting

Perennials regenerate soil health and sequester carbon

Perennials have up to seven times the root mass of annual grain crops

Perennials provides wildlife habitat, including nest sites for birds and food for microbes

As a perennial, intermediate wheatgrass does not require annual tillage

Once established, intermediate wheatgrass requires less fertilizer and little or no herbicide

Kernza planting details

1. Timing: Sowing Season: Late summer. Vernalization: Requires a period of cold to produce seeds the next summer

2. Preceding Crops: Recommended: Planting after a leguminous crop for optimal nitrogen availability. Possible: Planting after a spring cereal, though it may lead to disease and pest issues. Discouraged: Planting after a winter cereal due to the high risk of carryover of diseases and/or pests

3. Sowing Methods: Plowed Field: Use a “Brillion-type seeder”. No-Till Field: Use an adequate seed drill. Depth: Seeds should not be placed more than 1.25 cm below the surface

4. Germination: Germination is likely to occur approximately five days after the first soaking rain following sowing

5. Seeding Density: Range: 11.2 to 16.8 kg per hectare. Optimal Aim: 13.5 kg per hectare of pure live seed. Row Spacing: 30 cm, which maximizes both grain and forage yield over a three-year growing period

6. Seedling Density: First Year: Between 8 to 20 seedlings per 30 cm row are required for optimal yields. Rows with fewer seedlings (as low as one per 30 cm) can increase yield over time due to rhizomatic spreading These details provide a comprehensive guide to the optimal conditions and methods for planting Kernza, ensuring its successful establishment and yield.

Kernza Kernza and clover

Kernza and lentils

Kernza

Reeds

Sludge Treatment Reed Beds (STRB)

Reed Beds

Roots

How reeds purify water

1. Root Filtration:

Reeds have an extensive root system that can filter water by trapping sediments and pollutants. As water flows through the root zone, larger particles, such as sediments and organic matter, are physically trapped by the roots, preventing them from entering water bodies.

2. Absorption and Uptake:

The roots of reeds can absorb nutrients, heavy metals, and other contaminants from the water. Reeds are particularly effective in taking up nitrogen, phosphorus, and other nutrients that contribute to water pollution, such as those from agricultural runoff. By absorbing these nutrients, reeds reduce the levels of pollutants that can cause eutrophication—a process that leads to excessive algae growth and oxygen depletion in water bodies.

3. Microbial Activity:

The root zone of reeds supports a diverse microbial community. These microorganisms play a crucial role in breaking down organic pollutants and converting harmful substances into less toxic forms. For example, bacteria in the root zone can convert ammonia into nitrates through a process called nitrification, which is then further processed into nitrogen gas that escapes into the atmosphere.

4. Oxygenation:

Reeds can transport oxygen from their leaves down to their roots through specialized tissue known as aerenchyma. This oxygenation of the root zone creates an aerobic environment that enhances the breakdown of organic matter and pollutants by aerobic bacteria. This process is especially important in wetlands where waterlogged conditions typically lead to low oxygen levels.

5. Ecosystem Support:

Reeds also contribute to the overall health of aquatic ecosystems by providing habitat for wildlife, stabilizing shorelines, and reducing erosion. A healthy reed bed can support a wide range of organisms that contribute to the natural purification process.

6. Water Flow Regulation: Reed beds can slow down water flow, allowing more time for the natural filtration processes to occur. This slowing effect can help in the settlement of suspended solids and the reduction of turbidity, further improving water quality.

ARM reed beds

ARM Reed Beds is a UK-based company that specializes in the design, construction, and maintenance of constructed wetlands for natural wastewater treatment. They use innovative technologies like Forced Bed Aeration (FBA) and Phragmifiltre systems to efficiently treat various types of wastewater.

ARM offers services from consultancy to project management and ongoing maintenance, ensuring sustainable and costeffective solutions. Their systems are known for being environmentally friendly, requiring minimal maintenance, and having low running costs compared to traditional wastewater treatment methods

Sludge Treatment Reed Beds (STRB) have been used to treat sewage and drinking water sludges. Developed from the planting of reeds into a pre- existing sludge drying beds, they differ from the conventionally constructed reed bed designed for the purpose of wastewater treatment, as the STRB’s basic function is to hold sludge, allowing it to dewater leaving behind a sludge cake.

STRB share many design similarities with Vertical Flow (VF) reed beds in that there is a drainage matrix of graduated media in the base. Above the drainage matrix is a substantial freeboard for the accumulation of sludge sufficient for an operating cycle of approximately 10 years.

Sludge is pumped on to the reed bed basin through a series of distribution pipes and over the previously dewatered sludge. Over time, sludge reduction takes place in reed-planted basins. Due to dewatering (draining and evapotranspiration) the solids content of the sludge remains on the basin surface as sludge residue, whilst the majority of the water content flows vertically through the sludge residue and filter layer.

Drying and mineralisation reduces the liquid sludge volume by as much as 90%, with physical filtration removing almost 100% of the total suspended solids from the STRB effluent. After 10 years of operation, the sludge residue reaches an approximate height of 1.2 – 1.5 metres with a dry solids content of 30-40%.

Oyster

Mature adult

Newly-Hatched

D-shaped Larvae

Natural settlement on rocks, Shore etc.(Wild)

Larvae settled "cultchless" (hatchery)

Larvae settle on wooden sticks in bundles (wild)

Why Are Oysters Important?

Water quality improvement oysters filter algae and organic matter from the water column, which can significantly improve surrounding water quality by decreasing the turbidity (a measure of the amount of suspended material in the liquid).

Increased biodiversity of species the unique 3-dimensional habitats created by native oysters support a higher biodiversity of species than the surrounding sediment/seabed. By providing a structure colonised by algae tunicates, sponges, crabs, crustaceans and ascidians

Reduce nitrogen levels oysters have the ability to remove excess nutrients from water, particularly nitrogen, which at high levels can be detrimental to the environment by promoting harmful algal blooms, depleting oxygen and fish death.

Nursery habitat for fish oyster reefs can increase fish abundance and biodiversity by providing a protected nursery ground for juvenile fish, refuge from predation and a source of food resulting from the associated biodiversity.

Cultural value native oyster fishing and cultivation have formed the heart of coastal communities in the uk and can be traced back to roman-times.

1. Bottom Culture

Bottom culture is a traditional method of oyster farming that is particularly well-suited to the UK's shallow coastal areas.

Seeding: Juvenile oysters, known as spat, are spread onto the seabed where they naturally attach to hard surfaces such as shells or rocky substrates. Site selection is critical and depends on factors like water quality, tidal movement, and the nature of the seabed.

Grow-Out Phase: Oysters in bottom culture grow on the seabed, feeding on naturally occurring plankton. The growth rate varies depending on environmental conditions, such as water temperature and nutrient availability.

Harvesting: When the oysters reach market size, they are typically harvested using dredging equipment. This process involves collecting the oysters from the seabed, which can be labor-intensive and requires careful handling to avoid damaging the oysters.

Advantages and Challenges: Bottom culture is less expensive to set up and can integrate well with natural marine environments. However, it is more susceptible to predation, sedimentation, and other environmental challenges, which can affect the quality and yield of the oysters (Laing et al., 2005).

2. Off-Bottom Culture

Off-bottom culture has gained popularity due to its efficiency and the higher quality oysters it produces.

Trestle Culture: In trestle culture, oysters are placed in mesh bags that are elevated on trestles above the seabed. This setup allows for better water circulation around the oysters, promoting healthier growth and reducing the risk of sedimentation.

Rack and Bag Method: Similar to trestle culture, this method uses racks to hold bags of oysters off the seabed. Regular turning and sorting of the bags are necessary to ensure even growth and prevent biofouling.

Floating Rafts and Longlines: In deeper waters, floating rafts or longlines are used to suspend oysters in the water column. Cages or nets attached to these structures allow the oysters to feed on nutrient-rich water, often leading to faster growth rates.

Advantages and Challenges: Off-bottom culture typically results in cleaner oysters with more uniform growth. These methods offer better control over environmental factors and protection from predators. However, they require higher initial investment in infrastructure and are more labor-intensive to manage (Helmer et al., 2019).

3. Hatchery Production

In addition to grow-out techniques, hatchery production is crucial for ensuring a reliable supply of oyster spat.

Spawning and Larval Rearing: Hatcheries induce spawning in adult oysters under controlled conditions. The larvae are carefully nurtured and fed until they reach the spat stage.

Setting: Once the larvae develop into spat, they are settled onto suitable substrates, often in specialized tanks or systems designed to maximize efficiency.

Advantages: Hatcheries provide a consistent and predictable supply of spat, essential for maintaining year-round production. They also allow for selective breeding to improve traits such as disease resistance and growth rates (FAO, 2020).

“Single” oysters grown in trays, bags, or baskets

Larvae settle on wooden sticks in bundles (wild)

Oyster sticks attached to wooden racks for "grow-out" Harvesting

Melarnorphic Larvae

Kelp

Growing detail of kelp

Stipe

Digits

Fertilisation

Sperm

Male gametophyte

Zoospores (Male & Female) +

Immature Sporophyte

Holdfast

Sussex Kelp Species by IFCA

Perennial - 4 -6 Yrs

Blade split into 5-12 digits

short,smooth,bendy stipe

1-1.5m average adult length

Depth range 0-15m Tangle

Perennial - 5-18 Yrs

Blade split into 5-20 digits

Long,rough,rigid stipe

1.5-2m average adult length

Depth range 0-30m Sugar kelp

Annual/Perennial - 1-4Yrs

Single long frilly blade

Short stipe

1-1.5m average adult length

Depth range 0-30m

Female gametophyte

Furbellows

Annual - 1Yr

Blade split into 3-30 digits

Flattened stipe, bulbous holdfast

1-2m average adult length

Depth range 0-35m

Oarweed

Enterprise stacking

Recommended products in different industries

Based on the potential landscapes and potential products we found, we realised that these products can be applied to more aspects of the chichester, for example kernza itself can be used to enhance soil fertility, it can also be used for building materials, which facilitates the development of the previously mentioned eco-agriculture business stacks.

Farming technology

1. Seeding

Spore Collection: The process begins with collecting spores from mature kelp plants, typically during their reproductive season. These spores are then cultivated in controlled environments such as hatcheries.

Seed String Preparation: The collected spores are inoculated onto seed strings, which are often made from biodegradable materials. These strings provide a surface for the young kelp to attach and grow during the initial stages of development.

Nursery Phase: The seed strings are placed in tanks with optimal light and nutrient conditions to encourage spore germination and growth. This phase lasts several weeks, during which the kelp juveniles develop before being transferred to the open sea.

2. Grow-Out Techniques

Longline Culture: This is the most common method for growing kelp in the UK. The seeded lines are deployed in the open sea, suspended horizontally between buoys and anchors. The lines are typically placed 1 to 3 meters below the surface, where light penetration and nutrient availability are optimal for kelp growth.

Raft Culture: Similar to longline culture, this method involves suspending the seed strings beneath floating rafts. Raft culture is advantageous in areas with strong currents or deeper waters, where stability and access to nutrients are enhanced.

Vertical Culture: In this method, multiple seed lines are suspended vertically from a single floating structure. Vertical culture maximizes the use of space and is particularly effective in deeper waters, allowing kelp to grow at varying depths.

Maintenance and Monitoring

Regular Monitoring: Throughout the growing season, farmers monitor the kelp for growth rates, signs of disease, and the presence of pests. Monitoring also includes assessing environmental conditions such as water temperature, salinity, and nutrient levels.

Benefits of kelp

Looking at the extent and condition of historic kelp forests, and drawing evidence from peer-reviewed articles documenting the benefits that kelp can provide, it is considered that restoration of Sussex kelp would be of particular benefit to both commercial fisheries and the wider marine environment. Kelp has a range of benefits, such as such as capturing carbon dioxide and producing oxygen. Kelp has also been shown to support biodiversity and serve as a major nursery for many marine species,including sea bass, cuttlefish and lobsters. Research has shown that macroalgae are an integral part of the ecosystem and are critical to the provision of a wide range of ecosystem services, and therefore special attention should be given to this habitat when considering management. It is also recognised that the restoration of kelp can have socio-economic benefits, such as increased tourism and increased catch for fishermen.

Impact of kelp on human well-being:

The wide-ranging benefits of kelp, such as supporting fisheries, protecting coastlines and contributing to carbon budgets, directly and indirectly affect human well-being by providing food security, preventing coastal erosion and mitigating the effects of climate change.

Thinning and Weeding: As the kelp grows, it may become necessary to thin out dense areas to ensure optimal growth and prevent overcrowding. Removing competing species or debris that may hinder growth is also an essential part of maintenance.

4. Harvesting

Manual Harvesting: Kelp is typically harvested by hand, using boats to access the lines. The kelp is cut from the lines when it reaches maturity, usually after 6 to 12 months, depending on the species and growing conditions.

Mechanical Harvesting: In larger farms, mechanical harvesters can be used to increase efficiency. These machines are designed to cut the kelp and collect it simultaneously, reducing labor costs and time.

5. Post-Harvest Processing

Drying and Processing: After harvesting, kelp is usually dried to reduce moisture content, making it easier to store and transport. Depending on the end use, kelp can be further processed into products such as food additives, fertilizers, bioplastics, and biofuels.

Value-Added Products: The versatility of kelp allows it to be processed into various high-value products, including nutritional supplements, cosmetics, and animal feed, contributing to the economic viability of kelp farming.

Case Study

Agroecology

From Organic Farming to a Comprehensive Sustainable Approach

The Evolution of Agroecology

The concept of agroecology emerged as a response to the growing need for sustainable agricultural practices that integrate ecological principles with food production. Developed in the 1920s and 1930s by early pioneers such as Hans Albrecht, and further refined in the 1970s by scientists like Miguel Al

tieri, agroecology evolved from an initial focus on organic farming and soil health to a comprehensive approach addressing environmental, social, and economic dimensions of agriculture (Altieri, 1995; Gliessman, 2014). This evolution was driven by increasing concerns about the negative impacts of industrial agriculture, such as soil degradation, loss of biodiversity, and the reliance on chemical inputs, leading to a broader understanding of agriculture as a complex socio-ecological system.

Firstly, How Agroecology works?

Initial thought and practice

The idea of agroecology was first proposed by some forward-looking agriculturalists who were concerned with the relationship between agriculture and natural ecosystems. For example, Ruth H. H. Smith, an American agroecologist, studied the role of ecosystems in agriculture.

Criticisms of modern agriculture began to appear. Rachel Carson's Silent Spring (1962) warned of the environmental hazards of chemical pesticides, laying the ideological foundation for the development of agroecology.

Formation and Promotion of Agroecology

Agroecology began to take shape as a formal concept. Howard and Balfour and others advocated organic and sustainable agriculture, emphasising that agriculture should mimic the operation of natural ecosystems.

International organisations and research institutes begin to pay attention to the development of agroecology. The International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM) was established in 1980 to promote global standards and certification systems for organic agriculture.

Development of modern Agroecology

Agroecology becomes an important part of global agricultural policy. Organisations such as FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) and IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) begin to promote the concept of agroecology.

Agroecology enters the mainstream; Agroecology is promoted as a discipline in universities and research institutes in several countries; policies such as the Rural Development Programme and Environmental Stewardship Schemes are implemented in the EU and elsewhere.

UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) include support for agroecology, emphasising the promotion of sustainable agricultural practices globally. Examples such as Wakelyns Farm demonstrate the successful application of agroecology in practice.

What is the initial definition of Agroecology?

Definition of agroecology

Agroecology is a holistic, integrated approach that simultaneously applies ecological and social concepts and principles to the design and management of sustainable agriculture and food systems. It aims to optimize the interactions between plants, animals, humans, and the environment while meeting the needs of a socially equitable food system in which people can choose what to eat, how to produce it, and where to produce it. Agroecology, simultaneously a science, a set of practices and a social movement, has evolved in recent decades into a concept whose scope has expanded from a focus on fields and farms to encompass entire agriculture and food systems. It now represents an interdisciplinary field encompassing the ecological, sociocultural, technological, economic and political dimensions of food systems from production to consumption.

Definition of agroecology by various organisations Elements

Agroecology is farming that works with nature to produce good food for everyone. It means changing farming at its roots, rather than trying to tweak our unjust and unsustainable food system at the edges.

Agroecology is a holistic and integrated approach that simultaneously applies ecological and social concepts and principles to the design and management of sustainable agriculture and food systems.

Agroecology represents an overarching and comprehensive systems framework to guide public policies towards sustainable agriculture and food systems.

Agroecology is sustainable farming that works with nature.

Ecology is the study of relationships between plants, animals, people, and their environment - and the balance between these relationships.

Agroecology is the application of ecological concepts and principals in farming.

Agroecology is a concept with a long and complex history. Today, the term simultaneously refers to a scientific discipline, a set of agricultural practices, and a social movement to restore ecological balance and economic justice to food systems.

Agroecology is a systems-based approach to reforming current food systems that integrates the ecological, sociocultural, technological, economic, and political aspects of food production. Agroecology rejects the linear view of inputs and outputs dominant in conventional agriculture, acknowledging that agricultural production occurs in a complex social and ecological web.

Responsible governance

Circular and solidarity economy

Agroecology involves understanding ecological processes and applying these concepts to the design and management of agricultural production systems.

Agroecology is a dynamic concept that has gained prominence in scientific, agricultural and political discourse in recent years. It is increasingly promoted as being able to contribute to transforming food systems by applying ecological principles to agriculture and ensuring a regenerative use of natural resources and ecosystem services while also addressing the need for socially equitable food systems within which people can exercise choice over what they eat and how and where it is produced.

Agroecology is a growing movement including farmers and food producers who are using fair and sustainable regenerative practices. But it is more than a way of farming it is a way of describing a healthy food system with huge potential to tackle climate change, regenerate landscapes and restore nature.

Agroecology is a topical subject with rather unclear contours. Agroecology is often presented as an integrated solution that reconciles two central challenges that agriculture faces today:feeding a growing population while conserving natural resources.It is also related to global changes sweeping the globe.In sum, it is mainly a sustainable approach to agriculture. As any real world solutions, it is not a silver bullet and it involves trade-offs between its social, environmental and economic benefits it can offer.

Agroecology shares much in common with other approaches to sustainable farming. Agroecology is farming that “centers on food production that makes the best use of nature’s goods and services while not damaging these resources.” Farming thrives when it works with local ecosystems, for example, improving soil and plant quality through available biomass and biodiversity, rather than battling nature with chemical inputs. Agroecological farmers seeks to improve food yields for balanced nutrition, strengthen fair markets for their produce, enhance healthy ecosystems, and build on ancestral knowledge and customs.

Resilience

Co-creation and Sharing knowledge

Human and social values

Culture and food traditions

THE 10 ELEMENTS OF AGROECOLOGY

In guiding countries to transform their food and agricultural systems, to mainstream sustainable agriculture on a large scale3, and to achieve Zero Hunger and multiple other SDGs, the following 10 Elements emanated from the FAO regional seminars on agroecology4: Diversity; synergies; efficiency; resilience; recycling; co-creation and sharing of knowledge (describing common characteristics of agroecological systems, foundational practices and innovation approaches)

Human and social values; culture and food traditions (context features) Responsible governance; circular and solidarity economy (enabling environment) The 10 Elements of Agroecology are interlinked and interdependent.

On the right are the ten principles of agroecology. To implement these principles effectively, we propose a framework consisting of four key components, including: Agroecology technology, Enterprise stacking, Public-common partnership, Policy

In what detailed behaviours are the benefits of Agroecology reflected?

AGROECOLOGY TECHNOLOGY

Below we have summarised the detailed techniques based on the existing definitions of Agroecology.

Soil Health: Research shows that crop rotation, cover crops, and reduced tillage improve soil organic matter, reduce erosion, and enhance fertility(Altieri, 1995).

Biodiversity: Studies indicate that diversified farming systems increase habitat for beneficial species and improve pest control(Gliessman, 2014).

Zero Carbon: Agroforestry and efficient irrigation help reduce water runoff, recharge groundwater, and sequester carbon, aiding in carbon neutrality(FAO, 2018). Agroecological systems also boost climate resilience through diversity, enabling adaptation to climate variability while enhancing soil carbon storage(IPCC, 2019). Together, these practices reduce greenhouse gas emissions, aligning agriculture with zero carbon targets.

Alfalfa nitrogen fixation

Intercropping

Natural compost

Multiple crops

Symbiotic agriculture

Mixed grazing

Orchard

Agroforestry

Water field

Alfalfa nitrogen fixation

Seaweed farm

Saltmarsh

Crop rotation

Apiculture Greenhouse Peatland

Soil Health

Biodiversity Zero Carboon Marin-tech

PUBLIC-COMMON PARTNERSHIP

Isle of Skye & Raasay Agroecology

Case Study

To illustrate these components in practice, we will present two case studies that demonstrate the concepts we would like to work with: Public-Community Partnership and Enterprise Stacking within agroecology.

In 2016 an eye-catching sparrow was spotted in Scotland. The bird had ingested feed pellets from a nearby salmon farm, turning its feathers pink. Cramped in underwater feedlots, farmed salmon have no access to the prey that colour their flesh in the wild. Instead, they are fed artificial colourants mixed with supplements, drugs, and hormones, causing them to relentlessly produce the additive-filled flesh that fills supermarket shelves. The environmental degradation caused by open-net fish farms (not only salmon, but also sea bream, sea bass, tilapia and shrimp) can be observed in areas far from the dead zones created around the farms. Making fish feed requires krill from the Arctic, sardines and anchovies from the coast of Peru, India, Western Sahara and Senegal, and soy from Argentina and Brazil, where vast swathes of land are being deforested to provide space for agriculture.

As an alternative, CLIMAVORE creates intertidal systems to produce food while also cultivating diverse marine habitats. By filtering seawater as they breathe, bivalves break down and reabsorb waterborne toxins. One mussel is able to filter up to 25 litres of water a day and a single oyster up to 120 litres. Seaweeds, meanwhile, are like trees, oxygenating their surroundings. All of these ingredients provide easy-access protein without the need for irrigation, fertilisers, medication, or colouring. Divesting from salmon farming requires shifting to intertidal foodways that nourish both people and the coast.

CLIMAVORE CIC co-designs community-led food systems that are ecologically restorative and socially reparative. Established in 2019 in Skye and Raasay, CLIMAVORE collaborates with local residents, schools and restaurants alongside international researchers and activists to share new approaches to regenerative sea-farming and food waste.

Isle of Skye & Raasay

The mission is to create ways of living on and with the coast as humans change the climate. Their vision is to empower coastal communities who are custodians of their land, culture and futures, to review local food systems through CLIMAVORE and drive a just transition in the wake of the climate and biodiversity crises.

The work operates around three pillars: Regrowing, Relearning, Rebuilding.

Regrowing

This “sea orchard” is a sustainable, community-owned intertidal farm, growing seaweeds, vegetables, and bivalves without feed, medication, or costly infrastructure. It uses simple tools like plant-fiber nets, stones, and trestles. The intertidal zone is a productive space that regenerates ocean water, contributes to food security, and strengthens food supply chains. Despite being sometimes regarded as ‘species poor’, these intertidal sediments are highly productive and support communities that tolerate air exposure, variable temperatures and salinities as complex ecosystems.

Relearning

Regrowing

Conceived as a sea orchard, a pilot for a community-owned intertidal farm uses the coast as a space for sourcing food while cultivating multiple ecologies. Through collaboration with marine scientists CLIMAVORE promotes a modular system to grow multiple low-trophic species—those that generally feed on plankton and are at the bottom of the food chain. This system on the intertidal zone is accessible on foot, and consists of ropes, trestles and tidal gardens for different species of seaweeds, sea vegetables and bivalves that regenerate ocean water, absorb carbon emissions, contribute to food security, and strengthen food supply.

Relearning

Restaurants across Skye and Raasay have removed farmed salmon from their menu and incorporated bivalves and seaweeds in their dishes—ingredients that can regenerate, filter and oxygenate seawater while breathing. Through new cooking apprenticeship programmes set up in collaboration with the local high school in Portree, restaurants are also training the island’s next generation of climavore cooks to work closely with chefs, foragers, divers, bakers, brewers and kitchen teams. In parallel, the Station assembles memories, recipes, songs through radio, archival photographs and film footage, and captures coastal experiences through Gaelic place names, folklore and traditions—key knowledge for a shared understanding of what the coast once was and what has the potential to be.

new

Rebuilding

imaginary.

Rebuilding

Cement is the second most consumed product in the world after water and a major contributor to climate breakdown. Sourcing materials based on waste streams of intertidal origin is a way to connect the food and construction industries. Learning from experiments CLIMAVORE developed in New Orleans, Taiwan and Los Angeles, the Station has worked with fabricators, chemists and material scientists to prototype a new material that replaces cement and petrochemical resins with crushed seashells collected from CLIMAVORE restaurants. Partnering with the West Highland College for their Construction Skills Course, a new syllabus encourages learning from historic techniques for tabby concrete, seaweed thatching and insulation, and shell composites, connecting food-webs with wall building, exploring ways to construct CLIMAVORE.

salinities as complex ecosystems.

CLIMAVORE’s

the

has

How does the operation of a public-common partnership work in Agroecology ?

Climavore

Wakelyns Farm

History of Wakelyns Farm

Wakelyn de Hartshill probably acquired this land in Suffolk in the mid-15th century. The farmhouse dates back to about the 16th century.

Ann Wolfe and Martin Wolfe purchased the farm in 1992, and Martin’s early scientific work showed that mixing three cereal crops was effective in suppressing disease and helping to stabilize crop yields.

Their goal is to further explore agricultural models through experiments that utilize diversity and reverse the trend toward monocropping through a combination of organic rotations and agroforestry.

The Wakelyns bought the fields-just the wheat crop.

Beetroot Honeycomb

Agricultural tools storage room

Arugula Onions Cabbage

Landscape plant

Lettuce Artichoke Radish

Greenhouse crop Landscape plant

Scale 1:100

Product shipping area

Dwarf shrub

Argan trees

Oats Oats Lentils Lentils

Barley

Apple tree

Landscape plant

Scale 1:200

Cropping area

is Agroecological “Enterprise Stacking” in Wakelyns?

Focus on natural processes for crop health and yield

The Wakelyns’ “RealVeg” project focuses on growing a diverse range of organically grown vegetables using agroforestry principles. This approach enhances soil health, promotes biodiversity and provides a sustainable alternative to conventional agriculture. Vegetables are grown in a mixed cropping system within the farm’s tree lanes, providing shelter for the crops and improving the microclimate. RealVeg emphasises minimal intervention and relies on natural processes to maintain crop health and yields, in line with Wakelyns’ commitment to low-impact, resilient agriculture.

The Contemporary Hempery

The Contemporary Hempery at Wakelyns focuses on growing and processing industrial hemp using organic and sustainable methods. The project explores the diverse uses of hemp, from textiles to building materials, while also enhancing soil health and supporting biodiversity. By integrating hemp cultivation into the farm’s agroforestry system, Wakelyns aims to promote eco-friendly practices and contribute to a circular economy.

The Willow Phoenix project at Wakelyns involves the cultivation and use of willow trees to create sustainable products like charcoal, biochar, and art materials. This initiative supports biodiversity, soil health, and carbon sequestration, aligning with the farm’s commitment to ecological practices. The project also emphasizes the cultural and artistic value of willow, integrating it into various creative and functional applications.

How Enterprise stacking works

Background

The business stacking model is becoming increasingly important in light of recent policy shifts and the evolving challenges of modern agriculture. In particular, the post-Brexit transition of UK agricultural policy from area-based payments to environmental land management schemes (ELMs) has highlighted the need for diversified agricultural practices that can remain economically viable without relying heavily on traditional subsidies (DEFRA, 2022). This shift highlights the potential of business stacking as a solution that aligns with these new policy frameworks.

Currently, specialised farming systems face several key issues, including environmental degradation due to monoculture practices, economic instability associated with global commodity markets, and social challenges such as an ageing farmer population and rural isolation (Lang & Heasman, 2015). The consolidation of agricultural power within a small number of large agribusinesses further exacerbates these issues, often marginalising smaller independent farmers (Clapp, 2016). As a result, there is a growing need for innovative agricultural models that can address these multifaceted challenges.

Business stacking models address these challenges by integrating multiple complementary operations on the same piece of land, thereby increasing economic resilience and promoting ecological diversity. For example, farms can combine crop production with agroforestry, livestock, and on-site processing operations to create a self-sustaining ecosystem that reduces reliance on external inputs and increases the overall productivity and sustainability of the farm (Thompson, 2023). This model not only improves financial outcomes through value-added diversification, but also aligns with broader policy goals of increasing environmental resilience and rural vitality.

Methodology

As an emerging agricultural strategy, enterprise stacking integrates multiple interconnected enterprises on a single piece of land to increase sustainability, biodiversity and economic resilience. Unlike traditional agricultural diversification, this approach creates synergies between enterprises, generating collective benefits that are greater than the sum of their parts. Methodologically, the model can be implemented through three main structures: consolidating multiple enterprises under a single business entity, inviting entrepreneurs to establish independent businesses on the farm, or forming partnerships between farmers and entrepreneurs. Each structure offers different advantages and challenges, making enterprise stacking a flexible and adaptable model for modern agriculture.

To explore this model in depth, the research methodology included qualitative interviews with practitioners to identify core principles, benefits, challenges, and potential for policy support. These interviews provided empirical insights into how enterprise stacking can facilitate the transition from specialised farming systems to more diverse and resilient practices (Thompson, 2023).

Applying enterprise stacked models

Challenge

In Thompson’s study, several key challenges associated with the business stacking model were identified. Firstly, economic uncertainty poses a major obstacle as the model is relatively untested, leading to farmers’ aversion to financial risk. Second, managing multiple independent enterprises introduces governance complexities, particularly in terms of legal agreements and contractual arrangements with entrepreneurs. Thirdly, the cultural shift required for farmers to move from traditional specialised agricultural practices to a more collaborative and diversified model is also a considerable barrier (Thompson, 2023). These challenges highlight the need for targeted strategies to support the successful implementation of enterprise stacking.

Response measures

To reduce the risks associated with enterprise stacking, a variety of measures and strategies can be used. Firstly, the development of financial tools that can accurately assess the economic benefits of interconnected businesses can help farmers make informed decisions and secure investments. In addition, financial education tailored to the complexities of business stacking can reduce farmers’ risk aversion (Thompson, 2023). Establishing clear, flexible legal frameworks and contracts can help manage the governance complexity of multiple enterprises. These frameworks should accommodate the diversity of business stacks and ensure that all parties understand their roles and responsibilities. Working with legal experts and developing standardised contract templates can facilitate smoother operations (Thompson, 2023).

Additionally, facilitating a cultural shift among farmers is critical to the adoption of enterprise stacking. This can be achieved through educational programmes that emphasise the benefits of diversity and collaboration, as well as showcasing successful case studies. Encouraging peer-to-peer learning and creating networks of farmers who have successfully implemented enterprise stacking can also help overcome resistance to change (Thompson, 2023).

Finally, advocating for policy support, such as subsidies or incentives for diversified farming practices, can encourage the adoption of enterprise stacking. Policies that recognise and reward the environmental, economic and social benefits of such models will provide the necessary financial support to make enterprise stacking a viable option for more farmers (Thompson, 2023).

Partners in the implementation of measures

1. Farmers and landowners: at the centre of the implementation of enterprise stacking, they play a key role by integrating multiple enterprises on their land or inviting entrepreneurs to establish independent enterprises.

2. entrepreneurs: they are critical to increasing diversity and expertise, establishing independent businesses on their farms, and contributing to the overall success of the enterprise stacking model.

3. legal and financial advisors: these partners help create clear, flexible legal frameworks and financial tools to manage governance complexities, draft contracts, and mitigate financial risks associated with business stacking.

4. local governments and policymakers: they provide the necessary support through policies, subsidies and incentives to encourage the adoption of diverse agricultural practices and make business stacking more viable.

5. communities and educational institutions: these groups provide support by training, educating and facilitating the transition of farmers to more collaborative and innovative practices.

Wakelyns Bakery

Landscape plant

Willow Phoneix

The Contempoary Hempery

Landscape plant

Scale

Ranches

Leisure area

Planting area

New Agroecological Transformation in Chichester

Our definition of a new Agroecological transformation Our new agroecological model integrates key practices from Wakelyns Farm & CLIMAVORE, including enterprise

Agroecological Reform Model for Chichester

Applying Agroecological Model

Based on the above, we have developed a new Agroecology Transformation Model for Chichester. This model leverages agroecological technologies to promote sustainable agriculture and fisheries that are more environmentally friendly, enabling the production of a wider variety of products.

Our proposed model is centered on the principles of agroecology, emphasizing the use of diversified crops, organic farming practices, and the integration of ecological technologies. By reducing reliance on chemical inputs, we aim to improve soil health and water quality, thereby mitigating the negative impacts on the coastal ecosystem. Drawing inspiration from Wakelyns Farm, known for its pioneering work in agroforestry and polyculture, we advocate for the adoption of similar practices in Chichester. This includes the use of intercropping, agroforestry, and other regenerative techniques that enhance biodiversity, sequester carbon, and create a resilient farming system.

On the Marine side, we try to use new sustainable technologies to restore the former industries such as oysters and kelp, and develop the potential of related by-products, such as the reuse of oyster shells, etc., to form a complete industrial chain, reduce costs, increase economic and ecological benefits, and these Marine related practices contribute to the sustainable development of agroecological systems.·

Through Enterprise Stacking, these products and by-products can be better integrated into local markets and other sectors. If use together with models such as Community Benefit Societies (CBS), It will play a key role in implementing these technologies and strengthening connections with the community. Additionally, relevant policies can provide essential technical and financial support to facilitate this transformation.

Step 1: Policy Support and Market Mechanism Development

Several existing policies in Chichester support the development of agroecology, providing political and financial backing for its growth.

Step 2: Identifying Suitable Industries for Agroecology in Chichester

Through investigating Chichester’s climate, soil, water resources, biodiversity, as well as its socio-economic conditions and cultural customs, we have selected a range of products such as oysters, kelp, and reed. By exploring the connections between these products, a complete industry chain can be formed, reducing costs while increasing economic and ecological benefits.

Step 3: Collaboration with Local Communities and Farmers

Work with local farmers, community leaders, non-governmental organizations, and other stakeholders to ensure their participation and support. The success of agroecology relies on the involvement of farmers, making it essential to provide training and improve their knowledge of agroecology.

Step 4: Designing and Planning a Localized Agricultural System

Based on local ecological characteristics and socio-economic conditions, design a diverse, low-input, and sustainable agricultural system. Consider practices such as crop rotation, diverse crop planting, intercropping, soil fertility management, biological pest control, and other agroecological techniques.

Step 5: Promoting Agroecological Technologies and Practices

Provide farmers with training and promote agroecological techniques, such as the use of organic fertilizers, conservation tillage, integrated pest management, irrigation efficiency improvements, and oyster harvesting and reuse. Gradually expand these practices through demonstration projects and farmer technical manuals.

Step 6: Evaluation and Expansion

After successful implementation, conduct performance evaluations and consider how to promote agroecological practices on a larger scale. Encourage more farmers to participate and gradually expand the scope of implementation through policy and market incentives.

Modelling changes in the chichester coatsal landscape

How

Policy: IPM3: Companion crop on arable and horticultural land

Plant trap crops Crop rotation Plant cover crops under the main crops

Intercropping wheat and corn Plant trap crops Connect habitats Avoid

Sustainable Agriculture

Policy: HRW1: Assess and record hedgerow condition HRW2: Manage hedgerows HRW3: Maintain or establish hedgerow trees

Policy: BN5: Hedgerow laying

Policy: TE3: Planting fruit trees How can we reduce agricultural runoff and manage farmland boundaries?

Establish grass buffer Designate pollen and nectar mix zones Plant summer-blooming plants

Policy: AHL1: Pollen and nectar flower mix AHL4: 4m to 12m grass buffer strip on arable and horticultural land

Recommended crop planting schedule

1.Planting techniques are applicable to companion crops and can replace the crops shown with others

2.Different crop technologies for farmland with different soil conditions

3.Long-term use of kernza favours improvement of soil quality

4.Some of the technologies can be used in combination, e.g. intercropping and trap crop combination

Example: Advantages of intercropping

Why use intercropping?

Transitioning from monoculture to intercropping in Chichester can bring significant ecological and economic benefits, including enhanced biodiversity, improved soil health and increased resilience to climate change. As Chichester’s agricultural landscape develops, the adoption of intercropping can lead to more sustainable farming practices, reduce reliance on chemical inputs and improve the long-term viability of local agriculture.

Potential Changes with Intercropping in Chichester’s Future Agriculture in detail

1. Reduction in Pesticide Use

Decreased Pest and Disease Incidence: By breaking up the monoculture landscape, intercropping can reduce the spread of pests and diseases that thrive in uniform crop systems. This could lead to a decreased need for chemical pesticides, benefiting both the environment and public health in Chichester.

2. Improved Resilience to Climate Change

Climate Adaptation: Diverse cropping systems are generally more resilient to the impacts of climate change, such as extreme weather events. Intercropping can help Chichester’s farms adapt to changing climate conditions by increasing the resilience of cropping systems.

3. Economic Sustainability

Diversified Income Streams: Intercropping can provide farmers with multiple harvests from the same piece of land, reducing economic risks associated with price fluctuations or crop failures. This diversification is crucial for the long-term financial sustainability of farms in Chichester.

4. Soil Health and Long-term Productivity

Enhanced Soil Fertility: Over time, the introduction of intercropping could lead to improved soil fertility and structure, which are essential for the longterm sustainability of agricultural productivity. This change could counteract the soil degradation often seen in monoculture systems.

Land equivalent ratio(LER)

The ratio of the returns from a mix of two or more crops to the returns from a single crop on the same farm. It is a measure of the degree of increase in yield of a mixed crop over a single crop. For example, when corn is intercropped with soybeans, the expression is: Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) = (Yield in corn intercropping ÷ Yield in corn monocropping) + (Yield in soybean intercropping ÷ Yield in soybean monocropping). If LER is greater than 1, it means that intercropping is more efficient than monocropping. When LER is 1.4, it means that it takes 1.4 ha of land in monocropping to achieve the yield of 1 ha of land in intercropping. (LER-1) x 100 per cent is the yield increase of the intercrop. In the above example, the yield increase is 40 per cent.

Example: Advantages of crop rotation

LER: 5.24 LER: 1.19

LER: 1.33 LER: 1.13

1.22

LER: 1.58

Why Crop Rotation?

Crop rotation in Chichester offers several key benefits: it improves long-term soil fertility by alternating crops with varying nutrient needs, disrupts pest and disease cycles by breaking their lifecycle patterns, enhances soil structure through the use of different root systems, suppresses weeds naturally by varying crop competition, and stabilizes crop yields over time by optimizing growing conditions and reducing the risks associated with continuous monoculture. This practice contributes to the overall sustainability and productivity of agricultural systems in the region.

Reduction in the use of pesticides and chemicals

Reduction of soil erosion and nutrient depletion Reduction in pest and disease build-up

Soil Health

Crop rotation enhances soil health by alternating crops, which reduces nutrient depletion, promotes nutrient cycling, and minimizes soil erosion. It also increases organic matter, improves soil structure and microbial activity, and reduces pest and disease build-up, leading to healthier, more productive soils.

Pest

Control

Crop rotation effectively manages diseases and pests by disrupting their life cycles and reducing their presence in soil and crop residue. It also limits weed growth, supports beneficial insects, and strengthens crops by balancing nutrient levels, enhancing their resistance to attacks.

Diversification of crops N N

Yield Improvement

Crop rotation boosts crop yield by improving soil health, nutrient availability, and pest control. It prevents nutrient depletion, reduces pest and disease pressure, and enhances soil fertility and microbial activity, leading to higher productivity. Introducing new crops in various soil types can offer opportunities for greater biodiversity and more efficient farming methods, despite the challenges it may present.

Cost Savings

Farmers can save money by rotating their crops in a variety of ways. Enhancing nutrient cycling and adding nitrogen-fixing legumes, it lessens dependency on synthetic fertilizers. It reduces the need for chemical pesticides by interfering with the cycles of disease and pests. Crop rotation also discourages weed growth, lowering the need for herbicides.

Environmental Benefits

Crop rotation is good for the environment because it encourages biodiversity, lowers pesticide and fertilizer usage, prevents soil erosion, improves soil health, and lessens the effects of climate change. It promotes ecologically sound agricultural methods, protects natural ecosystems, and aids in the preservation of soil, water, and wildlife habitats.

Recommendations for crop rotation( in Chichester)

Kernza Clover

Lettuce Spinach

Maize Faba Bean

Policy: M11: Aquaculture providing environmental services M13: Support for the design and implementation of conservation measures M15: Protection and restoration of marine biodiversity

water quality

Policy: RP8: Constructed wetlands for the treatment of pollution

Protection and restoration of marine biodiversity

Collect discarded oyster shells Clean oyster shells to kill off any diseases

oyster shells under sun Bag and place in hatchery tanks for juvenile oysters to attach to the shells

Policy: M11: Aquaculture providing environmental services M13: Support for the design and implementation of conservation measures M15: Protection and restoration of marine biodiversity

M15: Protection and restoration of marine biodiversity

Lay

with

Policy: M11: Aquaculture providing environmental services M13: Support for the design and implementation of conservation measures M15: Protection and restoration of marine biodiversity

CHICHESTER HARBOUR COMMUNITY BENEFIT SOCIETY

To implement this transformation, we established a Community Benefit Society (CBS), a structure designed to prioritize community and environmental welfare. This initiative was inspired by similar models, such as the Climavore Community Interest Society, which demonstrated how collective efforts could drive meaningful change. From the very beginning of the project, our primary focus was on environmental restoration, addressing pressing ecological concerns with a sense of urgency. Specifically, we aimed to rehabilitate degraded habitats, ensuring the recovery of biodiversity, and tackle the pervasive issue of coastal water pollution. By combining community engagement and targeted action, we sought to create a sustainable framework for addressing these challenges while fostering long-term environmental stewardship.

The Chichester Harbour Community Benefit Society (CBS) is dedicated to enhancing both environmental and industry sustainability, ultimately benefiting the local community and its future prosperity. With a clear focus on the restoration of critical habitats, the CBS actively works to rejuvenate ecosystems that have been damaged over time, promoting biodiversity and resilience. In addition, the society emphasizes the importance of adopting sustainable practices across various sectors, ensuring that industries within the region operate in a way that minimizes their environmental impact. One of the core initiatives of the CBS is improving water quality, particularly within the harbor, as clean, healthy waters are essential for maintaining both marine life and human well-being. In parallel, the CBS recognizes the significant role that community engagement and education play in fostering long-lasting environmental change. By raising awareness about sustainability issues and encouraging active participation, the CBS empowers local residents and businesses to take responsibility for their environmental impact. The society also provides invaluable support to local businesses, helping them transition to more sustainable practices while boosting the local economy. This combination of ecological stewardship and economic development creates a symbiotic relationship, where both the environment and the community thrive. Through these efforts, the Chichester Harbour CBS is not only improving the region’s environmental health but also creating significant ecological and economic benefits that will endure for generations to come.

Actions Taken by the CBS at Different Stages to Transform the Landscape

Profile of Chichester Harbour Community Benefit Society

Stakeholders of the Chichester Harbour Community Benefit Society

Native Oyster Restoration Alliance

term benefit to the bay.

At the start of the project, the Community Benefit Association (CBS) was tasked with advancing environmental restoration, focusing on habitat recovery and reducing coastal water pollution, while collaborating with key organizations to share technology, promote agroecology, and streamline sustainable practices.

Agroecological Design Details in Bosham

Why Choose Bosham?

Wildlife Corridor

By connecting hedgerows, farmland and green belts, a coherent wildlife corridor is created, providing important habitat and migration routes for native organisms. These corridors not only promote species diversity, but also support the health and sustainability of the ecosystem, while harmoniously co-existing with agricultural landscapes and community green Spaces, becoming an important part of regional ecological conservation.

Evaluation and Planning Design

The first step in establishing a wildlife corridor involves ecological surveys to assess species and habitats, followed by an analysis of geographic, climatic, and land use factors to design a corridor that connects core habitats. This phase lays the scientific foundation for the corridor, ensuring it meets the ecosystem's needs.

Cooperation and Policy Support

Next, collaboration with landowners and local governments ensures the corridor's integration with existing land uses. Legal and policy frameworks are developed to secure long-term protection, while environmental measures and land protection agreements are promoted.

Environmental Restoration and Habitat Construction

In this phase, native plants are restored within the corridor, providing food and shelter for wildlife. Additional facilities like water sources are created to meet species' needs, ensuring the corridor supports their survival and migration.

Infrastructure Construction

Infrastructure such as ecological bridges, tunnels, and underpasses are built to facilitate wildlife migration across busy roads and railways. Obstacles that hinder migration are removed, ensuring the corridor remains accessible and safe for animals.

Monitoring and Management

Ongoing monitoring tracks corridor use, assessing species' migration and habitat conditions. Continuous maintenance ensures vegetation health, controls invasive species, and maintains ecological balance within the corridor.

Public Participation and Education

Encouraging community involvement and conducting educational campaigns helps residents understand the corridor's importance. Raising awareness about ecological and species diversity protection fosters broad support for the conservation network.

Funding and Sustainability

Financial support from government funding, environmental organizations, and private investment is crucial to the project’s success. A long-term management plan is also needed to ensure the corridor remains operational and wellmaintained, avoiding disruptions due to funding shortages.

Black-head Gull

Hedgehog Fox

Deer Hare

Owl Gull

Badger

Common wildlife in Chichester

Region of occurrence

Hedgerows and dense bushes

Hedgerows, Farmland and dense bushes

Hedgerows, wetland and dense bushes

Woodland

Main

Almone

Research,Drawing & Typesetting :Yi Duan

Photo:Yi

Why choose to build agroecology systems through oyster farms?

The feasibility of using oysters to purify seawater is of increasing concern because of their natural filtering ability. Oysters improve water quality by filtering plankton, fine organic matter and tiny particles. Each oyster can filter several liters of seawater per day to remove suspended solids and contaminants, making oysters an effective natural water purification tool. In addition, oyster farming can also promote ecosystem diversity by providing habitat to support the growth of other Marine life. However, the effect of oysters in purifying water quality is affected by factors such as the level of pollution in the water area, oyster density and water flow speed. In order to ensure its effectiveness, it must be combined with reasonable farming scale and scientific management, and implemented in appropriate waters. Therefore, oysters have great potential as a tool for seawater purification, but longterm research and practice verification are needed to ensure their sustainability and ecological benefits.

Chichester Bay has ideal conditions for establishing oyster farms. The area has good water quality and abundant tidal cycles, providing sufficient nutrients and clean water for oyster growth. In addition, the Marine ecosystem of Chichester Bay is relatively healthy and suitable for oyster farming activities. Through the construction of oyster farms, not only can effectively purify water quality, but also promote the connection of local agroecology systems. The oyster farm has formed a mutually beneficial relationship with the surrounding agricultural land and wetland ecosystem. Oysters improve the water quality of the sea by filtering suspended matter and harmful substances in the water, and organic matter and nutrients in the farmland can also provide additional growth resources for oysters through the water flow. In this way, oyster farms can not only bring sustainable economic benefits to agriculture and fisheries, but also promote the integration and coordination of regional ecosystems, forming a close ecological chain and promoting the common development of agriculture, fisheries and ecological protection.

Recommends approximately 400 x 1 inch oysters at first fill. Fill lines are marked on the basket to assist with rough measurements. As a general rule, start with between 20-30% full, and grade once oysters reach 50% capacity.

Oyster culture cage

Farm Modules Sea Water Integration

Revenue Stages of the Oyster Farm

and

has a good foundation for the development of horticulture, and can plant flowers in the suburban

Chichester has a good foundation for the development of horticulture, and can plant flowers in the suburban greenhouse.

Oysters as the Core of a

Fishing is Chichester's traditional industry, allowing for planned and sustainable fishing after the restoration of Marine habitats.

& Fruit

Fruit is an agricultural crop of high economic value, and the soil near chichester is fertile and suitable for growing.

chichester's baking industry has always been very popular, and widely welcomed and praised.

Oysters and their by-products connect the whole agroecology industry chain as the main line. From the cultivation, harvesting, processing and utilization of oysters, every link is closely linked to the surrounding ecosystem. Oysters not only support other agricultural activities by purifying water quality, but also provide nutrient-rich by-products, such as oyster shells, that can be used for soil improvement, building materials or as a resource for ecological restoration. In this way, oyster farming forms an interdependent relationship with farmland, wetlands and other ecosystems, promoting a sustainable agricultural cycle, and promoting efficient use of resources and ecological balance.

·Horticulture

·Kernza

·Reed

·Kelp

·Oyster

·Fishing

·Baking

·Vegetable

Chichester

greenhouse.

Reed beds are a common

efficient way to purify sewage and silt, and the resulting reeds have many uses.

Kelp is conducive to alleviating ocean acidification, restoring the seafloor habitat, and also has quite high nutritional and economic value.

Oysters can be used to purify sea water in the early stage, and can be farmed and eaten in the later stage, and oyster shells have many uses.

T10.1 Bucket

T10.2 Basket

T10.3 Hand cart

T11.1 Watering pot

T11.2 Sprayer

T11.3 Irrigation faucet

T8 Gardening

T9 Harvest

T10 Storage/Transportaionv

T11 Irrigatation

Research,Drawing & Typesetting : Shuheng Qie

By replacing monoculture with intercropping, fields overcome the problems of monoculture's vulnerability to pests and diseases and soil nutrient depletion. Intercropping uses the complementarity of different crops to not only increase land utilization, but also improve soil health, reduce the use of pesticides and fertilizers, while diversifying sources of income and enhancing the ecological and economic benefits of agriculture.

Hedges in farmland have multiple ecological advantages, not only acting as corridors for wildlife, providing habitat and food sources for birds, insects, etc., but also promoting species diversity and enhancing ecosystem stability. Hedges also protect against wind and soil, reduce soil erosion, and improve air quality by absorbing carbon dioxide, contributing to the sustainable development of farmland.

Peatlands and saline-alkali bogs are important ecosystems with significant environmental and economic value. Peatlands can store carbon efficiently and help mitigate climate change, while regulating the water cycle and reducing flood risk. Saline marshes absorb pollutants, improve water quality, and provide important habitat for a wide variety of plants and animals. These wetlands also support the development of fisheries, animal husbandry and eco-tourism, achieving a balance between ecological protection and economic use.

Supported by policies such as FASS (Agricultural Support and Environmental Sustainability Fund) and ELMS (Environmental Land Management Program), the project draws on the experience of successful cases such as Isle of Skye to build a sustainable and resilient oyster farm. The core goal of the project is to improve water quality through oyster farming while promoting regional ecological agriculture. Through scientific design and management, the project creates an agro-ecosystem that can purify seawater and promote the health of the ecosystem. Through its natural filtration function, oysters help to purify harmful substances and suspended solids from the water and improve the water quality of the surrounding environment, while their by-products are also effectively used, such as oyster shells as soil improvement or construction materials.

In this eco-agricultural system, oyster farms serve as an important link between Chichester's many industries. First, oyster farming not only provides a sustainable source of income for fisheries, but also creates a positive interaction with the surrounding agricultural system. Secondly, the project promotes local green tourism, attracting tourists to visit and experience through the construction of eco-friendly facilities and activities, and driving local economic development. In addition, the sustainable operation of the farm is also closely related to environmental protection, the ecological environment around the farm has been restored, and biodiversity has been enhanced. By introducing the concept of circular agriculture, the farm realizes the coordinated development of agriculture, fisheries, tourism, and environmental protection.

Through the implementation of the project, Chichester region not only achieved economic benefits, but also promoted the diversified development of ecological agriculture. After the completion of the construction of the surrounding industrial chain, the regional economy has gained new vitality. The farm initially relied on government support and donations, gradually earned income through the sale of oysters and other products, and finally developed into a sustainable development model that benefits both the economy and the environment through the linkage of ecological agriculture and related industries. The success of the project provides a useful reference for ecological agriculture and Marine resource management in other regions, demonstrating that through innovative agricultural practices, economic growth can be promoted while protecting the environment and providing an effective path for sustainable development in the future.