Foodprints AALU Design Thesis by AA Landscape Urbanism MArch/MSc

Foodprints

AALU LANDSCAPE URBANISM 2022-2023

Programme Directors: José Alfredo Ramìrez Eduardo Rico Clara Olòriz History and Theory Seminar Tutors: Clara Olòriz Carlotta Olivari Elena Luciano Suastegui Technical Tutors: Daniel Kiss Huang Sheng-Yang Thesis Guide: Clara Olòriz

AUTHOR Runqi Ye (MSc) Wenxue Hu (MSc) Parth Mehta (MArch) Reshma Susan Mathew (MArch)

Acknowledgements

Abstract

“We express our immense gratitude to Richard Edwards ‘the Stickfarmer’ for introducing us to Wales and his patience with our incessant questions and curiosities. We are also very grateful to Cai Matthews for his consideration and kindness.

The climate crisis that has gripped the planet has led to a variety of responses from global governements. This thesis begins by looking at one such policy for climate action in Wales, UK. The One Planet Developement Policy introduced by the Welsh government in 2011 was aimed at leading climate action by reducing individual Ecological Footprints (EF) of residents in Wales and thereby managing the country’s net emissions. Every applicant was allowed to build an ecohouse on agricultural land provided they lived off the land entirely and kept their net EF at 1.88 global hectares (gHa). The policy hoped to rope in the entire population of Wales to safegaurd their natural landscapes and thereby curb their emissions. It also aimed to act as a suitable response to a pressing housing crisis for local residents.

We would not have learnt all that we did if it were not for the many OPD developers who were kind enough to show us around in spite of their busy schedules so a big thank you to Chris and Erica Vernon, Tao Wimbush, Sylvie and Peter. We also express our gratitude to Marc Scale who was kind enough to help us connect with more resource people and fed our research with some guidance early on. We also thank our program tutors, José Alfredo Ramìrez, Eduardo Rico, Elena Luciano Suastegui and Daniel Kiss for the endless hours spent discussing maps, data sets and critical arguments. Lastly, we would like to thank our tutor Clara Oloriz whose generous and kind spirit made every discussion a delight and something we always looked forward to.”

However, upon closer examination of the policy we were able to recognise several loopholes and conflicts in the manner it had been implemented. The primary concern emerging from the lack of impact created over the course of 12 years due to scepticism from the local community. The policy attracted only 40 or so applicants so far. Additionally, it was found that the approach of placing the responsibility of climate action on individual EF was misguided and failed to address any of the original challenges it set out to respond to - housing, ecological regeneration and climate action. After multiple conversations with local agencies like Clo Carbon Cymru and participants of the OPD policy, this thesis explores the possibility of expanding the framework of the current OPD Policy to better include the local community as its primary beneficiary. In the new policy, we have worked to build a framework that empowers the local community and builds a more resilient future for the land. In order to do so we have begun by looking at the landscape as a means to food security for Welsh people that is operated by local farmers who are currently being sidel-lined from their long held role in the landscape. The new FoodPrints Policy envisions the land becoming more accessible to locals and slowly regenerated to support the efforts of producing food for nearby communities and its institutions. It challenges the curreeent norms of land management and food production that prioritises economic greed over ecological sustenance.

Contents 1. Global Climate Action • Addressing Climate Change- Global Response to Climate Change • Standards for measurement- Ecological Footprint • Flaws in the standards- Climate action beyond footprints • UK and the world-Consumption and Ecological Footprint •OPDs Policy Timeline

2. OPD policy in Cymru (Wales) • Introduction of OPD • OPD Application • OPD challenges • OPD in large scheme • Interviews in Wales

3. Expanding the new policy-FoodPrints • Foodprints pathway • Foodprints Coucil

4. Simulation on Pilot Site • Rural Transportation Challenges • Rural Housing Challenge • Facilitating Connections • Land Situation • Farmer Cluster Formation • Senario of Brewery Farmer Cluster

5. FoodPrints Guildlines • Initial OPD Obligations • Foodprints Obligations Tendency • Benefits of Soil quality, Landscape, Air quality • Soil Transformation • Benefits of Footprints Council

GLOBAL CLIMATE ACTION

CHAPTER 01

8 9

Addressing Climate Change

Global Response to Climate Change Over the last many decades, we have seen a change in our climate develop and evolve into a full-blown global crisis. What has now become a global concern has been a topic of continuous deliberation and policy reform for the last several decades. Globally, there have been countless movements and initiatives by local governments and community groups to protest against environmental damage within their own borders. International efforts are naturally far more complex and far less efficient. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) established an international treaty which was signed all the way back in 1992. The treaty referred to as the ‘Earth Summit’ called for action against human interference in the climate and curbing greenhouse gas emissions. It also called for more scientific research and regular negotiations to enforce climate action policy. Since then we have seen numerous treaties signed, the more recent ones being the 2015 Paris Agreement, which sought to keep the planet from warming under the 1.5*C. Seven years and seven conferences later, we are yet to make tangible progress with regards to our lifestyle and planetary consumption habits. In the last Conference of the Parties or COP27, there was no commitment made by the world leaders to reduce emissions or transition out of fossil fuels, however a disaster fund was set up to provide financial aid to the countries that are facing the brunt of the climate crisis. In the most recent UN General Assembly meeting in September 2023, an adjacent Climate Ambition Summit was held to highlight the efforts of the most ambitious countries when it came to combating the crisis. The world’s largest emitters namely USA and China were not among them. The UK currently has several such policies in place. when it comes to tackling climate change, the British government does not lack awareness. As home to many climate scientists, activists and grassroots movements against fossil fuels, they have all the means to lead global community on climate action. However, the current government led by PM Rishi Sunak has backtracked on all major climate promises made thus far by the British government plunging the faith of the international community. In addition to backing out of the the government’s commitment to achieving net zero goals from the Paris Agreement, by 2050, the gevernment has also sanctioned several environmentally hazardous projects causing more harm than revival.

Fig 2

Delivery pathway to 2037 Baseline emissions

As we negotiate endlessly over the many roles and responsibilities of nation states, without holding global leaders and fossil fuel industry accountable, environmental health continues to deteriorate. The environmental systems continue to breakdown in record speed and anyone with basic knowledge of land and landscape can identify that these slew of never ending disasters are not normal.

500 Domestic Transport International aviation and shipping

400

Heat and buildings Industry

300

Waste & F-gases Agriculture & LULUCF

In order to facilitate international cooperation and progress to mitigate climate crisis, we need to put an end to half-hearted greenwashing efforts, and set strong goals and frameworks for national and regional action against the climate crisis.

Fuel supply Power

200 100

Greenhouse Gas Removals 0 2020

Fig 1. Indicative delivery pathway to 2037 by sector-Net Zero Strategy plans for reducing emissions from each sector of economy. Data Source- BEIS Analysis (2021) by Wenxue Hu

FoodPrints

2025

2030

2035

-100 Fig 1

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Fig 2.The Global Warming -Diagram here indicates key factors of global warming. Data Source- Our World in Data, Surface temperature anomaly, 2017. Our World in Data, Contribution to global mean surface temperature rise, 1851 to 2021 by Wenxue Hu

Over the last many decades, we have seen the climate change and it has now evolved into a climate crisis. What has now become a global concern has been a topic of continuous deliberation and policy reform for the last several decades. Globally, there have been countless movements and initiatives by local governments and community groups to protest against environmental damage within their own borders. International efforts are naturally far more complex and far less efficient. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) established an international treaty which was signed all the way back in 1992. The treaty referred to as the ‘Earth Summit’ called for action against human interference in the climate and curbing greenhouse gas emissions. It also called for more scientific research and regular negotiations to enforce climate action policy. Since then we have seen numerous treaties signed, the more recent ones being the 2015 Paris Agreement, which sought to keep the planet from warming under the 1.5*C. Landscape Urbanism

Standards for measurement Carbon Emissions

As we discuss the course of global climate action, it becomes imperative that a quantifiable entity was required to uniformly discuss the future of global cooperation on who needs to play what role in a coordinated effort towards climate action. Several standards have been developed and utilised to build cases fro climate action. Ecological Footprint has been the most recent and evolved standard of measurement so far. An ecological footprint is a tool that is used to measure the rate at which we expend our planet’s resources, to check if we are within the limits of our planetary consumption. It compares the amounts of resources consumed against the rate at which it naturally regenerates to identify if we have exceeded the earth’s natural capacity to provide for us. Simply put, it compares the demand and supply of natural resources used to sustain all human consumption activities. This metric has proven to be a useful tool in measuring the net impact we have had on our planet and the targets we must achieve in order to mitigate the damage. The EF of each country represents the amount of resources it consumes from the earth and how much natural resources it requires to support that pattern of consumption. It uses very complicated formulas to uniformly compare the productivity across all land types (such as croplands, forest lands, minefields, fossil fuel rigs etc). Equivalence factors, which differ yearly based on land use, help convert the specific land area in hectares (Ha) into corresponding units of global hectares (gHa). These standards are updated annually based on the amount of resource extracted already and how long it takes for it to regenerate naturally. (Lim 2022) As stated in World Wildlife Fund: Living Planet Report 2000, total global consumption of natural resources has risen by 50% since 1970, while Earth’s natural wealth has decreased by over 30% (Hari n.d.). The ecological footprint helps to put this dynamic into a metric that is more easily visualised.

Human Consumption Natural regeneration of resources

Fig 3

Every year we extract more than what our earth can naturally provide us, we are borrowing resources from the future plunging the future into chaos. Globally, the use of ecological footprint has provided an accurate measurement of how different countries exceed the Earth’s natural limits of production and over consume due to ultra-luxurious lifestyles. By quantifying individual country’s consumptions in global hectares, we can also measure how much and when each country exceeds their population’s requirements.

Less than 2,674.39

< 10M

2,674.39-7,991.1

10M-25M

7,991.1-15,506.34

25M-50M

15,506.34-22,927.46

50M-100M

22,927.46-32,625.01

100M-250M

No Data

250M-1B > 1B

Fig 4

No Data Fig 5

The more a country borrows from the future the more it jeopardizing the future of the planet which will be borne by all nations of the world. It is able to assign the constraints within which global supply chains have a freedom to operate as long as they maintain their limit that is based on the world as one. (York University Ecological Footprint Initiative and Global Fooprint Initiative 2022)

Fig 3. Ecological Footprint Diagram by Reshma Susan Mathew Fig 4. Household Final Consumption Expenditure per Capita Data Source-Household final consumption expenditure per capita, worldbank.org, viewed 17th February, 2014 by Wenxue Hu Fig 5. Biocapacity of Country (in global hectares) Data Source-data.footprintnetwork.org by Wenxue Hu

FoodPrints

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UNITED KINGDOM(2019)

GDP PER PERSON $43,133

Biocapacity per person 1.1 gha

Ecological Footprint per person 3.9 gha

POPULATION 66,778,704

BIOCAPACITY RESERVE(+)/DEFICIT(-) -2.8 gha

Climate action beyond ecological footprints From existing economic studies, we know for certain that there are vast economic and social disparities between the global north and the global south (Hickel, Sullivan and Zoomkawala 2021). This is reflected in contradictory patterns of income, food security, ecological footprint, consumption habits, production units and so on. The nations in the global north tend to generate a more luxurious lifestyle for their inhabitants while contributing significantly higher towards accelerating the climate crisis, The global south on the other hand bears the heavy brunt of the climate crisis with no economic stability to rely on. We have identified that through the complex relationships between economic development, social well-being, and environmental sustainability, the global north has a greater responsibility in reducing its impact on the planet.

Global hectares per person

Ecological Footprint per person

Flaws in the standards

14 12 10 8 6 4 2

Biocapacity per person

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC(2019)

While the ecological footprint accounted for the disparity in consumption and production between nations, when nations focus only on means to reduce their ecological footprint, they forget that it is equally critical to reducing the consumption and exploitative extraction practices worldwide. In a world that is in a constant state of flux, we also need to constantly reevaluate the data we are basing our strategies for the future.

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

Years

Fig 7

Global response to the climate crisis needs a unified and comprehensive approach that caters to the needs of every nation and resident of the planet. This daunting task is possible through extensive research and data analysis that assesses complicated environmental systems to translate them into climate action policies by national agencies. However, these data sets are not foolproof and must not be adopted without reconsideration.

1990

Biocapacity per person 6.9 gha

GDP PER PERSON $437

Ecological Footprint per person 1.2 gha

When we overlay the many standards we have come to measure the climate crisis by, we realise a few crtitical takeaways.

POPULATION 5,209,320

BIOCAPACITY RESERVE(+)/DEFICIT(-) 5.7 gha

• It is important to reduce consumption patterns at a faster pace in the nations of the Global North as these markets are fed through the extraction of resources and labour from the Global South.

Ecological Footprint per person

Biocapacity per person

Global hectares per person

• It is not only necessary to reduce ecological impact, measured by ecological footprint, but also to build biocapacity reserves native to each environment.

18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1965

Fig 8

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

Years

Fig 6

Fig 7-8.Global North and South comparison-The comparison between the UK and Central Africa regarding Ecological footprint, Biocapacity, GDP, etc. demonstrates very large inequalities. Data Source-data.footprintnetwork.org by Wenxue Hu

Fig 6.Global Ecological Footprint analysis Data Source-data.footprintnetwork.org by Wenxue Hu

FoodPrints

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Domestic

54%

Import

100%

Fuel 9.1%

EU: 8,600

Machinery

Non-EU: 3,300

8% Medicals and Chemicals 7.7% England: 29,100

Metals and Minerals 6.7% Food and Produce 6.6% Transportation 5.7% Textiles 2.0%

Rest of UK: 34,300

Scotland: 3,700 Northern Ireland: 600 Wales: 13,200 Unallocated: 7,800 5.0-5.2 gha

Fig 9

5.2-5.3 gha 5.3-5.6 gha 5.6-5.9 gha ≥ 5.9 gha Fig 10

UK Consumption

Wales Ecological Footprint

According to the latest data available from the Global Footprint Network, the ecological footprint of the United Kingdom was 3.6 global hectares (gHa) per person in 2020. This means that, on average, each person in the UK consumed the resources and generated the waste equivalent to 3.6 global hectares of biologically productive land and sea area. This is higher than the global average of 2.7 gha per person, indicating that the population of UK exceeds consumption given the amount of natural resources it possesses.

Wales, imports a significant amount of goods and services to meet its consumption needs. It also exports a great many hitech sophisticated heavy engineering products like airplanes and weapons. As a result, Wales’s ecological footprint considering its internal consumption for internal needs and export needs, far exceeds the resources generated within the country annually. The production and transportation of imported goods and services further excerbates this situation, impacting even the countries they are sourced from. In 2016, the ecological footprint of Wales was 5.03 gHa per person which was slightly higher than the ecological footprint of the UK as a whole, which was 5.6 gHa per person.

Fig 9.UK Import-UK import from other countries across globe. Data Source-Office For National Statistics, UK Trade Census, December 2018 by Parth Mehta FoodPrints

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Fig 10.Wales Import-Ecological footprint in reference to import data in wales, UK. Data Source-Welsh Government,Survey of agriculture and horticulture,June 2020 by Wenxue Hu Landscape Urbanism

19 OPD Policy Timeline

he Covid-19 pandemic and the continuing adjustment to the effects of the Brexit decision, especially the uncertainty about the future of food and farming, have also brought national priorities into focus.

As part of the devolution of powers from Westminster to the Senedd, the Government of Wales Act (2006) included a statutory commitment to produce a sustainable development scheme. Low Impact Development making a Positive Contribution, Pembrokeshire JUDP 2006 and subsequent Supplementary Planning Guidance.

“One Wales: One Planet”. The scheme identified the Ecological Footprint as a key metric of environmental sustainability, and includes an objective of “using only our fair share of the earth’s resources, and becoming a One Planet nation within the lifetime of a generation”. This would entail a reduction of the average Ecological Footprint from 5.16 global hectares per person in 2003 to 1.88gha in 2050, alongside efforts in waste reduction, active travel, economic regeneration, local food production, high-quality housing, renewable energy and citizenship.

“Technical Advice Note 6 (TAN 6) :Planning for Sustainable Rural Communities” (2010) which sets out the basic requirements of OPD is introduced.

Drawing on experience from low impact households and communities in Wales and beyond, a Practice Guidance document (2012) was then commissioned to elaborate on the qualities and essential criteria of OPD for planning applications and assessment.

First Multi-Unit OPD Rhiw las Farm.

The publication of the “Wellbeing of Future Generations Act” in 2015, included the global ecological footprint as a key indicator of national well-being, alongside many other environmental and social indicators which relate to other essential criteria of One Planet Development including food, energy, biodiversity and healthy ecosystems.

Wales was the first country in the world to declare a climate emergency. “Sustainable development is key to reducing both our carbon emissions and our vulnerability to climatic changes and extreme weather events.”

With the commitment to achieving “Net Zero” emissions by 2050 in the UK and taking advice on stretching that ambition to 2035, Wales continues to demonstrate environmental leadership. Brexit triggers a windfall of new challenges for the local farmers who were supported heavily by subsidies from the EU.

Increasing problem of housing availability for young people, especially in more rural areas. Rising house prices, holiday lets and second homes are detrimental to the prospects of village schools and institutions, the Welsh language, and the cultural heritage of our countryside. The first comprehensive OPD Review Report launched at the Senedd (Welsh Parliament) in September 2021, looking at the key successes and challenges of the Welsh planning policy and makes recommendations for future improvement.

Since 2010, there have been 38 approved OPD planning. applications, the majority of which are in the south-west of Wales due to land pricing and accessibility. The Cornwall Council passes their own Climate Emergency Development Plan Document based on the Welsh OPD Policy.

Fig 11

Fig 11.OPD policy context timeline Data Source-Review of One Planet Development in Wales, 2010-2021 by Wenxue Hu

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References 1. Hari, Srinivas. (n.d.). What Is an Ecological Footprint? UEM Programme, GDRC. http://www.gdrc.org/uem/footprints/what-is-ef.html 2. Hickel, Jason, Dylan Sullivan, and Huzaifa Zoomkawala. (2021). Rich countries drained $152tn from the global South since 1960. Opinion Piece, Aljazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/5/6/rich-countries-drained-152tnfrom-the-global-south-since-1960 3. HM Government. (2021). Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener. Parliamentary Presentation, London: HM Government. 4. Lim, Alane. (2022). What Is Ecological Footprint? Definition and How to Calculate It. Article, New York: Treehugger, Dotdash Meredith. 5. York University Ecological Footprint Initiative and Global Footprint Initiative. (2022). National Footprint and Biocapacity Accounts. Global Footprint Network. Accessed February 2, 2023. https://data.footprintnetwork.org 6. Our World in Data. (2021). Contribution to global mean surface temperature rise, 2021. https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/contribution-temp-risedegrees?tab=map 7. Our World in Data. (2021). Annual CO2 emissions, 2021, from https:// ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions 8. World Food Programme. (2021). Hunger map. https://hungermap.wfp.org/ 9. Worldometer. (2017). GDP by Country per capita. https://www. worldometers.info/gdp/gdp-by-country/ 10. Our World in Data. (2021). Annual CO2 emissions. https://ourworldindata. org/co2-emissions 11. Our World in Data. (2017). Surface temperature anomaly, 2017. https:// ourworldindata.org/grapher/hadcrut-surface-temperature-anomaly 12. Household final consumption expenditure per capita, worldbank.org, viewed 17th February, 2014. http://chartsbin.com/view/21661 13. REVIEW OF ONE PLANET DEVELOPMENT IN WALES, 2010-2021. https:// www.gov.wales/sites/default/files/publications/2023-05/atisn17403doc1.pdf

FoodPrints

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OPD policy in Wales

CHAPTER 02

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25 Introduction of OPD

Seven OPD Obligations:

Land Management

Zero-Carbon Building

Transportation

Energy & Water

Fig 12

Land-Based Activity

The One Planet Development is a planning policy implemented under the guidelines set forth by numerous Welsh parliamentary legislations and international conferences on climate action. In the desire to reduce its environmental impact on the world that far exceeds its permissible amounts, the Welsh government announced this policy to encourage individuals to reduce their ecological footprints on their own, hoping that this effect will reflect in the national consumption patterns. Individuals who signed up were allowed to live on farmlands, if they were able to sustain themselves on a reduced ecological footprint. The ecological footprint allowance was to be 1.88 gHa per person, which was calculated based on the Welsh population and national ecological footprint. During inception, the idea was to create a different set of Practice Guidelines for those seeking to build an OPD on the ‘edge of settlement’ as well as a ‘multi-unit OPD’. However, these alternative models were barely elaborated on and without necessary policy provisions, the idea was discarded over time. FoodPrints

Community Impact

Fig 14.

Under the existing and most commonly seen type of the single- unit OPD scheme, the general principles stay the same. Each applicant must convince the Planning Authorities of the following goals: 1) Reducing their ecological footprint to 1.88gHa

These seven well-being goals are outlined in the practice guidelines and are meant to ensure that the ecological footprint of the site remains well within the regulatory limits. Applicants are to fill an excel file provided by the authorities that measures the ecological footprint based on their performance in these seven aspects.

2) An eco-house built on the land with a net zero emissions that must also operate under zero carbon upon completion. 3) The successful operation of a land-based business that can support the occupants financially.

Waste

Each OPD project is conferred a 5 year incubation period during which they are allowed to achieve the necessary goals in a sustained fashion. Additional aspects detailed in the planning process talk about the improvements to be made to the biodiversity of the land and the benefits to be brought to the local community. (Trust 2012) A typical single unit OPD must fulfill seven well being goals in order to be deemed as a credible OPD project. Regular checks by the Local Planning Authority (LPA) are to be made

Fig 13.1-13.7 OPD Obligation Data Source-Rhiw la Plannning Management by Wenxue Hu,Runqi YE, Parth Mehta

Fig 12.OPD Scheme Diagram Data Source-Rhiw la Plannning Management by Wenxue Hu

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Fig 14. Data Source-Site Photo by Runqi Ye

The seven goals are as follows: 1. Land Management Plan- a suitable plan that details the ecological revival and development on the landscape 2. Zero carbon buildings- structures built must not emit carbon during its life span 3. Land based activities- a business plan to generate income from the land 4. Energy and Water- a plan to produce and consume energy and water from the land 5. Waste management- waste generated to be managed insitu 6. Community Impact- the OPD demostrate how it will benefit the local community 7. Transportation- the emissions due to transport must be within permissible limits of the individuals.

Landscape Urbanism

27 OPD Application Process

STEP 1: Choose a site

STEP 2: Draft Management Plan

STEP 3: Planning Application

STEP 4: Decision-Delegated Commitee

The application process follows a long and sometimes circuitous route. Applicants must engage with the planning authorities, expert consultants and the local council and community to successfully complete the process and have a chance at establishing an approval for an OPD. The first and most critical decision that determines all subsequent opportunities is selecting the site that is accessible, affordable and feasible to sustain into the future as an OPD. Following this, a Draft Management Plan is prepared with the help of field experts to present the intended land management goals and business plan on the selected parcel of land. This is presented to the LPA for approval and review from peers and experts. The proposal is also presented additionally to the Local Council. Depending on the approval or rejection by the LPA, the applicant can either re-apply considering the comments received or drop out of the process. In the following section of this booklet, we have outlined the challenges and outcomes applicants face in this process. Data source- (Land Use Consultants and the Positive Development Trust 2012), (One Planet Council 2021) FoodPrints

STEP 5: Implementation and Monitoring

Fig 15.OPD Application Flaw Chart Data Source-Opd Practice Guideline by Runqi Ye &Reshma Susan Mathew

Fig 15

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29 OPD Application Challenge

The land prices have multiplied five times in the last 12 years 5.4% Agricultural £ 8157 million 1.9% Woodlands £2850 million

Land is scarce in Wales as it is. The second homes have also driven up the prices and caused a rural housing shortage It is even more scarce if you are looking to build an OPD You could lease the land from family like I did. Agricultural Land

[ 50.6% ]

Forestry and woodland

[ 15.2% ]

Rough grassland & bracken

[ 14.4% ]

Natural and semi-natural land

[ 10.4% ]

Residential areas Transportation&Public utilities [ 3.1%] Commercial&Outdoor [ 1.1 %] Water [ 1.1% ] Unidentified [ 1.6% ] Fig 16

74.6% Residential £1,13,431 million

Fig 17

[ 2.6% ]

18.2% Commercial £27,602milllion

The land must also be affordable. Land as a commodity in the open countryside is not remotely affordable to a vast majority of the population. The practice of building second homes in the rural countryside of Wales has further exacerbated the problem, driving up land prices and creating a housing crisis in many regions. Many Planning Authorities have implemented increased premiums in areas where this is a major concern to curb. (Evans and Necke

STEP 1: Choose a site

STEP 2: Draft Management Plan

STEP 3: Planning Application

STEP 4: Decision-Delegated Commitee

STEP 5: Implementation and Monitoring

The primary challenge that all applicants encounter in the OPD policy is limited access to land. Land in Wales is a difficult resource for individuals to procure. Given the mountainous terrain, many areas are not conducive to farming activities. Despite a traditional history of farming, the Welsh landscape has been severely degraded by years of monoculture and intensive farming practices. Tentative applicants of the OPD policy require fertile land that can sustain a land-based business model and this is a limited resource. People are also reluctant to sell land as it has always generated steady forms of income for the owners who have owned it for generations. OPD applicants also require land that is not too isolated from other villages or towns. Proximity to another town ensures a supply of other goods and services as well as access to education, and healthcare facilities among other amenities. Travelling long distances for such services increases their carbon emissions drastically, proving FoodPrints

Fig 16.OPD Challenge-Choose a site Drawing by Reshma Susan Mathew

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Fig 17.Map of disparity between land value and area occupied by land uses Data Source-The Value of Land in Wales. by Runqi YE & Reshma Susan Mathew

Landscape Urbanism

31 OPD Policy application and Challenge

The community has rejected our application but the planning committee has passed it. We did follow all the instructions in the guidelines after all. But if the community doesn’t want us here, how will our business survive? We have to find a way to make the business survive. We don’t have much savings left.

Fig 18

Fig 19

This bureaucratic process takes between a year to two years and is an expensive affair for the applicants. While the difficulty of the process is to ensure agricultural land is protected from misuse, it is also discouraging others who wish to participate in the scheme. Once a proposed OPD is sanctioned by the Local Planning Authority, it is passed onto the local council for approval. In most cases, the local council rejects the OPD application, due to reservations of foreign ‘eco-warriors’ settling in their locality. The Planning Authority, however, sides with the OPD applicant and overrules the council’s decision. The animosity of the local people against the scheme is a major cause for upheaval, leading to social ostracisation and tensions.

Number and Outcomes of OPD Application STEP 1: Choose a site

Approved Locally

[ 33 ] STEP 2: Draft Management Plan

Refused Locally

[ 22 ] STEP 3: Planning Application

[6]

Approved at Appeal

STEP 4: Decision-Delegated Commitee

[8]

Withdraw/Cancelled

STEP 5: Implementation and Monitoring

Upon securing a parcel of land suitable enough for their OPD proposal, the applicants must begin a long strenuous process of preparing a ‘Management Plan’ that will provide a detailed outline of the existing conditions on the land and how the applicants plan to utilize it in future. The document amounting to hundreds of pages is based on the seven points listed in the Practice Guidelines from land management strategies to community impact. The business model strategies and their financial plans to survive on landbased activities are also presented. Many applicants have to rely on external consultants and field experts to assist them with baseline reports and assessments of the land. FoodPrints

Fig 19.Appeal Application Data Source-OPD management plan by Runqi Ye

Fig 18.OPD Challenge-Application drawing by Reshma Susan Mathew

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33 OPD Policy application and Challenge

They live in what can only be termed a rural slum and claim to make a living on a couple of acres from selling eggs. The whole thing is an eyesore.

I am 90% self sufficient in terms of vegetables but I need to get oils and rice from outside.

I work as a horticulturist 3 days a week and rest of the time tend to my OPD. I also teach young people how to work with the land.

Fig 20

Use of the Welsh Language on One planet Development STEP 1: Choose a site

Fluent Welsh Speaker STEP 2: Draft Management Plan

Speak some Welsh or Actively Learing STEP 3: Planning Application

STEP 4: Decision-Delegated Commitee

STEP 5: Implementation and Monitoring

Assuming the applicant is successful in their process once they set up their OPD farm, they have a five year incubation period to switch to the OPD lifestyle. In most cases, the farms regenerate into more healthy ecosystems with richer biodiversity. The one planet developers can live off the land in sustainable manner, with creative and many varied methods. All farms produce very different products from one another and they are able to operate small businesses that sell to the nearest community. From manure, honey, oat milk to skin care products, the farms produce great many goods and also conduct workshops and trainings for other environment enthusiasts like themselves. However, the income generated is just enough to operate the farm and not build long-term savings for contingency needs. Therefore several participants have second jobs outside the OPD farm, that they perform for roughly three days a week. The applicants also come from very highly skilled professions allowing them to support their career on a part-time basis whilst building an OPD to reduce their EF. FoodPrints

Despite the successful farming activity on the farm, the locals still regard the OPD participants with animosity. They do not see eye to eye and at times tensions have also seen the situation erupt. This is largely due to the local trepidation surrounding the newcomers (who are seldom from Wales) on the landscape they call home. The new lifestyle and policy has not been able to bridge the cultural differences and have left the locals feeling like their traditional way of farming is under threats of encroachment

There have been several instances where when the OPD Application is put forth to the Local Council, the council rejects the proposal however the LPA who is not located in the immedeate vicinity of the OPD Site overrides the decision of the Council to sanction the OPD. The local community refers snarkily to members of the OPD as “ecowarriors” and in their eyes the environmentally friendly efforts look like attempts to grab their land. The small structures built also does not appeal to the eye who have been conditioned to see the lush green landscape as their home. The constant friction between the community and the OPD applicants has the potential to back fire on the applicants who rely heavily on the community to support their business plan. An acrimonious social environment also makes for a very unsustainable living community.

Fig 20.Application Challeng Drawing by Reshma Susan Mathew

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35 OPD Current Scheme

Pembokeshire

Camarthenshire

Pembokeshire

Ceredigion

Number of Applications

Camarthenshire

Ceredigion Pembs Coast NPA Pembokeshire

Pembs Coast NPA

Powys

Camarthenshire

Ceredigion

Since its inception in 2010, the One Planet Developement Policy has had 43 approved applications with 45 single unit OPDs. In its thirteen years, the policy has unfortunately not attracted anywhere close to the necessary numbers of the population to prove effective preservation of the climate. A lot of these farms are concentrated around the southern area of Wales. This is suspected to be due to the more affordable land prices, comparatively flatter terrain and allegedly more productive land. The lack of eager participants who wish to partake in the scheme, is due to several reasons. Access to land is the first. The singular importance given to the ecological footprint also makes sustainable living a far more complicated process tha nnecessary. Without a government framework that extends beyond just the individual, the policy proves to risky for people to sign up to. The scepticism of thelocal community towards the scheme has further worsened its appeal.

Powys

Brecon Beacons NPA

Pembs Coast NPA

Brecon Beacons NPA

Caerphilly Powys

Caerphilly

Denbighshire Brecon Beacons NPA

Fig 21

Denbighshire Caerphilly

Legend Denbighshire

UrbanLegend Area Urban Area

Planning Authority Area Planning Authority Area

Fig 25 FoodPrints

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Fig 25

Fig 21. Density of individual OPD farms in Wales: The map illustrates the location of each OPD farm that exists at present in Wales. by Runqi YE

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37 OPD 12 cases study

49 Over the last 13 years, since its inception in 2010 the OPD Policy has produced a total of 45 approved applications, as of January 2023. Save that of the one Rhiw Las, most of them are all single unit type of OPDs. The area they occupy vary greatly from 2 to 15 acres per site and each is occupied by a small group of people usually a nuclear family. Each site has an eco-home and also a small collection of other structures that are more temporary and can be moved around. Thesee support the various land based activities on site, These are indicated in the diagram above. Upon studying the land management plans prepared by the applicants we are able to study in depth the impact they have on the landscape and region. In the larger scale, we observed that the OPD sites tend to be concentrated in the southern part of Wales. This could be due to the more accessible land prices and availability in the region when compared to the North of the country.

01 Lily Pond Farm

07 Coed Allt Goch

02 Baradwys 08 Land at Cryn-Fryn

03 Allt Cefn Ffynnon

04 Perllan Herberdeg

05 Pencoed

06 Parc y Rhodyn

09 Parc y Dwr

10 Pwll Broga

11 Golwg y Gwenyn

05 12

0910 06

12 Clyfiw

02 04 Fig 26

Legend OPD Location

OPD Area

Dwelling

Fig 26. Comparative chart of 12 sample OPD projects- The chart compares each project in terms of size, number of residents, built structures and products manufactured. Fig 27.The location chart highlighting the location of the sample sites. Fig 22. Comparative chart of 12 sample OPD projects- The chart compares each project in terms of size, number of residents, built structures and products by Runqi Ye

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Greenhouse

Courses

Wood Products

Stock Room

Dairy Products

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Fig 27

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Fig 22

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39 OPD Current Challenge

Economy

Community

Fragmented ecological systems due to the individual nature of the policy

Lack of funding for the Local Planning Authority (LPA) leaves most sanctioned OPDs unchecked and without support or regulations.

Places the complete onus of climate action on individuals without any infrastructure for collective efforts or government scale intervention.

No reduction the ecological footprint of the country as the main and larger sources of carbon emissions continue to persist unchecked.

Financially risky as purchase of land and application process cost heavily and require a great time commitement as well.

Alien to the local community in implementation as it fails to create easy entry points for them.

Ecology

Fig 23 Fig 24

In the larger region of Wales, it becomes very apparent that all the projects are concentrated in the southern and coastal parts of the country. If we analyse the locations of the OPD sites, based on the land type categories they occupy- an additonal pattern emerges. The land type categories broadly classify the landscape into categories like grasslands, forest types, scrub lands to name a few. Majority of the sites had chosen grassland types to build on. Some of them had pieces of forest groves in them but they were very few. This maybe the most suitable option for variable land based

‘One Size Fits All’ approach that lacks a variety in design and provides only one rigid option for interested parties. Ecological Footprint is forced into the scale of an individual plot and house making for very unreasonably complicated caluclations where a more qualitative measure of tangible land regenerations should be documented and promoted.

Fig 23. OPD Suitability Map - OPD Suitability Map indicating all areas available for an OPD if parameters from previous figure are accepted as standards Data Source- DataMapWales, Welsh Government. Landmap Landscape Habitats, 2017 Edition. Downloaded [March 2023] DataMapWales, Welsh Government. Predictive Agricultural Land Classification (ALC) Map 2, 2019 Edition. Downloaded [March 2023]

FoodPrints

Neglects surrounding community adn operates in isolation regardless of their interests and connection to the landscape.

Fig 24.OPD Challenge by Parth Mehta

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Fig 26. Richard and Cai’s sketches by Wenxue Hu

Richard Edwards-‘the Stickfarmer’ Founder of Clo Carbon Cymru also a Welsh farmer and climate activist. Cai Matthews Founder of Clo Carbon Cymru.

Q: Basically, it shows locations such as North Wales which is very hot land. But most of the OPD is located south of it. So, we think that might be what’s causing the price problem. Is there an issue of ownership or something like that happening?

Q: In the international context, when examining factors such as ecological footprint and carbon emissions, terms like agricultural productivity and soil quality frequently enter the conversation. How exactly do these terms contribute to our comprehension of carbon impact, a critical factor in addressing the climate crisis?

Cai: Possibly. There’s a disparity in general in. Richard: North Wales and South Wales. Even so it’s only 100 odd miles there is. It’s black and white. It really stark difference. I just think about that. I have never, traditionally, none even how, traditionally it is, but the habit has always been that west Wales, purely because of the space, the open spaces and the beauty has attracted a large number of people, people from all over the world, even from, the early 1960s when they can hippies flower power. The culture of, moving away from the cities and where you could give up all the parcel, the pain of him to work in an office and you could work land and grow your own food. Extremely, you too, Ian. However, and in all honesty of the hundreds and hundreds of tried it, very few succeed. If I have friends who move into areas of West Wales on the dream of living off the land, I’ve been telling them, you do it and they’ll go. We will. And they don’t.

Cai: So local quality is a big one, shouting at me from there as well because we do a lot of it or we’re doing a lot of work around that. And lots of people claim lots of things about soil carbon. It’s an area worth or maybe not on the broader sense but if you were to investigate just soil quality and what that actually means to different people, then you could probably apply the vagueness to all of these. For example, the broadness of that statement, like what is good soil quality? There isn’t necessarily a sensors, especially around soil carbon. Yum so it’s not just how these relate to each other that might bear scrutiny, but it’s actually these measurements themselves. Obviously. That’s the one that just jumped out to me cuz there’s a lot of people making a lot of claims about, so how much carbon is in there.

Cai: I would say so and mid possibly from a from a planning application type of standpoint there does seem to be prejudice for development in. The southern part of Wales as opposed to the north whether that plays into things being green lit or not in this regard, I’m not sure but this area is 100% the most aspirational alternative lifestyle area in Wales. Richard: For sure. Interestingly if you look at our history you go back to. The 11th century when the the Normans invaded Britain quite a lot of. Oh, this area of Wales and here where these one planets are we handed over to barons and to dukes and then you brought with them. That’s how, culture of surf them where the Lord of the manner run the man, I don’t know, everyone worked for him or her. Politically, that whole area is a conservative. It’s got nothing. There’s no socialism there at all.

Fig 25. Coed Talylan Farm Satellite image.

FoodPrints

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Fig 28. Tao’s sketche by Wenxue Hu

Tao Paul Wimbush Founder of the Lammas Ecovillage, Wales and one of the earliest applicants of the OPD Policy.

Q: Could you provide an overview of the history of the Lammas Ecovillage, a highly regarded and innovative ecocommunity known for its rational and exciting approach to sustainable living? Tao: About the history of Lammas Ecovillage Cooperative. So basically myself and some others in 2005 got together, because we were all from the alternative community culture in West Wales. We were like what we need to do is getting get an equivalent through the plannings. We need to make this lifestyle more accessible, you need to make it more accessible to people and so we worked how does the 3 best at the beginning and we put together a plan and we were very lucky. There was a planning initiative in Pembrokeshire called low impact development which suggested that some kind of large scale off grid development was possible. We found this land, negotiated to buy this land, put together up are planning application and around that time that’s when we formalized the project and created a society society limited that was gonna carry the legal take the legal role project we then we spent three years in the planning system you finally got planning permission and then, and, as I said earlier the cooperative is now from date? But it did what it was meant to do, in that it enabled us to, to create this project and the local policy the permission policy called low impact development what became evolved into the Welsh policy. We got scaled up that evolved into the Welsh policy. So we did what we set out to do. Q: What word your thoughts on with your OPD policy in terms of how to expand the policy? Tao: The OPD policy itself provides quite a good framework to assess. I bro sustainable land based. The problem actually I think isn’t with the policy itself is with the application of. First of all, they’re making sure that the application is. Absolutely meticulously met on every single point. They also throw obstacles in the way, require, bring things that aren’t necessary, really, things like logical surveys something like that. They also take a super long time. At the moment, it’s not uncommon for no OPD application to wait 12 to 24 months before a first decision. Okay. And then they’ll refuse it. And it, so it just makes the whole process very bureaucratic, very over. Now, it doesn’t have to be that way. When the opt policy first came out, this guidance first came out, so between, say, 2012,2015. The applications that we’re going through were really quite straightforwards. Yes,

Fig 27. Lammas Ecovillage

FoodPrints

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there was a management plan, maybe 60,80 pages, and ecology report, and but that was kind of it. The planning authorities were processing applications in about 12 weeks but it was basically, it was I was working, but what happened was there was some political resistance to it. Plus, there have been a few, high profile cases of applications that should have been passed that were turned out both locally and appeal and Cardiff, good people who are living one planet lifestyles who they should have been given planning permission and got turned down unreasonably. And so that has so far for potential applicants coming forward has created serious reservations. First of all, so to give you a general idea to do an OPD application at the moment it’s gonna cost between 6000 pounds and 8000 pounds, something like that and it’s gonna take two years. And there’s something like 75% chance of getting it assuming it’s a good application. And this is a man less quiet so very encouraging box. And so that’s that has put people off reduce the number of applications. Q: Is there a need for any modifications to the policy itself? Tao: TAN 6 contains the actual one Planet development policy within the one panic development policy itself. There it provides provision for one planet development in the open countryside and also one planet development on the age of settlement. Now, the One Planet development on the open countryside has got practice guidance. And that’s in a way that the proper policies. But one planet development in the on the age of settlement or within a settlement boundary has never been explored. So there’s a whole side to one product development that’s never been covered now and this is particularly relevant to you in your course of burdenark because the there practice guidance as you’ve been reading it is geared towards one planet developments in the open countryside. And in particular, there’s a there’s like there are requirements that wouldn’t don’t necessarily aren’t necessarily as appropriate if you’re within or on the edge of a settlement for example, the production of fuel. On a OPD’s, generally there’s quite a large area set aside to grow biomass, to grow fuel, to hate, to heat the house, to heat the water at least maker sometimes as many as three or five acres are set aside. And and so that wouldn’t necessarily be appropriate with an opt on the edge of settlement so it and similarly some of the other productivity requirement wouldn’t be so it’s so appropriate. And so I think there is the possibility for a whole new type of one planet development

if you’re situated on the edge of a village or within a village or within a town or something like that which is more based on the lifestyle, footliving one panic footprint and less. On being productive with the land itself so I think there’s massive potential to scale. Q: What challenges do you perceive in the context of multiunit One Planet Development (OPD) based on the limited number of cases available? Tao: That’s the challenge with it. That’s the challenge. The, it creates lots of question. So let’s just say you have a 10 unit OPD application. You have to put together a business plan. Is it what? So if it’s one business plan, the coordination like who does what job and who gets paid is very, very complex. And so, have you made it with any community the more points nodes of interaction, the more complex that has to be the more complex it is the more time you spend in meetings trying to work things out. The more you have to work interpersonal relations. And so I think that’s, the policy isn’t very well the policy says that it can handle multi unit application, but it’s not very well geared to do that. And the reporting as well complicated. So like in the beginning we cuz you have we have to send an annual rule pause to the planners. In the beginning with the court here at Lammas we coordinated all the nine plots and compiled it all and then sent those off. But it was it’s kind, it’s, it’s kind of, what happened was, and because we worked as a whole, some of the plots, well, were performing better than requirement. Some of the plots will perform less well. And that built up tensions within the community because some people were working harder to meet the planning.

Landscape Urbanism

Fig 30. Wycliffe, Erica and Chris’s sketches by Wenxue Hu

Dr. Chris Vernon and Dr. Erica Thompson & Sylvie Michielon and Wycliffe Tippins OPD Applicants in the Rhiw Las unit

Q: But then the OPD policy has although envisioned as a very good policy, it has not managed to attract the number of required people, create an impact. So then we want to get from your perspective, also as people who are already on the scheme, how you think it can be better or how it can be. Sylvie: I think one of the biggest problem the policy is that it’s really difficult for the planning people to then enforce it. For example, we are only at 6 now. You have five years within the op ed policy to kind of set up and to achieve your goals of starting to build your house, and having a long base business. But every year you submit the monitoring report, but that no one has ever got. We submit it every year and no one ever comes back to us. And I don’t think anyone even looks. I don’t know if they do, but it doesn’t seem like anyone is interesting, interested in what we’re doing in the planet, because they’re really busy. So it’s really hard, I think. That, I think, is a real challenge for the policy. Sylvie: It’s very new and it does attract people. I think also from our perspective, I mean, we did it. We bought land 10 years ago now. But people that are now trying to get into do a one planet, lots of people don’t find land. So finding land is not around yet. You would get farms of 100 acres. So you have to find a farmer that’s willing to split the land. It is more parcel. And I said. Wycliffe: Or it might be a small farmer who goes out of business and and they serve a small farm. But actually the small farms are the ones that we kind of want to continue to exist for. And there isn’t really an overall, well, there is an overall improvement, but it’s lesser than if we were taking a the piece of ordinary. But also there’s a big problem with local knowledge of the policy, I think, because most people that have an OPD. Frequently from England, frequently of a certain class and education, and they’re the people who I first all interested in climate change related stuff, people who are educating that stuff and so on. Whereas one of the big criticisms we get when we make an application is that such and such a local farmer wanted to build a house for their son and they weren’t allowed. So why should these newcomers be allowed? And that’s because they didn’t know the police existed and they didn’t know that option was available for their set.

Fig 29. Rhiw Las Farm

FoodPrints

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Sylvie: Oh, but also to put together an application. If you see our application, it’s really big. It’s a book and it’s like, so we all have degrees here. We know how to tie tackle something quite academic. But all these farmers that you just look at it, you go like it’s a big undertaking. And I think if it could be made more simple that way, then it would be more accessible to people that maybe don’t have that kind of heady ability, you know, I mean, looking at the application as, because we did it in a group of four houses, so we kind of split tasks as well. And Chris America are really clever, so they did a lot of the numbers and but it’s quite tricky, really.

Q: You said you work three days a week? Wycliffe: Yes, I actually have to travel to work now. Okay, I want to work more locally, but I still have to work. I’m a further education teacher. So it’s been a while, but, so the income, we get our kind of our basic needs income from the land, as in every year, we calculate basically that which is the food you buy, which is pain, which is the energy to produce. And but of course that definition basically doesn’t all the money you spend in the year. So most of the money you spend in the year isn’t those things. Those things are paid for by my.

Q: From Tao we know that authority don’t follow up and they don’t check five years and things like that but have you made changes to this the way you had set out from your application? And do you think there’s a way in which the planning office could make it more flexible?

Q: If you can tell us more about how you manage the land here within the plot itself, and even across the four plots, if you have like exchanges or if there are relationships that exist between that could be intersected.

Wycliffe: I think I don’t think it matters that with the plan you’ve got, your plan has several parts. One plan that is what you intend to build and that obviously has to stay very close to propose. Then the other part is the business you propose to have. And really, I think this is the case of a lot of things. If you were applying for a loan or something like that, the business plan really is proving that you can plan a business, but actually in real.

Wycliffe: Regarding that, the whole plot and we discussed this a lot when we first bind the land, because there were some ideas at the beginning of it being an intentional community where we had lots meals together or, like decision being made on actually. And we did some research, we found that actually most communities have got big problems and so we came to the decision that, and if we all own our own pieces of land as a freehold, then community.

Sylvie: Life it’s likely to change that says from when we wrote the application to when we started doing it, there was like 6,7 years. So then we had children and then we learn stuff and things change. So actually one part of our business still the same, the natural law, yes, but we were gonna have a microdairy and have two cows and make cheese because we lacks bacon, cheese, and instead we now may go to milk. And it’s completely changed because just Learned about having big animals and we just decided. But there’s loads of things you can do with herbs, with with loads with craft woods working, you know, this times of that. But until you they’re doing it, you don’t really know. And a lot of us come from cities, so we didn’t have this lifestyle. You can just imagine what it’s gonna be like. But then it can change. But they don’t mind if your plan changes. What they want to see is that you’d be able to achieve the same kind of target that you set out. If you say, to live a lifestyle, we need to make £8000 a year from the land. And as long as you make that, you can change your business plan.

Q:Do you feel a difference in the way the land is now since when you came? Like it has it. Sylvie: We do everything or raised beds. So everything that we all our food that we grow is kind of raised by then. We build the soil. So every year we fertilize and put money all in it. So when you’re growing on small parcel, you need but and then the old we don’t do much to improve the land up there, but also are really tough and they can grow our marginal land. But so the problem in Wales is with the soil is that you have quite acidic soil because it rains much. So often if you want to grow a crop, you need to put lime down to bring the pH to pay more Arkallian. We’ve had an ecological survey done when we first bought the land, because you have to for the policy. And then we had it done on year 5, so last year, and the same guy came back and he wrote a really good report. So the biodiversity improved massively. Of course, we’re creating all the small Landscape Urbanism

47 mic climate and different it. Before it was just filled with grass. Everywhere was the same and even if the guy was kind of doing it from a culture, but he had lots of cows here, so there was just a grazing field and now there’s all these little pockets of environment that create much better conditions for wildlife to thrive. So there’s a lot more birds. Q: You mentioned speaking to farmers nearby and things like that’s what is like the relationship around the farms nearby. Do they also like take interest in the OPD ? Wycliffe: But they couldn’t turn their farm into something like what we’ve got and still be able to make money in anything like the way that they do now. Like they’re trying to produce, let’s say they’re trying to produce milk and they’re selling it to a wholesaler. They have to sell it for a very cheap price and in order to do that they have to be very intensive and and they, and in order to make members work they have to have a very large number of cars and you have lots of machines and you do all like they’re working really hard desperately trying to keep ahead of the water and and probably from their point of view, we seem really evident if they probably think oh, they don’t really need to make any rid of this land it’s just the game for them so I can see the point of view. And it’s true we couldn’t actually I mean if we wanted to thunder entire lifestyle from this land we would have to work different. You need to work much harder it would be. We probably would end up looking a bit more like that.

Wycliffe: We have to buy, find them from elsewhere our current milk is about, it’s about half and half our oats. We like to mix it a bit so the flavor doesn’t change and, and then maybe later new, yes, we run out of our relation, okay, but it’s that we buy organic goods and index. It would be nice if we could buy it from a Welsh producer, but as far as we have found, there is no one producing oats for human consumption in nearly all. It’s a grandfather. Q: The other oats that you use in the making of the milk, are you buy from elsewhere? Wycliffe: We have to buy, find them from elsewhere our current milk is about, it’s about half and half our oats. We like to mix it a bit so the flavor doesn’t change and, and then maybe later new, yes, we run out of our relation, okay, but it’s that we buy organic goods and index. It would be nice if we could buy it from a Welsh producer, but as far as we have found, there is no one producing oats for human consumption in nearly all. It’s a grandfather.

Q: Another question We have is regarding public infrastructure in Wales because you’re out here very remotely located and you to kids to travel hours to work. How about their school and things like that? Wycliffe: We have to use cars. We have in the original plan we talk about and using public transport where we can. Actually, there isn’t really new public transport. Well, there is but it’s so bad that it’s not West. Yes. And things like Chris next door has an electric bike which uses for the for the kids school run. We don’t do that basically. We do have to use a car. So, I would love to use electric car. So we are still reliant on cars. Sylvie: That’s I think that’s one of the difficult part of doing the opening the open countryside. And that’s what the planners are worry about all. I think all these people spread about driving everywhere. It’s much better to be in a center. Wycliffe: It’s pretty much half of our basic needs. So if we didn’t have a car, we don’t have see produce half as much.

Q: Why have you not bought an electric car? Is it too expensive? Wycliffe: Maybe 300 pounds market, but that’s expensive still. And also it’s doubtful that I would want to use it for my driving to work in England. I’m not sure that it would be easy. Sylvie: During the winter Barely have enough electricity to run the house. In this way we would have to take the car out to charge. Wycliffe: And then you’re relying on grid, okay, but then again, grid electricity is not as bad as it used to be. I think, for instance, the if we were to use a petrol generator in the winter, for instance, which we do not do, we did, the inefficiency of a petrol generator would be so great that we may as well be. Okay so there’s no point having other days. We just have to adjust our lifestyle and winter so that we don’t need to use as much. Interesting. Which isn’t so hard because we burn wood.

Q: How do you produce goods to sell to locals? Wycliffe: This Oat milk. So we sell that to a local shop and there are people that buy that and we have a bottle return scheme, so that they they buy a bottle at the beginning and then they exchange a little bottle from four bottles and we wash the bottles again. That’s how it goes. So, as we see it because we do everything on site and because, and as much as we can is using solar and not all of the eggs we use. And this is the ones we grow because we can’t grow in efforts to ingredients in this. But you’re going efforts to count towards our kind of basically, was, I think basically it’s a really ecological way to do it. I suppose. Maybe sell it locally. We have basically, we have our journey to the shop and if anyone wants it on the way, okay, then we give it some directly as well. And there’s a few other people that we directly sell to. So there are some direct and the biggest.

Q: The other oats that you use in the making of the milk, are you buy from elsewhere?

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Fig 31. Group photos with the interviewee

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References 1. One Planet Council. (2011). How does One Planet Development support the duties of public bodies under new Welsh legislation? Briefing Paper, One Planet Council. [Report] 2. Edwards, R. (2023, March 27). Climate Breakdown and Wales [Interview]. Interview by Team. 3. Evans, C., & Necke, K. (2021, August 16). House prices in Wales rising highest, says Rightmove. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-58203740 [News Article] 4. Welsh Assembly Government. (2019). One Wales: One Planet. Scheme of the Welsh Assembly Government. [Report] 5. Land Use Consultants & the Positive Development Trust. (2012). Wales Planning Policy Development Programme-Practice Guidance OPD-TAN 6. Planning for Sustainable Rural Communities. Bristol: Welsh Government. [Report] 6. One Planet Council. (2022). Review of One Planet Development in Wales, 2010-2021. Review Report, Cardiff: One Planet Council. [Report] 7. Sylvie. (2023, March 27). Multi-unit OPD possibilities [Interview]. Interview by Team. 8. Vernon, C., & Erica. (2023, March 27). How can the OPD Policy reach more people? [Interview]. Interview by Team. 9. National Assembly for Wales. (2015). Well-being of Future Generations (Wales) Act 2015. Act of Parliament. Cardiff: Welsh Government. [Legislation] 10. Welsh Government. (n.d.). Climate Action Wales. Retrieved January 30, 2023, from https://www.gov.wales/climate-action-wales. [Web Resource] 11. Wimbush, T., & Team 4. (2023, March 27). The Story of Lammas and One Planet Development [Interview].

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Expanding the new policy

CHAPTER 03

FoodPrints

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New Policy Introduction:

The FoodPrints policy is an expansion of the original OPD policy, aiming to establish a comprehensive policy framework that extends the principles of a One-Planet Lifestyle. It seeks to integrate and involve local farmers and communities in this policy framework. The Food Prints policy leverages local land policies to advance various collaborative models, enhancing support for local farmers and simultaneously fostering localized food systems. In the original policy framework, applicants were required to meet strict conditions, including land ownership, which presented a significant challenge for many due to the high cost of local land. Recognizing this limitation, our new policy has taken a more inclusive approach. It has expanded the eligibility criteria for new applicants, allowing those without land to participate. This expansion involves the strategic use of untapped local resources, with local organizations playing a key role in efficiently mobilizing these resources. As a result, the policy has become more accessible to a wider range of individuals, fostering greater inclusivity within the program. This development represents a positive step

Council Farms have a multifaceted approach to land management. They can acquire land from retiring farmers or landowners. New applicants, in the initial five years, have the option to lease land from Council Farms. Following five years of training and meeting specific sustainability criteria, they can then acquire land through CLT associations. The entities engaged in this initiative encompass several categories, Moreover, Council Farms, existing farmers, and OPD applicants can including newcomers without land, existing OPDs , current farmers, collaboratively establish Farmer Clusters based on shared production retiring farmers, and landowners. Within this framework, three needs and land availability. When the need arises for expansion, primary types of organizations play a central rolew: Council Farm, these Farmer Clusters have the capability to jointly purchase land, Farmer Clusters, and Community Land Trusts (CLTs). The primary evolving into a Community Land Trust (CLT). Once again, the purpose of these organizations is to facilitate land acquisition for acquisition of land for CLTs can occur through the retirement of applicants participating in the program. landowners or the application of Right to Buy policies.

Council Farm

A council farm is a piece of agricultural land or property that falls under the ownership and operation of a local government council or municipal authority. These farms have a historical origin dating back to the late 19th century when they were first established with the aim of providing accessible opportunities for individuals to enter the farming profession. Remarkably, they continue to fulfill this mission today, offering avenues into agriculture, particularly for young people who may otherwise struggle to find a path into farming. Pembrokeshire County Council farms comprises a collection of 44 well-equipped farm holdings. These holdings vary in size, ranging from 30 to 150 acres, with a cumulative land area encompassing approximately 4,500 acres.

Farmer Cluster

Farmer Clusters are groups formed by farmers, agricultural organizations, researchers, and others in a specific area. These groups bring together small farms to work as a team, sharing both benefits and challenges. These collaborations help small farmers who might struggle on their own. Within a Farmer Cluster, members combine their knowledge, resources, and decision-making. They can grow crops, raise animals, and use sustainable farming practices more effectively. They also team up for marketing and buying supplies in bulk, saving money. Farmer Clusters are not just about working together; they also promote learning and innovation. They offer access to modern farming methods, technology, and training. This helps farmers adapt to new trends and solve problems in farming.

Rights to buy

The “Right to Buy” is a policy in the United Kingdom that grants tenants residing in publicly-owned housing, typically provided by local authorities or housing associations, the opportunity to purchase their homes at a price lower than the market value. This policy was introduced with the dual aim of promoting homeownership and affording tenants the chance to transition from renting to owning the property they call home. While specific implementation details of the Right to Buy scheme can vary across different regions of the UK, such as England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, the fundamental principles remain quite similar. Under this policy: 1. Discounted Purchase Price 2. Eligibility Criteria 3. Discount Limits 4. Selling the Property 5. Repurchase Restrictions 6. Impact on Housing Stocks

Community land Trust

A Community Land Trust (CLT) is a nonprofit entity established with the purpose of overseeing and managing land for the collective well-being of a specific community or a group of stakeholders. Its primary aim is to ensure secure and affordable access to land and housing while granting the community a role in determining how the land is developed and utilized. Key features are : 1. Collective ownership 2. Affordable Housing 3. Long-Term Stewardship 4. Community Involvement 5. Sustainablility 6 .Asset lock 7. Local Autonomy

Community Wealth Fund

A Community Wealth Fund is a strategic approach designed to amass and effectively use financial assets for the collective well-being of a community or a particular region. It typically entails the establishment and management of a combined fund, which can be funded through a diverse range of sources, including public funds, private investments, philanthropic donations, and various financial contributions. Key features are : 1. Resources Accumulation 2. Community Ownership 3. Long-term Impact 4. Diverse Investment Strategire 5. Community Empowerment 6. Financial Sustainability 7. Alignment with Local Goals

Fig 32. FoodPrints Pathway by Runqi YE

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New Policy Introduction: In addition to broadening the eligibility criteria for applicants, the new policy introduces several policy monitoring components. The newly established Foodprints Council is an extension of the initial OPD Council. It collaborates with political leaders, technical advisors, and local farmers to collect data for the benefit of local farmers and to create initiatives tailored to local land conditions, market demand, and the requirements of farmers. Furthermore, it assumes responsibility for facilitating the exchange of information among farms, including the organization of workshops, market days, and other related activities.

The policy not only safeguards the interests of participants but also facilitates the integration of locally produced goods into community resources like schools, hospitals, and stores. This integration serves as a stimulus for the local economy, promoting its growth and vitality.

Public Wealth Building

Public wealth building is a strategic approach focused on creating and expanding assets and resources owned or overseen by the public sector, typically government bodies. The core concept of this approach is to generate and handle these assets in ways that foster economic stability, reduce inequality, and enhance the overall quality of life for a community or a nation. Key features: 1. Public Ownership 2.Asset Accumulation 3. Asset Management 4.Local Economic Development 5 .Community Engagement 6. Sustainability 7. Reducing Inequality 8. Long-Term Thinking

Public Institution Public Wealth Building

public institutions can explore collaborative procurement efforts within the region. By joining forces with other institutions, they can aggregate demand for local products, reducing costs for local suppliers and streamlining procurement processes.Through these strategies, public institutions not only fulfill their core roles but also contribute to the growth and sustainability of local businesses, bolstering the local economy and enhancing the overall quality of life for Welsh citizens.

Fig 33 FoodPrints Pathway by Runqi YE

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57 FoodPrints Council Meeting Senario

Existing Farmer

FoodPrints Council-Decision Maker

FoodPrints Council-Tech Advisor

New Applicant(with no land)

Retiring Farmer

FoodPrints Pathway:

Fig 34

Path to program enrollment

Fig 34.Discuss with agencies involved differentroles. by Wenxue Hu

Cooperative mode / Eligibility Requirement

Monitoring System /Local Benefit

FoodPrints Council:

The FoodPrints Council serves as a professional intermediary, facilitating the connection between those without land resources, local farmers in need, and individuals lacking agricultural experience but interested in joining the policy. Through this platform, they can exchange insights, share resources, and collectively work toward a common objective, giving rise to diverse farmer clusters that remain aligned with the overarching concept of One Planet Life. It has adopted a collaborative model inspired by the original OPD policy. The stringent adherence of existing OPD applicants to the One Planet Life guidelines, which involve calculating Ecological Footprints, has unintentionally led to their detachment from local customs and practices. To address this challenge effectively, the council aims to broaden access to individuals who are aware of and enthusiastic about participating in this partnership. This expansion includes original OPD Applicants, existing land farmers, and retired farmers.

Public Wealth Building

Fig 35

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Fig 35. FoodPrints Pathway by Runqi YE

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References 1. Farmer Clusters: Working Together to Achieve More. (2017, March 21). Natural England Blog. https://naturalengland.blog.gov.uk/2017/03/21/farmer-clustersworking-together-to-achieve-more/ 2. Farmer Clusters. (n.d.). https://www.farmerclusters.com/ 3. Cornwall Council. (n.d.). How to Apply for a Council Farm. https://www. cornwall.gov.uk/environment/land-and-property/farming-in-cornwall/howto-apply-for-a-council-farm/ 4. Gov.uk. (n.d.). Total Income from Farming in England - Provisional Estimate for 2021 [Statistical Notice]. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/totalincome-from-farming-in-england/total-income-from-farming-in-englandprovisional-estimate-for-2021-statistical-notice 5. Gov.wales. (n.d.). Farming Facts and Figures 2022. https://www.gov.wales/ farming-facts-and-figures-2022 6. Gov.uk. (n.d.). Use Land Property Data Service. https://use-land-propertydata.service.gov.uk/datasets/inspire/download

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Simulation on Pilot Site

CHAPTER 04

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Rural Transportation Challenges In the context of rural Wales, with rolling fields and extensive farmlands over hilly terrain, transport forms a criticial component of development plans and daily life of local community. For the One Planet Development (OPD) applications, one of the seven goals include being able to manage transportation emissions and costs within the proposed business plan. Given the remote locations of the OPD farmlands and the isolated nature of settlements in the terrain individually curbing emissions due to transport becomes a complex issue. Currently, the 38 existing OPD sites are often characterized by isolation and limited community cooperation, resulting in relatively minimal coordination between multiple agents to efficiently tackle transportation at this stage. There is also several transport requirements to be met due to the thriving land-based business operating on site. Without adequate public transport connecting all parts of the country, it is difficult to place the onus of reducing transport emissions on the individual. This raises the question of whether the OPD policy is sufficiently geared to mitigate transportation emissions for applicants in rural settings. The report by the CPRE countryside charity, in 2020 reveals that more than half of small towns in the south west and north east of England are already transport deserts, or are at serious risk of becoming one. Cuts to local bus services are making this situation worse, impacting over 3000 bus routes between 2010 and 2018. That’s more than one bus route being taken away from town and village residents every single day for the last 8 years. (Chris Hinchliff, 2020) Through a comprehensive analysis of data and extensive fieldwork, we have identified significant challenges faced by rural farmers in promoting sustainable modes of transportation, such as walking, cycling, and public transit. These challenges primarily stem from factors such as the remote location of farms, road conditions, and limited access to public transportation.

Fig 36

Fig 36.Pilot site Context map-Pilot site transportation issue and OPD sites isolation challenge. Data Source-Points of Interest. by Wenxue Hu

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Rural Housing Challenges Wales has an acute shortage of housing today. Research commissioned by the Welsh Government estimates that over 14,000 new homes are needed every year in Wales for the next 15 years. This is in addition to existing unmet need and far in excess of current levels of supply. (Jonathan Baxter,2022) In a 2020 report on the number of ‘holiday homes’ in Wales (meaning both private second homes and short-term lets), Gwynedd Council estimated that 10.76% of available housing in Gwynedd was holiday homes, with a figure of 9.15% for Pembrokeshire and 8.26% for Anglesey. By comparison, the proportion in Cardiff was 2.29%, in Swansea 1.92% and in Newport only 0.03%.(Samuel Young, 2022) The original One Planet Development (OPD) policy, a noteworthy initiative, aimed to facilitate the construction of carbon-neutral buildings in rural areas, offering an affordable alternative to traditional housing. However, acquiring land for such endeavors has proven to be a challenge in Wales, impeding the policy’s small-scale development objectives. Within the scope of the Foodprints policy, we propose a solution: local councils could acquire land to expand county farms and construct housing for farmers. This approach not only addresses the housing shortage but also aligns with the broader objectives of sustainable agriculture and rural development.

6%+ 4 to 6% 2 to 4% 0.2 to 2% Close to 0%

Fig 37

Fig 38

Fig 37.Pilot site Context map-Pilot site housing shortage and second home issue . Data Source-Points of Interest. by Wenxue Hu

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Fig 38.Wales second homes-Percentage taxed as second homes. Data Source-Statswales 2021 to 2022. by Wenxue Hu

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Facilitating Connections Wales exhibits a significant reliance on the importation of goods from foreign sources, subsequently distributing them within local markets. This practice contributes to an augmented ecological footprint, emphasizing the need for strategies aimed at bolstering the consumption of locally produced food. One of the central objectives of the Foodprints initiative is to enhance the role of locally sourced farm produce in meeting regional dietary needs. To this end, the Footprints Council assumes the pivotal role of facilitating connections between local farmers and establishments with a vested interest in sourcing regional produce, such as restaurants, hotels, markets, and retailers. Moreover, the Footprints Council actively collaborates with local associations to maximize the societal advantages stemming from this approach, thus fostering greater social benefits within the community.

Local Association

Foodprints Council

Fig 39

Fig 39.Pilot site Context map-Foodprints Council connect farmers and local association unions. Data Source-Points of Interest. by Wenxue Hu FoodPrints

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Fig 40.Foodprints Council Diagram by Runqi Ye

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Land Situation The agricultural land classification system is undeniably valuable for the government as it offers farmers insights into the quality of their land. However, it is important to acknowledge that this classification is not fixed; it evolves based on how we utilize the land. For instance, land categorized as suitable for intensive farming may deteriorate over time, while the practice of agroforestry can have the opposite effect. This dynamic nature of land quality classifications is a crucial aspect to consider. It provides us with a reference point for determining the most suitable approach to land management in order to enhance its quality. Recognizing that land quality can change over time allows us to make informed decisions about sustainable agricultural practices, ensuring the long-term viability and productivity of our land resources.

Grade 2: very good quality Grade 3a: good quality Grade 3b: moderate quality Grade 4: poor quality Grade 5: very poor quality N/A

Fig 41

Agricultural Land Classification (ALC) is a system used in England and Wales to grade the quality of land for agricultural use, according to the extent by which physical or chemical characteristics impose long-term limitations. It is used to inform planning decisions affecting greenfield sites. The system classifies land into five grades:

produces moderate yields of a narrow range of crops, low yields of a wide range of crops and high yields of grass.

Grade 1 - excellent quality agricultural land with no or very minor limitations.

Grade 5 - very poor quality agricultural land with very severe limitations which restrict use to permanent pasture or rough grazing with the exception of occasional pioneer forage crops.

Grade 2 - very good quality agricultural land with minor limitations which affect crop yield, cultivations or harvesting. Subgrade 3a – good quality agricultural land with moderate limitations that affect the choice of crop, timing and type of cultivation/harvesting or level of yield. This land can produce moderate to high yields of a narrow range of crops or moderate yields of a wide range of crops. Fig41. Agricultural Land Classification(ALC) Data Source-England and Wales ALC (2021). by Wenxue HU

FoodPrints

Grade 4 – poor quality agricultural land with severe limitations which significantly restrict the range and level of yield of crops.

Grades 1, 2 and subgrade 3a are considered within the ‘best and most versatile’ land category in the current planning system. This land is deemed the most flexible, productive and efficient in response to inputs, it is the best to deliver future crops for food and non-food uses (such as biomass, fibres and pharmaceuticals). Fig 42. Agricultural Land Classification of England and Wales. 1985

Subgrade 3b – moderate quality agricultural land with strong limitations that affect the choice of crop, timing and type of cultivation/harvesting or level of yield. This land Booklet | Term 4 . .

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Fig 44. Nant Ffrancon, Snowdonia. Enid Chiverton. 1979

Acid Grassland

LCM Type

Heather Grassland Improved Grassland

Appropriate

Constraint

Improved grasslands in Wales are often used for intensive livestock grazing, hay production, and silage making due to their higher fertility.

Soil Degradation: Intensive land use practices in improved grasslands can lead to soil degradation, erosion, and reduced long-term productivity. Biodiversity: Intensive grazing and agricultural practices can negatively affect biodiversity compared to natural grassland.

Broadleaf woodlands in Wales are primarily suitable for timber production, wildlife habitat, and recreational use. They contribute to carbon sequestration.

Timber Growth Time: Timber production in woodlands is a long-term investment, often taking several decades. Biodiversity Conservation: Clear-cutting or extensive timber harvesting can negatively impact woodland ecosystems and biodiversity.

Heather grasslands in Wales are often used for livestock grazing, particularly sheep farming. They can also provide habitat for some wildlife species.

Acid grasslands in Wales are often used for livestock grazing and may support wildflower species. They are important for biodiversity conservation.

Soil Acidity: Acid grasslands have naturally acidic soils, which can restrict agricultural productivity and require soil management for farming. Fertility: These soils may have lower nutrient levels, which can affect crop yields.

A. Improved Grassland

Broadleaf Woodland Build up areas and gardens Arable

Fig 43

B. Broadleaf Woodland

C. Heather Grassland

D. Acid Grassland

Fig 43. Land Cover Management UKCEH’s Land Cover Map (LCM) is an uninterrupted national dataset of land cover classes from grassland, woodland and fresh water to urban and suburban built-up areas. The maps provide essential information for government agencies, water companies, land managers, NGOs and researchers about the state of the British landscape, locally or nationally, and how it is changing. Knowing what habitats there are, and where, is crucial for planning developments and environmental improvements. Data Source-UK Land Cover Map (2021). by Wenxue HU

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Cropping /Grazing

Brewery

Nursery

OPD SITE Orchard

Bees

Grain

Trees

Poultrys

Fig 44

OPD-Maes Gwenyn Cilgwyn Newport, Pembrokeshire Annual Income Share of UK Agrcultural land total income from farming

Community Seasonal Feast

2000£

Craft

1980£

Fig 47

9% England

1527£

Poultry

Scotland

1370£

Bees 15%

Wales

Soft Fruit

Northern Ireland

Vegetables

900£ 1652£

68% 4145£

Orchard

Fig 45

Welsh farm holdings by type

The vast majority of Welsh landscape is farmland that is very under utilised. Recent decades of monoculture has also greatly depleted the quality and biodiversity of the land making farming on these landscape economically very unprofitable for the farmers. Many farm lands in Wales are also small in size and therefore find it near impossible to compete with the monopolies that larger farms hold over the market in cahoots with the supermarket industry. The impementation of a mixed agroforestry system of farming, similar to those practiced by the existing OPD site in the vicinity shows a very different result. The OPD site with diverse plantings and land management strategies, has managed to regenerate the landscape and support the occupants for their food, energy and water needs. It also builds a diverse economic portfolio providing better resilience to changing external conditions. In the pilot area of design, we have looked at different types of land utilisation patterns. The three main types of production on the land are crop cultivation and grazing lands, a local brewery and a few nurseries. FoodPrints

Crops and Horticulture

Most land is privately owned in Wales. The vicious trends of land ownership from across the UK have seeped into Wales as well. The days of protected common landscapes providing necessary suppport to those who needed it are long gone. Small fractions of the land are owned by the British Royal family, the military, the national forest area and some public institutions. Very little remains of the common lands.

Specialist pig and Poultry Dairy

Very Small Land

Fig 44. Pilot Site Production by Runqi Ye&Wenxue Hu Fig 45. OPD Site Annual Income Data Sources: OPD Management Plan by Runqi Ye

LFA grazing

Large corporations also look to buy up land in Wales under the guise of offseting their carbon emmisions and cover the ladn indiscriminately with forests. Although rewilding attempts are lauded, this further pushes the locals out of their own lands. The price of private land naurally sky rockets around the main city areas of Cardiff and plummets in lands that are classified as agriculturally poor productivity. These measurements are based on how suitable the land is for large scale farming and therefore not a accurate assessment of productive landscapes.

Lowland Grazing Mixed and Others

Fig 46

Fig 46. Welsh Farm Holding by type Data source:Farming Fact and Figure by Runqi Ye

Fig 47. Pilot Site-Land ownership Data Source-Land property data by Runqi Ye Fig 48. Data Source-Who owns England

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Fig 48

The misguided notions surrounding the land and its ownerships has created a very unequal society wheere a miniscule percentage of the population has access to the land. Landscape Urbanism

75 FoodPrints Council Meeting Senario

FootPrint Council -Policy Maker

It is important to discuss and negotiate feasibilty of the project with all the multiple stakeholders invovled. Under the new policy, systems are put in place to provide each stakeholder with rights to begin negotiations with others on the table. With each stakeholder given defines roles and connected to necessary supporting agencies, we have a more equitable scenario for negotiations to take place.

Biggest challenge for us land and housing pressure

We are trying to aquire more land from retiring farmers

For a new entrant into the policy with no experience in famring, the policy provides the first right to buy over council farms. It also facilitates opportunities for the new farmer to connect with other similar individuals allowing for new farming clusters to form. A farming cluster is an association of farmers that agree to share roles and responsibilities over consolidated ownership of land thereby increasing their scale of production, improving the quality of land and sharing labour and resources.

Fig 49

Fig 52

3. Additionally, we can acquire low-quality land in Newport at a very affordable cost.

The inclusion of retired farmers becomes a crucial factor when we investigate how the Foodprint program will be implemented. These people, who are driven by factors other than land sales, show real interest in the policy’s potential and look for ways to get involved. 2.

Their involvement is quite valuable. Farmers who have retired have a wealth of expertise and may engage with the younger generation, providing vital information transfer to advance sustainable agriculture.

In fact, you have the opportunity to engage in the new farmer experience if you wish to join us.

1. I’m genuinely intrigued by the Foodprint policy

There may be chances within the framework of policy to purchase less expensive, but maybe inferior, land. However, a group effort to enhance the condition of this land is able to be done by bringing together retiring farmers. Their knowledge plays a crucial role in converting these lands into productive, sustainable assets, enhancing the overall impact of the Food-print initiative.

Fig 50

For people to access land and achieve their goals, these pathways are crucial. The Food-print policy places a high priority on inclusive negotiations, ensuring that all parties can participate. Through clearly defined roles and connections to important supporting organizations, this strategy promotes fairness.

Fig 53

Opportunities are gained by newcomers, especially those with no prior farming experience. The policy welcomes new entrants by giving them priority rights to purchase council farms. Additionally, it promotes relationships, enabling farming clusters whose members share obligations and ownership of land. This scales up production, enhances the condition of the land, and promotes resource sharing.

If we join in this policy, how can we access direct sales in the local market, attain long-term security, and resolve housing concerns

Existing farmers can provide valuable contribution via resources and experience to the policy. In return, policy can offer direct access to regional markets, provide safety against long-term future and address issues related to housing.

Incorporating retired farmers is essential to the implementation of the policy. They exhibit genuine interest and actively seek involvement, driven by goals beyond land sales. Their knowledge supports sustainable agriculture and benefits the next generation.

The farmer’s participation increases the possibility of policy to be ore successful as they bring knowledge, connection and networks for fresh ideas and collaboration that can uplift ways of sustainable farming.

Opportunities under the policy could include buying less expensive, possibly inferior land. In order to make such land more productive and sustainable, retiring farmers can work together, increasing the impact of Food-print.

Each farm will form cluster farms based on their production, facilitating collaboration and synergy

Additionally, this synergy supports the Food-print policy’s goal of reviving regional agriculture. In exchange policy will foster aspirations of current farmers with engagement of more sustainable practices.

Farmers who are already in business provide essential resources and expertise. The policy provides them with immediate market access, long-term security, and housing options in exchange. Their involvement enhances the policy with information, contacts, and new partnerships, promoting sustainable farming.

Fig 49-51. FoodPrints Council Senario by Wenxue Hu& Runqi Ye Fig 54

Fig 51

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Fig 52-54. FoodPrints Pathway by Runqi Ye

In conclusion, these avenues, which include agricultural clusters, community land trusts, and community development programs, enable people to access land and realize their aspirations. They increase the impact of the Foodprint policy and promote sustainable agriculture, which is advantageous for everyone.

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77 FoodPrints Council Meeting Senario

Fig 56

Fig 57 Fig 55

The intricate relationship between production and land use in agriculture frequently presents challenges. Land holdings that are fragmented and have varying production capacities may interfere with efficiency and environmental well-being. We explore the concept of farmer clusters to handle these complexities.

Experimental farm:

Cropping farm based on crop management:

These farms practice mixed farming, giving them the freedom to experiment with various land management techniques. They act as knowledge-sharing hubs, collaborating with neighboring farmers and hosting workshops to foster cooperation. The dynamic approach of this cluster allows for continuous innovation in agricultural practices.

This cluster of small-sized lands works as a collective unit to improve production efficiency and ecological sustainability. These farms improve their productivity and environmental practices by pooling resources and labor. With greater scale, they can compete on more equal terms with larger players.

Fig 58

These farmer clusters, which are broken down into five types, offer practical solutions. They promote teamwork, resource sharing, and knowledge exchange. Farmers pool their knowledge and resources to improve land use, increase production efficiency, and promote environmental sustainability. The Experimental Farm Cluster promotes creativity and knowledge sharing. Cropping Farm Clusters bring together small landowners in order to improve productivity and land quality. Grazing Lands Clusters convert common areas into sustainable grazing areas. Farming Without Loss of Livestock Crop cultivation and animal husbandry are balanced in Rearing Clusters. Nursery Lands Clusters concentrate on plant propagation in order to enrich the environment. In the following chapters, we will look at each cluster’s specific role and how it affects production and land management FoodPrints

Fig 59

Fig 55. Farmer Clusters by Runqi Ye

Fig 60

Grazing lands:

Nursery lands:

Brewery:

These farms graze livestock on common land, encouraging community involvement. They improve the ecological sustainability of these communal areas by using sustainable grazing and cultivation practices. This cluster encourages the prudent use of shared resources.

These farms, which are made up of small plots, specialize in propagating new and native species in order to increase biodiversity. They serve as knowledge and facility sharing hubs for sapling cultivation, thereby contributing to ecological conservation efforts.

A unique institution, a well-established factory operating at an optimal scale. This entity works closely with the OPD, supplying them with high-quality ingredients to create their unique products. This collaborative synergy benefits not only the brewery’s operations but also the overall vitality of the agricultural ecosystem.

Fig 56-60. Farmer Clusters by Runqi Ye

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79 Brewery Farmer Cluster

Fig 63

Improved Grassland is cultivated land with increased productivity and biodiversity. Improved livestock forage, carbon sequestration, and habitat support are all advantages. Proposed farming clusters provide opportunities for further improvement through sustainable practices that contribute to soil health, erosion mitigation, and ecosystem resilience in accordance with Food-Print’s goals.

Fig 64

Broadleaved Woodland is distinguished by strategic management and includes cultivated areas that promote biodiversity and ecological benefits. These woodlands provide habitat, carbon sequestration, and economic potential. Opportunities exist to optimize their ecological value through sustainable forestry practices, biodiversity conservation, and integrated land management, aligning with the broader agricultural objectives, by leveraging proposed farming clusters.

Private Farm

Retiring Farm Fig 62

Using the Brewing Farmer Cluster for example, this cluster consists of a home brewery to the south, complemented by a cluster of small farms to the north, all conveniently located within a 15-minute walking distance. This cluster’s land cover is primarily composed of Improved Grassland, Broadleaved Woodland, and Suburban Grassland. Existing activities on this site include traditional farmland, rough upland grazing, and the operation of a family brewery with a long history of environmentally friendly production practices. Fig 61 Fig 61. Brewery farmer cluster by Runqi Ye Fig 62. Brewery Farmer Cluster Google Map

FoodPrints

This one-of-a-kind configuration within the Brewing Farmer Cluster provides an intriguing case study for examining the coexistence of various land uses and their potential for synergy within the broader agricultural landscape, a topic that will be discussed in greater depth in subsequent sections. Booklet | Term 4 . .

Fig 65

Suburban Grassland denotes cultivated grassy regions with ecological potential and is distinguished by regulated management. These areas provide biodiversity, carbon sequestration, and recreational opportunities. Opportunities exist to improve the ecological function of proposed farming clusters through sustainable practices, wildlife habitat protection, and collaborative land management, all in conjunction with broader agricultural aims.

Fig 63-65. Wales General Landscape Drawing by Runqi YE& Reshma Susan Matthew

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81 Land Production/Activity

Heavy machinery

Rough Grazing

Monocropping Products:

Dairy

Livestock

National farm holdings by farm size

Vegetables

50-100ha Grains

Total Permanent Grassland 20-50 ha

Total Croppable Area 63% 44%

41%

55% under 20 ha

Fig 66

Fig 67

On the existing site, there are several ongoing activities, including farmland, rugged upland grazing.

Northern Wales Ireland

Scotland

England

Common rough Grazing 0

Fig 68

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

England

Scotland

Wales

Northern Ireland

Fig 69

In the southern region, numerous small-scale farms have adopted a monocropping strategy, focusing exclusively on cultivating a single crop type in a specific field during each growing season. While monocropping offers advantages such as streamlined management and specialized equipment use, it presents formidable challenges. Chief among these is the economic fragility of these farms, rendering them highly susceptible to market dynamics, including fluctuations in demand and prices. Accessing markets becomes increasingly challenging, and labor and operational costs emerge as substantial financial burdens. From an environmental standpoint, concerns arise due to the practices of intensive farming and excessive fertilizer use, which can have detrimental effects on soil health and overall sustainability. FoodPrints

Addressing these challenges necessitates a transition to more diversified and sustainable farming practices. Sustainable agriculture principles emphasize crop rotation, intercropping, and diversification to enhance soil health, mitigate environmental impacts, and promote overall sustainability. Monocropping and unsustainable grazing practices do not align with these sustainability goals. By adopting sustainable farming methods, including responsible rough grazing management, small-scale farms can reduce risks associated with monocropping, strengthen economic resilience, and contribute to a more sustainable agricultural system. This shift not only benefits the farms but also supports broader objectives of environmental conservation and long-term agricultural sustainability.

One significant consequence of monocropping is the diminished crop diversity it entails. Monocropping involves the continuous cultivation of a single crop, making farms vulnerable to pests and diseases that specifically target that crop. Crop rotation, a common practice to introduce diversity, is often neglected in monocropping systems. Additionally, continuous cultivation of the same crop can deplete specific nutrients from the soil, leading to soil degradation and diminished fertility over time. This degradation results in reduced crop yields and compromised soil health. The monocropping environment also fosters the proliferation of pests and diseases, necessitating heavy pesticide use, which contributes to environmental concerns.. On the other hand, rough grazing, while a valuable use of less productive land, can lead to overgrazing, soil erosion, and ecosystem degradation if not managed sustainably. Booklet | Term 4 . .

Fig 66. Small-scaled land activity by Runqi Ye & Reshma Susan Matthew Fig67. National farm holdings by farm size Data source: Agriculture in UK Fig69. Area of Agricultural land use types by country Data source: Agriculture in UK

Sustainability should be a key focus in Welsh small land farming, with many farmers actively engaging in practices to reduce their environmental impact. Initiatives include organic farming, agroforestry, and community-supported agriculture. Moreover, these farms often play a vital role in local communities, supplying fresh produce and supporting rural economies. Collaborative efforts between small land farmers, agricultural organizations, and government initiatives are working to ensure the long-term viability of small land farming in Wales while safeguarding the country’s stunning natural landscapes.

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83 Land Production/Activity

Brewery Factory

Grains Products:

Reed bed filtration system

Ingredient

Local Gardening Poultrys

Processing

Grain

Farm Animal

Beers

Compost

Package

Fig 71 Fig70, Brewery Factory Activity by Runqi YE, Reshma Susan Mathew

Fig72, Brewery Cooperation flow chart by Runqi YE

Bluestone Brewery, situated in the Pembrokeshire, Wales, is a notable craft brewery renowned for its production of a diverse range of craft beers. With a commitment to quality and often utilizing locally sourced ingredients. At the heart of Bluestone Brewery’s sustainability initiatives lies a conscious effort to reduce their environmental footprint. Their commitment shines through in various ways. Solar panels grace the brewery’s roof, a testament to their dedication to harnessing renewable energy sources. A commendable zero-waste brewing process is in place, where byproducts like spent malt and yeast find new purpose as nourishment for Kerry’s farm animals, while hops contribute to the endeavors of the local gardening club. Packaging reflects their eco-conscious approach, with compostable cardboard molds and minimalistic, plastic-free packaging practices. Fig 73 Bluestone Brewery Firm Data source: Website photo

FoodPrints

However, the journey towards sustainability also presents its unique challenges. Bluestone Brewery’s collaboration with The Canteen in Newport, located 8.6 miles away, highlights the need for balancing sustainability with operational logistics. While the collaboration is fruitful, the transportation of grains between the two locations incurs

While the brewery’s current production management model is commendable for its sustainability and eco-friendly practices, there is an opportunity for improvement by considering partners and suppliers in closer proximity, such as utilizing nearby small plots of cultivated land to the north. Expanding the brewery’s collaborative land management philosophy to include these lands could not only reduce the carbon footprint associated with transportation but also foster community engagement and open up new revenue streams. By sourcing ingredients locally and nurturing local relationships, the brewery can continue to champion sustainability while positively impacting both the environment and the local economy. Booklet | Term 4 . .

An essential pillar of eco-friendly brewery production is sustainable sourcing of ingredients. Breweries prioritize locally sourced ingredients whenever possible. This practice supports local farmers and reduces the carbon footprint associated with long-distance transportation. Organic and sustainably grown grains, hops, and other brewing ingredients are preferred to minimize the use of synthetic chemicals, which can harm both the environment and the final product’s quality.

With growing awareness of environmental issues and consumer preferences leaning towards eco-conscious products, breweries are increasingly adopting eco-friendly practices. An eco-friendly brewery is characterized by a commitment to minimizing its environmental impact at every stage of the brewing process.

A commitment to zero waste or minimal waste production is central to eco-friendly brewery production. Byproducts generated during brewing, such as spent grains, yeast, and hops, are not discarded but repurposed. Spent grains often find their way to local farms as animal feed or are used to create baked goods. Yeast and hops can be repurposed as ingredients in other food products. Packaging materials are carefully chosen to be eco-friendly, utilizing recyclable or compostable materials. Eco-conscious breweries minimize the use of single-use plastics in packaging, opting for sustainable alternatives. Landscape Urbanism

85 Cooperation Mode

Fig 75

Fig 74

Fig 76

As a result, the coordination and management of all the land holdings are overseen by the FoodPrints Council, ensuring a cohesive and sustainable approach. The small-scale farms in the north employ a Mixed Farming and agroforestry strategy to effectively manage their land. This involves collaborative efforts in sharing labor and essential machinery, not only to optimize cost savings but also to minimize adverse impacts on the land.

From both financial and environmental perspectives, there are significant benefits to joining the Farmer Cluster initiative. Currently, the brewery and three of the lands are actively participating in the Farmer Cluster program, while the two retired farmers have sold their lands to Council Farm, and two new applicants have leased their lots to become part of this collaborative program. This strategic move not only enhances sustainability efforts but also fosters a sense of community and cooperation among participants, promoting responsible land management practices, reducing transportation costs, and ultimately contributing to a more eco-conscious and economically viable ecosystem. FoodPrints

Fig 74. FoodPrints Pathway by Runqi Ye

Booklet | Term 4 . .

The grains harvested from these farms serve as a crucial ingredient for the brewery, enhancing the sustainability of the brewing process. Simultaneously, vegetables and dairy products find their way to nearby schools and public organizations, aligning with the commitment to supporting local communities. Additionally, a portion of the produce is made available to the public during the FoodPrints Market Day, ensuring that the benefits of this eco-conscious approach extend beyond the immediate participants to the broader community. This comprehensive system reflects a harmonious blend of sustainable agriculture, responsible land management, and community engagement, embodying the principles of an eco-friendly and socially responsible ecosystem.

Fig 75. Cooperation Scenario by Reshma Susan Mathew & Runqi YE Fig 76. Real-site Map

Landscape Urbanism

87 OPD Policy application and Challenge

Land Transition

Map of less favoured Area showing the proportion of agricultural land classed as LFA by country

Welsh Agriculture sector emissions in 2019

Other Agriculture

Fuel for Agricultural Machinery

10 %

Organic Fertiliser

Inorganic fertiliser

11 %

Manure management other livestock

Manure managementcattle Enteric Fermentaionother livestock

11 %

Enteric Fermentaionother sheep

20%

22 %

Enteric Fermentaionother non-dairy cattle Enteric Fermentaiondairy cows

15 %

Severely disadvantaged Area Disadvantaged Area Lowland Fig 78

Fig 77. Land transition after cooperation by Runqi Ye

Mixed Farming: Some small-scale farms in the north are utilizing mixed farming practices. Mixed farming involves growing a variety of crops and sometimes raising livestock on the same piece of land. This approach helps diversify agricultural production and can enhance soil health. Agroforestry:

Upon joining this policy, both the brewery management and small-scale agricultural land management should indeed prioritize the implementation of more environmentally sound and sustainable practices. This commitment to ecoconscious management methods aligns with the overarching goals of the policy, which emphasize environmental responsibility, community engagement, and economic viability. By adopting and promoting these practices, participants can contribute to a healthier ecosystem, reduced environmental impact, and the long-term resilience of their agricultural endeavors. FoodPrints

Agroforestry is another land management technique employed by the small-scale farms in the north. It involves integrating trees or woody shrubs with crops or livestock. Agroforestry practices can provide multiple benefits, including improved soil fertility, increased biodiversity, and sustainable timber or fruit production. Collaborative Land Management: Collaboration among landowners and farmers is a key aspect of land management in this scenario. This collaborative approach involves sharing labor, machinery, and resources, which can lead to cost savings and more sustainable farming practices.

Wales has earned its classification as having a substantial amount of Less Favoured Land (LFA) due to a combination of geographical, climatic, and soil-related factors. The region’s rugged and hilly terrain poses significant challenges for agricultural operations, impacting the use of machinery, the construction of infrastructure, and access to farmland. These geographic constraints not only increase the complexity of farming but also drive up costs. Additionally, Wales’ climate, characterized by shorter growing seasons and challenging weather conditions, can limit the variety of crops that can be cultivated, ultimately affecting agricultural productivity. Some areas in Wales grapple with less fertile or poorly drained soils, necessitating additional inputs and specialized management practices to maintain productivity.

Sustainable Agricultural Practices: The farms are also implementing various sustainable agricultural practices, such as reduced chemical use, responsible land use planning, and crop rotation. These practices aim to minimize the environmental impact of farming while promoting long-term soil health and productivity. Local Community Engagement: While not a traditional land management practice, engagement with the local community is an integral part of the scenario. Surplus produce is sold to nearby schools, public organizations, and during Market Day, contributing to community support and fostering connections among participants and consumers. Booklet | Term 4 . .

Fig 78. Map of Less Favoured Area showing the proportion of argricultural land classed as LFA by country Data source: Natural Resources Wales Fig 79. Soil infuenced by land management by Wenxue HU

Fig 79

Lastly, traditional monocropping practices still persist in parts of Wales, which may not align with modern agricultural efficiency and sustainability goals. These practices can contribute to soil degradation and diminish the land’s capacity to store carbon, exacerbating environmental challenges in the region. Landscape Urbanism

89 Land Transition

Before

After

Gley Soils in Wales: Gley soils are common in parts of Wales with very cold and wet weather, especially in higher and upland areas. These soils often stay waterlogged or soaked for a long time because of heavy rain and cold temperatures. This waterlogging limits the air in the soil, which means there’s less oxygen. As a result, gley soils tend to look bluish-gray or mottled due to poor drainage and the buildup of organic material in the soil. In Wales, these gley soils can be a challenge for farming and land management. The waterlogged conditions can stop plant roots from growing properly and taking in nutrients, which can reduce crop productivity. Also, because gley soils get compacted easily, they can be damaged by soil erosion and degradation, especially when heavy machinery or animals walk on them. Podzol Soils in Wales: Podzol soils are another type found in Wales, especially in areas with cold and wet weather. These soils have different layers: the upper layer with organic material, a middle layer with few nutrients, and a layer of iron and aluminum oxides in between. The cold and wet climate in Wales helps form these soils. Podzol soils are known for being acidic and not very fertile, which can make them less suitable for farming. Nutrients can get washed out from the upper layer, making it hard for plants to grow well. However, they can be good for certain types of plants and ecosystems, like pine forests, that thrive in acidic and nutrient-poor conditions.

Surface Water gley

Podzol Soil

Fig 80

Understanding these Gley and Podzol soils is important for taking care of the land in Wales, especially when it comes to farming and the environment.

Compaction risk:

low

high

Soil condition:

dry

wet

Density:

high

low

Fig 81

Fig 82

Fig 80. Soil section by Runqi YE Fig 81. Wales Soil Type Data source: The Farming sector in wales

FoodPrints

Sustainable land management practices offer numerous advantages for soil health and overall ecosystem sustainability. For instance, practices like agroforestry effectively prevent soil erosion, safeguarding valuable topsoil that contains essential organic carbon crucial for crop productivity. Additionally, these practices support carbon sequestration in the soil, aiding in climate change mitigation by storing significant carbon amounts and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Sustainable techniques, such as reduced tillage and cover cropping, enhance soil structure, fostering better aggregation that facilitates improved water infiltration, root growth, and air exchange, ultimately promoting soil health and fertility. Furthermore, sustainable land management frequently includes crop diversification and habitat creation for beneficial organisms, fostering biodiversity within the soil, including essential microbes, earthworms, and insects, which significantly contribute to soil health and overall productivity.

Soil compaction, occurring when soil particles are pressed closely together, reduces air spaces within the soil, impeding oxygen diffusion and slowing the decomposition of organic matter, including valuable carbon. In compacted soils, microbial processes that produce greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide (CO2) may change, potentially resulting in reduced CO2 emissions but increased emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas. Conversely, soil erosion primarily affects the carbon-rich topsoil, carrying away this valuable resource. Eroded carbon can end up in water bodies or be released into the atmosphere, contributing to carbon emissions. Both soil compaction and erosion can disrupt soil health and carbon dynamics, highlighting the importance of sustainable land management practices to mitigate these impacts. Booklet | Term 4 . .

Fig 82. Soil compaction risk Data source: The Farming sector in wales

Landscape Urbanism

15. One planet Development Management plan (Maes Gwenyn). (2019). MediaTemp, 89453-5182. http://cynllunio.arfordirpenfro.cymru/agile_pcnpa/ MediaTemp/89453-5182.pdf

References

16. DEFRA’s Lump Sum Exit Scheme Opens for Retiring Farmers. (n.d.). Farmers Weekly. https://www.fwi.co.uk/ business/defras-lump-sum-exit-scheme-opens-forretiring-farmers

1. Digimap. Points of Interest - Bus Station. 2. Davies, D. (2023, February). Fresh threat to rural buses following warning that Welsh government plans to pull subsidy scheme. *Cambrian News*. https://www.cambrian-news.co.uk/news/politics/fresh-threat-to-ruralbuses-following-warning-that-welsh-government-plans-to-pull-subsidyscheme-593831

17. Social Value Index: Building the Case for the Democratic Commons in Tottenham. (n.d.). Common Wealth. https:// www.common-wealth.org/publications/social-valueindex-building-the-case-for-the-democratic-commonsin-tottenham

3. Hinchliff, C. (2020). Our research identifies rural ‘transport deserts’: do you live in one? *CPRE Website*. https://www.cpre.org.uk/news/transportdeserts/

18. Farmer Clusters: Working Together to Achieve More. (2017, March 21). Natural England Blog. https:// naturalengland.blog.gov.uk/2017/03/21/farmer-clustersworking-together-to-achieve-more/

4. BBC News. (2023). MPs told parts of eastern England are public transport desert. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cn31mvd5z17o

19. Farmer Clusters. (n.d.). https://www.farmerclusters. com/

5. Digimap. Points of Interest - Accommodation.

20. How to Apply for a Council Farm. (n.d.). Cornwall Council. https://www.cornwall.gov.uk/environment/landand-property/farming-in-cornwall/how-to-apply-for-acouncil-farm/

6. Statswales. (2021-2022). Wales second homes - Percentage taxed as second homes. 7. Digimap. Points of Interest - Community Demand.

21. Farms, Bare Land, and Grazing. (n.d.). Pembrokeshire County Council. https://www.pembrokeshire.gov.uk/ business-properties-to-let/farms-bare-land-and-grazing

8. Digimap. Agricultural Land Classification (ALC) Map. 9. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. (1985). Agricultural Land Classification of England and Wales.

22. Sustainability at Bluestone Brewing. (n.d.). Bluestone Brewing. https://www.bluestonebrewing.co.uk/who-weare/sustainability/

10. UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH). Land Cover Map (LCM). 11. Chiverton, E. (1979). Nant Ffrancon, Snowdonia.

23. Green Growth Pledge. (n.d.). Business Wales. https://businesswales.gov.wales/topics-and-guidance/ sustainability-and-social-responsibility/green-growthpledge

12. Total Income from Farming in England - Provisional Estimate for 2021 [Statistical Notice]. (n.d.). Gov.uk. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/ total-income-from-farming-in-england/total-income-from-farming-inengland-provisional-estimate-for-2021-statistical-notice

24. Using Microalgae to Reduce CO2 Emissions. (n.d.). Bluestone Brewing. https://www.bluestonebrewing.co.uk/ using-microalgae-to-reduce-co2-emissions/

13. Farming Facts and Figures 2022. (n.d.). Gov.wales. https://www.gov.wales/ farming-facts-and-figures-2022

25. The Farming Sector in Wales: Research Paper. (n.d.). Senedd Research. https://research.senedd.wales/media/ iuch3jz1/22-47-farming-sector-in-wales.pdf

14. Use Land Property Data Service. (n.d.). Gov.uk. https://use-land-propertydata.service.gov.uk/datasets/inspire/download

FoodPrints

Booklet | Term 4 . .

Landscape Urbanism

CHAPTER 04

Foodprints Obligations and Benefits

FoodPrints

Booklet | Term 4 . .

Landscape Urbanism

New Obligations

Foodprints policy aims at expanding this policy to involve farmers and community into more localised and cooperative food systems. This manual serves as a guide to explore the emerging obligations and benefits that pave the way for Foodprints to achieve this pivotal objective.

Collaborative Model‘s Benefits

Foodprints Council‘s Benefits

Fig 83. Foodprints Policy manual content by Wenxue Hu

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Booklet | Term 4 . .

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OPD Obligations

Met 65% basic food need (30% of basic food needs of all occupants are grown and /or reared on the site, with the remaining 35% of food needs purchased or bartered using the income or surplus produce from other produce grown).

OPD should conserve and enhance the site’s biodiversity, cultural heritage and landscape, also potentially bringing benefits to the wider landscape.

Minimisation of consumption and re-use.

Development will produce waste, which will have an environmental impact. It is an essential characteristic of OPD that all waste produced (other than very small amounts of unavoidable non-biodegradable or hazardous wastes) should be assimilated on site, in environmentally sustainable ways.

The carbon impacts of buildings fall into two basic areas: In construction – the embodied energy in construction materials and the energy used in construction In use - ‘regulated emissions’ such as heating, lighting and cooking, and ‘unregulated emissions’ covering all other energy use such as appliances.

Fig 84

OPD can contribute to existing communities through children attending local schools, residents supporting local groups, clubs and events and so on. Residents of One Planet Development and their visitors can support the local economy by shopping locally and by using other local businesses. The selling of food and fuel to local communities can have direct positive impacts on the Ecological Footprints of residents of these communities. OPD should aim to significantly reduce the environmental impacts of transport, both by reducing the need to travel and favouring low carbon modes of transport.

Fig 84. OPD obligation Fig 85. OPD obligation details Data Source-One planet development practice guidance. by Wenxue HU

Fig 85

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Booklet | Term 4 . .

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Obligation Tendency

Foodprint demonstrates a flexible approach when it comes to adjusting obligations, allowing for both upward and downward modifications through collaborative efforts. This approach serves as a powerful incentive for farmers to actively participate in the program. Take, for instance, the trend in obligations related to transportation and community impact. As cluster farms diversify their collaboration patterns, there is a notable increase in production to meet local demand. Consequently, the heightened production levels and collaborative efforts lead to an increased demand for transportation services. In such scenarios, Foodprint has the flexibility to reduce transportation emission requirements while simultaneously elevating expectations for community benefits. This evolving trend in new obligations showcases Foodprint’s commitment to expanding its policy to encompass a broader spectrum of farms, surpassing the boundaries of the existing obligations set by the OPD.

Fig 86. Cluster Farm obligation tendency by Wenxue HU

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100

101

Intensive Farming Soil: (Taken from an Industrial Agricultural Land near Hook Park)

Soil Guidance

Soil Description: This soil appears completely inactive under the microscope, with very few bacteria. Implications: The lack of microbial activity suggests that this soil may require interventions to improve its fertility and overall health for intensive farming practices.

Fig 88

OPD Model Soil: (Taken from an OPD Site, Currently Cultivating Oats) Soil Description: Microscopic examination reveals very active soil teeming with vigorous bacteria, although few fungi are present. Organic matter is also visible. Implications: The thriving microbial activity and the presence of organic matter indicate a conducive environment for oat cultivation, demonstrating the effectiveness of the OPD model in enhancing soil fertility.

Fig 89

Low Productive Woodland Soil: (Taken from Hook Park)

Soil Description: Under the microscope, this soil exhibits vigorous bacterial activity, but it contains relatively fewer organic matter and fungi. Implications: The presence of active bacteria suggests some potential for improvement, but the low organic matter and limited fungal diversity may require soil management strategies to enhance its productivity.

Fig 90

High Productive Woodland Soil: (Taken from Hook Park)

Fig 87

Soil Description: Microscopic examination reveals diverse fungi, ample organic matter, and thriving bacterial activity. Implications: The presence of a variety of fungi, organic matter, and active bacteria signifies that this soil is well-suited for high-productivity woodland purposes. Its richness in microbial life and organic content contribute to its fertility and overall health.

Fig 87. Soil diagram by Wenxue HU Fig 88-91.Different soil type Under microscope.

Fig 91

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102

Benefits-Soil transformation

103

Consequences of Intensive Farming

Benefits of Cluster Farming

Emitting High Greenhouse Gases

Emission Reduction

Escalating Input Costs

Optimized Input Utilization

Costs associated with fertilizers, pesticides, seeds, soil management, timber, seedlings, flood mitigation, and water supply.

Minimizes input requirements while increasing income from natural resources.

Depleting Natural Resources

Enhancement of Natural Resources Enhances natural resources, fosters biodiversity, preserves cultural heritage, and enhances the landscape.

Soil Degradation

Material Exchange and Soil

Fig 92

Quantifiable soil degradation costs ranged between £0.9 bn and £1.4 bn per year, with a central estimate of £1.2 bn, mainly linked to loss of organic content of soils (47% of total cost), compaction (39%) and erosion (12%).

Fig 93

FoodPrints

Fig 92. Soil comparison diagram by Wenxue HU Fig 93.Soil degredation reason. by Wenxue Hu

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104

Benefits-Foodprints Council

105

Benefits of Foodprints Council and Community Land Trust

Enhancing Agricultural and Marketing Expertise

Collaborative Processing Facility Sharing

Ensuring Product Marketing Success

Expanding Collaboration Opportunities

Within the framework of the Foodprints policy, a dynamic ecosystem of collaborations is cultivated through the establishment of the Footprints Council and cluster farms. These strategic partnerships facilitate the shared utilization of resources and the exchange of knowledge, thereby contributing to the development of robust product branding strategies. It is acknowledged that engaging in agroforestry farming as an individual endeavour can pose substantial challenges. However, Foodprint’s collaborative model significantly mitigates these challenges, rendering agroforestry more accessible and feasible for practitioners. This approach will yield multifaceted benefits, particularly in terms of community impact and the creation of substantial social value. Notably, it will play a pivotal role in supporting the localization of food systems and the revitalization of the local economy. Moreover, it will ensure a heightened level of security for residents across various dimensions, encompassing housing, food security, and overall well-being.

Providing Housing Solutions

Ensuring Sustainable, Long-Term Security

Creating Positive Social Value Fig 94

Fig 94.Foodprints Council Benefits Conclusion by Wenxue HU

Fig 30. Foodprints Council Benefits Conclusion by Wenxue HU

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107

References 1. Welsh Government. (2012, October). Practice Guidance - “One Planet Development” (Technical Advice Note 6 - Planning for Sustainable Rural Communities). 2. Gregoire, A., Arenes, A., At-Touati, F. (2022). *Terra Forma: A Book of Speculative Maps*. 3. Graves, A. R., Morris, J., Deeks, L. K., Rickson, R. J., Kibblewhite, M. G., Harris, J. A., Farewell, T. S., Truckle, I. (2015, October). The Total Costs of Soil Degradation in England and Wales. Retrieved from ScienceDirect: https:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0921800915003171 4. Suastegui, E. L. (2022, April). Soil Sampling: How to Look, What to Look, and How to Sample. 5. Compost Mentis. (n.d.). Hari Byles Soil Tutorial. https://compost-mentis. com/our-team

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